CEA Key Terms Glossary

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ABET The recognized accreditor for college and university programs in applied science, computing, engineering, and technology. Aesthetics The quality of an object that deals with art, beauty, and taste. Allowable Strength Nominal strength divided by the safety factor. AIA The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is the professional society representing the field of architecture and others working in the architecture field. Air Handling Unit A device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, (AHU) ventilating, and air-conditioning ( HVAC ) system. Arch A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. Architect An individual trained in the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural Research and decision making process that identifies the scope Programming of work for a design project. Architectural Written statement setting forth design objectives, constraints, Program and criteria for a project, including special requirements and systems, and site requirements. The program is usually prepared by the architect with input from the owner regarding the goals, needs, and function of the project, design expectations, available budget, and pertinent building code and zoning regulations. ASCE The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is the professional engineering society representing the field of civil engineering and others working in the civil engineering field. ASD Allowable Strength Design. A method of designing structural elements such that the allowable strength is greater than or equal to the strength necessary to support the required load combinations. Axial Force A force that acts along the longitudinal axis of a structural member. Axial tension causes elongation of the member. Axial compression causes shortening of the member.

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Balance The pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or elements in a design or composition. Ballast A heavy material installed over a roof membrane to prevent wind uplift and shield the membrane from sunlight. Baseline A parallel of latitude running through an arbitrary point chosen as the starting point for all sectionalized land within a given area. Beam A structural member, usually horizontal, that carries a load that is applied transverse to its length. The use of physical laws and mathematics to compute internal Beam Analysis forces, stresses, and deformations. Bearing A horizontal direction indicated by an angle from either due north or due south toward either the east or west. Bearing Walls Solid walls that provide support for each other and for the roof of a structure. Berm A horizontal ledge cut between the foot and top of an embankment to stabilize the slope by intercepting sliding earth. Brownfield Real property of which the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Building Code Legal requirements designed to protect the public by providing guidelines for structural, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical areas of a structure. Building Envelope The portion of a building that encloses the treated environment, including the walls, ceiling or roof, and floor. Built-up Roof (BUR) A roof membrane laminated from layers of asphalt-saturated felt or other fabric, bonded together with bitumen or pitch.

Caisson A long cylindrical reinforced concrete foundation element formed by drilling into firm soil and pouring concrete into the hole. Cast-in-Place Concrete that is poured in its final location. Concrete Charrette An intensive workshop in which various stakeholders and experts are brought together to address a particular design issue. Circuit The various conductors, connections, and devices found along the path of electric flow from the source through the components and back to the source. Circuit Breaker An electric safety switch that automatically opens a circuit when excessive amperage occurs. Civil Engineer An engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities. Cleanout A fitting with a removable plug that is placed in plumbing

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drainage pipe lines to allow access for cleaning out the pipe. Color The aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation for objects and hue, brightness, and saturation for light sources. Column An upright structural member acting primarily in compression. Compression The maximum compressive stress a material can withstand Strength without failure. Concrete A solid, hard material produced by combining Portland cement, aggregates, sand, water and sometimes additional mixtures. Concrete Masonry A block of hardened concrete, with or without hollow cores, Unit (CMU) designed to be laid in the same manner as brick and stone. Coniferous Cone-bearing trees with year-round leaves that are long, thin, and needle-like. Construction Drawings, plans, specifications, etc. associated with a Documents construction project. Construction Type Five broad categories of construction found in the International Building Code that are based on the fire-resistive capabilities of the materials used. Continuous Beam A single beam that is supported by more than two supports such that it has at least two distinct spans. Contrast A visual principle associated with change made in size, shape, color, or tone of graphic elements. Curtain Wall An exterior building wall that is supported entirely by the frame of the building, rather than being self-supporting or load bearing.

Dead Load The weight of the building or building components. Decking A material used to span across beams or joists to create a floor or roof surface. Deciduous Broad-leafed trees that seasonally shed their leaves. Deep Foundation A foundation that transfers building loads into the earth well below the building structure. Deflection The distance a beam or structure deforms under loading, typically due to bending in a beam. Deformation A change in the shape of a structure or structural member caused by a load or force acting on the structure. Design Load The applied load determined by the required load combinations. Design Principles The rules that describe how designers might put together various design elements to create an aesthetic finished product. Design Temperature The difference between the indoor temperature in winter and the Differential outdoor design temperature in winter. The design temperature differential or design range is used in calculating the space heating requirements of a dwelling unit under the engineering- based methodology. Distribution Panel A box in which the wires from the meter are connected to individual circuit breakers, which are connected to separate circuits for distribution to various locations throughout the building. Dome An arrangement of several arches whose bases form a circle

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and whose tops meet in the center. Drain Any pipe that carries wastewater or water-borne wastes in a building drainage system. Drainage Removal of groundwater or surface water, or of water from structures, by gravity or pumping. A measure of the probable discharge into the drainage system Drainage Fixture Unit by various types of plumbing fixtures. Drainage System Piping within a building that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal. Ducts Pipes, typically made of sheet metal, used to conduct hot or cold air in the HVAC system.

