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Truss Deflection
Truss Deflection Truss deflection may be something you do not give much thought to when designing trusses. Unfortunately, meeting the code permitted deflection ratio does not always guarantee satisfactory performance. Regardless of what the codes say, most people regard large levels of deflection as a sign of structural deficiency. Paying attention to deflection may be the key to whether your customer is satisfied with you as a supplier and continues to buy your products. Deflection of a truss is generally based on the amount of vertical movement from its original position due to the loads applied to the members. The amount of deflection depends on the span and stiffness of the members, and the magnitude of the loads applied. Codes provide the maximum allowable deflection limits for floor and roof trusses, which is based solely on the truss span. Generally, for roof trusses, the deflection in inches due to live load cannot exceed the span in inches divided by 240 (L/240) and due to total load L/180. For floor trusses, the deflection in inches due to live load cannot exceed the span in inches divided by 360 (L/360) and due to total load L/240. To meet code deflection criteria, a 40-foot span roof truss could have live load deflection 2 inches, which does not ensure satisfactory performance. MiTek engineers recommend using the deflection limits listed below. Page 1 of 5 10 /12 /20 20 Truss Deflection Roof Trusses should use the following settings: In MiTek 20/20 Engineering go to Setup – Job – Design Info – Deflection: In Structure with Truss Design go to File – Setup – Job Properties - Job Settings – Design – Building Code Settings: Please note the settings for cantilever and overhang are half that of the main span. -
15 – Construction Vocabulary
CONSTRUCTION VOCABULARY ABC (Aggregate Base Course): used in mixing with concrete and placed below concrete prior to the pouring of sidewalks, driveways, etc. It serves as a compacted solid base. Air return: A series of ducts in air conditioning system to return used air to air handler to be reconditioned. Ameri-mix: Maker of the pre-blended bag mixes we use in masonry work. Anchor Bolts: (also called J-bolts) Bolts embedded in concrete foundation used to hold sills in place. Anchor Straps: Straps embedded in concrete foundation used to hold sills in place, most commonly MASAs in our houses. Apron: A piece of driveway between sidewalk and curb. Back Fill: The replacement of dirt in holes, trenches and around foundations. Backing (aka blocking): a non-structural (usually 2x) framed support (i.e. for drywall). Balloon Framing: A special situationally required type of construction with studs that are longer than the standard length. Bay: The space between two parallel framing members (i.e. trusses). Beam: A horizontal structural member running between posts, columns or walls. Bearing wall (aka partition): A wall which carries a vertical structural load in addition to its own weight. Bevel: To cut an angle other than a right angle, such as on the edge of a board. Bird block (aka frieze board): An attic vent located between truss tails. Bird’s Mouth: A notch cut in the underside of a rafter to fit the top plate. Blocking (aka backing): A non-structural 2x framing support (i.e. for drywall) Board: Lumber less than 2” thick. Board Foot: The equivalent of a board 1’ square and 1” thick. -
Truss Terminology
TRUSS TERMINOLOGY BEARING WIDTH The width dimension of the member OVERHANG The extension of the top chord beyond the providing support for the truss (usually 3 1/2” or 5 1/2”). heel joint. Bearing must occur at a truss joint location. PANEL The chord segment between two adjacent joints. CANTILEVER That structural portion of a truss which extends PANEL POINT The point of intersection of a chord with the beyond the support. The cantilever dimension is measured web or webs. from the outside face of the support to the heel joint. Note that the cantilever is different from the overhang. PEAK Highest point on a truss where the sloped top chords meet. CAMBER An upward vertical displacement built into a truss bottom chord to compensate for defl ection due to dead load. PLATE Either horizontal 2x member at the top of a stud wall offering bearing for trusses or a shortened form of connector CHORDS The outer members of a truss that defi ne the plate, depending on usage of the word. envelope or shape. PLUMB CUT Top chord cut to provide for vertical (plumb) TOP CHORD An inclined or horizontal member that establishes installation of fascia. the upper edge of a truss. This member is subjected to compressive and bending stresses. SCARF CUT For pitched trusses only – the sloping cut of upper portion of the bottom chord at the heel joint. BOTTOM CHORD The horizontal (and inclined, ie. scissor trusses) member defi ning the lower edge of a truss, carrying SLOPE (PITCH) The units of horizontal run, in one unit of ceiling loads where applicable. -
Sealing Air Leaks and Adding Attic Insulation
