DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent 19 (11) 3,946,066 Todd (45) Mar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent 19 (11) 3,946,066 Todd (45) Mar United States Patent 19 (11) 3,946,066 Todd (45) Mar. 23, 1976 54) DIMERISATION PROCESS AND CATALYST 3,655,724 4/1972 Linn et al.................... 260/465.8 D 3,729,498 4/1973 Masada et al................ 260/465.8 D (75) Inventor: Peter Frank Todd, Stockton, England FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 73 Assignee: Imperial Chemical industries 1,177,059 1/1970 United Kingdom.......... 260/465.8 D. Limited, London, England 1,270,026 6/1968 Germany ..................... 260/465.8 D. 22 Filed: Aug. 29, 1974 Primary Examiner-Joseph P. Brust (21) Appl. No.: 501,605 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Cushman, Darby & Cushman (30) Foreign Application Priority Data Oct. 1, 1973 United Kingdom............... 45686/73 57 ABSTRACT (52) U.S. Cl... 260/465.8 D; 252/466 R; 260/485 R; 260/561 R A ruthenium catalyst of improved performance for the 51 Int. Cl’........................................ C07C 120/00 dimerisation and hydrodimerisation of olefinically un (58) Field of Search..... 260/465.8 D, 485 R, 561 R, saturated compounds, especially acrylonitrile, is ob 260/561 N tained by co-precipitating a ruthenium compound with an aluminium oxide and/or hydroxide. 56 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3 Claims, No Drawings 3,484,475 12/1969 Cornforth et al............ 260/465.8 D. 3,946,066 2 nitrile) to dimer (1,4-dicyanobutenes). Such com DIMERISATION PROCESS AND CATALYST. pounds may be co-precipitated as the oxide or hydrox ide together with the ruthenium compound and the This invention relates to catalysts suitable for the aluminium oxide or hydroxide, for example by adding a dimerisation and hydrodimerisation of olefinically un water-soluble salt of the said element to the aqueous saturated compounds, and to methods for the prepara solution of the ruthenium salt and aluminium salt prior tion of such catalysts and for their use in such dimerisa to adding the precipitating agent. tion processes. Co-precipitation of a ruthenium compound and the it has already been proposed to dimerise and hy aluminium oxide or hydroxide may usually be achieved drodimerise olefinically unsaturated compounds using O by adding a base to an aqueous solution of the soluble ruthenium catalysts. Particulary suitable olefinically ruthenium compound and the soluble aluminium com unsaturated compounds are those which are acceptors pound giving rise to the oxide or hydroxide. In order to in Michael reactions, that is cqmpounds containing a achieve co-precipitation and to avoid precipitation of group of the general formula -C = CR the aluminium before the ruthenium we prefer to avoid in which the Group R is one which activates the double 5 the use of strong alkalis such as the alkali metal hydrox bond. Examples of such compounds may be found in ides, e.g. sodium and potassium hydroxide. Ammonium "Organic Name Reactions” by Krauch & Kunz, 1964, hydroxide may be used. We prefer to use, however, John Wiley & sons at page 315, in “Name Reactions in organic amines and, more especially, aliphatic, cycloal Organic Chemistry' by A. R. Surrey, 2nd edition, iphatic or araliphatic primary, secondary or tertiary 1961, Academic Press, at pages 173 to 174, and in 20 amines, for example ethylamine, diethylamine, triethyl "Name Index of Organic Reactions' by J. E. Gowan amine, cyclohexylamine and phenylethylamine. Urea and T. S. Wheeler, 1960, Longmans at pages 169 to may also be used as a precipitating agent. Physical 172. Particularly important examples are alpha-beta examination of the co-precipitated catalysts of our olefinically unsaturated esters, amides and nitriles, invention obtained with our preferred precipitating especially the acrylic esters and acrylonitrile. 25 agents shows that they consist essentially of ruthenium It has already been proposed to dimerise and/or hy oxy-hydroxy species intimately mixed with pseduo drodimerise acrylonitrile both in the liquid and the boohmite (i.e. AlO.OHxHO) (see X-Ray Identifica vapour phase in presence of a ruthenium catalyst which tion and Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals, edited G. may, if desired, be supported on a conventional catalyst Brown, The Mineralogical Society, London, 1961, support, for example alumina. 30 page 362). The morphology of these catalysts remains According to our invention a particularly suitable unchanged during use, although heating attempera catalyst for the dimerisation and hydrodimerisation of tures in excess of about 200'C should be avoided since olefinically unsaturated compounds comprises ruthe the catalyst then undergoes dehydration and phase nium co-precipitated with an aluminium oxide and/or transistion to a less active form. hydroxide. 