UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION CIRCU LAR SERTES No. 40

GERMAN - ENGLISH GLOSSARY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

ALPHONSE A. BRIELMAIER

ASSOCIATE IN (IVI L ENGINEERING

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

PRICE: F oRTY·FJVE CENTS U N IVERSITY OF ILL1NOIS 4000-1-40-18107 11 ~RESS 11 CONTENTS PAGE

1. Introduction 5

2. Acknowledgment 5

3. Remarks 5

4. German-English Glossary 6

5. American Equivalents for Metric Units 37

3 GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. Introduction.-The engineer reading foreign literature in his field often has difficulty in determining the English meaning of un­ familiar technical terms. This glossary is intended to assist him in consulting German civil engineering publications. In order to reflect present usage in German practice the words were compiled from several representative modern German works in each of the subdivisions of civil engineering and from current technical periodicals. The Engli sh meanings are those which would be employed in American practice. 2. Aclmowledgment.-This study has been made as a part of the work of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illi­ nois, of which DEAN M. L. ENGER is the director, and of the Depart­ ment of Civil Engineering, of which PROFESSOR ·\11/. C. H UNTINGTON is the head.* 3. Remarks.-In German the monophthongs a, o, ii and the diph­ thong au may also be printed as ae, oe, ue and aeu. The latter manner of representation is much less common. The position of words in the glossary has been determined by considering a, o, ii and au just as though they were a, o, u and au, and not as ae, oe, ue and aeu. The possibilities offered in the German language to form new words or slightly change the meaning of accepted words by means of word combinations would permit a word li st to be extended to almost any length. The meaning of a compound word which is not listed may often be determined by separating it into its various parts and obtain­ ing the meaning of these parts. In combining several German words to form one compound word the complete spelling of each word is retained except that no letter may be repeated more than twice in direct sequence. For example. Schluss + Stein = Schlusstein and not Schlussstein. All nouns begin with capital letters and have their gender indicated by "m", "f", or "n" (for masculine, feminine or neuter gender). Verbs are indicated by "v"; adjectives by "adj." ; adverbs by "adv."; and prepositions by "prep." A brief summary of American equivalents for metric units is given at the end of the glossary.t

*Appreciation is expressed to Dr. ~1. Suter, Dr. C. A. \Viltiam s, and to all others who have made helpful criticisms and suggesti o ns. tSuggestions or additions which would make the glossary more useful will be appreciated by the author. 5 6 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