For more information United States Office of Air and Radiation www.energystar.gov. Environmental (6202A) EPA 430-F-04-024 Protection Agency July 2016 Recycled/Recyclable – Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (Minimum 50% Post-consumer Content) A DO-IT-YOURSELF GUIDE TO SEALING AND INSULATING WITH ENERGY STAR® SEALING AIR LEAKS AND ADDING ATTIC INSULATION CONTENTS Locating Air Leaks 1.2 Getting Started 1.4 Sealing Attic Air Leaks 1.6 Additional Sources of Air Leaks 2.1 Sealing Basement Air Leaks 3.1 Adding Attic Insulation 4.1 Sealing and Insulating your home is When you see products or services with ® one of the most cost-effective ways the ENERGY STAR label, you know they to make a home more comfortable meet strict energy efficiency guidelines and energy efficient—and you can set by the U.S. Environmental Protection do it yourself. Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Since using less energy Use This Guide To: reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves air quality, choosing ENERGY 1. Learn how to find and seal hidden STAR is one way you can do your part to attic and basement air leaks protect our planet for future generations. 2. Determine if your attic insulation is adequate, and learn how to For more information visit: add more www.energystar.gov. 3. Make sure your improvements The U.S. EPA wishes to thank The Family are done safely Handyman Magazine for their contribution 4. Reduce energy bills and help of photographs and content for this guide. -
Residential I-Joist & LVL Installation Guide
Engineered Wood Products Wood—the miracle material. Wood is the right choice for a host of construction applications. It is the earth’s natural, energy efficient and renewable building material. Engineered wood is a better use of wood. The miracle in today’s wood products is that they make more efficient use of the wood fiber resource to make stronger plywood, oriented strand board, I-joists, glued laminated timbers and laminated veneer lumber. That’s good for the environment and good for designers seeking strong, efficient and striking building design. A few facts about wood. We’re growing more wood every day. Forests fully cover one-third of the United States’ and one-half of Canada’s land mass. Residential I-Joist & LVL American landowners plant more than two billion trees every year. In addition, millions of trees seed naturally. The forest products industry, which comprises about 15 percent of forestland ownership, is INSTALLATION responsible for 41 percent of replanted forest acreage. That works out to more than one billion trees a year, or about three million trees planted every day. This high rate of replanting accounts for the fact that each year, 27 percent more timber is grown than is harvested. Canada’s replanting record shows a fourfold increase in the number of trees planted between 1975 and 1990. GUIDE Life Cycle Assessment shows wood is the greenest building product. A 2004 CORRIM study gave scientific validation to the strength of wood as a green building product. In examining building products’ life cycles—from extraction of the raw material to demolition of the building at the end of its long lifespan—CORRIM found that wood was better for the environment than steel or concrete in terms of embodied energy, global warming potential, air emissions, water emissions, and solid waste production. -
LP Solidstart LVL Technical Guide
U.S. Technical Guide L P S o l i d S t a r t LV L Technical Guide 2900Fb-2.0E Please verify availability with the LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products distributor in your area prior to specifying these products. Introduction Designed to Outperform Traditional Lumber LP® SolidStart® Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a vast SOFTWARE FOR EASY, RELIABLE DESIGN improvement over traditional lumber. Problems that naturally occur as Our design/specification software enhances your in-house sawn lumber dries — twisting, splitting, checking, crowning and warping — design capabilities. It ofers accurate designs for a wide variety of are greatly reduced. applications with interfaces for printed output or plotted drawings. Through our distributors, we ofer component design review services THE STRENGTH IS IN THE ENGINEERING for designs using LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products. LP SolidStart LVL is made from ultrasonically and visually graded veneers arranged in a specific pattern to maximize the strength and CODE EVALUATION stifness of the veneers and to disperse the naturally occurring LP SolidStart Laminated Veneer Lumber has been evaluated for characteristics of wood, such as knots, that can weaken a sawn lumber compliance with major US building codes. For the most current code beam. The veneers are then bonded with waterproof adhesives under reports, contact your LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products pressure and heat. LP SolidStart LVL beams are exceptionally strong, distributor, visit LPCorp.com or for: solid and straight, making them excellent for most primary load- • ICC-ES evaluation report ESR-2403 visit www.icc-es.org carrying beam applications. • APA product report PR-L280 visit www.apawood.org LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E: AVAILABLE SIZES b FRIEND TO THE ENVIRONMENT LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E is available in a range of depths and b LP SolidStart LVL is a building material with built-in lengths, and is available in standard thicknesses of 1-3/4" and 3-1/2". -
DEFINITIONS Beams and Stringers (B&S) Beams and Stringers Are
