DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide University of Kentucky UKnowledge Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007 Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide Daniel Krewski University of Ottawa, Canada Robert A. Yokel University of Kentucky, [email protected] Evert Nieboer McMaster University, Canada David Borchelt University of Florida See next page for additional authors Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ps_facpub Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Authors Daniel Krewski, Robert A. Yokel, Evert Nieboer, David Borchelt, Joshua Cohen, Jean Harry, Sam Kacew, Joan Lindsay, Amal M. Mahfouz, and Virginie Rondeau Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide Notes/Citation Information Published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, v. 10, supplement 1, p. 1-269. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews on April 7, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10937400701597766. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The copyright holders have granted the permission for posting the article here. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10937400701597766 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ps_facpub/57 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews on April 7, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/10937 400701597766. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 November 25. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2007 ; 10(Suppl 1): 1±269. doi:10.1080/10937400701597766. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ALUMINIUM, ALUMINIUM OXIDE, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE Daniel Krewski1,2, Robert A Yokel3, Evert Nieboer4, David Borchelt5, Joshua Cohen6, Jean Harry7, Sam Kacew2,8, Joan Lindsay9, Amal M Mahfouz10, and Virginie Rondeau11 1Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 3College of Pharmacy and Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Kentucky, USA 4Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway 5SantaFe Health Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA 6Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, USA 7National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 8Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 9Aging-Related Diseases Section, Surveillance Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 10United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA 11INSERM E0338 (Biostatistic), Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France Keywords aluminium; aluminium oxide; aluminium hydroxide; speciation; human health; neurotoxicity; exposure; toxicokinetics; toxicology; epidemiology; Alzheimer’s disease; risk assessment Corresponding Author: Daniel Krewski, Professor and Director, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Room 320, One Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ontario CANADA K1N 6N5, Tel: 613-562-5381, Fax: 613-562-5380, [email protected]. Guest Editors: Vic Armstrong, Michelle C Turner DISCLAIMER: Although the present report is based primarily on peer-reviewed scientific literature, several abstracts of work in- progress have been cited along with some personal communications that were considered by the authors to be of relevance to their task. The authors included all relevant peer-reviewed scientific literature as of September 1, 2006 in their work. However, the conclusions drawn and the assessment of the health risks of aluminium are restricted to information appearing in the scientific peer-reviewed literature. All doses cited in the report are the doses as the Al form administered according to the original study. No conflict of interest was declared. Publisher's Disclaimer: The manuscript has been reviewed and approved for publication by internal review at the US Environmental Protection Agency. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Krewski et al. Page 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Identity, Physical and Chemical Properties, Analytical Methods NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript A compendium is provided of aluminium compounds used in industrial settings, and as pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics and as other household products. Most aluminium compounds are solids exhibiting high melting points. The solubility of aluminium salts is governed by pH, because the aluminium(III)-cation (Al3+) has a strong affinity for the hydroxide ion, which promotes precipitation. Like Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, Al3+ in most situations seeks out complexing agents with oxygen-atom donor sites such as carboxylate and phosphate groups, including in biological systems. Aluminium oxides, hydroxides and oxyhydroxides occur in numerous crystallographic