4. German-English Glossary.-

Abbildung, £-figure; illustration Abstieg, m-descent; lowering abbinden, v-to untie; to set Abtrag, m-clecluction; cut (in (cement) earthwo rk) Abbinden, n-setting (of cement); abtragen, v-to carry away; to untying wreck; to raze Abbruch, m-breaking off; wreck­ Abstufung, £-gradation ing; demolition Absturzbauwerk, n-clrop structure Abdichtung, £-rendering impervi­ (hydraulics) ous; waterproofing abwalzen, v-to compact with roller Abdrehen, n-turning off; turning Abwasser, n-waste water; sewage (in lathe) Abzweigung, £-branch Abbessinierbrunnen, m-well with Achse, £-axis; axle p erforated pipe casing Achsenkreuz, n-origin; intersection Abfangsystem, n-intercepting of axes system achsensymmetrisch, adj .-sy m met ri- Abfangung, £-underpinning ca l about an axis Abfassen, n-benclin g; beveling; Aehnlichkeit, £-similarity; similitude catching Ahornholz, n-maple-woocl abfl.iessen, v-to flow off Akkumulator, m-storage battery Abfl.uss, m-clischarge; runoff Aktiengesellschaft, £-stock-company Abfl.usshohe, £-discharge depth (or head) Alhidade, f-aliclad e; upper plate of transit Abfuhr, £-hauling away; removal Amboss, m-anvil Abfuhrziffer, £-discharge coeffi cient Anbau, m-annex; addition to struc­ Abgabe, £-expense; royalty ture abgestumpft, acl j.-clull ed; truncated; anbohren, v-to drill; to bore blunted Anbohrapparat, m- boring rig; drill­ Abhangigkeit, f-clepencl ency ing device Abla gerung, £-deposition Angebot, n-offer; b id; supply Abmessung, £-dimension Angriffspunkt, m-point of applica­ Abrninderung, £-reduction tion (of attack) Abnutzbarkeit, £-wearing quali ty Anker, m-ancho r abrarnrnen, v-to ram; to tamp Ankerschraube, £-anchor screw Abrichtmaschine, £-pla ning machine (bolt) Abrieb, m-wear; scour; abrasion Anlage, £-plant; layout; establish­ Absatz, m-cleposit; sedim ent; ledge; ment stair la nding Anlauf, 111-slope; incline; start of Abscheren, n-shearing run Abschlagzahlung, £-part-payment; anrnachen, v-to attach; to prepare; payment in installments to mix abschleifen, v-to grind (clown); to Anrnerkung, £-annotatio n mill; to finish; to tear cl own (old Ansa tz, m-mouthpiece; orifice- buildin gs) piece; start; deposit Abschliff, m-wear; scour Anschlag, m-blow; estimate abschrecken, v-to quench (hot Anschluss, 111-junction; connection metal) Ansicht, £-view; elevation absenken, v-to sink ; to drop Anstauchung, £-upsetting (encl of Absenkung, £-settlement bar) absetzen, v-to deposit Anstreicher, m-painter Abstand, m-clistance; spacing; Anstrich, m-coating; fin ish; interval covering GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 7

Anstrengung, £-stress; effort Auftritt, m-tread; tread width Antrieb, m-impulse; motive power (of stairs) Anzug, m-approach; taper; incline Aufzug, m-hoist; elevator Apparat, m-apparatus; equipment; Ausbeulung, £-buckling (of plates) instrument; device Ausbildung, £-shaping; training; Ar, n-metric unit of area equal to education 100 square meters Ausbreiteprobe, £-flow test Arbeit, £-work; energy ausdehnen, v-to stretch Arbeiter, m-workman; laborer ausfliessen, v-to flow out Arbeitsfuge, £-construction jo int Ausfluss, 111-discharge Arbeitsvermogen, n-capacity for Ausfiihrung, f-execu ti on ; performing work construction Ausgleichung, £-balancing; adjust­ Arm, m-arm; spoke (of wheel) ing (by method of least squares) Armierung, £-reinforcement Aushub, m-excavated material; Asphaltkitt, m-asphalt-putty excavati on Ast, m-branch; knot (in timber) auskleiden, v-to cover; to line; to At.-See "Atmosphare" pave Atmosphare, £-atmosphere; Ausklinkung, £-copin g or blocking atmospheric pressure (of steel beams) Auskragung, £-bracket; projection; auf, prep.-on; upon; in; toward cantilever Aufbereitung, £-preparation ausladen, v-to unload; to project Aufbeton, m-concrete (slab) Ausladung, £-unloading; projection topping Auslaufbauwerk, n-outlet structure aufbiegen, v-to bend up Ausleger, m-cantilever Aufgabe, £-problem ; task; resignation Ausrollgrenze, £-plastic limit (Atterberg) Auflager, n-support; abutment Ausschachtung, £-excavation Auflagerkraft, £-reacti on (on support) ausschalen, v-to remove forms Auflast, £-surcharge (load) ausschliesslich, prep-with exceptio n of auflockern, v-to loosen Ausschreibung, [-advertising Aufpreis, m-price-extra (added to (for bids) base price) Ausschubdruck, m-squeezing-out aufpropfen, Y-to graft; to spli ce pressure aufreiben, v-to ream; to destroy Ausschuss, m-com mittee; board; aufreissen, v-to tear open; to rip; rejection; waste to take up Aussenhautdichtung, f-mem brane Aufreisshammer, m-(pneumalic) waterproofing hammer for wrecking; "payement aussermittig, ach·.-eccentricall y breaker" aussteifen, v-to stiffen; to brace Aufriss, m-elevation; sketch Aussteifung, f-reinforcing; sti ffen- Aufschluss, m-information; in g; stiffener (on ·web of plate indication girder) Auftauung, £-thawing auswerten, v-to e,·alu ate; to Auftrag, m-contract; fill (in interpret earthwork) Autobahn, f-(main) automobile Auftraggeber, m-employer; one highway who has work done by contract Axt, f-ax Auftragnehmer, m-contractor Azetylene-Sauerstoffschweissung, f­ Auftrieb, m-buoyancy; uplift oxy-acetylene welding 8 ILLINOIS ENGINEERI NG EXPERIMENT STATION

