Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Application of Aluminium Hydroxide Intercalation Compounds

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Application of Aluminium Hydroxide Intercalation Compounds Chemistry for Sustainable Development 8 (2000) 121–127 121 Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Application of Aluminium Hydroxide Intercalation Compounds VITALY P. ISUPOV, LYUDMILA E. CHUPAKHINA, RAISA P. MITROFANOVA and KONSTANTIN A. TARASOV Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630028 (Russia) Abstract The possibility to use intercalation processes to modify physicochemical properties of gibbsite, a crystal modification of aluminium hydroxide, is considered. The structure and the mechanism of formation of alu- ⋅ minium hydroxide intercalation compounds with lithium salts [LiAl2(OH)6]nX pH2O are investigated. The possibility to apply these compounds and intercalation processes to develop low-waste methods of the prepa- ration of sorbents, fine aluminium hydroxide and corundum, lithium aluminates and aluminosilicates, nanophase and low-dimensional systems is demonstrated. INTRODUCTION THE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE Intercalation processes are reversible topo- taxial chemical reactions involving the insertion The structure of all the crystal modifications of guest molecules into the host matrix of a solid of aluminium hydroxide including gibbsite is which remains unbroken during the synthesis formed by two-dimensional layers linked to [1]. These processes are interesting for re- each other by hydrogen bonds [2–4]. In turn, searchers in connection with the possibilities to the layers are composed of two nets of tightly synthesize, under soft conditions, novel com- packed hydroxide ions. Aluminium ions occupy pounds with a set of valuable physicochemical two thirds of octahedral voids in this packing, properties. So, the investigation of possibilities therofore one third of voids is empty (Fig. 1). to use intercalation processes to modify The radius of octahedral voids is close to 0.6 Å physicochemical properties of matrices with which is sufficient to hold small cations (lithi- layered structures is surely of interest for prac- um, magnesium, transition metals). Interlayer tice. A typical example of a layered matrix, alu- space also contains rather large voids with the minium hydroxide {Al(OH)3}, exists as three radius of 0.7–0.8 Å. They are connected with crystal modifications, gibbsite, bayerite, and each other by channels [5, 6]. Such a structure nordstrandite. The most important among these allows aluminium hydroxide modifications to modifications is gibbsite which is produced on exhibit the properties of a host matrix in the in- industrial scale and used for the preparation of tercalation of metal salts. For example, the for- metal aluminium and its compounds. All these mation of intercalation compounds in the inter- compounds are widely used to produce cata- action of well soluble lithium salts with gibbsite lysts, supports, ceramics, materials for elec- follows the equation tronics and medicine. The use of intercalation Li X+2nAl(OH) + pH O processes to modify the properties of alumi- n 3 2 = [LiAl (OH) ] X⋅pH O (LADH-Õ) (1) nium hydroxide has been described in litera- 2 6 n 2 whereX=Cl–,Br–,I–, SO2–, NO–. ture poorly. 4 3 122 VITALY P. ISUPOV et al. The structure of the compounds [LiAl2(OH)6]X – – – ⋅ (X=Cl ,Br , NO3 ) and [LiAl2(OH)6]Cl H2O was studied using powder X-ray and neutron diffraction analyses (Rietweld method), as well as NMR on aluminium, lithium and hydrogen nuclei. It was demonstrated that, similarly to the initial hydroxide, the structure of the for- med intercalation compounds involved hyd- roxide layers. However, unlike gibbsite, octahe- dral voids in these layers are occupied by li- thium cations. To conserve zero charge, anions intercalate into the solid matrix. Together with water molecules they occupy positions in the interlayer space (Fig. 2). The intercalation of li- thium cations into the voids leads to some chan- ges in the positions of oxygen atoms of hydroxi- de ions that form these voids; they are also re- oriented. The intercalation of anions and water molecules into the interlayer space leads to a sharp increase of the distance between the lay- ers depending on the anion. More complicated inorganic and organic anions can also act as in- tercalating ions. It is convenient to use a two- stage process to synthesize intercalates com- prising these anions [6, 18]. At the first stage, the intercalate containing a single-charged an- ion, most often chloride, is synthesized accord- ing to the reaction (1). At the second stage, the synthesized intercalate is treated with aqueous solutions of salts containing the necessary anion Yn–; the process follows the equation ⋅ n[LiAl2(OH)6]Cl pH2O+NanÕ+aq Fig. 1. Gibbsite structure: a – projection to the (100) plane; ⋅ b – projection to the (001) plane. The position of octahedral = [LiAl2(OH)6]nÕ pH2O+nNaCl (2) voids is shown schematically. Organic anions in the intercalates are ori- Individual character of the synthesized com- ented in a manner providing direct contact