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The International Context of the Central European Countries Participation in the Afghan Stabilization Mission

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The International Context of the Central European Countries Participation in the Afghan Stabilization Mission Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2011 The International Context of the Central European Countries Participation in The Afghan Stabilization Mission Bartosz Kaluga West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Kaluga, Bartosz, "The International Context of the Central European Countries Participation in The Afghan Stabilization Mission" (2011). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4737. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4737 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The International Context of the Central European Countries Participation in The Afghan Stabilization Mission Bartosz Kaluga Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Robert Blobaum, Ph.D., Chair James Siekmeier, Ph.D. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2011 Keywords: International Relations ; East-Central Europe ; Afghanistan ; NATO ; European Union ABSTRACT The International Context of Central European Countries Participation in the Afghan Stabilization Mission Bartosz Kaluga The Afghan stabilization mission is a new challenge for Central European countries in the XXI century, and probably the most important and the most difficult mission for Central European armed forces. The fundamental role of NATO in Central European countries’ security results from basic strategic documents related to common defense. Strengthening NATO, in short, strengthens Central European countries’ security. In addition, the Afghanistan mission provides an invaluable experience for Central European armed forces. The findings of this study shows that although the Visegrad countries’ troop contribution lagged in the early phase of the ISAF mission, with the passing of time they have shared fairly the burden of responsibilities in Afghanistan. Moreover, Visegrad countries did not deploy forces to Afghanistan only because of allied obligations but also because of national interest and pragmatic reasons. Such considerable contributions by the Visegrad countries come from their aspiration to authenticate their reputation as a reliable allies. However, this research indicates that Visegrad countries’ investment of troops and money did not translate into change of relations with the USA in particularly sensitive areas, as expected by Central European governments. The new generation of Central European citizens and politicians do not seem to be anti-American, but there is a growing sense that Visegrad countries, especially the largest member - Poland, went too far in supporting Washington’s foreign policy. The major reason for the reassessment of the Polish – American relationship is Warsaw’s heightened self-reliance as a member of the European Union, and awareness that now the most pivotal issues are negotiated in Brussels. Another explanation is that Warsaw is mindful that being one of the most devoted US allies in Europe has brought more disadvantages than advantages. Therefore, it seems that Americans should slowly get used to the inevitable day when Poland and other Central European countries will oppose Washington’s political, economic or military projects. And it will not be associated to Central European resentment towards Washington’s foreign policy, but a sign of the times of independence and maturity of the Visegrad countries in international politics. I have written the work independently. All works of other scholars, their principled positions, and data from written sources and from elsewhere that have been used in preparing this work have been cited. ………………………………………………………………. /the author’s signature iii Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. American Foreign Policy toward Afghanistan ................................................................................... 10 1.1. What are the Aim and Primary Tasks of the International Security Assistance Force Mission. 10 1.1.1. Stages .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2. Why Things Went Wrong in Afghanistan – American Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan ...... 16 1.2.1. Bush Doctrine ...................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2.“Forgotten war” - Afghanistan Stabilization Mission as a Secondary Priority ..................... 23 1.2.3. Obama’s “Winning in Afghanistan” Strategy ...................................................................... 30 2. Central European Countries’ Engagement in the Afghan Stabilization Mission. .............................. 33 2.1. Where Have You Come From and What Do You Want ? Interests Analysis .............................. 34 2.1.1. Security Conditions of the Central European Region in the XXI century ............................ 35 2.2. Central European Countries contribution to the ISAF mission and their primary tasks ............ 40 2.2.1. Czech Republic ................................................................................................................. 43 2.2.2. Hungary ........................................................................................................................... 47 2.2.3. Poland .............................................................................................................................. 50 2.2.4. Slovakia ............................................................................................................................ 53 3. Experiences from the Afghan Mission – How CEC are Perceived by NATO and the USA and What Have They Gained from the Mission? ................................................................................................... 57 3.1. The Evaluation of the CEC commitment by NATO and USA. ...................................................... 58 3.1.1. V4 Countries Troop Contributions ....................................................................................... 59 3.1.1.1. In Comparison to Older NATO Members ..................................................................... 60 3.1.2. Defense Expenditures.......................................................................................................... 67 3.1.2.1. The Costs of Humanitarian and Reconstruction Effort ................................................ 72 3.1.3. Effectiveness of Engagement in Stabilization Tasks and Combat Operations .................... 75 3.1.3.1. Czech Republic .............................................................................................................. 75 3.1.3.2 Hungary ......................................................................................................................... 76 iv 3.1.3.3. Poland ........................................................................................................................... 77 3.1.3.4. Slovakia ......................................................................................................................... 80 3.2. The Evaluation of the Mission in Home Countries - Advantages and Disadvantages of Participation in the Mission............................................................................................................... 81 3.2.1. Public Opinion ..................................................................................................................... 81 3.2.2. Casualties ............................................................................................................................. 86 3.2.3. The Terrorist threat ............................................................................................................. 88 3.3. The New Shape of the American – Central European “Special Relationship” ........................... 91 3.3.1. The United States Shifting Agendas .................................................................................... 93 3.3.2. Central European “Reset Button” ....................................................................................... 96 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... 103 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 110 v Introduction In our globalized world there are some events which unite all people no matter what they believe. The September 11 was one of these days when probably hundreds of millions people around the world felt
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