Bach, m-brook; creek Beamter, m-(public) o fficia l Backstein, m- brick Beanspruchung, £-stress; demand Bagger, m-dredge; excavating Becher, m-cup; bucket machine Becken, n-basin; pool ; po nd ba ggern, v-to dredge Bedarf, m- need ; requirement Bahn, £-road; course; path Bedienungssteg, m-service walkway Balken, m-beam Befehlsraum, m-contro l room Balkenprobe, £-beam test Befestigung, £-anchorage; attach- Balkon, m-balco ny m ent; protectio n; reinforcem ent; Band, n- band ; tape revetment; fortificat io n Band, m-volume (book) Befestigungswinkel, m-connectio n Bandeisen, n-steel flat (strip of angle small rectang ular sectio n) Behalter, m - tank; container Bankett, n-side slo pe bei, prep.-in the case o f; at; near; Barenfalle, £-bear tra p with Basis, £-base; base line ; basis Beil, n- hatchet Bau, m-structure ; constructio n Beilage, £-supplem ent; appendix bauen, v-to bui ld; to construct Beimischung, £-admixture Baubeho rde, £-(public) buildin g Beispiel, n-exa mp Ie authorities Beisszange, [-pincers ; pli e r ~ Bau fiihrer, m-constructio n Beitragsflache, £-contributing superintendent (drainage) area Baugewerkschule, £-technical school Beiwert, m-coeffi cient; fa cto r below university g rade in which Bekronungsdreieck, n-triangular constru ct io n practice rather than sectio n added to to p o f triangular theory is taught dam to provide a ho rizo ntal crest Baugrube, f-exca\·ati o n (for Belag, m- paving ; covering structure) belasten, v-to loarl Baugrund, m-foundatio n soil Belastung, f-loading Bauherr, m-owner (o f project Bela stungsziffer, f-load factor under construction) belebter Schlamm, m-activated Bauingenieur, m-civ il engineer sludge Baukontrolle, £-jo b control; Beleuchtung, £- illumination inspection Beliiftung, £-ventilation; aeration Baukunst, f-art of construction; architecture Bemessung, £-dimensio n; determinatio n o f size Bauleiter, m-constructio n superintendent benetzen, v-to wet; to sprinkle Baulinie, £-building line benutzen, v-to use Baumast, m-derrick pole ; branch Benzin, n- gasoline of tree Beobachtung, f-obsen·atio n Bauplat z, m-constructio n site berasen, v-to sod Baupolizei, £-(public) building berechnen, v-to compute a utho rities Berechnung, £-computation; Bauprogramm, n-building program; calculatio n construction schedule Berechnungshochwasser, n­ Baustelle, £-co nstruction site compu ted hig h wate r Baustoff, rn-construction material Beregnung, £-sprinklin g Bauunternehmer, m-building Bergakademie, £-school of mines (general) contractor (o f university g rade) Bauwerk, n-structure Bergbau, m-mining Bauwesen, n-co nstructio n engineer­ Bergmann, m-miner ing (or industry) Bergrecht, n-mining law GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 9