be- pounds was proved by means of chemical, tween oxygen atoms of the acid groups (carbo- X-ray, and crystal optical analyses [6–11]. The + xylic, etc.) and the surface of [LiAl2(OH)6] synthesis of these compounds can be performed layer. The change of the charge and geometry using nonaqueous solvents [6, 12, 13], as well as low-temperature melts of lithium salts. The in- vestigation of intercalation kinetics dependence on temperature, lithium salt concentrations, solvent type, dispersity, and defect content of the initial gibbsite was reported in [6, 14]. It was discovered that rather high concentration of lithium salt (more than 20 %) and temperature above 90 oC are required to achieve high degree (more than 90 %) of gibbsite transformation into intercalation compounds within reasonable Fig. 2. Schematic structure of the intercalation compound time (several hours). of aluminium hydroxide with lithium salts. SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION OF INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS 123 of the anion allows to vary in a wide range the formation of partial dislocations. Their move- distance not only between the layers but also ment leads to the formation of packing defects between the nearest anions in the layer starting in gibbsite prior to the reaction front. from molecular contact till the distance of about Not only gibbsite but also another crystal 5–6 Å. modification, bayerite, is able to act as interca- lation matrix [6]. INTERCALATION OF LITHIUM SALTS INTO GIBBSITE POSSIBLE APPLICATION AREAS FOR INTERCALATION The in situ investigation of the interaction of PROCESSES AND INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS gibbsite single crystals with lithium salts by means of polarization microscopy is the evi- Selective recovery of lithium dence of anisotropy of the intercalation process. from highly mineralized solutions The boundary between the initial gibbsite and intercalation compound moves in the direction The size of octahedral voids in the hydroxide parallel to basal planes of the initial compound layer is sufficient to place small cations (lithium, [6, 8, 9, 14, 19]. The interaction of gibbsite single magnesium, transition metals). To place larger crystals with lithium salts leads to the forma- cations (sodium, calcium, barium, strontium) tion of block intercalate crystals that conserve inside the layer means to deform it substantial- the morphology of the initial gibbsite single ly. So, the salts of these metals do not intercala- te into crystal aluminium hydroxide. This not crystals. The investigation of orientation rela- only explains a well known fact that amorphous tions between the initial gibbsite and reaction aluminium hydroxides are highly selective to products containing lithium chloride, bromide, lithium salts [20, 21] but also allows to propose iodide and sulphate showed that the interaction new ways to synthesize selective sorbents of li- of gibbsite with lithium salts is characterized by thium on the basis of structurally disordered the following orientation relations: aluminium hydroxide forms obtained from tech- || ≈ [010]g [010]LADH-Õ (ag aLADH-Õ); nical gibbsite. One of the possible synthesis rou- tes is connected with the preliminary mechani- [100] || [100] (b ≈ b ) g LADH-Õ g LADH-Õ cal activation of gibbsite in high energy plane- tary activators. The activation of gibbsite leads This means that the (001) planes of LADH-X not only to disordering of hydrogen bonds bet- are parallel to the (001) planes of gibbsite. ween hydroxide layers but also to their partial These data, as well as the comparison of the dehydroxylation with the formation of X-ray structure of initial gibbsite with reaction pro- amorphous phase [6, 21–27]. The rate of lithium ducts allow us to propose a scheme to describe salt intercalation into such a defect-containing the intercalation of lithium salts into gibbsite structure increases sharply [6, 21, 28, 29]. This [5, 6]. According to this scheme, at the first allows to use X-ray amorphous hydroxide both stage lithium cations, anions, and water mole- directly to recover lithium from liquors and to cules get into the interlayer space. Then lithium synthesize selective adsorbents of lithium cations move from the interlayer space inside [30–34]. the octahedral voids of the aluminium hydroxi- de layer. The intercalation of anions and water Preparation of fine aluminium hydroxide molecules causes the increase of the distance be- and corundum tween aluminium hydroxide packings by 2.8 Å and more. As a result, substantial elastic strain Intercalation of lithium salts into aluminium appears at the boundary gibbsite – intercala- hydroxide is reversible [6, 35–37]. The treat- tion compound. The relaxation of this strain ment of intercalation compounds with water le- leads both to the dispersion of initial gibbsite ads to the release of lithium salts into the li- and to plastic deformation of the initial gibbsite quid phase and to the appearance of aluminium before the reaction front. As it was shown in trihydroxide in the solid phase according to the [14], plastic deformation is connected with the equation 124 VITALY P.