forms, which exhibit different surface properties. Few compounds of aluminium are classified in Annex 1 of the European Economic Union Council (EEC) Directive 67/1548, with aluminium powder and sodium aluminium fluoride (cryolite) as examples of exceptions, as well as compounds in which the anion renders them reactive such as aluminium phosphide. And finally, the more recent analytical methods available for the study of chemical speciation in solids and solution, and for quantitative analysis, have been applied to the determination of aluminium and the identification of its various forms. Sources of Human Exposure Aluminium and its compounds comprise about 8% of the Earth’s surface; aluminium occurs naturally in silicates, cryolite, and bauxite rock. Natural processes account for most of the redistribution of aluminium in the environment. Acidic precipitation mobilizes aluminium from natural sources, and direct anthropogenic releases of aluminium compounds associated with industrial processes occur mainly to air. Certain uses lead to the presence of aluminium in drinking water and foodstuffs. Bauxite is the most important raw material used in the production of aluminium. Bauxite is refined to produce alumina from which aluminium metal is recovered by electrolytic reduction; aluminium is also recycled from scrap. Aluminium hydroxide is produced from bauxite. In 2004, primary aluminium was being produced in 41 countries, the largest producers being China, Russia, Canada and the United States. In that year, worldwide production of primary aluminium, alumina and aluminium hydroxide reached about 30, 63, and 5 million tonnes per annum, respectively. More than 7 million tonnes of aluminium is recovered annually from recycled old scrap. The largest markets for aluminium metal and its alloys are in transportation, building and construction, packaging and in electrical equipment. Transportation uses are one of the fastest growing areas for aluminium use. Aluminium powders are used in pigments and paints, fuel additives, explosives and propellants. Aluminium oxides are used as food additives and in the manufacture of, for example, abrasives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators, catalysts, paper, spark plugs, light bulbs, artificial gems, alloys, glass and heat resistant fibres. Aluminium hydroxide is used widely in pharmaceutical and personal care products. Food related uses of aluminium compounds include preservatives, fillers, colouring agents, anti- caking agents, emulsifiers and baking powders; soy-based infant formula can contain aluminium. Natural aluminium minerals especially bentonite and zeolite are used in water purification, sugar refining, brewing and paper industries. Aluminium has not been classified with respect to carcinogenicity; however, “aluminium production” has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (for further explanation, please see Effects on Humans, Effects from Occupational Exposure, Cancer). Occupational limits exist in several countries for exposures to aluminium dust and aluminium oxide. For non-occupational environments, limits J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 November 25. Krewski et al. Page 3 have been set for intake in foods and drinking water; the latter are based on aesthetic or practical, rather than health, considerations. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript Environmental Levels and Human Exposure Aluminium may be designated as crustal in origin, and thus surface soils at uncontaminated sites
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trisodium Hexafluoroaluminate Product Stewardship Summary February 2011
    Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate Product Stewardship Summary February 2011 Na3AlF6 Chemical Name: Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate Chemical Category (if applicable): Alkali Metal Halide Synonyms: Aluminate (3-), hexafluoro-, trisodium; Aluminium trisodium hexafluoride; Sodium aluminium fluoride; and Sodium hexafluoroaluminate; Icestone; Synthetic cryolite CAS Number: 13775-53-6 CAS Name: Aluminate(3-), hexafluoro-, trisodium, (OC-6-11)- EC (EINECS) Number: 237-410-6 Document Number: GPS0046 V1.0 Trisodium hexafluoroaluminate (synthetic cryolite) is primarily used a flux agent or bath material by aluminum smelters in the production of aluminum. It is also used in the production of synthetic resins for abrasives and in the manufacture of cutting or grinding discs. Minor uses are as a coloring agent (opacifier) in the glass, ceramic and pyrotechnic industries, and as a component of insecticides in the U.S. Exposure can occur at either a synthetic cryolite manufacturing facility or at other manufacturing, packaging or storage facilities that handle synthetic cryolite. Persons involved in maintenance, sampling and testing activities, or in the loading