Deutsche Problem' in Der Rumänischen

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Deutsche Problem' in Der Rumänischen Das ‚deutsche Problem‘ in der Rumänischen Kommunistischen Partei, 1944-1949 aus diskursanalytischer Perspektive M a s t e r a r b e i t zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Matthias DULLER am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald Heppner Graz, 2011 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung 3 1 Einleitung 4 2 Geschichtsschreibung und Ideologie 6 2.1 Deutschtum in Rumänien . .7 2.2 Die Historisierung des Kommunismus . 14 3 Methodologie und Begrifflichkeiten 17 3.1 Was ist ein Diskurs? . 18 3.2 Konsequenzen für die Studie . 22 3.3 Methode und Aufbau . 23 4 Deutschsprachige Gruppen in Rumänien (von den Anfängen bis 1944) 25 4.1 Einleitung . 25 4.2 Deutsche Gruppen in Rumänien . 26 4.2.1 Siebenbürger Sachsen . 27 4.2.2 Banater Schwaben . 28 4.2.3 Andere deutschsprachige Gruppen . 29 4.3 Deutschnationale Bewegung vor 1918 . 30 4.4 Die Deutschen in Groß-Rumänien, 1918-1944 . 32 4.4.1 Die Deutschen während der Zwischenkriegszeit, 1918- 1939 . 32 4.4.2 Gleichschaltung und Zweiter Weltkrieg, 1939-1944 . 36 5 Kommunistische Perspektiven 38 5.1 Nation in der kommunistischen Theorie . 40 5.2 Das Nationalitätenproblem in der Sowjetunion . 42 5.3 Die Rumänische Kommunistische Partei . 47 5.4 Die „rumänische Seele“ und der Kommunismus – zwei unversöhnliche Sphären 49 6 Kommunistische Revolution und Diktatur 56 6.1 Nationalitätengesetzgebung . 58 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6.2 Die Deutschen: Feinde oder Minderheit? . 60 6.2.1 Dimensionen der Inkompatibilität . 65 6.2.1.1 Geopolitische Dimension . 65 6.2.1.2 Sozialstrukturelle Dimension . 66 6.2.1.3 Kulturelle Dimension . 67 6.2.1.4 Kognitive Dimension . 68 6.2.2 Kommunistische Folgerungen und deutsche Verteidigungsstrategien . 69 6.3 Neuer Weg . 75 6.4 Emigration im Nationalstalinismus . 76 7 Schlussfolgerungen 79 Anhang 82 2 Danksagung Die Umstände, unter denen die vorliegende Masterarbeit vorbereitet und erstellt wurde, ver- pflichten mich, einigen Personen meinen ernst gemeinten Dank auszusprechen. An erster Stelle gilt mein aufrichtiger Dank Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald Hep- pner, der mir nicht nur als Betreuer dieser Arbeit, sondern auch als Studienkoordinator, Uni- versitätslehrer und universelle Ansprech- und Auskunftsperson in allen Phasen meines Stu- diums eine unersetzbare Stütze war. Nicht zuletzt haben mir seine motivierenden Worte und seine Einsatzbereitschaft sehr geholfen, mein Arbeitstempo im Schlussabschnitt noch einmal erheblich zu steigern. Weiters danke ich dem Prorektor der Babe¸s-BolyaiUniversität in Cluj-Napoca, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rudolf Gräf, der mir als Studienkoordinator in Cluj-Napoca meinen Aufenthalt in Rumä- nien mit viel Verständnis und Hilfsbereitschaft sehr erleichtert und mir viele Einblicke in den rumänischen Universitätsbetrieb gewährt hat. Besonders liegt es mir am Herzen, mich bei Prof. Dr. Virgiliu ¸Târau˘ zu bedanken. Prof. ¸Târau˘ hat sich trotz seiner vielfältigen Verpflichtungen bereit erklärt, mich bei der Planung und Durchführung meiner Recherchen zu betreuen und hat mich in zahlreichen Unterredun- gen äußerst nutzbringend beraten. Dafür und vor allem für seine herzliche Unterstützung bei meinen Archivstudien in Bukarest sei ihm hier noch einmal mein aufrichtiger Dank ausge- sprochen. Weiters danke ich Dr. Tamás Lönhárt, Prof. Ion Copoeru, Dr. Ottmar Tra¸sca˘ und Prof. George Cipaianu˘ für ihre hilfreichen Tipps und Anregungen. Schließlich möchte ich noch Mag. Rudolf Roth dankend erwähnen, der mir durch das von ihm gestiftete Stipendium meine Forschungsaufenthalte in Bukarest spürbar erleichtert hat. 3 1 Einleitung Titel und Untertitel dieser Arbeit benennen den Gegenstand, den Hauptbetrachtungszeitraum und die methodologische Perspektive, aus der sich dem Thema genähert werden soll. Es wird die Frage behandelt, in welcher Weise das Problem, das sich um die Existenz der deutschen Minderheit in Rumänien nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ergeben hatte, für die Rumänische Kommunistische Partei darstellte, während diese in einer ‚allmählichen Revolution‘ zwischen dem Sommer 1944 und dem Sommer 1948 ihre alleinige Herrschaft aufbauen und fortan konsolidieren konnte. Die deutsche Minderheit, die auf eine teilweise mehr als 800 Jahre zu- rückreichende Geschichte im Land zurückblicken konnte, war dabei in diesen Jahren schwe- ren kollektiven Repressionsmaßnahmen ausgesetzt, von denen sich die verschiedenen deut- schen Gemeinschaften nicht mehr erholen sollten. Von den vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg an die 800.000 rumänischen Staatsbürgern, die sich der deutschen Minderheit zugehörig fühlten1, ist heute noch die bescheidene Zahl von etwa 50.000 Angehörigen der deutschen Minderheit verblieben.2 