Recommended publications
  • Determination of Aluminium As Oxide
    DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM AS OXIDE By William Blum CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 515 II. General principles 516 III. Historical 516 IV. Precipitation of aluminium hydroxide. 518 1. Hydrogen electrode studies 518 (a) The method 518 (b) Apparatus and solutions employed 518 (c) Results of hydrogen electrode experiments 519 (d) Conclusions from hydrogen electrode experiments 520 2. Selection of an indicator for denning the conditions of precipita- '. tion . 522 3. Factors affecting the form of the precipitate 524 4. Precipitation in the presence of iron 525 V. Washing the precipitate . 525 VI. Separation from other elements 526 VII. Ignition and weighing of the precipitate 528 1. Hygroscopicity of aluminium oxide 529 2. Temperature and time of ignition 529 3. Effect of ammonium chloride upon the ignition 531 VIII. Procedure recommended 532 IX. Confirmatory experiments 532 X. Conclusions '534 I. INTRODUCTION Although a considerable number of precipitants have been pro- posed for the determination of aluminium, direct precipitation of aluminium hydroxide by means of ammonium hydroxide, fol- lowed by ignition to oxide, is most commonly used, especially if no separation from iron is desired, in which latter case special methods must be employed. While the general principles involved in this determination are extremely simple, it has long been recog- nized that certain precautions in the precipitation, washing, and ignition are necessary if accurate results are to be obtained. While, however, most of these details have been studied and dis- cussed by numerous authors, it is noteworthy that few publica- tions or textbooks have taken account of all the factors. In the 515 ; 516 Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards [Voi.i3 present paper it seems desirable, therefore, to assemble the various recommendations and to consider their basis and their accuracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Various Hydroxide and Salt Additives on the Reduction of Fluoride Ion Mobility in Industrial Waste
    sustainability Article The Effect of Various Hydroxide and Salt Additives on the Reduction of Fluoride Ion Mobility in Industrial Waste Tadas Dambrauskas 1,* , Kestutis Baltakys 1, Agne Grineviciene 1 and Valdas Rudelis 2 1 Department of Silicate Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50270 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (K.B.); [email protected] (A.G.) 2 JSC “Lifosa”, LT-57502 Kedainiai, Lithuania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In this work, the influence of various hydroxide and salt additives on the removal of F− ions from silica gel waste, which is obtained during the production of AlF3, was examined. The leaching of the mentioned ions from silica gel waste to the liquid medium was achieved by the application of different techniques: (1) leaching under static conditions; (2) leaching under dynamic conditions by the use of continuous liquid medium flow; and (3) leaching in cycles under dynamic conditions. It was determined that the efficiency of the fluoride removal from this waste depends on the w/s ratio, the leaching conditions, and the additives used. It was proven that it is possible to reduce the concentration of fluorine ions from 10% to <5% by changing the treatment conditions and by adding alkaline compounds. The silica gel obtained after the leaching is a promising silicon dioxide source. Keywords: fluorine ions; silica gel waste; leaching; hydroxide additives Citation: Dambrauskas, T.; Baltakys, K.; Grineviciene, A.; Rudelis, V. The 1. Introduction Effect of Various Hydroxide and Salt Waste management and the reduction of pollution are the priority areas of environ- Additives on the Reduction of mental protection in the World [1–4].