DEFINITIONS Beams and Stringers (B&S) Beams and stringers are primary longitudinal support members, usually rectangular pieces that are 5.0 or more in. thick, with a depth more than 2.0 in. greater than the thickness. B&S are graded primarily for use as beams, with loads applied to the narrow face. Bent. A type of pier consisting of two or more columns or column-like components connected at their top ends by a cap, strut, or other component holding them in their correct positions. Camber. The convex curvature of a beam, typically used in glulam beams. Cantilever. A horizontal member fixed at one end and free at the other. Cap. A sawn lumber or glulam component placed horizontally on an abutment or pier to distribute the live load and dead load of the superstructure. Clear Span. Inside distance between the faces of support. Connector. Synonym for fastener. Crib. A structure consisting of a foundation grillage and a framework providing compartments that are filled with gravel, stones, or other material satisfactory for supporting the structure to be placed thereon. Check. A lengthwise separation of the wood that usually extends across the rings of annual growth and commonly results from stresses set up in wood during seasoning. Creep. Time dependent deformation of a wood member under sustained load. Dead Load. The structure’s self weight. Decay. The decomposition of wood substance by fungi. Some people refer to it as “rot”. Decking. A subcategory of dimension lumber, graded primarily for use with the wide face placed flatwise. Delamination. The separation of layers in laminated wood or plywood because of failure of the adhesive, either within the adhesive itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adhered. -
Western BCI ® and VERSA-LAM ® Specifier Guide
WESTERN SPECIFIER GUIDE for products manufactured in White City, Oregon WSG 03/14/2013 2 The SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM® Makes Designing Homes Easier Architects, engineers, and designers trust Boise Cascade's engineered wood products to provide a better system for framing floors and roofs. It's the SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM®, conventional framing methods when crossventila tion and wiring. featuring beams, joists and rim boards the resulting reduced labor and Ceilings Framed with BCI® Joists materials waste are con sidered. that work together as a system, so you The consistent size of BCI® Joists spend less time cutting and fitting. In There's less sorting and cost associ ated with disposing of waste because helps keep gypsum board flat and fact, the SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM® you order only what you need. free of unsightly nail pops and ugly uses fewer pieces and longer lengths Although our longer lengths help your shadows, while keeping finish work than conventional framing, so you'll clients get the job done faster, they to a minimum. complete jobs in less time. cost no more. VERSALAM® Beams for Floor You'll Build Better Homes Environmentally Sound and Roof Framing with the These highlystable beams are ® As an added bonus, floor and roof free of the largescale defects that SIMPLE FRAMING SYSTEM ® systems built with BCI Joists require plague dimension beams. The Now it's easier than ever to design about half the number of trees as and build better floor systems. When result is quieter, flatter floors (no those built with dimension lumber. -
Beam Structures and Internal Forces
ENDS 231 Note Set 13 S2008abn Beam Structures and Internal Forces • BEAMS - Important type of structural members (floors, bridges, roofs) - Usually long, straight and rectangular - Have loads that are usually perpendicular applied at points along the length Internal Forces 2 • Internal forces are those that hold the parts of the member together for equilibrium - Truss members: F A B F F A F′ F′ B F - For any member: T´ F = internal axial force (perpendicular to cut across section) V = internal shear force T´ (parallel to cut across section) T M = internal bending moment V Support Conditions & Loading V • Most often loads are perpendicular to the beam and cause only internal shear forces and bending moments M • Knowing the internal forces and moments is necessary when R designing beam size & shape to resist those loads • Types of loads - Concentrated – single load, single moment - Distributed – loading spread over a distance, uniform or non-uniform. 1 ENDS 231 Note Set 13 S2008abn • Types of supports - Statically determinate: simply supported, cantilever, overhang L (number of unknowns < number of equilibrium equations) Propped - Statically indeterminate: continuous, fixed-roller, fixed-fixed (number of unknowns < number of equilibrium equations) L Sign Conventions for Internal Shear and Bending Moment Restrained (different from statics and truss members!) V When ∑Fy **excluding V** on the left hand side (LHS) section is positive, V will direct down and is considered POSITIVE. M When ∑M **excluding M** about the cut on the left hand side (LHS) section causes a smile which could hold water (curl upward), M will be counter clockwise (+) and is considered POSITIVE. -
A Simple Beam Test: Motivating High School Teachers to Develop Pre-Engineering Curricula
