DOCSLIB.ORG

Transylvanian Saxons in Germany by Exploring the Cultural, Social, Economic and Political Dimensions of This Community

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transylvanian Saxons in Germany by Exploring the Cultural, Social, Economic and Political Dimensions of This Community This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Transylvanian Saxons’ migration from Romania to Germany: The formation of a ‘return’ diaspora? Lucia Diana Paul A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Loughborough University 2013 © Lucia Diana Paul 2013 I dedicate this thesis to Alex Thank you for being an unfailing source of support, guidance and encouragement i Abstract Processes and patterns of migration on a global scale have changed in profound ways during the last two decades (Smith and King, 2012). In the European context, this is exemplified by transformations to the traditional mobility patterns from East to West Europe (Koser and Lutz, 1998), with migrants more likely to be involved in temporary circular and transnational mobility (Favell, 2008). Since the end of the Second World War, historical and political events in Europe have facilitated the mobility of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to Germany. Subsequently, the fall of the Iron Curtain has permitted unrestrained East-West movements, which resulted in mass migrations towards the West and diaspora fragments in the East. However, after settlement in the West, ethnic Germans have also been absorbed within wider temporary and transnational movements (Koser, 2007). Within this context, this thesis examines the post-migratory lives of three generations of Transylvanian Saxons in Germany by exploring the cultural, social, economic and political dimensions of this community. This thesis aims to contribute to on-going academic debates about diasporas by explicitly responding to Hoerder’s (2002) call for more studies on ethnic German diasporas. It shows that Transylvanian Saxons, who relocated to the ancestral homeland, do not disrupt identities and lives forged in diaspora, but rather, they negotiate complex identities and belongings in relation to both ‘home’ and ‘homeland’. It reveals a double diaspora and the necessity to perceive identity and diaspora as dynamic processes and constantly evolving in relation to time, space and place. This double diasporic allegiance in the case of the Transylvanian Saxons suggests interrogating the formation of a ‘return’ diaspora and its importance for processes of international migration. Key words: Transylvanian Saxons, Romania, migration, Germany, cultural identity, ‘return’ diaspora. ii Table of contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of contents ....................................................................................................................................... 3 List of figures ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research context ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research rationale ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Diaspora, transnationalism and cultural identity ....................................................... 3 1.4 Aim and objectives .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2: Exploring the connections between diaspora, transnational migration and cultural identity ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Diaspora – a contested and a paradoxical concept? ................................................. 11 2.3 Migration and transnationalism ...................................................................................... 17 2.4 Cultural identity ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.4.1 Interrogating cultural identity ................................................................................. 23 iii 2.4.2 Cultural identity in relation to integration and assimilation ....................... 27 2.5 Diaspora and diasporic return.......................................................................................... 32 2.5.1 Geographies of diaspora ............................................................................................. 32 2.5.2 Return diaspora: contested identities and communities .............................. 34 Chapter 3: Historical background ................................................................................................. 37 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 37 3.2 Transylvanian Saxons pre-Second World War .......................................................... 37 3.3 Transylvanian Saxons’ ‘return’ to Germany ................................................................ 41 3.4 The policies surrounding the migration of ethnic Germans ................................. 50 3.5 Transylvanian Saxons’ distinct identity ........................................................................ 54 Chapter 4: Research methodology ............................................................................................... 56 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 56 4.2 Research methods ................................................................................................................. 58 4.2.1 Secondary data ............................................................................................................... 58 4.2.1.1 Statistical resources ............................................................................................ 58 4.2.1.2 Qualitative secondary resources .................................................................... 60 4.2.2 Semi-structured interviews ...................................................................................... 62 4.2.2.1 Interview sample and access ........................................................................... 62 iv 4.2.2.2 Semi-structured interviews ............................................................................. 