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminium Distearate, Aluminium Hydroxide Acetate, Aluminium Phosphate and Aluminium Tristearate
    The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/393/98-FINAL April 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS ALUMINIUM DISTEARATE, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE ACETATE, ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE AND ALUMINIUM TRISTEARATE SUMMARY REPORT 1. Aluminium is an ubiquitous element in the environment. It is present in varying concentrations in living organisms and in foods. Aluminium compounds are widely used in veterinary and human medicine. Other uses are as an analytical reagent, food additives (e.g. sodium aluminium phosphate as anticaking agent) and in cosmetic preparations (aluminium chloride). Aluminium distearate is used for thickening lubricating oils. Aluminium hydroxide acetate and phosphate are antacids with common indications in veterinary medicine: gastric hyperacidity, peptic ulcer, gastritis and reflux esophagitis. A major use of antacids in veterinary medicine is in treatment and prevention of ruminal acidosis from grain overload, adsorbent and antidiarrheal. The dosage of aluminium hydroxide is 30 g/animal in cattle and 2 g/animal in calves and foals. Gel preparations contain approximately 4% aluminium hydroxide. Aluminium potassium sulphate is used topically as a antiseptic, astringent (i.e. washes, powders, and ‘leg tighteners’ for horses (30 to 60 g/animal) and antimycotic (1% solution for dipping or spraying sheeps with dermatophilus mycotic dermatitis). In cattle it is occasionally used for stomatitis and vaginal and intrauterine therapy at doses of 30 to 500 g/animal. In human medicine, aluminium hydroxide-based preparations have a widespread use in gastroenterology as antacids (doses of about 1 g/person orally) and as phosphate binders (doses of about 0.8 g/person orally) in patients an impairment of renal function.
    [Show full text]
  • Isomorphous Substitution of Aluminium for Silicon in Tobermoritic Structure
    Isomorphous Substitution of Aluminium for Silicon in Tobermoritic Structure. I. The Mixtures of Different Forms of Silicon Dioxide and of Different Compounds of Aluminium J. PETROVIÖ, V. RUSNÁK and L. ŠTEVULA Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 9 Received July 2, 1968 The isomorphous substitution of Al(III) for Si(IV) in tobermoritic structure was examined by X-ray phase analysis and DTA. It has been found that the extent of the substitution depends on the materials used. The samples were prepared using different forms of silica-either ^-quartz, quartz-glass, Si02-gel or aerosil. Gibbsite, boehmite, dehydrated kaolinite, kaolinite, corundum and 7-AI2O3 were used as sources of aluminium. The samples were heated in an autoclave at 150, 180 and 200°C for 10, 24 and in some cases for 48 hours. Tobermorite can be synthesized from calcium oxide and silica under hydrothermal conditions. Up to temperatures of about 110°C it is stable, at higher temperatures and under hydrothermal conditions it is formed as an unstable compound. When the reaction is allowed to proceed for a longer time, or when it takes place at higher tem­ perature, another stable calcium hydrosilicate arises. At lower temperature a calcium hydrosilicate with tobermoritic structure is formed. It has been found that tobermori­ te is produced on autoclaving building materials containing lime and some materials with high SÍO2 content. It is also formed from anhydrous dicalcium silicates in the course of setting of cement. Under different conditions, compounds with tobermoritic structure arise which, however, differ in the amount or lime and water in the molecu­ le, as well as in the arrangement of the structure — e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Ep 3106176 B1
    (19) TZZ¥_Z__T (11) EP 3 106 176 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61K 39/12 (2006.01) A61K 39/39 (2006.01) 11.10.2017 Bulletin 2017/41 (21) Application number: 16183076.5 (22) Date of filing: 06.12.2012 (54) ALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS FOR USE IN THERAPEUTICS AND VACCINES ALUMINIUMVERBINDUNGEN ZUR VERWENDUNG FÜR THERAPEUTIKA UND IMPFSTOFFE COMPOSÉS D’ALUMINIUM POUR UTILISATION DANS DES PRODUITS THÉRAPEUTIQUES ET VACCINS (84) Designated Contracting States: (56) References cited: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB WO-A2-2009/158284 US-A1- 2005 158 334 GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR • SRIVASTAVA A K ET AL: "A purified inactivated Japaneseencephalitis virus vaccine made in vero (30) Priority: 06.12.2011 EP 