35 The proportion of ruthenium to aluminium in the The catalysts of our invention may be manufactured, co-precipitated catalyst is not critical. Normally it will for example, by co-precipitating a ruthenium com fall with the ratio of 1 : 40 to 10: 1 by weight. It may pound and an aluminium oxide or hydroxide from a be desirable for the catalyst to be supported on a suit solvent containing a soluble ruthenium compound and able support, for example pumice, kieselguhr, carbon, a soluble aluminium compound giving rise to the oxide 40 alumina or silica, and this may be effected, for exam or hydroxide. ple, by co-precipitating the catalyst on the support. A particularly suitable solvent is water. However, After co-precipitation of the catalyst it may be sepa mixtures of water with water-miscible organic solvents, rated from the solvent, for example by filtration or by for example alkanols, especially methanol, ethanol and centrifuging, and, if desired, it may be washed free the propanols, may be used in suitable cases. As water 45 from soluble matter, for example of water soluble salts, soluble ruthenium compounds there may be used the and, if desired, dried. Drying is preferably effected at salts of ruthenium, for example the halides (e.g. chlo temperatures not in excess of 110°C. ride and bromide), and the sulphate and nitrate as well The catalyst of our invention may be used for the as salts of organic acids, especially of the aliphatic dimerisation or hydrodimerisation of olefinically unsat acids, for example the acetate or lactate. Ruthenates, 50 urated compounds and especially of acrylonitrile in for example ammonium pentachlororuthenate, may either the liquid or the vapour phase. When used in the also be used. liquid phase, it is an advantage of the catalyst of our Water-soluble compounds of aluminium from the invention that it has very low solubility in the reaction aqueous solutions of which the oxide or hydroxide may medium and may readily be separated from it, for ex be precipitated are well-known and generally include 55 ample by filtration or centrifuging, without significant the salts, for example the halides (e.g. chloride and loss of the costly ruthenium. Moreover, the catalyst bromide), and sulphate, and the salts of organic acids, remains effective and may be re-used. especially of the aliphatic acids, for example, the ace It is desirable for dimerisation to be effected in pres tate or lactate. Mixtures of aluminium oxide and hy ence of hydrogen since this not only increases the total droxide may be used, and also mixtures with other 60 proportion of dimer plus hydrodimer formed, but also compounds. Such mixtures may be used to modify the increases the relative proportion of hydrodimer to di effect of the catalyst. For example the oxide or hydrox mer. Instead of gaseous hydrogen itself a hydrogen ide of aluminum may be mixed with other compounds, donor, that is a compound which under the conditions for example those of tin, copper, bismuth, nickel, palla of the reaction is capable of supplying hydrogen, may dium or cadmium. Thus, in dimerisation of acrylonitrile 65 be used, for example a metal hydride such as calcium the inclusion of a proportion of bismuth when prepar hydride, sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium ing a catalyst by co-precipitating ruthenium with alu hydride, a metal alkyl such as aluminium triethyl and mina, gives a highehr proportion of hydrodimer (adipo zinc dibutyl, and hydrogen transfer agents such as iso 3,946,066 3 4 propanol and cyclohexene. Analysis of the catalyst gave the following result, 7.9% Although the temperature of the dimerisation or w/w Ru, 23% w/w Al. hydrodimerisation reaction may vary widely, when using our catalysts we prefer to operate in the range EXAMPLE 2 from 50° to 200°C, more preferably 100° to 150°C in 5 In a similar way, 10 parts of aluminium chloride hex order to preserve the catalyst activity and to reduce ahydrate and 1 part of commercial ruthenium chloride production of undesired organic by-products. The re hydrate were dissolved in 100 parts of deionised water, action may be carried out under pressure, and when a solution of 0.5 parts of bismuth nitrate pentahydrate conducting the reaction in presence of gaseous hydro in 5 parts of 6N nitric acid was added and with rapid gen, or when using volatile reactants in the liquid O stirring at 20°C the mixture was made alkaline (to pH phase, pressure will normally be employed, for example 9) with about 40 parts of triethylamine. A thick