Bergsturz, m-land slide Blei, n- lcad Bergwerk, n-mine Bleistift, m- pcncil berieseln, v-to sprinkle ; to spray; Bleiweiss, n-whitc lead (to irrigate) Bock, m-framc; bent; trestle Berme, £-berm Boden, m- Aoor; soil besamen, v-to seed Bodenart, f-typc of soil Beschaffenheit, £-composition; Bodenmechanik, f-soils m echani cs state; conditio n Bodenphysik, £-soils physics beschleunigen, v-to accelerate Bodensatz, m-scdimcnt Beschleunigung, £-acceleration Bodenverfestigung, f-soil besichtigen, v-to v iew; to inspect stabili zati o n Bestandteil, m-component; Bogen, m-arc; arch ingredient Bogenmass, n- m casurcm cnt 111 bestimmen, v-to specify; to radians determine Bohle, f-plank Bestimmung, £-determination; purpose Bohrer, m- drill; auger Bestimmungen, f (pl.)-specifica- Bohrmehl, n- drill dust from borin g tions; code; o rdinance Bohrstange, £-drill rod Beton, m-concrete Bohrturm, 111-frame of boring rig betonieren, v-to concr ete Bolzen, 111-bolt; pin Betonkipper, m-co ncrete buggy Bolzenlager, n- hingcd suppo rt Betonstein, 111-concrete block· Boschung, £-slope; incline; side artificial sto ne ' slope Betriebszeit, £-operatio n period Boschungswinkel, m-ang lc o f slope; Bett, n-bed; base ang le of repose Bettungsziffer, £-ratio o f soil pres­ Brandvorrat, m-watcr stored for sure to settlem ent fire fi ghting Bewasserung, £-irrigati o n Braunkohle, £-li g nite Bewegungsgrosse, £-mom entum; Brecheisen, n-wrccking bar; pinch (amount of movement) bar Beweis, m-proof Brecher, m- brcakc r; crushing machine Bewertung, f-evalu ation Brei, 111-paste bewehren, v-to rein force; to strengthen Brennpunkt, m-focal point Bewehrung, f-rei n forcemen t Brennstoff, m- fucl Bezeichnung, £-desig natio n; mark Brennweite, £-focal length Bezugsachse, £-reference axis Bruch, m- rupture; fai lure; quarry; bezw., adv.-see bzw. fraction biegen, v-to bend Bruchstein, m- quarry stone Biegung, £-bending ; fl exure Briicke, £-bridge biegungsfest, adj.-moment resisting Brunnen, m-wcll Bimsstein, m-pumice stone Brunnenkranz, m-cutting edge at Bindemittel, n-cementing agent bottom of well casing bindig, adj.-cohesive Brunnenschalung, £-well linin g (casing) Binder, m-frame; bent ; truss; header (brick) Briistung, £-railin g Bindezeit, f-time o f set Buchenholz, n-beech-wood Birkenholz, n-birch-wood Biigel, m-stirrup; tic Blech, n-sheet m etal; p late Biigelteilung, £-stirrup spacin g Blechbalken, m-plate g irder Biirgersteig, m-sidcwalk Blechtrager, m-plate gi rder Buhne, f-groin ; breakwater 10 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

