Plants in Urban Areas and Landscape Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering DOI 10.15414/2014.9788055212623.105–107

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN HABITATS OF TOWNS OF THE UDMURT REPUBLIC (RUSSIA)

Ekaterina N. ZYANKINA, Olga G. BARANOVA* Udmurt State University, Russia

The purpose of this study is to discover the species composition of urban floras through studying and comparing certain partial floras. The object of our research is flora of small towns in Udmurtia. We have developed methodological approaches for analysis of different urban habitats. These approaches are significant for identifying of plants species composition in cities. This study is based on the method of partial floras. The term “partial flora” is understood in the interpretation of Boris A. Yurtsev. This method is widely used in Russia (Yurtsev, 1982). We’ve created the classification of habitats groups based on examination of cartographic material, aerial and satellite photography, primary analysis of the flora habitats. We have distinguished two types, 16 classes and 43 habitats kinds. The Type of natural and semi-natural habitats with little disturbance of vegetation is divided into 7 classes of habitats: meadow, forest, forest-steppe, swamp, water, coastal, naturally bare habitats. The type of anthropogenically – transformed habitats includes 9 classes: communicationly-tape, erosion, slotted, agricultural, water, artificial tree plantation, landfills, landscape gardenings, cemeteries Preliminary lists of kinds of partial flora habitats are made. Both native and alien species of plants are allocated there. Alien flora fraction was divided into groups according to the degree of danger for biodiversity. Typical species were pointed out for all habitats.

Keywords: urbanflora, Russian flora, flora of habitats

Introduction purpose of this study is to identify the species composition Urban areas have a large number of places suitable of urban floras through studying and comparing for plants growth and having different environmental particular partial floras. conditions. Therefore, they are the hotbed of concentration of alien plants. The activity of these species in certain Material and Metods urban partial floras can be seen when studying floristic Research was conducted in 2012–2013 on the territory structure of different habitats. Partial floras (Yurtsev, 1982) of three towns (Votkinsk, Kambarka, Mojga) Udmurtia are the sets of species occurring in ecologically similar (Russia). Urban population is relatively small. Votkinsk subdivisions of the landscape, i.e., habitat types (Khitun, population is 98 thousand people., Mozhga – 49 thous., 2013). Development of habitat structure classification Kambarka – 10 thousand people. The material was is one of the stages of partial floras studying. There are collected by the method of partial floras and a routing several different classifications of urban habitats, based on method. Urban areas were studied within their different criteria: individual characteristics of settlement, administrative boundaries. allocation of plants depending on the type of urban Basing on a comprehensive analysis (study of area, period and features of building system, intensity of cartographic material, satellite images, primary analysis anthropogenic impact, phytocenotic features of areas, etc. of flora habitats) we developed a classification of plant (Gamulya and Zvyagintseva, 2010; Berezutski and Panin, habitats groups. In the results you can see the list of all the 2007; Maher and Hamilton, 2012; Pysek, 1995; Mosyakin, habitats recorded within the town, including the overall 1996). Taking into account peculiarities of flora formation extent of each. Running wild cultivated plant species are in small towns, similar and different types of habitats, not taken into account while compiling floristic lists. we have tried to classify urban habitats depending on phytocenotic characteristics of flora and on the degree Results and discussion of anthropogenic influence on it. In 2012 we started The estimation of each species by its origin is required studying flora of three towns (Votkinsk, Kambarka and to analyze the results of the study of urban floras. In Mojga) in Russia (Udmurtia). By the phyto-geographical this basis we have divided entire set of plant species of regionalization of the European part of Russia the studied urban areas into aboriginal and alien parts. Furthermore, area is the part of West Siberian-Ural taiga province of the group of alien species was divided by the degree Eurasian taiga region (Isachenko and Lavrenko, 1980). The of impact on natural biodiversity. Two groups were

*Correspodence: Olga G. Baranova, Udmurtia State University, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of botany and plant ecology, Russia, e-mail: [email protected]