64 4.2.2.3 Conducting semi-structured interviews in Germany ............................. 65 4.2.3 Participant observation .............................................................................................. 70 4.3 Ethics .......................................................................................................................................... 72 4.3.1 Ethical issues .................................................................................................................. 73 4.3.2 Conducting interviews with people over 65 years old ................................... 74 4.4 Risk .............................................................................................................................................. 76 4.5 Reflection .................................................................................................................................. 76 Chapter 5: Transylvanian Saxons’ life in Romania and their migration to Germany 78 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 78 5.2 Education and work .............................................................................................................. 78 5.2.1 Transylvanian Saxons’ education in Transylvania ........................................... 79 5.2.2 Transylvanian Saxons’ job performance in Transylvania ............................. 83 5.3 Transylvanian Saxons’ culture in Transylvania ......................................................... 88 5.3.1 Transylvanian Saxons’ cultural performances in Transylvania .................. 89 5.3.2 Transylvanian Saxons’ religious life in Transylvania ...................................... 95 5.4 Transylvanian Saxons’ motives for migration ............................................................ 99 5.4.1 Socio-cultural motives for Transylvanian Saxon migration ...................... 100 v 5.4.1.1 Transylvanian Saxon migration: it runs in the family ......................... 100 5.4.1.2 Transylvanian Saxons’ community migration: ‘If everyone leaves, I will also leave’ ......................................................................................................................... 108 5.4.2 Economic motives
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Academy of European Studies & Communication Management The
    Academy of European Studies & Communication Management The Hague University of Applied Sciences Romania and Bulgaria and the Freedom of Workers in Germany To what extent is the fear of poverty migration and the misuse of the German Social Welfare System by Romanian and Bulgarian citizens due to the removal of restrictions regarding the free movement of workers in Germany legitimate? Anne Geerken 11057165 ES3-C 17.06.2014 Supervisor: Dr. P Shotton Second Marker: M Lak Romania and Bulgaria Anne Geerken and the Freedom of Workers in Germany Executive Summary As an essential basic principle of the European Union, the free movement of workers has been on everyone’s lips with the European Enlargement of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007. With the complete abolishment of the restrictions on the free movement of workers for Romanian and Bulgarian citizens in Germany in January 2014, critics feared an increased poverty migration and misuse of the German social welfare system. Amongst critics, especially CSU (Christian Social Union in Bavaria) party members fostered the hysteria and panic mongering by linking the Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to the increased migration of Romanian and Bulgarian citizens and referred to “social tourism”. With this term selected as unword of the year in Germany in 2013, the discussion reached its peak in the end of the year. The research question, “to what extend is the fear of poverty migration and the misuse of the German social welfare state by Romanian and Bulgarian citizens due to the removal of restrictions regarding the free movement of workers in Germany legitimate” provided the framework of a detailed gathering of statistical data from a variety of sources and qualitative research and furthermore the basis for an analysis and a critical discussion of the topic under study.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering Europe's Expelled Peoples of The
    REMEMBERING EUROPE’S EXPELLED PEOPLES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Edited by: Barbara Törnquist-Plewa Bo Petersson CFE Conference Papers Series No. 4 Lund 2009 The CFE Conference papers series is published by The Centre for European Studies (CFE) at Lund University: © 2009 The Centre for European Studies at Lund University and the authors Editors: Barbara Törnquist-Plewa and Bo Petersson Assistant editor: Niklas Bernsand ISSN: 1654-2185 The paper is also available in pdf-format at CFE’s website www.cfe.lu.se CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES AT LUND UNIVERSITY Box 201 Phone +46 (0)46-222 88 19 SE-221 00 LUND Fax: +46 (0)46-222 32 11 SWEDEN E-mail: [email protected] 2 Table of contents Remembering Europe’s Expelled Peoples of the Twentieth Century A project outline Barbara Törnquist-Plewa & Bo Petersson 4 A Memory or a History of Europe’s Expelled Peoples? Bo Stråth 15 Memories and Practices: The Expelled People’s Ways of Dealing with the Irreversibility of the Past Barbara A. Misztal 25 Europäisierung der Vertreibungserinnerung? Eine deutsch-polnische Chronique scandaleuse 2002-2007 Stefan Troebst 34 Displaced Memories of a Displaced People: Towards the Problem of Missing Polish Narratives in Lviv Oksana Kis 60 Perpetrators or Victims? A Pilot Study of the Contemporary Historical Debate in Poland on the Expulsion of Germans in the Aftermath of the Second World War Mattias Nowak 76 Contributors to the Volume 89 3 Remembering Europe’s Expelled Peoples of the Twentieth Century A project outline Barbara Törnquist-Plewa & Bo Petersson It is no exaggeration to state that the way traumatic memories of the past are handled is important for Europe’s future.