Bundesbahn, £-(Swiss) federal Dienststeg, m-service walkway railway Differdingertrager, m-wide-flanged Bunker, m-bin; small fortification steel I-beam Buschwehr, n- brush w eir D. I. N., £-(Deutsche lndustrie Bussole, £-(magnetic) compass N ormen) German Industrial bzw., adv.-(beziehungsweise); or as Standards the case may be; respectively Dipl.Ing., m-(Diplom lngenieur) degree awarded upon graduation from tec hnical university Dach, n-roof Diplom, n-diploma; certificate Dachbinder, m-roof truss; roof bent Doppelbiegung, £-bending in two directions Dachdecker, m-roofer doppelschnittig, adj.-with double Dachhaut, £-roofing; roof sheathing cross-section (as a U-stirrup) Dachkehle, £-(roof) vall ey Doppel-T-Eisen, n-1-beam Dachpappe, £-roofing felt ; roll Dorn, m-thorn; peg; pin roofing Dr.Ing., m-(Doktor lngenieur) de­ Dachstuhl, m-roof truss; roof gree following that of Dipl.Ing. framing and obtained a fter further work Damm, m-embankment; (earth) at a technical university dam Dr.tech.Wiss., m-(Doktor der tech­ Daube, £-stave nischen Wissenschaften) Doctor Dauerversuch, m-endurance test; of Technical Sciences fatigue test Draht, m-wire Decke, £-slab; ceiling Drahtglas, n-wire glass Deckel, m-cover; lid Drahtschotter, m-crushed rock DeckfUiche, £-top surface; top area wrapped in wire mesh (for Deckschicht, £-surface layer; top river control work) stratum Drahtseilbahn, £-(wire) cableway Deckwalze, £-surface roll er Drahtverhau, m-(barbed) wire (hydraulics) barrier Deckwinkel, m-splice angle Drall, m-angular momentum; rifling Degebo, £-(Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Bodenmechanik) German So­ Draufsicht, £-plan; top view ciety for Soil Mechanics Drehachse, £-axis of rotation dehnen, v-to stretch; to expand Drehbank, £-lathe Dehnfuge, £-expansion joint drehen, v-to rotate; to turn (in lathe) Dehnmass, n-strain magnitude; modulus o f elasti ci ty Drehkante, £-edge about which rotation takes place Dehnung, £-elongation; deforma­ tion; strain Drehpunkt, m-center of rotation Drehschaufel, £-turbine vane Dehnungslinie, £-stress-strain (or bucket) curve; strain curve Drehscheibe, £- turntable Dehnungszahl, £-strain coefficient Drehsinn, m-direction o f rotation (reciprocal of modulus of elasticity) Drehstrom, m-three-phase a lternating current Deich, m-dike; levee Drehung, £-torsion; rotation Deviationsmoment, n-product of Dreieck, n-triangle inertia (f xyda) Dreifuss, m-tripod Dichtdruck, m-leakage-pressure Dreigelenkbogen, m-three-hinged Dichtigkeit, £-density arch Dichtung, £-waterproofing; Dreistrom, m-three-phase current compacting; rendering impervious Drempel, m-sill for sealin g base of Diele, £-plank gates GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 11

Drillung, f-twist eifOrmig, adj.-egg-shapcd Drosselklappe, f-choke (flap, check) Eigengewicht, n-dead load valve Eigenti.imer, m-owner D. R . P ., n-(Deutsches R eichs Eimerkettenbagger, m-bucket-con- Patent) German patent vcyor excavator (or dredge) Druck, m-pressu re; compressio n ; Einbettungstiefe, f-depth of cmbed­ print m ent ; covering o f bars dri.icken, v-to press Einbrandtiefe, f- penctration o f Druckfestigkeit, f-comprcssi\·e burning (o r fu sion) strength einbringen, v-to place; to in sert Druckhohe, f-pressure head Einfallschacht, m-drop shaft Druckkasten, m-pneumatic caisson Einflusslinie, f-influence line Drucklinie, f-pressure line; eingespannt, adj.-with fi xed ends hydraulic gradient Einheit, f-unit Druckmesser, m-prcssure gage Einlassti.ick, n-inscrt Druckrohr, n-pressure pipe; Einlauf, 111-intakc; inlet pen stock Einlaufbauwerk, n- intake structure Druckstoss, m-water-hammcr Einlaufgitter, n-trash rack Druckversuch, m-pressurc test; Einrichtung, f- furnishing; compression test equipment; equipping Druckverteilung, f-pressu re einschiffig, adj.-(building) with one distribution aisle Di.ibel, m-dowel einschliesslich, prep.-including Di.icker, m-invertcd sipho n einschnittig, adj.-(bolt o r rivet) in durch, prep.-by; throug h; across sin g le shear; w ith single cross­ Durchbiegung, f-d efl ect io n section Einschni.irung, f-c hoking : narrow- Durchfluss, m-dischargc in g down; neckin g; contractio n Durchgangsprofil, n-c lea ra n cc Einschluss, m-inclu sion diag ra m Einspannung, f-restraint (at ends) Durchlass, m-culvcrt Einspannungsmoment, n-(fixed) durchHi.ssig, adj.-permeable end mo ment Durchlaufbalken, m-continuous einstampfen, Y-to tamp; to rod; to beam ram durchlaufend, adj.-continuous Einsteigschacht, m- man-hole Durchmesser, m-diamctcr Einsturz, m-coll apse durchnassen, v-to saturate; to wet einsti.irzen, Y-to coll apse through Einzellast, f-concentrated load durchstechen, v-to pierce Einzelheit, f-detail Durchstich, m-cutoff; intercepting cut Einzugsgebiet, n-drainage area; watershed Di.ise, f-nozzlc; o rifi ce Eiquerschnitt, m-egg-shaped Dynamik, f-dy na mics secti on Eisbaum, 111-fl oatin g ice-boom Ebbe, f-l ow tide (or barricade) Ebene, f-p la ne (surface) Eisen, n-iron; (steel) Eichen, n-calibration Eisenbahn, £-railroad Eichenholz, n-oak-wood Eisenbau, m-(iron) steel Eichpfahl, m-calibratio n post; m o n­ constructio n ument fi x ing maximum pennis­ Eisenbeton, 111-rcinfo rced concrete sible elevatio n o f reservo ir water Eiseneinlage, f-steel reinforcement; surface steel in sert 12 ILLI NOI S ENGI NEERING E X PERIMENT STATION