11192230 cells", VACCINE, vol. 19, no. 31, 14 August 2001 13.03.2012 PCT/EP2012/054387 (2001-08-14), pages 4557-4565, XP027321987, ELSEVIER LTD, GB ISSN: 0264-410X [retrieved (43) Date of publication of application: on 2001-08-14] 21.12.2016 Bulletin 2016/51 • ANONYMOUS: "Rehydragel Adjuvants. Product profile", General Chemical , 2008, pages 1-2, (60) Divisional application: XP002684848, Retrieved from the Internet: 17185526.5 URL:http://www.generalchemical.com/assets/ pdf/Rehydragel_Adjuvants_Product_Profile.p df (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in [retrieved on 2012-10-08] accordance with Art. 76 EPC: • LINDBLAD, EB: "Special feature. Aluminium 12795830.4 / 2 788 023 compoundsfor usein vaccines", IMMUNOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Absence of Skin Sensitivity to Oxides of Aluminium, Silicon, Titanium Or Zirconium in Patients With
    Gut1996;39:231-233 231 Absence of skin sensitivity to oxides of aluminium, Silicon, titanium or zirconium in patients with Crohn's disease Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.39.2.231 on 1 August 1996. Downloaded from J C W Lee, S Halpem, D G Lowe, A Forbes, J E Lennard-Jones Abstract obstructive lymphadenopathy. It has been Background-Some metallic compounds, proposed that this is caused by fibrosis of the especially of zirconium, can cause cell afferent lymphatics as a result of absorption of mediated granulomatous inflammation of microparticles of silica and alumino-silicates the skin. Pigment granules containing through the skin where people walk barefoot compounds of aluminium, silicon, and on certain types of soil. Particles containing titanium have been observed within silica, titanium, and aluminium are present in macrophages in the wall of the small microgranulomata within inguinal lymph intestine in health and in Crohn's disease. nodes of sufferers.6 Granulomata also develop Zirconium compounds can be ingested in in response to intradermal injection ofcolloidal toothpaste. silica in healthy subjects but these are foreign Aim-To determine in a pilot study if body granulomata and are clearly distinguish- granulomatous sensitivity can be detected able from the cell mediated response to small to compounds of these metals or silicon quantities of zirconium lactate.7 after injection into the skin of patients As metals and minerals are ubiquitous in the with Crohn's disease. community, a hypersensitivity to these sub- Subjects-Eight patients with Crohn's stances in some people rather than a direct disease known to have had granulomata in toxic effect is the most probable pathogenetic the intestine and not currently treated mechanism by which they may contribute to with corticosteroids, and two healthy disease.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent to 1 4,010,247 Wassermann Et Al
    United States Patent to 1 4,010,247 Wassermann et al. 45 Mar. 1, 1977 54 METHOD FOR MAKING WATER 3,385,663 5/1968 Hughes .............................. 4231626 DSPERSIBLE ALUMINUM HYDROXDE 3,411,876. 1 1/1968 Michel et al. ..................... 4231626 3.41 1,877 1 1/1968 Michel et al. ..................... 4231626 75 Inventors: Martin Wilhelm Wassermann, 3,653,937 4/1972 Koenig et al. ..................... 423/625 Hamburg; Arnold Wilhelm Meyer, 3,743,709 7/1973 Shaw et al. ........................ 423/630 St. Michaelisdonn, both of Germany 3,839,536 10/1974 Sato et al. ......................... 423/630 73 Assignee: CONDEA Petrochemie-Gesellschaft 3,907,982 9/1975 Leach ................................ 423f630 m.b.H., Brunsbuettel, Germany FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 22) Filed: Feb. 10, 1975 562,372 8/1958 Canada .............................. 4231628 21 678,220 1/1964 Canada ......... ... 4231625 Appl. No.: 548,804 6,407,784 1/1965 Netherlands ...................... 423/626 30 Foreign Application Priority Data 1,062,124 3/1967 United Kingdom ............... 4231629 Feb. 21, 1974 Germany .......................... 2408233 52) U.S. Cl. ............................... 423/626; 423/629; Primary Examiner-Herbert T. Carter 423/630; 423/631 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Cushman, Darby & 51 Int. Cl”........................................... C01F 7/02 Cushman 58 Field of Search .......... 423/626, 629, 630,625, 423/631 57 ABSTRACT - References Cited Water dispersible aluminum hydroxide is prepared by 56) treating an acid dispersible aluminum hydroxide with 1 UNITED STATES PATENTS to 9 weight % of a gaseous acid. 2,377,547 6, 1945 Fuchs ................................ 4231626 3,207,578 9/1965 Brown et al. ...... A A 4231626 3,262,754 7/1966 Lindsay et al....................