    [Show full text]
  • From Periphery to Centre.The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive From Periphery to Centre.The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe Şipoş, Sorin and Moisa, Gabriel and Cepraga, Dan Octavian and Brie, Mircea and Mateoc, Teodor University of Oradea, Romania, University of Padova, Italy 2014 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59276/ MPRA Paper No. 59276, posted 15 Oct 2014 12:04 UTC Edited by: Sorin Şipoş, Gabriel Moisa, Dan Octavian Cepraga, Mircea Brie, Teodor Mateoc From Periphery to Centre. The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe Editorial committee: Delia-Maria Radu Roxana Ivaşca Alexandra Bere Ionuţ Ciorba CONTENTS Sorin ŞIPOŞ, Dan Octavian CEPRAGA, From Periphery to Centre. The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe ………..………..… 5 I. PERIPHERY VIEWED FROM THE CENTRE …………………..… 13 Lorenzo RENZI, «Terra Romena» ……………………………………..… 15 Ion Alexandru MIZGAN, The Crusades – Cause of Tension between Eastern and Western Europe ………………………………………...…..…21 Florin DOBREI, Transylvanian “Schismatics”, “Heretics” and “Infidels” in the Vision of 13th-16th Century Catholic Europe ……………………..… 47 Ioan-Aurel POP, 16th Century Venetian Bailiffs‟ Reports on Realities in the Ottoman Empire …………………………………………………..… 61 Ion EREMIA, A False Theory Still Persists at the Eastern Border of Latinity .. 76 Delia-Maria RADU, From Centre to the Periphery and the Other Way Round ………………………………………………………..……..… 88 Teodor MATEOC, Identity and Race. The Problem of Otherness in Contemporary Cultural Studies …………………………………...……..…96 II. SELF-IMAGES AT EUROPE’S EASTERN BORDERS
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Church8
    www.ssoar.info From periphery to centre: the image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe Şipoş, Sorin (Ed.); Moisa, Gabriel (Ed.); Cepraga, Dan Octavian (Ed.); Brie, Mircea (Ed.); Mateoc, Teodor (Ed.) Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Konferenzband / collection Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Şipoş, S., Moisa, G., Cepraga, D. O., Brie, M., & Mateoc, T. (Eds.). (2014). From periphery to centre: the image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe. Cluj-Napoca: Ed. Acad. Română. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-400284 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Edited by: Sorin §ipo§, Gabriel Moisa, Dan Octavian Cepraga, Mircea Brie, Teodor Mateoc From Periphery to Centre. The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe Editorial committee: Delia-Maria Radu Roxana Iva^ca Alexandra Bere IonuJ Ciorba Romanian Academy Center for Transylvanian Studies Cluj-Napoca 2014 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Nationale a României From periphery to centre : the image of Europe at the Eastern border of Europe/ Sorin Çipoç, Gabriel Moisa, Dan Octavian Cepraga, Mircea Brie (ed.). - Cluj-Napoca : Editura Academia Românâ. Centrul de Studii Transilvane, 2014 ISBN 978-973-7784-97-1 I. Çipoç, Sorin (ed.) II. Moisa, Gabriel (ed.) III. Cepraga, Dan Octavian (ed.) IV. Brie, Mircea (ed.) 930 Volume published with the support of Bihor County Council The volume gathers the papers presented at the international symposium From Periphery to Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Submitted by Romania
    ACFC/SR (99) 11 prov. (original language English) REPORT SUBMITTED BY ROMANIA PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25 PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (received on 24 June 1999) ACFC/SR (99) 11 - 2 - INFORMATION ON THE LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER MEASURES TAKEN TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE PRINCIPLES SET OUT IN THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES ROMANIA PART I 1. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, which entered into force on 1 February 1998, was ratified by Romania on 11 May 1995. 2. The Government's Programme for 1998-2000, which was accepted by the Romanian Parliament by Decision No. 6 of 15 April 1998 expressing its confidence in the Government, also contains a number of provisions on the Romanian State's policy on the protection of national minorities. National minorities Principles specific to the protection of national minorities - the protection of national minorities in order to ensure their continuity and to prevent any action by the public authorities designed to alter the ethnic structure in areas inhabited by national minorities; - the establishment of the appropriate legal framework to ensure that persons belonging to national minorities have the right to preserve, develop and express their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity; - the encouragement of intercultural action and promotion inter-ethnic co-operation. Institutional and legislative measures - continuing with the specific actions designed to achieve the criteria for
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Religious and National Identity in the Case Of