Eisengehalt, m-iron content ; steel Erfahrenheit, f-skill ; experi ence a rea (in reinforced concrete Erfahrungszahl, f-coeffi cien t (from section) experiment o r experi ence) Eisenhochbau, m- (iron ) steel erfinden, v- to invent skeleton construction Erfindung, £- invention Eisenliste, £-steel li st ; ba r li st (schedule) Erfolg, 111-success; result Eisstoss, m-ice jam ; ice im pact Ergebnis, n- result Eistrieb, m- ice fl ow ergebnislos, adj.-without result; fruitless Elastizitat, £-elasticity Erhartungsprobe, £- hardening test Elastizitatsgesetz, n-Hook e's law (or sample) Elastizitatsmass, n- m odulus of Erlenholz, n-alder-wood elasti city erheblich, adj.-considerable Elastizitatsmodul, m-modulus of elasti city Ermiidungsfestigkeit, £- fatigue strength Elastizitatszahl, £- m odulus of elasticity Ersatz, m-com pe nsation ; substitute Elektrotechnik, £-elec t rical eng ineering Erscheinung, [-phen om eno n ; a ppeara nce Elektrotechniker, 111-electrical engin eer ; electricia n Erschiitterung, f-shock Emscherbrunnen, m- Imho ff ta nk ersetzen, v-to replace Endfeld, n-end span Ersparnis, £-savin g Energie, £-energy Erwerb, m-acqu1 s1t1 on; earnings; Energievernichter, m-energy industry; occupation dissipator Eschenholz, n-ash-wood Entdeckung, £- discovery Estrich, m-(fl oor) fi nish enteisnen, v-to rem ove iron entharten, v-to soften Fabrik, £-facto ry entkeimen, v-to destroy (rem ove) Fachleute, m (pl.)-trained wo rkers; bacteria experts Entlastung, £- relief; rem oval of Fachmann, rn-expert load Fachwerk, n- trussing; framing; Entlastungswehr, n-spillway w eir truss entliiften, v-to rem ove air; Fachwerktrager, m-truss (to ventila te) falten, v-to fo ld Entnahmeturm, m-outlet tow er Fahrbahn, £-roadway Entsandung, f- desil ting ; removal Fahre, f- ferry of sand Fahrstuhl, m-elevato r (cabin) Entschadigung, £-com pen sati on Fahrwasser, n-navigati on cha nnel entwassern, v-to unwa ter ; to drain Falle, £-sluice gate ; tra p; leaf Entwurf, m-sketch ; outline; design Fassoneis~n, n-roll ed steel m em ber Erdbau, m-earthwork ; earth con- struction ; (soil s m echa nics) Fassung, £-capacit y; holder Ertle, f-earth ; ground ; soil faulen, v-to rot; to decompose Erddruck, m-(active) earth pressure Faulgas, n-gas gi,·cn off during decomposition erdfeuchte (Betonmasse), a dj.-(con- crete) o f low water content ; damp Feder, £-spring; spline ; pen; feather Erdwiderstand, m-(passive) earth pressure ; resista nce offered by Federkonstante, £-elasti city earth to bein g di spl aced consta nt erfahren, v- to experi ence ; to learn federnd, adj.-elastic erfahren, adj.-skilled ; experi enced ; Federring, m-split lock-washer expert Fehler, rn-er ror ; flaw GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 13