Ekaterina N. Zyankina, Olga G. Baranova: Classification of urban habitats of towns of the Udmurt Republic (Russia), pp. 105–107 – 105 – Plants in Urban Areas and Landscape Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering DOI 10.15414/2014.9788055212623.105–107 distinguished: passive alien species that do not pose and establishment of most dangerous invasive a serious threat and active alien species which include plant species from the group of transformers: Acer species transformers and invasive plant species. We have negundo L., Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., Impatiens allocated two types of habitats (The Type of natural and glandulifera Royle and others. These species often semi-natural habitats with little disturbance of vegetation form homogenous communities along the rivers. and The type of anthropogenically-transformed habitats) 6. Naturally bare habitats class. It includes 1 kind of and divided them into 16 classes and 43 kinds. Thus, habitats – naturally bare. This kind of habitats is we have allocated 43 combined partial floras. For each presented by territories exposed by constant erosion partial flora we have pointed alien species list. (steep slopes, ravines etc.). Partial flora is poor. Equisetum arvense L., Herniaria glabra L., Scleranthus Type of natural and semi-natural habitats annuus L. are among aboriginal species found here. with little disturbance of vegetation Alien fraction is presented by Conyza canadensis This type includes remains of natural phytocenosis, and (L.) Cronqist, Oenothera rubricaulis Kleb., Puccinellia areas with a low level of human impact. Species that distans (Jacq.) Parl. grow here, form stable plant communities, represented 7. Aquatic habitats Class. 2 kinds were distinguished (flow, mainly by native species. This type of habitats includes and poorly flowing water). Partial flora is represented 7 classes of habitats: mainly by native species. A group of invasive species is 1. Meadow habitats class. 4 kinds of habitats were presented by Elodea canadensis Michx. distinguished (riparian, upland, steppe, pasture). The type of anthropogenically-transformed habitats Partial flora of meadow habitats is mostly represented with intensively transformed vegetation by native species. The group of passive alien species in floodplains is weak and represented by such species Species growing here, do not form stable communities. as Carduus nutans L., Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Human activity is a determining factor in development Rydb., Collomia linearis Nutt., et al. The group of active of the flora of these habitats. 9 classes of habitats are alien species is represented by species-transformers: counted in this type. Acer negundo L., Aster salignus Willd., Heracleum 1. Communication-tape habitats Class. This class includes sosnowskyi Manden, Hordeum jubatum L. etc. ecotopes located along different ways of traffic. We 2. Forest habitats class. It consists of three kinds of have distinguished 4 kinds of habitats (rail, road, habitats (coniferous and deciduous forests, parks with heating mains, trails). Partial flora is represented by natural vegetation). The basic role in the composition a huge variety of alien species. The group of passive alien of the flora of this class is played by a forest of aboriginal species is characterized by the presence of Echinochloa plant species. This class of habitats is characterized by crus-galli (L.) Beauv., Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey., Echium invasive species such as: Acer negundo L., Amelanchier vulgare L. The group of active alien species is presented spicata (Lam.) C. Koch, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. by Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et Gray., Hordeum 3. Forest-steppe habitats Class. It includes two kinds of jubatum L., Puccinelia distans (L.) Parl. Heating mains are habitats (forest and marginal forest). territories with special temperature regime. Partial flora of these areas is characterized by presence 2. Erosional habitats class. It includes 4 kinds of habitats of such species as Eremogone saxatilis L., Еryngium (yard, constructional, industrial vacant lots and planum L., Pulsatilla uralensis (Zämelis) Tzvelev. Alien stadiums). These areas are characterized by constant flora fraction can be presented here by Collomia anthropogenic impacts, leading to disruption of linearis Nutt., Conyza сanadensis (L.) Cronqist. the soil cover. Partial flora of these habitats is poor. 4. Marsh habitats Class.2 kinds were distinguished (fens Aboriginal fraction is represented mostly by ruderal and sphagnum bogs). Partial flora of these areas is species. There can be met such passive alien species represented by a large number of aboriginal species as Amaranthus retroflexus L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) with prevalence of Cyperaceae family plants. The alien Beauv., Solanum nigrum L. Active alien species here flora is not spread here, although on the edge of marshes are, Bryonia alba L., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronqist, there can be met Bidens frondosa L., Juncus tenuis Willd., Solidago serotinoides A. Love & D. Love. Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort. On the territory of 3. Slit habitats class. 2 kinds were distinguished (wall Kambarka there is a sphagnum bog, which is included and curbs). This class includes by gaps in asphalt and in the Emerald book of Russian Federation (Baranova, concrete surfaces. Partial flora of this habitats is poor Dedyuhyn and Tyulkyn, 2013). This marsh meets and represented by those species which are capable specifications of Annex 1 of the EU (EU Annex I habitat). of growing on limited territories with lack of nutrients. 5. Coastal habitats class. 2 kinds were distinguished Alien fractions of wall and curb habitats differ. In the (quagmire and coastal habitats). There are certain flora of wall habitats we noticed weed alien species, conditions that contribute to the resettlement whereas curbs habitats are often represented by plants