    [Show full text]
  • Pathological Effect of Aluminium Hydroxide Compared with Polymer-Based Nanoparticles on Neonatal Mice Brain
    Al-Murshedy & Fares (2020): Pathological effect of nanoparticles on neonatal mice brain Nov 2020 Vol. 23 Issue 19 Pathological effect of Aluminium hydroxide compared with polymer-based nanoparticles on neonatal mice brain Noor Alhuda K. Al-Murshedy1*, BushraH.Fares2 1, 2 Department of Pathology and Poultry disease, University of Kufa, College of Veterinary Medicine, Najaf,Iraq. *Corresponding author: Noor Alhuda K. Al-Murshedy Email:[email protected] Abstract The present study carried to investigate the toxic pathology effect of both bulk Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)3 nanoparticles materials. Also, to examined cerebral cortex-kb p65 expression level by immunohistochemistry test. The crystalline and grain size of nanoparticles and it is morphology are tested by XRD, AFM, SEM, and EDEX respectively. This study included 40 neonatal mice of both sexes were randomly divided into 7 groups. This group's immunized subcutaneously, two times, the first dose was at third postnatal, and the second dose was at 17 days postnatal. These groups classified as follows:-the 1st group of mice injected by normal saline which serves as control negative, while the 2nd group immunized by oval albumin which serves as control positive. The 3rd group immunized by bulk-Al(OH)3, the 4th group immunized by Al(OH). The Brain tissue samples were collected from each at 4 weeks and 8weeks post first immunization for histological examination. The Histopathological results of the 1st group, 2nd group do not show clear histopathological changes. Whereas, histopathological changes of the 3rd group was severe at 4 weeks post first immunization, while at 8 weeks post first immunization pathological changes were more severe.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Super Cooling and Carbonization
    ISSN: 2319-5967 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 6, November 2014 A comparative study of the super cooling and carbonization processes of the gibbsitic Ghanaian Bauxite Isaac Yeboaha, Emmanuel Kwasi Addaib, Francis Acquahc, Samuel Kofi Tulashiec a- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim-Norway b- Otto-von Guericke University Magdeburg Department of plant design and process safety, Germany c- University of Cape Coast, Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry unit, Ghana Abstract: A comparative study of the super cooling and carbonization processes of the gibbsitic Ghanaian Bauxite was investigated. Carbonization of the sodium aluminate solution (NaAl(OH)4 was carried out by introducing CO2 at atmospheric pressure into the solution to obtain aluminate trihydrate gel precipitate which was calcined at a temperature of 550 °C to produce gamma-alumina why in the super-cooling process, fresh alumina seed was used to precipitate the pregnant solution(NaAl(OH)4. The effect of Lime in desiliconisation, precipitating time, lime addition and alumina yield were determined.The percentage yield of aluminum obtained at the end of experiment for carbonization and super cooling were 92% and 62% at 6 hours and 100 hours respectively. The desiliconisation of 0.0008-0.001g/l of SiO2 was effectively achieved by the addition of varied concentration of lime. The average particle size of 0.105 and 0.193 mm for both super cooling and carbonization process were obtained from the productsrespectively. Keywords: super cooling, carbonization, sodium aluminate, carbon dioxide and Alumina. I. INTRODUCTION Alumina is widely used in a variety of engineering fields such as electrical insulating, microelectronic, and structural fields, because of their excellent chemical stability, electric properties and good mechanical properties besides relatively low cost in the manufacturing process.