Feile, f-file Flansch, m-flange Feinblech, n-thin (under 4.5 mm) Flaschenzug, m-block a nd pull ey metal plate Fliehkraft, £-centrifugal force Feld, n-field; span Fliese, £-flagstone; wall-tile Feldmitte, £-center of span Fliessand, m-quicksancl Feldweite, £-span (dimension) Riessen, v-to fl ow Fels, m-rock Fliessen, n-flowing; fl ow with ve­ Felsblock, m-boulder locity less than the critical value Fenster, n-window Fliessgrenze, f-flow li mit; yield point Fensterstollen, m-lateral tunnel used to permit access to or driving Fliessprobe, £-flow test; flow o f main tunnel from intermediate sample points Flockenbildung, f-floccu latio n ; Fenstersturz, m-lintel beam over coagul a ti on window flockig, adj.-fiaky Fenstertrager, m-lintel beam over Floss, n-raft window Flossfeder, £-timber float at end of Fensteriiberlage, £-lintel beam over raft pass to prevent scouring of window channel bed Fernrohr, n-telescope Flossgasse, £-raft channel (or pass) fest, adj.-establi shed; firm; fixed Rott, adv.-afioat Festigkeit, £-strength Flottwassertiefe, £-vertical distance Festigkeitslehre, £-theoretical between ship bottom and channel m echanics bed Festpunkt, m-fixed point; Fluchtlinie, £-building line anchorage Fliigel, m-wing; curre nt meter Festungsbau, m-fortification Flughafen, m-air field; ai rport Fettfang, m-grease trap Flugtechnik, £-aeronautics feucht, adj.-moist; damp Fluss, m-river; stream; fusion Feuchteschreiber, rn-humidity Flusseisen, n-mild steel recorder Fliissigkeit, £-fluid Feuchtigkeit, £-moisture; humidity Flusstahl, rn-milcl steel Feuer, n-fire Flut, £-high tide; high water feuerfest, adj.-fireproof Fohrenholz, n-fir-woocl Feuerhahn, m-fireplug; fire Folgerung, £- deduction ; inference; hydrant conclu sion feuern, v-to fire Forderanlage, £-conveyor system Feuerpfosten, rn-fireplug; fire Fordermenge, £-discharge; quantity hydrant being transported Feuerprobe, f-fire test fOrdern, v-to promote; to advance; feuersicher, adj.-fireproof; fire- to transport resistant Form, £-form; shape; mold Fichtenholz, n-pine-wood Formanderung, £-deformation filtern, v-to fi lter Format, n-form; shape; size Filterrohr, n-perforated (well ) pipe Formeisen, n-special steel (or iron) Firma, f-firm; company bar First, rn-(roof) ridge Formel, £-formula Fischpass, m-fish ladder Formstiick, n-(pipe) fitti ng; special Flacheisen, n-rectangular o r square shape (steel) bars; fiats forschen, v-to search (for); to Flache, £-area; su rface; plane investigate Flankennaht, £-side seam ; side w eld Forschung, £-research 14 ILLIN OIS ENGINEERING EXPERIME NT STATION