Ekaterina N. Zyankina, Olga G. Baranova: Classification of urban habitats of towns of the Udmurt Republic (Russia), pp. 105–107 – 106 – Plants in Urban Areas and Landscape Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering DOI 10.15414/2014.9788055212623.105–107

running wild: Petunia × hybrida, Calendula officinalis L., such as Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., Hylotelephium Alyssum maritimum Lam., Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small. spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba, Sempervívum tectorum L. 4. Agricultural habitats Class. 4 kinds of habitats were Invasive species are common for edges, or abandoned distinguished (gardens, fields, land new fences, territories. One can often see here Aster salignus Willd., gardens). This class determines territories cultivated Oenothera rubricaulis Kleb., Solidago canadensis L. by a person. Group of passive alien species includes Thus, small towns flora is a complex of partial floras of running wild cultivated plants: Anethum graveolens various habitats, which differ by abundance and structure L., Artemisia purshiana Boss., Syringa vulgaris L., and of aboriginal and alien plants. For deeper uncovering of weed speciesAvena fatua L., Chaenorhinum minus (L.) the species composition of the partial floras and for their Lange., Fumaria officinalis L. Since these territories comparison the research should be continued. are constantly cultivated, invasive species are not The scheme, that we have developed allows to common and are represented by such species as identify the most complete floristic composition of the Aquilegia vulgaris L., Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & urban area by the method of partial floras. A. Gray., Galinsoga parviflora Cav. The research is fulfilled within the government task 5. Aquatic habitats class. 1 kinds – stagnant ponds (man- of ministry of Education and Science of the Russian made ponds, fire ponds, puddles, etc.) is identified. Federation (1. 1. 2404). Aboriginal fraction is represented by Lemna minor L. and species of genus Potamogeton. Partial flora of References these reservoirs of small towns is not divers, thus alien BARANOVA, O. G. – DEDEJUHIN, S. V. – TJULKIN, Ju. A. 2011– species are often represented only by one invasive 2013. Udmurtskaja Respublika. In: Izumrudnaja kniga Rossijskoj species Elodea canadensis L. Federacii. Territorii osobogo prirodoohrannogo znachenija 6. Artificial tree plantations Class. 4 kinds of habitats Evropejskoj Rossii. Predlozhenija po vyjavleniju. Ch. 1. M.: Institut geografii RAN, 2011–2013, pp. 146–163. ISBN 978-5-89658-041-6. were distinguished (squares, treelines, planting trees BEREZUCKIJ, MA. – PANIN, A. B. 2007. Flora gorodov: struktura in courtyards, shelterbelts along the roads). All these i tendencii antropogennoj dinamiki. In: Botanicheskom kinds of habitats are characterized by varying degree zhurnale, vol. 92, 2007, no. 10, pp. 1481–1489. ISSN 0006-8136. of anthropogenic pressure. Partial floras of these COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/43/EEC. 1992. On the conservation of habitats are often presented by such invasive species natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. In: Official Journal as: Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch, Acer negundo L., of the European Communities,vol. 103, 1992, no. 1, p. 25. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. GAMULYA, YU. G. – ZVYAGINTSEVA, K. A. 2010. The peculiarities of natural anthropogenic vegetation habitats zoning in Kharkiv. 7. Dumps habitats class. 2 kinds were distinguished In: Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv University, italics Series: (household wastes dumps and industrial waste biology, vol. 11, 2010, no. 905, pp.43–54. ISSN 0453-8048. dumps). Partial flora of these habitats includes a small ISACHENKO, T. I. – LAVRENKO, E. M. 1980. Botaniko- number of aboriginal species. They often get here geograficheskoe rajonirovanie. In: Rastitelnosti evropejskoj from neighboring habitats. Household wastes dumps chasti SSSR, 1980, pp. 10–20. are often represented by landfills, as well as small piles JURCEV, B. A. 1982. Flora kak prirodnaja sistema. In: Bjulletene of garbage in towns. A group of passive alien species MOIP, Otdelenie biologija, vol. 87, no. 4, рр. 3–22. KHITUN, O. V. – KOROLEVA, T. M. – CHINENKO, S. V. – PETROVSKY, is presented in great abundance and includes Citrullus V. V. – POSPELOVA, E. B. – ZVEREV, A. A. 2013. Application lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai, Datura inoxia Mill., of Russian Arctic local flora database to the issues of Arctic Mirabilis jalapa L. Among invasive species Thladiantha biodiversity conservation. In: Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA) dubia Bunge and Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et Workshop. Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA) Workshop, Krakow, Gray. should be mentioned. Industrial landfill dumps Poland, CAFF Proceedings Report #10. Akureyri, Iceland, April are industrial sites, as well as heaps of sand and gravel. 14–16, 2013. ISBN 978-9935-431-24-0. There is also a large number of representatives of the MAHER, C. – HAMILTON, J. 2012 Report on the Survey and Mapping of Habitats within Athlone Town. Retrieved March 26, from genus Chenopodium, Corispermum, Salsola,. PubMed database http://athlonetidytowns.ie/uploads/2013/01/ 8. Landscape gardening Class. Includes 2 kinds habitats Maher-and-Hamilton-2012-Report-on-the-Survey-and-Mapping- (flowerbeds, lawns). In partial flora of these habitats of-Habitats-within-Athlone-Town_FINAL.pdf a large proportion of adventitious passive species MOSJAKIN, S. L. 1996. Teritorialni zakonomirnosti ekspansiї is presented by running wild ornamental plants: adventivnih roslin v urbanizovanomu seredovischi (na prikladi Kоchia scoparia (L.) Schrad., Lobularia maritima (L.) m. Kiїv). In: Ukrainskom botanicheskom zhurnale, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 536–544. Desv., Tagetes patula L. Together with peat and earth PYSEK, P. 1995. Approaches to studying spontaneous invasive species are imported, among them: Galinsoga settlement flora and vegetation in central Europe: A review. parviflora Cav., Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. In: Urban Ecology as the Basis of Urban Planning, pp. 23–39. 9. Cemetery habitats class. 2 kinds were distinguished Retrieved March 26, from PubMed database http://www.ibot. (open and forested cemetery). Partial flora of cas.cz/personal/pysek/pdf/Pysek-Review%20methods%20 cemeteries is characterized by passive alien species urban%20ecology_SPB1995.pdf

Ekaterina N. Zyankina, Olga G. Baranova: Classification of urban habitats of towns of the Udmurt Republic (Russia), pp. 105–107 – 107 –