and unloading of synthetic cryolite packages are at risk of exposure, but worker exposure can be controlled with the use of proper general mechanical ventilation and personal protective equipment. Workplace exposure limits for fluoride ion have been established for use in worksite safety programs. When synthetic cryolite is a component of consumer products, users should follow manufacturer’s use and/or label instructions. Synthetic cryolite dusts released to the atmosphere and deposited in soil or surface water in the vicinity of production sites have negligible impact on the environment. Please see the MSDS for additional information. Synthetic cryolite is a nonflammable solid that is stable under normal conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,498,481 B2 Rao Et Al
    USOO9498481 B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,498,481 B2 Rao et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Nov. 22, 2016 (54) CYCLOPROPYL MODULATORS OF P2Y12 WO WO95/26325 10, 1995 RECEPTOR WO WO99/O5142 2, 1999 WO WOOO/34283 6, 2000 WO WO O1/92262 12/2001 (71) Applicant: Apharaceuticals. Inc., La WO WO O1/922.63 12/2001 olla, CA (US) WO WO 2011/O17108 2, 2011 (72) Inventors: Tadimeti Rao, San Diego, CA (US); Chengzhi Zhang, San Diego, CA (US) OTHER PUBLICATIONS Drugs of the Future 32(10), 845-853 (2007).* (73) Assignee: Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., LaJolla, Tantry et al. in Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs (2007) 16(2):225-229.* CA (US) Wallentin et al. in the New England Journal of Medicine, 361 (11), 1045-1057 (2009).* (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Husted et al. in The European Heart Journal 27, 1038-1047 (2006).* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Auspex in www.businesswire.com/news/home/20081023005201/ U.S.C. 154(b) by Od en/Auspex-Pharmaceuticals-Announces-Positive-Results-Clinical M YW- (b) by ayS. Study (published: Oct. 23, 2008).* This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- Concert In www.concertpharma. com/news/ claimer ConcertPresentsPreclinicalResultsNAMS.htm (published: Sep. 25. 2008).* Concert2 in Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6(6), 782 (2008).* (21) Appl. No.: 14/977,056 Springthorpe et al. in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17. 6013-6018 (2007).* (22) Filed: Dec. 21, 2015 Leis et al. in Current Organic Chemistry 2, 131-144 (1998).* Angiolillo et al., Pharmacology of emerging novel platelet inhibi (65) Prior Publication Data tors, American Heart Journal, 2008, 156(2) Supp.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport of Dangerous Goods
    ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Solubility of Aluminium in Melts Containing Aluminium Halides
    THE SOLUBILITY OF ALUMINIUM IN MELTS CONTAINING ALUMINIUM HALIDES A Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London by John Dyson Usher London, May 1965 ABSTRACT A technique for measuring the solubility of aluminium in NaF-A1F3 and Nall-A1F3+5%A1203 melts has been developed using a refractory titanium boride- carbide crucible and a gas volumetric method of analysis. Experiments were conducted at 10209 1100 and 1180°C; in both systems no change in solubility limit was detected over the experimental composition range of 25.6 - 36.6 and 25.8 - 31.9 mol % AlF3 respectively. The figures in the pure fluoride are 0.022 0.041 and 0.072 wt %; in the alumina melts 0.073, 0.121 and 0.169 wt %. Solution mechanisms have been suggested which account for the observed behaviour, and an attempt has been made to interpret the current inefficiency process in the reduction cell in terms of the results. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Page 1.1 Aluminium Reduction Cell - Brief Description 1 1.2 Current Efficiency 3 1.2.1 Measurement 3 1.2.2 Cell Variables and Current Efficiency 5 1.2.2 Postulated Mechanisms of Metal Lose 6 1.3 Origins of Present Work 7 1.3.1 Information Required 7 1.3.A Preliminary Theoretical Approach 9 1.4 Metal-Molten Salt Solutions 11 1.4.1 General 11 1.4.2 Nature of Metal-Molten Salt Solutions 16 1.4.3 Extent of Solubility 19 1.4.4 Effect of Foreign Ions on Metal Solubility 23 1.5 Structure of Cryolite and Cryolite-Alumina Melts 25 1.5.1 Pure Molten Cryolite 25 1.5.2 Cryolite-Alumina Melts 33 1.6 Thermodynamics of Aluminium+Cryolite 40 1.6.1 Equilibrium 1.6(i): Experimental 40 1.6.2 Equilibrium 1.6(i): Calculations 42 1.6.3 Equilibrium 1.6(ii) 45 1.7 Previous Experimental Work 46 1.7.1 Analysis by Metal Weight Loss 48 1.7.2 Gas Volumetric Method 52 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Some Migration Conditions for Plastics Are Not Appropriate for Other Fcms