    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGIOUS AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE CASE OF TRANSYLVANIAN SAXONS 1933-1944 By Cristian Cercel Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Prof. András Kovacs External Research Advisor: Dr. Stefan Sienerth (Institut für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas, Munich) CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2007 Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to the IKGS (Institut für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas) in Munich whose financial assistance enabled me to do the necessary research for this thesis. Georg Aescht, Marius Babias and Matthias Volkenandt deserve all my gratitude for their help in assuring me a fruitful and relaxed stay in Munich. I am also grateful to Peter Motzan for his encouragement and insightful suggestions regarding the history of the Transylvanian Saxons. The critical contribution of Dr. Stefan Sienerth has definitely improved this thesis. Its imperfections, hopefully not many, belong only to me. I am also thankful to Isabella Manassarian for finding the time to read and make useful and constructive observations on the text. CEU eTD Collection i Preface This thesis analyzes the radicalization undergone by the Transylvanian Saxon community between 1933 and 1940 from an identity studies perspective. My hypothesis is that the Nazification of the Saxon minority in Romania was accompanied by a relegation of the Lutheran religious affiliation from the status of a criterion of identity to that of an indicium. In order to prove the validity of the argument, I resorted to the analysis of a various number of sources, such as articles from the official periodical of the Lutheran Church, diaries and contemporary documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigrants' Economic and Social Integration in Host Country- from Preconceived Ideas to Real Life
    IMMIGRANTS' ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN HOST COUNTRY- FROM PRECONCEIVED IDEAS TO REAL LIFE. CASE STUDY ON THE ROMANIANS' Valentina VASILE Elena BUNDUCHI Ana-Maria CIUHU Abstract Reticence towards Romanian migrants is a matter of interest in the analysis of migratory flows in the EU by country of origin. Since Romania's pre-accession to the European Union, among developed countries such as Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., there have been opinions on the fact that Romania's accession also implies increased pressure on the labor market entry in this developed countries . Moreover, even after the 7-year transition period in which some states have set up barriers for Romanian citizens, fears have been maintained that after 2014 new waves of migrants will enter the developed countries of the European Union. Although this estimate was far too exaggerated, and reality has proven through many good practices that Romanian migrants are useful for destination areas - they cover local employment deficits and their work is appreciated - there are still negative, even discriminatory opinions. The fear of the large number of Romanian migrants who have entered the European Union is materialized also by the fact that they are regarded as "social risk" people with "integration problems". Thus, in recent years public opinion has succeeded to provoc a political backlash (i.e. in France or UK) regarding Romanian migrants. The aim of our research is to analyze the situation of Romanian migrants in the destination countries and to highlight the factors of economic and social discrimination. Keywords: immigrant, labour market, discrimination, social vulnerability, Romania.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads/Resources/Etnopol Krize/Repot.Pdf
    Migration, Mobility and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union – Space of Freedom and Security ISBN (13) 978–973–125–160–8 © Copyright, 2008, Editura Universitãþii de Vest Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediþii sunt rezervate. Reproducerea integralã sau parþialã, pe orice suport, fãrã acordul scris al editurii, este interzisã. Editura Universităţii de Vest 300223 — Timiºoara, Bd. V. Pârvan nr. 4, BCUT, 010 B, tel./fax: 0256 592 253 Migration, Mobility and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union – Space of Freedom and Security Edited by Grigore Silaşi and Ovidiu Laurian Simina Editura Universităţii de Vest Timișoara, 2008 Grigore SILAŞI, PhD is Jean Monnet Professor at West University of Timisoara, and director of Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence. Between 1998 and 2006 Prof. Silasi was director of The School of High Comparative European Studies (SISEC) within the West University of Timisoara. After graduation from Bucharest Academy of Economic Sciences (Economics), Prof. Silasi studied at Bucharest University (Faculty of International Relations), ISVE (Institute for studies of Economical Development, Naples, Italy), World Economy Research Institute (Warsaw School of Economics, Poland) and at Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (France), its PhD in Economics being awarded by West University of Timisoara (1975, thesis: International Financial Co-operation). The professional experience allows him to have both a diplomatic vision (as former diplomat with UNESCO and Bucharest Foreign
    [Show full text]
  • Germany's Policy Vis-À-Vis German Minority in Romania