gelati pressures up to 250 atmospheres. If desired, a solvent nous brown precipitate was then thrown down. After may be used, for example acetonitrile, propionitrile or stirring a further 15 mins. the precipitate was removed other solvents which are inert under the reaction condi by filtration and washed with water. The catalyst was tions, for example hydrocarbon solvents such as ben 5 dried by heating in an oven at 110°C for 12 hours and zene, toluene and cyclohexane, chlorinated hydrocar finely ground. bons such as chlorobenzene, and oxygen-containing organic compounds such as alcohols (e.g. methanol, EXAMPLE 3 ethanol and the propanols), ethylene glycol mono 1 part of catalyst as prepared in Example 1 was methyl or monoethyl ether and dioxan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Isomorphous Substitution of Aluminium for Silicon in Tobermoritic Structure
    Isomorphous Substitution of Aluminium for Silicon in Tobermoritic Structure. I. The Mixtures of Different Forms of Silicon Dioxide and of Different Compounds of Aluminium J. PETROVIÖ, V. RUSNÁK and L. ŠTEVULA Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 9 Received July 2, 1968 The isomorphous substitution of Al(III) for Si(IV) in tobermoritic structure was examined by X-ray phase analysis and DTA. It has been found that the extent of the substitution depends on the materials used. The samples were prepared using different forms of silica-either ^-quartz, quartz-glass, Si02-gel or aerosil. Gibbsite, boehmite, dehydrated kaolinite, kaolinite, corundum and 7-AI2O3 were used as sources of aluminium. The samples were heated in an autoclave at 150, 180 and 200°C for 10, 24 and in some cases for 48 hours. Tobermorite can be synthesized from calcium oxide and silica under hydrothermal conditions. Up to temperatures of about 110°C it is stable, at higher temperatures and under hydrothermal conditions it is formed as an unstable compound. When the reaction is allowed to proceed for a longer time, or when it takes place at higher tem­ perature, another stable calcium hydrosilicate arises. At lower temperature a calcium hydrosilicate with tobermoritic structure is formed. It has been found that tobermori­ te is produced on autoclaving building materials containing lime and some materials with high SÍO2 content. It is also formed from anhydrous dicalcium silicates in the course of setting of cement. Under different conditions, compounds with tobermoritic structure arise which, however, differ in the amount or lime and water in the molecu­ le, as well as in the arrangement of the structure — e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Absence of Skin Sensitivity to Oxides of Aluminium, Silicon, Titanium Or Zirconium in Patients With
    Gut1996;39:231-233 231 Absence of skin sensitivity to oxides of aluminium, Silicon, titanium or zirconium in patients with Crohn's disease Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.39.2.231 on 1 August 1996. Downloaded from J C W Lee, S Halpem, D G Lowe, A Forbes, J E Lennard-Jones Abstract obstructive lymphadenopathy. It has been Background-Some metallic compounds, proposed that this is caused by fibrosis of the especially of zirconium, can cause cell afferent lymphatics as a result of absorption of mediated granulomatous inflammation of microparticles of silica and alumino-silicates the skin. Pigment granules containing through the skin where people walk barefoot compounds of aluminium, silicon, and on certain types of soil. Particles containing titanium have been observed within silica, titanium, and aluminium are present in macrophages in the wall of the small microgranulomata within inguinal lymph intestine in health and in Crohn's disease. nodes of sufferers.6 Granulomata also develop Zirconium compounds can be ingested in in response to intradermal injection ofcolloidal toothpaste. silica in healthy subjects but these are foreign Aim-To determine in a pilot study if body granulomata and are clearly distinguish- granulomatous sensitivity can be detected able from the cell mediated response to small to compounds of these metals or silicon quantities of zirconium lactate.7 after injection into the skin of patients As metals and minerals are ubiquitous in the with Crohn's disease. community, a hypersensitivity to these sub- Subjects-Eight patients with Crohn's stances in some people rather than a direct disease known to have had granulomata in toxic effect is the most probable pathogenetic the intestine and not currently treated mechanism by which they may contribute to with corticosteroids, and two healthy disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Sintering of Aluminum Powder with Microwave
    ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 IARJSET International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2019 Sintering of Aluminum Powder with Microwave Imad ul Iman Chikkodi1 Student, Electronics & Communication, KLE Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, Belgaum, India1 Abstract: Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits or as a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits or as a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms in the materials diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating one solid piece. Because the sintering temperature does not have to reach the melting point of the material, sintering is often chosen as the shaping process for materials with extremely high melting points such as tungsten and molybdenum. The study of sintering in metallurgy powder-related processes is known as powder metallurgy. An example of sintering can be observed when ice cubes in a glass of water adhere to each other, which is driven by the temperature difference between the water and the ice. Examples of pressure-driven sintering are the compacting of snowfall to a glacier, or the forming of a hard snowball by pressing loose snow together. Keywords: Sintering, Aluminium, Silicone Carbide, Microwave Sintering I. INTRODUCTION Most, if not all, metals can be sintered. This applies especially to pure metals produced in vacuum which suffer no surface contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Warwick.Ac.Uk/Lib-Publications
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/139891 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications 1 AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME REACTIONS OF ALUMINIUM HYDROBORATE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David L.S. Shaw, B.Sc. The Department of Molecular Sciences^ University of Warwick 1. CONTENTS gage Contents 1 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 7 Acknowledgements 9 Sum m ary 10 1. Introduction 11 Nomenclature 11 Units 12 Hydroborates - Historical 12 Hydroborates - Properties 13 Hydroborates - Structures 17 Hydroborates - Bonding 21 Hydroborates - Vibrational Spectroscopy 24 Hydroborates - Nuclear Magnetic Spectral Properties 27 Aluminium Hydroborate 32 Preparation 32 Synthetic Reactions using Aluminium Hydroborate - Uses 33 Aluminium Hydroborate - Structure and Bonding 34 Aluminium Hydroborate - Properties 38 Physical Properties 38 Aluminium Hydroborate - Reactions 38 Exchange Reactions and Substituted Products 40 Anionic Aluminium Hydroborate Compounds 46 Adducts of Aluminium Hydroborates 47 Vibrational Spectra of Aluminium Hydroborate 50 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Aluminium Hydroborates 55 Decomposition of Aluminium Hydroborate - Hydride Aluminium Hydroborates 6-1 I Contents (continued ) Page Aluminium Hydride 63 Aluminium Alkyls 64 Aluminium and Higher Hydroborate Derivatives - Octahydrotriborates - 65 Trialkyl Boranes( Alkyl Diboranes 68 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry; Metallurgy
    C01F SECTION C --- CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY C01 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY XXXX C01F C01F XXXX C01F COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS (metal hydrides C01B 6/00; salts of oxyacids of halogens C01B 11/00; peroxides, salts of peroxyacids C01B 15/00; sulfides or polysulfides of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium C01B 17/42; thiosulfates, dithionites, polythionates C01B 17/64; compounds containing selenium or tellurium C01B 19/00; binary compounds of nitrogen with metals C01B 21/06; azides C01B 21/08; metal amides C01B 21/092; nitrites C01B 21/50; phosphides C01B 25/08; salts of oxyacids of phosphorus C01B 25/16; carbides C01B 31/30; compounds containing silicon C01B 33/00; compounds containing boron C01B 35/00; compounds having molecular sieve properties but not having base-exchange properties C01B 37/00; compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, C01B 39/00; cyanides C01C 3/08; salts of cyanic acid C01C 3/14; salts of cyanamide C01C 3/16; thiocyanates C01C 3/20; fermentation or enzyme-using processes for the preparation of elements or inorganic compounds except carbon dioxide C12P 3/00; obtaining metal compounds from mixtures, e.g. ores, which are intermediate compounds in a metallurgical process for obtaining a free metal C22B; production of non-metallic elements or inorganic compounds by electrolysis or electrophoresis C25B) (1) Attention is drawn to Note (1) after class C01, which defines the last place priority rule applied in this class, i.e. in the range of subclasses C01B C01G and within these subclasses.