Easement A limited right to make use of a property owned by another. Egress Exits or a way out. Electric Meter An instrument used to measure electric power. Element of Design A basic visual component or building block of designed objects. Elevated Floor A floor that is above the level of the ground. Emphasis Stress or prominence given to an element of a design by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint that create a point of attention. EPDM (Ethylene A synthetic rubber material used in roofing membranes. Propylene Diene Monomer) Equilibrium The state of a body such that the sum of all the external forces acting on the body equals zero and the sum of all external moments acting on the body equals zero. Exit That portion of the means-of-egress system between the exit access and the exit discharge or the public way. Exit Access That portion of the means-of-egress system that leads from any occupied portion in a building or structure to an exit. Exit Discharge That portion of the means-of-egress system between the termination of the exit and a public way.

Faç ade The exterior face of a building. Fascia The finish board covering the edges of rafters and eaves.

Felt A tar-impregnated paper used for water protection under roofing and siding materials. Fenestration All areas (including the frames) in the building envelope that let in light, including windows, plastic panels, clerestories, skylights, glass doors that are more than one-half glass, and glass block walls. A skylight is a fenestration surface having a slope of less than 60 degrees from the horizontal plane. Other fenestration,

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even if mounted on the roof of a building, is considered vertical fenestration. Fixed Support A support condition in which translation of a structural member is restricted in two perpendicular directions and rotation is restricted. A fixed support provides two perpendicular reaction forces and a reaction moment when the member is loaded. Floor Joists Horizontal structural members used to carry the floor and ceiling loads. Footing The lowest, widest part of the foundation that distributes the load over a broad area of the soil. Force An agent that causes stress in an object. Form The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material. Foundation The lower part of a building, which transfers structural loads from the building to the soil. Free-body Diagram A diagram used to isolate a body from its environment, showing all external constraints and forces acting upon it and all geometric measurements necessary to model the body.

Gantt Chart A horizontal bar chart used in project management to graphically represent the schedule of a set of specific activities or tasks. Girder A horizontal beam that supports other beams; a very large beam, especially one that is built up from other sections. Grade Beam A reinforced concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall into a spaced foundation such as pile caps or caissons. Grading The moving of soil to affect the elevation of land at a construction site. Ground An electrical connection to the earth.

Header A horizontal structural member used to support other structural members over openings such as doors and windows. Heat Loss The energy needed to warm outside air leaking into a building through cracks around doors, windows, and other areas. Heat Pump A unit designed to produce forced air or hot water for heating and cooling. Hot Water Water at a temperature greater than or equal to 110 º F (43 º C). House Wrap Engineered materials designed to keep out liquid water and prevent air infiltration while allowing water vapor to escape from inside the home. Hybrid Something that is the product of mixing two or more different things.

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Individual Sewage A system for disposal of domestic sewage by means of a septic Disposal System tank cesspool mechanical treatment to serve a single establishment or building. Ingress Entrance or a means to enter. Insulation Material used to restrict the flow of heat, cold, or sound from one surface to another. Internal Force A force that is internal to structural elements and is needed to determine the material stress and strain.

Keystone A wedge -shaped stone placed in the crown of an arch. Kip A unit of weight equal to 1000 pounds.

Land Patent The legal documents that transferred land ownership from the U.S. Government to individuals. Lateral Load A force acting generally in a horizontal direction, such as wind, earthquake, and soil pressure against a structure. Lavatory A fixture that is designed for washing hands and face, usually found in a bathroom. Light Gauge Steel Thin sheet metal folded into a stiff shape and used as a structural member. Line The edge or contour of a shape. Lintel A beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening. Live Load The weight of movable objects such as people, furnishings, machines, vehicles, and goods in or on a building. Load Forces or other actions that result from the weight of building materials, occupants and their possessions, and environmental effects. Load Bearing Wall A structural wall that carries loads other than its own weight. Load Path A continuous system of structural elements that transfer an applied load to the supporting soil. Low-Slope Roof A roof that is pitched at an angle so near to horizontal that it must be made waterproof with a continuous membrane rather than shingles; commonly and inaccurately referred to as a flat

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roof.

Main The principal pip artery to which branches are connected. Masonry Brickwork, concrete block work, and stonework. Metes and Bounds A method of land description in which property lines are successively described using lengths and bearings from a point of beginning. Moment The tendency of a force to rotate an object about point P. It is about a point P equal to the product of the magnitude of the force acting on the object and the perpendicular distance from the point P to the force. Moment Arm The perpendicular distance from a reference point to the line of action of the force. Moment Diagram A plot of the internal moment in a beam versus position along the axis of the beam. Movement The effect or illusion of motion conveyed by the relationship of structural elements in a design or composition.