    T.C. TURKISH- GERMAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES EUROPE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT GERMANY’S POLICY VIS-À-VIS GERMAN MINORITY IN ROMANIA MASTER’S THESIS Yunus MAZI ADVISOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Enes BAYRAKLI İSTANBUL, January 2021 T.C. TURKISH- GERMAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES EUROPE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT GERMANY’S POLICY VIS-À-VIS GERMAN MINORITY IN ROMANIA MASTER’S THESIS Yunus MAZI 188101023 ADVISOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Enes BAYRAKLI İSTANBUL, January 2021 I hereby declare that this thesis is an original work. I also declare that I have acted in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct at all stages of the work including preparation, data collection and analysis. I have cited and referenced all the information that is not original to this work. Name - Surname Yunus MAZI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Enes Bayraklı. Besides my master's thesis, he has taught me how to work academically for the past two years. I would also like to thank Dr. Hüseyin Alptekin and Dr. Osman Nuri Özalp for their constructive criticism about my master's thesis. Furthermore, I would like to thank Kazım Keskin, Zeliha Eliaçık, Oğuz Güngörmez, Hacı Mehmet Boyraz, Léonard Faytre and Aslıhan Alkanat. Besides the academic input I learned from them, I also built a special friendly relationship with them. A special thanks goes to Burak Özdemir. He supported me with a lot of patience in the crucial last phase of my research to complete the thesis. In addition, I would also like to thank my other friends who have always motivated me to successfully complete my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tension Between Self-Reliance
    Looking to Themselves: The Tension between Self-Reliance, Regionalism, and Support of Greater Romania within the Saxon Community in Transylvania 1918-1935 By Rachel Renz Mattair Submitted to Central European University History Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Balázs Trencsényi Second reader: Viktor Karády CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2012 Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the author. CEU eTD Collection Abstract This thesis traces the changes in self-preservation policies of the Transylvanian Saxons from 1918 to 1935 as they transitioned from being a semi-autonomous group to an ethnic minority in the newly established Romanian state following the First World War. It examines the domestic and international alliances of both conservative Saxon elites and social dissidents on the basis of interwar cultural journals and press material. Particular emphasis is placed on the tension between rising National Socialist rhetoric from the German Reich and Transylvanian regionalism in these publications. Unlike many existing studies on this topic, the work offers a balanced approach between internal and external Saxon relations, and distinguishes between Saxon elite narratives and average outlooks. The various movements traced lead to the question of whether historians can even speak of a cohesive Saxon identity during the interwar period, or merely of fragmentation among community members.
    [Show full text]
  • German Settlers in the Balkans and the Volga River Basin
    Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences Volume 16 Issue 2 Article 14 2013 Colonial Dreams, Ambiguous Outcomes: German Settlers in the Balkans and the Volga River Basin Timothy Olin Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/jiass Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Olin, Timothy (2013) "Colonial Dreams, Ambiguous Outcomes: German Settlers in the Balkans and the Volga River Basin," Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences: Vol. 16 : Iss. 2 , Article 14. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/jiass/vol16/iss2/14 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Colonial Dreams, Ambiguous Outcomes: German Settlers in the Balkans and the Volga River Basin* TIMOTHY OLIN Purdue University ABSTRACT This article surveys the phenomenon of German colonization in Eastern Europe from a comparative perspective. On examination of the origins and outcomes of German settlement in the northern Balkans and southern Russia, a number of shared characteristics anD circumstances appear. From beginnings in multinational empires to Dissolution under the combined pressure of nationalism and communism, the German settler communities represent an interesting case study in the shift from an imperial to a national perspective in Eastern Europe. The Germans were successful in fulfilling the goals of the Russian and Habsburg imperial governments; they increased agricultural production and helped integrate the regions into the European sphere of influence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Europeanisation of Everyday Life: Cross- Border
    www.ssoar.info The Europeanisation of Everyday Life: Cross- Border Practices and Transnational Identifications among EU and Third-Country Citizens - Romanians' Social Transnationalism in the Making Croitoru, Alin; Sandu, Dumitru; Tudor, Elena Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Croitoru, A., Sandu, D., & Tudor, E. (2014). The Europeanisation of Everyday Life: Cross-Border Practices and Transnational Identifications among EU and Third-Country Citizens - Romanians' Social Transnationalism in the Making. (EUCROSS Working Paper, 8). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395609 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use.
    [Show full text]