    [Show full text]
  • 12Cl23h2o, a New Gibbsite-Based Hydrotalcite Supergroup
    minerals Article Dritsite, Li2Al4(OH)12Cl2·3H2O, a New Gibbsite-Based Hydrotalcite Supergroup Mineral Elena S. Zhitova 1,2,* , Igor V. Pekov 3, Ilya I. Chaikovskiy 4, Elena P. Chirkova 4, Vasiliy O. Yapaskurt 3, Yana V. Bychkova 3, Dmitry I. Belakovskiy 5, Nikita V. Chukanov 6, Natalia V. Zubkova 3, Sergey V. Krivovichev 1,7 and Vladimir N. Bocharov 8 1 Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia 2 Laboratory of Mineralogy, Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bulvar Piypa 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia 3 Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia 4 Mining Institute, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sibirskaya str., 78a, Perm 614007, Russia 5 Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 18-2, Moscow 119071, Russia 6 Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Semenova 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia 7 Nanomaterials Research Centre, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman Street 14, Apatity 184209, Russia 8 Resource Center Geomodel, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-924-587-51-91 Received: 2 August 2019; Accepted: 14 August 2019; Published: 17 August 2019 Abstract: Dritsite, ideally Li Al (OH) Cl 3H O, is a new hydrotalcite supergroup mineral formed 2 4 12 2· 2 as a result of diagenesis in the halite carnallite rock of the Verkhnekamskoe salt deposit, Perm Krai, − Russia. Dritsite forms single lamellar or tabular hexagonal crystals up to 0.25 mm across.
    [Show full text]
  • Compounds of the Metals Beryllium, Magnesium
    C01F COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS (metal hydrides [N: monoborane, diborane or addition complexes thereof] C01B6/00; salts of oxyacids of halogens C01B11/00; peroxides, salts of peroxyacids C01B15/00; sulfides or polysulfides of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium C01B17/42; thiosulfates, dithionites, polythionates C01B17/64; compounds containing selenium or tellurium C01B19/00; binary compounds of nitrogen with metals C01B21/06; azides C01B21/08; [N: compounds other than ammonia or cyanogen containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals C01B21/082; amides or imides of silicon C01B21/087]; metal [N: imides or] amides C01B21/092, [N: C01B21/0923]; nitrites C01B21/50; [N: compounds of noble gases C01B23/0005]; phosphides C01B25/08; salts of oxyacids of phosphorus C01B25/16; carbides C01B31/30; compounds containing silicon C01B33/00; compounds containing boron C01B35/00; compounds having molecular sieve properties but not having base-exchange properties C01B37/00; compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, C01B39/00;cyanides C01C3/08; salts of cyanic acid C01C3/14; salts of cyanamide C01C3/16; thiocyanates C01C3/20; [N: double sulfates of magnesium with sodium or potassium C01D5/12; with other alkali metals C01D15/00, C01D17/00]) Definition statement This subclass/group covers: All compounds of Be,Mg,Al,Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra,Th or rare earth metals except those compounds which are classified in C01G because of application of the last appropriate place rule. So, in principle does this subclass comprise all Al-compounds with elements as such being part of C01B-C01D, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • NHC-Supported Mixed Halohydrides of Aluminium and Related Studies
    NHC-supported mixed halohydrides of aluminium and related studies A thesis submitted towards the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Sean Geoffrey Alexander November 2011 Table of Contents Abstract .........................................................................................................................................iv Declaration .....................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1: General Introduction .................................................................................................1 1.1 Group 13 chemistry ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Trihydrides of aluminium and gallium........................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Background............................................................................................................. 3 1.2.2 The thermodynamics of alane and gallane ............................................................. 4 1.2.3 Structural trends in aluminium and gallium hydride complexes............................ 5 1.3 Lewis base adducts of alane and gallane........................................................................ 6 1.4 Aluminium and gallium trihalides.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Allure of Aluminium
    in your element The allure of aluminium Daniel Rabinovich outlines the history, properties and uses of aluminium — one of the most versatile, pervasive and inexpensive metals today, yet it was considered a rare and costly element only 150 years ago. t is hard to believe that aluminium was silver, which hampered the development a common Lewis acid, is extensively applied once more expensive than gold and that, of large-scale applications and motivated in Friedel–Crafts acylation and alkylation Iin the mid-nineteenth century, Napoleon the search for an alternative and more reactions, and aluminium chlorohydrate, III used silverware made of the light metal economical preparation process. Al2Cl(OH)5, is the active ingredient in when he really wanted to impress his guests It was only in 1886 that Charles M. Hall many antiperspirants. Large quantities at stately dinners. Even though element 13 in the US and Paul L. T. Héroult in France, of methylaluminoxane, a generic name is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s almost simultaneously and completely used to describe the ill-defined mixture of crust (~8%) and is present in more than independently, devised aluminium species obtained by partial hydrolysis of 270 different minerals, its high affinity for production processes that relied on the trimethylaluminium, are employed in the oxygen and the chemical stability of its electrolysis of alumina (Al2O3) dissolved Ziegler–Natta polymerization of olefins. oxides and silicates precluded its isolation in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). An efficient The