Trotz gelegentlicher Versuche, das Erbe der jahrhundertelangen Existenz dieser Kulturen am Leben zu halten, ist der Ort jener Kulturen heute meist die Erinnerung. Die Ursachen für den langsamen Exodus, den die deutschen Kulturen während und nach dem Zusammenbruch der kommunistischen Herrschaft in Rumänien erlitten haben, sind einer historischen Aufarbeitung nicht ohne weiteres zugänglich. Mit Sicherheit ist ein hinreichendes Verständnis dieser Episode erst möglich, wenn die Geschehnisse in einen längeren Betrach- tungszeitraum eingereiht werden und die verschiedensten beteiligten historischen Akteure ei- ne hinreichende Berücksichtigung finden. Meist ist dies bisher aus einer einseitigen Perspek- tive geschehen, wobei es hauptsächlich darum ging, das von den Deutschen erlittene Leid und den Verlust ihrer Heimat hervorzuheben, wofür grosso modo den totalitären Herrschaften des 20. Jahrhunderts die Schuld gegeben wurde. Ohne die Legitimität dieser Sichtweise zu bestreiten, versucht die vorliegende Studie der Diskussion eine bisher unbeleuchtete Seite des Problems hinzuzufügen. Anhand von Quel- lenmaterial des Fonds des Zentralkomitees der Rumänischen Kommunistischen Partei (RKP) wird im Folgenden versucht, die Weise nachzuvollziehen, in welcher die Führungsmitglieder der RKP das deutsche Problem verstanden und formuliert haben und welche Gründe sie ange- 1Wolf Oschlies (1982): Die Deutschen in Rumänien : Teil III : "Groß-Rumänien" und seine Deutschen (1918- 1944). Köln: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien. S.3 2Richard Wagner (2000): Ethnic Germans in Romania. In: Stefan Wolff (Hg.): German Minorities in Europe : Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging. New York/Oxford: Berghahn. S.135-142:135 4 1 Einleitung trieben haben könnten, sich in der Form zu verhalten, wie sie es getan haben. Nicht nur nach heutigen Maßstäben gilt die Behandlung der deutschen Minderheit als unrecht. Die Wider- sprüchlichkeit, die sich zwischen der von der RKP propagierten Politik der ethnischen Ver- söhnung und den massiven Diskriminierungen der deutschen Minderheit ergaben, war dafür verantwortlich, dass sich die deutsche Frage selbst innerhalb der RKP als Problem darstellte. Der Konstituierung dieses Problems wird unter teilweiser Anwendung der historischen Dis- kursanalyse nachgegangen, woraus sich schließlich der Aufbau der Arbeit herleitet. Da sich hinter dem Label ‚Diskursanalyse‘ nicht nur ein methodisches Vorgehen, sondern auch ein epistemologisches Bekenntnis zum wissenschaftlichen Konstruktivismus verbirgt, wird der in diesem Zusammenhang immer wieder formulierten Forderung nach wissenschaftlicher Re- flexivität insofern begegnet, als an den Anfang Überlegungen zur aktuellen Bedeutung der berührten Themenfelder und einer diesbezüglichen Einordnung der bestehenden Forschungs- literatur gestellt wird, die gleichzeitig eine vertiefte Einführung ins Forschungsfeld bieten. Daran folgen kurze, aber notwendige Erörterungen zur Diskurstheorie und Angaben zur me- thodologischen Positionierung der Arbeit. Die Kapitel 4 und 5 geben jeweils einen Überblick über die wichtigsten historischen Vorbedingungen der deutschsprachigen Gruppen im heuti- gen Rumänien, sowie über die kommunistische Theorie und Bewegung in Europa und Ru- mänien im Speziellen, bevor im sechsten Kapitel die Ergebnisse der Dokumentstudien mit den vorherigen Darstellungen verknüpft werden, um unter Rückgriff auf die theoretischen und historischen Erörtetungen zu einer fundierten Interpretation der Ergebnisse zu gelangen. Am Ende folgen resümierende Anmerkungen, die die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Studie noch einmal hervorheben und interpretieren. 5 2 Geschichtsschreibung und Ideologie Der Hinweis, dass Geschichtsschreibung immer und zwangsläufig ein ideologisches Unterfan- gen ist, gehört zu den Gemeinplätzen des akademischen Diskurses. Wahl des Themas, Aus- wahl der Literatur, unausgesprochene Erwartungen und versteckte Tendenzen usw. – d.i. das Problem der Selektivität des Forschenden – verzerren stets den Anspruch auf wissenschaft- liche Objektivität. Ohne auf dieses hinreichend bekannte Problem und die verschiedenen An- sätze zu seiner (näherungsweisen) Lösung näher eingehen zu wollen, ergibt sich daraus die Notwendigkeit, gewisse Bezugspunkte der historischen Diskussion mit deren aktuellen politi- schen Bedeutungen in Erinnerung zu rufen. Dies scheint vor allem aus zwei Gründen sinnvoll: zum einen, da die dadurch zu Beginn erfolgte explizite Abgrenzung von bestimmten Grup- pen und politischen Haltungen die Tendenzen des Autors verringern soll, diese Abgrenzung implizit in den Text einzuflechten; zum anderen, da eine solche Perspektive die Möglichkeit bietet, allgemeine Tendenzen in der bestehenden Literatur zu beschreiben und einzuordnen. Im Zentrum der Betrachtungen steht die Behandlung der deutschen
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