Scientific Basis for Swedish Occupational Standards XXXIV
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ARBETE & HÄLSA (Work & Health) No 2017;51(3) SCIENTIFIC SERIAL Scientific Basis for Swedish Occupational Standards XXXIV Aluminium and aluminium compounds Hydrogen fluoride N,N-Dimethylformamide Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Swedish Criteria Group for Occupational Standards Ed. Johan Montelius Swedish Work Environment Authority S-112 79 Stockholm, Sweden Translation: John Kennedy, Space 360 and Johan Montelius, the Swedish Work Environment Authority. The consensus reports in this volume are translated from Swedish. If there is any doubt as to the understanding or interpretation of the English version, the Swedish version shall prevail. ISBN 978-91-85971-60-2 ISSN 0346-7821 Swedish Work Environment Authority Printed by Kompendiet, Gothenburg, Sweden © University of Gothenburg & Authors ISBN 978-91-85971-60-2 ISSN 0346–7821 This scientific serial is sponsored by AFA Försärkring. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EDITORIAL BOARD Kjell Torén, Gothenburg Gunnar Ahlborg, Gothenburg Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm CO-EDITORS Berit Bakke, Oslo Maria Albin, Stockholm Lars Barregård, Gothenburg Lotta Dellve, Stockholm Jens Peter Bonde, Copenhagen Henrik Kolstad, Aarhus Jörgen Eklund, Linköping Roger Persson, Lund Mats Hagberg, Gothenburg Kristin Svendsen , Trondheim Kari Heldal, Oslo Allan Toomingas, Stockholm Kristina Jakobsson, Gothenburg Marianne Törner, Gothenburg Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umeå MANAGING EDITOR Anette Kærgaard, Herning Cecilia Andreasson, Gothenburg Ann Kryger, Copenhagen Carola Lidén, Stockholm Svend Erik Mathiassen, Gävle Gunnar D. Nielsen, Copenhagen Catarina Nordander, Lund Torben Sigsgaard, Aarhus Gerd Sällsten, Gothenburg Ewa Wikström, Gothenburg Eva Vingård, Stockholm Contact the editorial board or start a subscription: E-mail: [email protected], Phone: (+46)031-786 62 61 Address: Arbete & Hälsa, Box 414, 405 30 Göteborg A subscription costs 800 SKR per year per, VAT excluded. You can order separate issues here: gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/3194 If you want to submitt your script to the editorial board, read the instructions for authors and download the template for Arbete & Hälsa here: www.amm.se/aoh Preface These documents have been produced by the Swedish Criteria Group for Occupational Standards, the members of which are presented on the next page. The Criteria Group is responsible for assessing the available data that might be used as a scientific basis for the occupational exposure limits set by the Swedish Work Environment Authority. It is not the mandate of the Criteria Group to propose exposure limits, but to provide the best possible assessments of dose-effect and dose-response relationships and to determine the critical effect of occupational exposure. The work of the Criteria Group is documented in consensus reports, which are brief critical summaries of scientific studies on chemically defined substances or complex mixtures. The consensus reports are often based on more comprehensive criteria documents (see below), and usually concentrate on studies judged to be of particular relevance to determining occupational exposure limits. More comprehend- sive critical reviews of the scientific literature are available in other documents. Literature searches are made in various databases, including KemI-Riskline, PubMed and Toxline. Information is also drawn from existing criteria documents, such as those from the Nordic Expert Group (NEG), WHO, EU, NIOSH in the U.S., and DECOS in the Netherlands. In some cases the Criteria Group produces its own criteria document with a comprehensive review of the literature on a particular substance. As a rule, the consensus reports make reference only to studies published in scien- tific journals with a peer review system. This rule may be set aside in exceptional cases, provided the original data is available and fully reported. Exceptions may also be made for chemical-physical data and information on occurrence and exposure levels, and for information from handbooks or documents such as reports from NIOSH and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. A draft of the consensus report is written in the secretariat of the Criteria Group or by scientists appointed by the secretariat (the authors of the drafts are listed in the Table of Contents). After the draft has been reviewed at the Criteria Group meetings and accepted by the group, the consensus report is published in Swedish and English as the Criteria Group’s scientific basis for Swedish occupational standards. This publication is the 34th in the series, and contains consensus reports approved by the Criteria Group from November, 2013 through December 2014. The consensus reports in this and previous publications in the series are listed in the Appendix (page 125). Johan Högberg Johan Montelius Chairman Secretary The Criteria Group has the following membership (as of December 2014) Maria Albin Dept. Environ. Occup. Medicine, University Hospital, Lund Cecilia Andersson observer Confederation of Swedish Enterprise Anders Boman Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Jonas Brisman Occup. and Environ. Medicine, Göteborg Per Eriksson Dept. Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University Sten Gellerstedt observer Swedish Trade Union Confederation Märit Hammarström observer Confederation of Swedish Enterprise Johan Högberg chairman Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Anders Iregren observer Swedish Work Environment Authority Gunnar Johanson v. chairman Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Bengt Järvholm Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, Umeå Bert-Ove Lund Swedish Chemicals Agency Johan Montelius secretary Swedish Work Environment Authority Lena Palmberg Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Per-Åke Persson observer SEKO Agneta Rannug Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Bengt Sjögren Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Ulla Stenius Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Marianne Walding observer Swedish Work Environment Authority Håkan Westberg Dept. Environ. Occup. Medicine, University Hospital, Örebro Contents Consensus report for: Aluminium and aluminium compounds 1 1 Hydrogen fluoride 2 41 N,N-Dimethylformamide 3 68 Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 4 95 Summary 124 Sammanfattning (in Swedish) 124 Appendix: Consensus reports in this and previous volumes 125 1 Drafted by Bengt Sjögren, Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Anders Iregren and Johan Montelius, Swedish Work Environment Authority, Sweden. 2 Drafted by Birgitta Lindell, Swedish Work Environment Authority, Sweden. 3 Drafted by Birgitta Lindell, Swedish Work Environment Authority, Sweden. 4 Drafted by Ilona Silins, Inst. Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Consensus Report for Aluminium and Aluminium Compounds December 4, 2013 This consensus report is mainly based on a criteria document from 2010 pro- duced collaboratively by the Nordic Expert Group (NEG) and the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS), which covers literature published up to and including April 2009 (30, 98), as well as on an earlier consensus report from 1995 (87) and an earlier criteria document from NEG (132). A final literature search was carried out in Medline in November 2012, but still later studies have in some cases been included. Only aluminium compounds that are used to a signi- ficant extent in Sweden have been assessed in this report; see Tables 1 and 2. Chemical-physical data, Occurrence, Exposure The oxidation number of aluminium is +3; the chemical-physical data for aluminium and soluble and insoluble aluminium compounds are summarised in Table 1. A long-lived radioactive aluminium isotope, 26Al (half-life 716,000 years), which occurs naturally at very low levels, has been highly important in studying aluminium's toxicokinetics (109). For further Chemical-physical data, see the criteria document (30, 98). In the Earth's crust aluminium is the most abundant metal, making up ca 8%, and the third most common element. Aluminium is reactive and therefore does not occur as the pure metal in nature, but only in various inorganic compounds. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is the starting material for the industrial production of the metal in which the oxide is enriched from the mineral bauxite. Pure aluminium is then produced via an electrolytic process (primary smelting) from a mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite (Na3AlF6) (30, 98). Metallic aluminium is a good conductor of electricity and heat, while its strength, plasticity and low density (ca 1/3 that of iron) mean it has major indus- trial applications. The metal is found in alloys with, for example, copper, zinc, manganese and magnesium. Aluminium has many areas of application, such as kitchen equipment, bodywork in the automotive and rail industries, aircraft, packaging material and building material. Aluminium powder is used as a pig- ment, in explosives and in pyrotechnic products (30, 98). The amounts of aluminium and aluminium compounds used in Sweden in 2009/2010 are shown in Table 2. Sweden's only aluminium smelter produces a total of about 130,000 tonnes per year (personal communication from Eddy Magnusson, Kubal, Sundsvall, March 2011), and ca 50% of production is exported. 1 Table 1. Chemical-physical data for aluminium and aluminium compounds. For further data see the criteria document (30, 98). nd = no data, subl. = sublimates Substance/ CAS no. Molar Melting Boiling Density Solubility formula mass point