    [Show full text]
  • Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007 Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide Daniel Krewski University of Ottawa, Canada Robert A. Yokel University of Kentucky, [email protected] Evert Nieboer McMaster University, Canada David Borchelt University of Florida See next page for additional authors Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ps_facpub Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Authors Daniel Krewski, Robert A. Yokel, Evert Nieboer, David Borchelt, Joshua Cohen, Jean Harry, Sam Kacew, Joan Lindsay, Amal M. Mahfouz, and Virginie Rondeau Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide Notes/Citation Information Published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, v. 10, supplement 1, p. 1-269. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews on April 7, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10937400701597766. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The copyright holders have granted the permission for posting the article here. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937400701597766 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ps_facpub/57 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews on April 7, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10937 400701597766.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office
    UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. GEORG EICHELBAUM, OF BERLIN, GERMANY, ASSIGNOB TO THE FIRM OF KALLE AND COMPANY, AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT', OF BIEBRICH-ON-THE-RHINE, GERMANY. MANUFACTURE OF ALUMINIUM-iACETATE COMPOUNDS. 1,132,709. speci?cation of Letters Patent. Patented Mar. 23, 1915. No Drawing. Application ?led June 25, 1913. Serial N 0. 775,769. To all whom it may concern : named formation of the compound hexa Be it known that I, Gnone EICHELBAUM, methyleneJtetramin-aluminium-aoetate and 55 doctor of philosophy and chemist, a subject the further combination of this product of the King of Prussia, and residing at with for instance heXamethylene-tetramin Augsburgerstrasse .8, Berlin, W. 50, Ger lactate, compounds are produced, which, many, have invented certain new and useful owing to the fact that they dissociate very 60 Improvements in the Manufacture of Alu readily, combine in an advantageous man minium-Acetate Compounds, of which the ner the ellicacious action both-of acetate of following is a speci?cation. aluminum and of the heXamethylene-te 10 When solutions of aluminium acetate are tramin which is also antiseptic. At the same heated or concentrated, insoluble basic salts time the ?avor is improved and rendered 65 of aluminium are precipitated. Attempts less sharp, which is of importance for in have been made (see German Patents 9790 ternal administration of the products. and 10488) to avoid this precipitation by The process is carried out by causing 15 the addition of certain acids. The residue aluminium acetate, one of the aforemen obtained after evaporation of such solutions tioned compounds which increase the solu 70 to dryness is however no longer an acetate bility of aluminium acetate, and‘ hexa of aluminium as the acetic acid is displaced methylene-tetramin, to react on each other by the acid added and evaporated, because either simultaneously or consecutively.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Application of Aluminium Hydroxide Intercalation Compounds
    Chemistry for Sustainable Development 8 (2000) 121–127 121 Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Application of Aluminium Hydroxide Intercalation Compounds VITALY P. ISUPOV, LYUDMILA E. CHUPAKHINA, RAISA P. MITROFANOVA and KONSTANTIN A. TARASOV Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630028 (Russia) Abstract The possibility to use intercalation processes to modify physicochemical properties of gibbsite, a crystal modification of aluminium hydroxide, is considered. The structure and the mechanism of formation of alu- ⋅ minium hydroxide intercalation compounds with lithium salts [LiAl2(OH)6]nX pH2O are investigated. The possibility to apply these compounds and intercalation processes to develop low-waste methods of the prepa- ration of sorbents, fine aluminium hydroxide and corundum, lithium aluminates and aluminosilicates, nanophase and low-dimensional systems is demonstrated. INTRODUCTION THE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE Intercalation processes are reversible topo- taxial chemical reactions involving the insertion The structure of all the crystal modifications of guest molecules into the host matrix of a solid of aluminium hydroxide including gibbsite is which remains unbroken during the synthesis formed by two-dimensional layers linked to [1]. These processes are interesting for re- each other by hydrogen bonds [2–4]. In turn, searchers in connection with the possibilities to the layers are composed of two nets of tightly synthesize, under soft conditions, novel com- packed hydroxide ions. Aluminium ions occupy pounds with a set of valuable physicochemical two thirds of octahedral voids in this packing, properties. So, the investigation of possibilities therofore one third of voids is empty (Fig.
    [Show full text]