Municipality A city, town, etc. having its own incorporated government for local affairs.

NAAB The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) is the sole agency authorized to accredit professional degree programs in architecture in the United States. NCARB The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards is made up of members from the architectural registration boards of the 50 states. Its primary function is to maintain records for state boards, architects, and interns. Nominal Strength The load carrying capacity of a structural member. Non-Load Bearing A wall that does not carry vertical load other than its own Wall weight. Nonpotable Water Water not safe for drinking, personal, or culinary utilization.

Occupancy Category A category used to determine structural requirements based on occupancy of the building. Occupancy Group A specification that indicates by whom or how the structure will be used. Occupant Load The number of persons for which the means of egress of a

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building or portion thereof is designed. (IBC) Open Web Steel Joist Open web, parallel chord, load-carrying members suitable for the direct support of floors and roof decks in buildings. Outlet An electrical connection used to plug in devices. A duplex outlet, with two outlets, is the typical wall plug.

Pattern An artistic or decorative design, especially one having a characteristic arrangement and considered as a unit. Pile A long slender piece of material driven or drilled into the ground to act as an element of a foundation. Pin Support A support condition in which translation of a structural member is restricted in two directions but rotation is not restricted. A pin support provides two perpendicular reaction forces when the member is loaded. Pitched Roof A sloping roof. Plat A plan or map showing property boundaries and geographical features. Plumbing Fixture A device that is connected to the water distribution system and demands a supply of water; discharges wastewater, liquid- borne waste material, or sewage to the drainage system; or requires both a water supply connection and a discharge to the drainage system. Ponding The collecting of water, as on a roof, into large puddles or a pond. Post-and-Lintel Wall construction utilizing a framework of vertical posts and Construction horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads. Potable Water Water free from impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiological effects and conforming to the regulations of the public health authority having jurisdiction. Precast Concrete Concrete cast and cured in a position other than its final position in the structure. Pressure Head The pressure of water at a given point in a pipe arising from the pressure in it. Prevailing Winds Direction from which the wind most frequently blows in a given area of the country. Principal Meridian A meridian (north-south line) through an arbitrary point chosen as the starting point for all sectionalized land within a given area. Project Management The discipline of planning, organizing, and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of a project. Public Land Survey A system used to divide public domain lands in the United System States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots. Also referred to as Rectangular Survey System.

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Radiant Heat Energy radiated or transmitted as rays or waves, in the form of particles. Rafter Member of a roof structural frame that supports the sheathing and other roof loads. Range A vertical column of townships in the Public Land Survey System. Rebar Steel bar used to reinforce concrete. Rectangular Survey A system used to divide public domain lands in the United System States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots. Also referred to as Public Land Survey System. Reinforced Concrete Concrete into which steel reinforcing bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction. Repetition A principle where some graphic elements are repeated throughout the entire design. Rhythm Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or a modified form. Riser A water supply pipe that extends vertically one story or more to carry water to fixtures. Roller (Rocker) A support condition in which translation of a structural member Support is restricted in only one direction and rotation is not restricted. A roller support provides one reaction force when the member is loaded. R-Value The numerical value used to indicate the resistance to the flow of heat.

Safety Factor A factor intended to compensate for uncertainties in design and analysis by reducing the theoretical strength of a member for use in design. Sanitary Sewer A sewer that conveys sewage but excludes storm, surface, and ground water. Section A one-square-mile block of land, containing 640 acres, or approximately 1/36 of a township. Seismic Load A load on a structure caused by movement of the Earth relative to the structure during an earthquake. Serviceability The ability of a structure to maintain its appearance, durability, comfort for occupants, proper function of equipment, and ease of maintenance. Set back Minimum distance that the zoning ordinance requires must be maintained between a structure and property lines or between

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two structures. Sewage Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or solution, including liquids containing chemicals in solution. Sewer A pipe, normally underground, that carries wastewater and refuse. Shallow Foundation A foundation that transfers building loads into the Earth at the base of a column or bearing wall. Shape The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area. Shear Diagram A plot of the shear force in a beam versus the position along the axis of the beam. Shear Force The internal force, usually in a beam, which acts in the plane of the cross -section of the beam. Sheathing A covering placed over exterior studs or rafters that serve as a base below the exterior finish materials. Shore A prop for preventing sinking or sagging (noun). To support by a shore (transitive verb). Siding Material, such as boards or shingles, used for surfacing the outside walls of a frame building. Sill A horizontal wood member placed at the bottom of walls and openings in walls. Simple Beam A beam that is supported on one end by a pin support and supported on the other end by a roller support. Single-Ply Membrane A sheet of plastic, synthetic rubber, or modified bitumen used as a roofing sheet for a low -slope roof. Slab-on-Grade A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by, the ground beneath. Soil Pipe A pipe that conveys sewage containing fecal matter to the building drain or building sewer.