    [Show full text]
  • Sintering of Aluminum Powder with Microwave
    ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 IARJSET International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6, Issue 9, September 2019 Sintering of Aluminum Powder with Microwave Imad ul Iman Chikkodi1 Student, Electronics & Communication, KLE Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, Belgaum, India1 Abstract: Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits or as a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits or as a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms in the materials diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating one solid piece. Because the sintering temperature does not have to reach the melting point of the material, sintering is often chosen as the shaping process for materials with extremely high melting points such as tungsten and molybdenum. The study of sintering in metallurgy powder-related processes is known as powder metallurgy. An example of sintering can be observed when ice cubes in a glass of water adhere to each other, which is driven by the temperature difference between the water and the ice. Examples of pressure-driven sintering are the compacting of snowfall to a glacier, or the forming of a hard snowball by pressing loose snow together. Keywords: Sintering, Aluminium, Silicone Carbide, Microwave Sintering I. INTRODUCTION Most, if not all, metals can be sintered. This applies especially to pure metals produced in vacuum which suffer no surface contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety on O
    SCCS/1613/19 Final Opinion Version S Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS OPINION ON the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products Submission II The SCCS adopted this document at its plenary meeting on 03-04 March 2020 SCCS/1613/19 Final Opinion Opinion on the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products – submission II ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Members of the Working Group are acknowledged for their valuable contribution to this Opinion. The members of the Working Group are: For the preliminary and the final versions SCCS members Dr U. Bernauer Dr L. Bodin (Rapporteur) Prof. Q. Chaudhry (SCCS Chair) Prof. P.J. Coenraads (SCCS Vice-Chair and Chairperson of the WG) Prof. M. Dusinska Dr J. Ezendam Dr E. Gaffet Prof. C. L. Galli Dr B. Granum Prof. E. Panteri Prof. V. Rogiers (SCCS Vice-Chair) Dr Ch. Rousselle Dr M. Stepnik Prof. T. Vanhaecke Dr S. Wijnhoven SCCS external experts Dr A. Koutsodimou Dr A. Simonnard Prof. W. Uter All Declarations of Working Group members are available on the following webpage: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/experts/declarations/sccs_en.htm This Opinion has been subject to a commenting period of a minimum eight weeks after its initial publication (from 16 December 2019 until 17 February 2020). Comments received during this time period are considered by the SCCS. For this Opinion, some changes occurred, in particular in sections 1, 3.2, 3.3.4.5, 3.3.8.1, 3.5, as well as in related discussion parts and conclusion (question 1). The list of references has also been updated.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminum Hydroxide
    Aluminum hydroxide sc-214529 Material Safety Data Sheet Hazard Alert Code Key: EXTREME HIGH MODERATE LOW Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME Aluminum hydroxide STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. NFPA FLAMMABILITY0 HEALTH2 HAZARD INSTABILITY0 SUPPLIER Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. 2145 Delaware Avenue Santa Cruz, California 95060 800.457.3801 or 831.457.3800 EMERGENCY: ChemWatch Within the US & Canada: 877-715-9305 Outside the US & Canada: +800 2436 2255 (1-800-CHEMCALL) or call +613 9573 3112 SYNONYMS Al2O3.3H2O, Al2O3.3HOH, Al-H3-O3, Al(OH)3, Al2-H6-O6, "aluminum hydroxide", "alumina hydrate", "Alcoa 331", "Alcoa C 30BF", "alumina hydrated", Alumigel, Alusal, Amphojel, "Amberol ST140F", "alumina trihydrate", "trihydrated alumina", "alpha-alumina trihydrate", "aluminic acid", "aluminium hydrate", "aluminium (III) hydroxide", "aluminium hydroxide gel", "aluminium hydroxide-3H2O", "aluminium oxide hydrate", "aluminium oxide trihydrate", "aluminium trihydrate", hydraargilite, gibbsite, "aluminium trihydroxide", "hydrated aluminium oxide", t, rihydroxyaluminium, "British Aluminum AF 260", "Higilite H 32, ", "H 42", H31S, "Baco DH, DH101, AF220, AF230, AF240, AF260, AF280, FRF5, FRF10, FRF20, FRF30, ", "FRF40, FRF60, FRF80, FRF85, FRFLV2, FRFLV3, FRFLV4, FRFLV5, FRFLV6, FRFLV7, ", "FRFLV8, FRFLV9, SF4, SF7, SF11, SF4E, SF7E, SF11E, UF15, UF25, UV35, UF15E, ", "UF25E, UF35E, ME", "Hychol 705", "Hydral 705", 710, PGA, C330, Liquijel, "C.I. 77002",
    [Show full text]