Session 2326 A Simple Beam Test: Motivating High School Teachers to Develop Pre-Engineering Curricula Eric E. Matsumoto, John R. Johnston, E. Edward Dammel, S.K. Ramesh California State University, Sacramento Abstract The College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Sacramento has developed a daylong workshop for high school teachers interested in developing and teaching pre-engineering curricula. Recent workshop participants from nine high schools performed “hands-on” laboratory experiments that can be implemented at the high school level to introduce basic engineering principles and technology and to inspire students to study engineering. This paper describes one experiment that introduces fundamental structural engineering concepts through a simple beam test. A load is applied at the center of a beam using weights, and the resulting midspan deflection is measured. The elastic stiffness of the beam is determined and compared to published values for various beam materials and cross sectional shapes. Beams can also be tested to failure. This simple and inexpensive experiment provides a useful springboard for discussion of important engineering topics such as elastic and inelastic behavior, influence of materials and structural shapes, stiffness, strength, and failure modes. Background engineering concepts are also introduced to help high school teachers understand and implement the experiment. Participants rated the workshop highly and several teachers have already implemented workshop experiments in pre-engineering curricula. I. Introduction The College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Sacramento has developed an active outreach program to attract students to the College and promote engineering education. In partnership with the Sacramento Engineering and Technology Regional Consortium1 (SETRC), the College has developed a daylong workshop for high school teachers interested in developing and teaching pre-engineering curricula. -
UFGS 06 10 00 Rough Carpentry
************************************************************************** USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASA UFGS-06 10 00 (August 2016) Change 2 - 11/18 ------------------------------------ Preparing Activity: NAVFAC Superseding UFGS-06 10 00 (February 2012) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated July 2021 ************************************************************************** SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION 06 - WOOD, PLASTICS, AND COMPOSITES SECTION 06 10 00 ROUGH CARPENTRY 08/16, CHG 2: 11/18 PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 REFERENCES 1.2 SUBMITTALS 1.3 DELIVERY AND STORAGE 1.4 GRADING AND MARKING 1.4.1 Lumber 1.4.2 Structural Glued Laminated Timber 1.4.3 Plywood 1.4.4 Structural-Use and OSB Panels 1.4.5 Preservative-Treated Lumber and Plywood 1.4.6 Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber 1.4.7 Hardboard, Gypsum Board, and Fiberboard 1.4.8 Plastic Lumber 1.5 SIZES AND SURFACING 1.6 MOISTURE CONTENT 1.7 PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT 1.7.1 Existing Structures 1.7.2 New Construction 1.8 FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENT 1.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE 1.9.1 Drawing Requirements 1.9.2 Data Required 1.9.3 Humidity Requirements 1.9.4 Plastic Lumber Performance 1.10 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS 1.11 CERTIFICATIONS 1.11.1 Certified Wood Grades 1.11.2 Certified Sustainably Harvested Wood 1.11.3 Indoor Air Quality Certifications 1.11.3.1 Adhesives and Sealants 1.11.3.2 Composite Wood, Wood Structural Panel and Agrifiber Products SECTION 06 10 00 Page 1 PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 MATERIALS 2.1.1 Virgin Lumber 2.1.2 Salvaged Lumber 2.1.3 Recovered Lumber -
I-Beam Cantilever Racks Meet the Latest Addition to Our Quick Ship Line
48 HOUR QUICK SHIP Maximize storage and improve accessibility I-Beam cantilever racks Meet the latest addition to our Quick Ship line. Popular for their space-saving design, I-Beam cantilever racks can allow accessibility from both sides, allowing for faster load and unload times. Their robust construction reduces fork truck damage. Quick Ship I-beam cantilever racks offer: • 4‘ arm length, with 4” vertical adjustability • Freestanding heights of 12’ and 16’ • Structural steel construction with a 50,000 psi minimum yield • Heavy arm connector plate • Bolted base-to-column connection I-Beam Cantilever Racks can be built in either single- or double-sided configurations. How to design your cantilever rack systems 1. Determine the number and spacing of support arms. 1a The capacity of each 4’ arm is 2,600#, so you will need to make sure that you 1b use enough arms to accommodate your load. In addition, you can test for deflection by using wood blocks on the floor under the load. 1c Use enough arms under a load to prevent deflection of the load. Deflection causes undesirable side pressure on the arms. If you do not detect any deflection with two wood blocks, you may use two support arms. Note: Product should overhang the end of the rack by 1/2 of the upright centerline distance. If you notice deflection, try three supports. Add supports as necessary until deflection is eliminated. Loading without overhang is incorrect. I-Beam cantilever racks WWW.STEELKING.COM 2. Determine if Quick Ship I-Beam arm length is appropriate for your load.