Solar Orientation Consideration of the solar orientation of a building based on the relative position of the sun in order to purposely increase or decrease the amount of light or heat transferred to the building. Sole Plate The plate placed at the bottom of a wall. Source Reduction Reducing waste by changing patterns of production and consumption. Space The dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. Span The distance between supports for a beam, girder, truss, or other horizontal structural member; to carry a load between supports. Spray Polyurethane Polyurethane foam sprayed in place on a low-slope roof then Foam (SPF) covered with a protective coating. Spread Footing A wide shallow footing usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Square (Quantity of In roofing, 100 square feet of roofing material. Shingles) Stability A condition of a frame or structure in which a slight disturbance in the loads or geometry of the structure does not produce large displacements or failure .

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Stack Any vertical line of soil, waste, vent, or inside conductor piping that extends through at least one story. Stakeholder One who is involved in or affected by a course of action. Static Head Pressure of a fluid due to the head of fluid above some reference point. Statically Determinate A beam which is supported such that the number of unknown Beam reaction forces is equal to the number of equilibrium equations. Statically A beam which is supported such that the number of unknown Indeterminate Beam reaction forces is greater than the number of equilibrium equations. Storm Sewer A sewer that conveys storm water or other drainage but not sanitary sewage. Strain Deformation under stress. Strength The capacity of a structure to resist the effects of loads. Stress Force per unit area. Structural Efficiency Ratio of the maximum design load to the weight of the structure. Structural Engineer An engineer that is licensed to design the structural systems for a building. Stud The vertical framing member in frame wall construction. Subfloor The structural floor joined to the joists that support the finish flooring. Sustainability Meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. Switch Leg The electrical conductor from a switch to the electrical device being controlled.

Tensile Strength The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. Texture The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface, substance, or fabric. Thermal Convection Heat transmission by the circulation of a liquid or a heated gas or air.

Tilt-up Construction A method of constructing concrete walls in which panels are cast and cured flat on a floor slab then tilted up into their final position. Top Plate A horizontal structural member located on top of the studs used to hold the wall together. Township An approximately 6-mile square area of land, containing 36 sections. Also a horizontal row of townships in the Public Land Survey System. Trap A fitting or device that provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission of sewer gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through the trap.

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Tributary Area The area of floor or roof representing the surface area from which an applied uniform load is assumed to transfer to a supporting structural member. Tributary Width The width of floor or roof along the length of a beam, measured perpendicular to the beam, representing the portion of surface from which an applied uniform load is assumed to transfer to that beam. Truss An assembly of structural members joined to form a rigid framework, usually connected to form triangles.

U-Factor A measure of the heat transmission through a building part (as a wall or window) or a given thickness of a material (as insulation) with lower numbers indicating better insulating properties. Underlayment A panel laid over a subfloor or subsurface to create a smooth, stiff surface for the application of a finish. Unity The state or quality of being combined into one, as the ordering of elements in an artistic work that constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a singleness of effect. Universal Design A user-friendly approach to design in the living environment where people of any culture, age, size, weight, race, gender and ability can experience an environment that promotes their health, safety, and welfare today and in the future.

Value The relative lightness or darkness of a color. Valve A fitting that is used to control the flow of fluid or gas. Variance A legal request by a property owner to allow a modification from a standard or a requirement in the zoning code. Vent Pipe A vertical pipe installed to provide circulation of air to and from any part of the drainage system. Vernacular Culturally and climatically relevant architecture using locally Architecture available materials and traditional building techniques. Viability Analysis An evaluation process that takes into account the factors that will influence and determine the successful implementation of a proposed project. Voussoir Any of the wedge -shaped units in a masonry arch or vault, having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers.

Water Closet A water-flushing plumbing fixture, such as a toilet, that is

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designed to receive and discharge human excrement. Water Distributing A pipe that carries water from the service to the point of use. Pipe Water Heater Any heating appliance or equipment that heats potable water and supplies such water to the potable hot water distribution system. Water Meter A device used to measure the amount of water that goes through the water service. Water Service The pipe from the water main or other supply to the water- distributing pipes. Watt A unit of measure of power. Weight The force exerted upon a body due to gravitational attraction to a planet. Welded Wire Fabric A grid of steel wires or bars welded together at all points of (WWF) intersection to form an open mat. The fabric is designated by the size of the grid (spacing of the wires) in inches followed by numbers indicating the gauge of the wire in each direction. Wind Load Pressure from the wind that can cause lateral loads as well as uplift on the roof or downward pressure.

Yield Stress The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.

Zoning Ordinance Law that specifies how and for what purpose each parcel of private real estate may be used. Also called zoning code.

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