    Why some migration conditions for plastics are not appropriate for other FCMs. Peter Oldring Representing 18 associations directly or indirectly involved in FCMs FIP Network 25th May 2016 Parma 1 Extract from Executive Summary (p9) European Parliament report on 1935/2004 (May 2016) ‘As a general trend, stakeholders who are in favour of further EU level harmonisation recommend that EU specific measures should establish a single standard for analytical (testing) methods, such as composition determination, migration testing, risk assessment, but also specific methods for compliance enforcement, thus ensuring that the relevant FCM is tested by companies and competent authorities across the EU with one and the same method. Furthermore, the EU single standard for analytical (testing) methods should be specific for each FCM, thus reflecting its unique properties and avoiding situations where non-harmonised FCMs are tested with methods developed for harmonised FCMs, which could lead to misleading and debatable test results’ 2 DISCLAIMER . As chair of the 18 associations representing non- plastics, I will try and represent them. The initiative started with CEPE, EMPAC and almost immediately CES silicones joined. Other associations have joined since then. However, I have to understand and work with analytical data, in order to make decisions about and determine the safety of my company’s products. The work is embryonic, associations are still joining and the final format will certainly be different to that initially envisaged. 3 Associations participating in Initiative . ACE Beverage cartons – paper, plastics and aluminium flexible . APEAL Steel for rigid metal packaging . CEFIC-FCA Substance suppliers . CELIEGE Cork . CEPE Coatings for rigid metal packaging .
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Aluminium As Oxide
    DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM AS OXIDE By William Blum CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 515 II. General principles 516 III. Historical 516 IV. Precipitation of aluminium hydroxide. 518 1. Hydrogen electrode studies 518 (a) The method 518 (b) Apparatus and solutions employed 518 (c) Results of hydrogen electrode experiments 519 (d) Conclusions from hydrogen electrode experiments 520 2. Selection of an indicator for denning the conditions of precipita- '. tion . 522 3. Factors affecting the form of the precipitate 524 4. Precipitation in the presence of iron 525 V. Washing the precipitate . 525 VI. Separation from other elements 526 VII. Ignition and weighing of the precipitate 528 1. Hygroscopicity of aluminium oxide 529 2. Temperature and time of ignition 529 3. Effect of ammonium chloride upon the ignition 531 VIII. Procedure recommended 532 IX. Confirmatory experiments 532 X. Conclusions '534 I. INTRODUCTION Although a considerable number of precipitants have been pro- posed for the determination of aluminium, direct precipitation of aluminium hydroxide by means of ammonium hydroxide, fol- lowed by ignition to oxide, is most commonly used, especially if no separation from iron is desired, in which latter case special methods must be employed. While the general principles involved in this determination are extremely simple, it has long been recog- nized that certain precautions in the precipitation, washing, and ignition are necessary if accurate results are to be obtained. While, however, most of these details have been studied and dis- cussed by numerous authors, it is noteworthy that few publica- tions or textbooks have taken account of all the factors. In the 515 ; 516 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.i3 present paper it seems desirable, therefore, to assemble the various recommendations and to consider their basis and their accuracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Allergy to Aluminium Siemund, Ingrid
    Contact allergy to aluminium Siemund, Ingrid 2017 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Siemund, I. (2017). Contact allergy to aluminium. Lund University: Faculty of Medicine. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 INGRID SIEMUND INGRID Contact allergy to aluminium Contact allergy to aluminium INGRID SIEMUND | DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DERMATOLOGY | SKÅNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, LUND UNIVERSITY 9 Department of Occupational and 789176 Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Faculty of Medicine 2017:113 Doctoral Dissertation Series 2017:113 194959 ISBN 978-91-7619-495-9 ISSN 1652-8220 Contact allergy to aluminium 1 2 Contact allergy to aluminium Ingrid Siemund DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Union Reference Dates A
    Active substance name (INN) EU DLP BfArM / BAH DLP yearly PSUR 6-month-PSUR yearly PSUR bis DLP (List of Union PSUR Submission Reference Dates and Frequency (List of Union Frequency of Reference Dates and submission of Periodic Frequency of submission of Safety Update Reports, Periodic Safety Update 30 Nov. 2012) Reports, 30 Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet
    SAFETY DATA SHEET FennoFloc A 19 Ref. /US/EN Revision Date: 02/09/2017 Previous date: 02/09/2017 Print Date:04/20/2017 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY/UNDERTAKING Product information Product name FennoFloc A 19 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Use of the Substance/Mixture Recommended restrictions on use There are no uses advised against. Supplier's details Kemira Chemicals, Inc. 1000 Parkwood Circle, Suite 500 30339 Atlanta USA Telephone+17704361542, Telefax. +17704363432 HEAD OFFICE Kemira Oyj P.O. Box 330 00101 HELSINKI FINLAND Telephone +358108611 Telefax +358108621124 Emergency telephone number CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 CANUTEC: 1-613-996-6666 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification of the substance or mixture Corrosive to metals; Category 1; May be corrosive to metals.; Serious eye damage; Category 1; Causes serious eye damage.; GHS-Labelling 1/14 SAFETY DATA SHEET FennoFloc A 19 Ref. /US/EN Revision Date: 02/09/2017 Previous date: 02/09/2017 Print Date:04/20/2017 Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Hazard statements: H290 May be corrosive to metals. H318 Causes serious eye damage. Precautionary statements : Prevention: P234 Keep only in original container. P264 Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling. P280 Wear protective gloves/ eye protection/ face protection. Response: P390 Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P310 Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/ physician. Storage: P406 Store in corrosive resistant container with a resistant inner liner.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Time Chemical Names
    Old Time Chemical Names 1080------------------------------------------------Sodium fluroacetate 2-Propanone-------------------------------------Acetone Absinthe-------------------------------------------Distillate of worm wood Abstinthium--------------------------------------Distillate of worm wood Acarcia gum-------------------------------------Gum arabic Acetaldehyde------------------------------------Acetic aldehyde Acetate of alumina-----------------------------Aluminium acetate Acetate of ammonia---------------------------Ammonium acetate Acetate of amyl---------------------------------Amyl acetate Acetate of baryta-------------------------------Barium acetate Acetate of cobalt-------------------------------Cobalt acetate Acetate of copper------------------------------Copper acetate Acetate of ethyl---------------------------------Ethyl acetate Acetate of iron----------------------------------Iron acetate Acetate of lead----------------------------------Lead acetate Acetate of lime----------------------------------Calcium acetate Acetate of manganese------------------------Manganous acetate Acetate of oxide of ethyl---------------------Ethyl acetate Acetate of potassa-----------------------------Potassium acetate Acetate of potassium--------------------------Potassium acetate Acetate of protoxide of Manganese-------Manganous acetate Acetate of soda---------------------------------Sodium acetate Acetate of zinc----------------------------------Zinc acetate Acetic aid basic bismuth---------------------Bismuth subacetate CH3COOBiO Acetic
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2009/112156 Al
    (12) INTERNATIONALAPPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 17 September 2009 (17.09.2009) WO 2009/112156 Al (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, A61K 45/06 (2006.01) A61P 1/04 (2006.01) CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, A61K 9/20 (2006.01) EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, (21) International Application Number: KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, PCT/EP2009/001353 MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, (22) International Filing Date: NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, 26 February 2009 (26.02.2009) SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (26) Publication Language: English kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (30) Priority Data: GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, 08290223.0 10 March 2008 (10.03.2008) EP ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): BAYER ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, CONSUMER CARE AG [CWCH]; Peter-Merian-Str.
    [Show full text]
  • PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to the TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 19 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 19 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names INN which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service CAS registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known.
    [Show full text]