Fortschritt, m- p rogress Gefrierverfahren, n- freezing process fortsetzen, v-to continue Gefiige, n- texture; structure ; Fortsetzung, £-continuatio n (j o ints) fraglich, adj.-questi onable ; doubtful gegen, prep.-a gainst; towards Frasmaschine, £- milling m achine Gegenbild, n-counterpart frei, adj.-free; independent; Gegengewicht, n-counterweight unrestrained gegenseitig, a dj.-mutual; reciprocal Freilange, £-unsupported length ; Gehre, £- mit re; bevel span Gehweg, m-sidewalk ; pa th Freispiegelstollen, m- no n-pressure gekornt, a dj.-granula ted t unnel Gelande, n-countryside ; region; Freitrager, m-simple beam topography ; terrain Freiwasser, n-clear water Gelander, n- railing Froschklappe, £-specia l fl ap valve Geleise, n-track friihhochfest, a dj.-of hi gh early Gelenk, n- hinge; link ; a rticulation strength Gemenge, n- mix ture Fuge, £- joint ; seam gemischt, a dj .-mixed Fuhre, £-wagon ; car t; cart load gemischtkornig, a clj .-of various Fiillbeton, m- lean concrete used g rain sizes because of w eight or to fill space genau, a dj.-accurate; preci se Fiillschwall, m-water b ore Genietruppen, f (p l. )-eng ineer Fiillstab, m- web m ember (of truss) t roops Fiillung, £-filling; capacity Geodasie, £-geodesy Fiillungsstab, m- w eb m ember (of Geolog, m-geologist truss) Geometer, m-geom et ricia n; Fundament, n-founda ti on surveyor Fundierung, £-founda ti on gerade, adj.-straight ; direct Funke, m-spark Gerade, £-straig ht lin e Furt, £-ford; crossin g; point of Gerat, n-equipment; tools sha ll ow depth of "Talweg" be­ tween reversed curves in river Gerberei, £-tannery course Gerbsaure, f-ta nnic acid Fussplatte, £-base pl ate Gerbertrager, m-cantileve: st;uc- ture · continuous beam with inflec­ Futterblech, n- fill plate tion ' points fi xed by insertio_n of Futterrohr, n-casin g pipe hinges a nd staticall y determina te externa lly Gang, m- procedure ; p rogress; pitch (of thread) ; variatio n (of a curve) gering, a dj.-trifling ; unimpo rtant; sma ll ; low Ganghohe, £- pitch (o f thread or Gerinne, n- ditch ; gutter ; channel; spiral) flum e Gasschmelzschweissung, £-gas (oxy­ Geruchsverschluss, m-odor-seal acety lene ) w elding Geriist, n-sca ffo ld ; trestle ; frame Gebaude, n-building Gesamtstoss, m-total impact; com- Gebiet, n-district ; territory ; fie ld plete splice a t one section (of study ) Gesamtunternehmer, m-general gebrauchen, v- to use; to employ contractor Gebrauchsanweisung, £- instruction s Geschaft, n- busin ess (for use) geschehen, v-to happen; to occur Gebrauchsspannung, £- w o rking geschickt, a dj .- ski l lfu 1 st ress Geschiebe, n-sedimentary material Gebiihren, f (pl.)-fees transported alo ng stream bed by Gefalle, n-slope fl owing water ; bed load; g ravel gefrieren, v- to freeze and small boulders ; detritus GERMA N -ENGLISH GLOSSARY 15

Geschoss, n-story (of building); Gleitwiderstand, m-resistance to projectile sliding Geschwindigkeit, £-velocity; speed Glied, n-member Gesell, m-journeyman Glimmer, m-mica Gesims, n-cornice Gliihverlust, m-loss on igmt10n gespiilt, adj.-washed; hydraulic (fill G. m. b. H ., f-(Gesellschaft mit dam) beschrankter Haftung) Gestaltung, £-shape; state incorporated company Gestein, n-rock Graben, m-ditch; trench Gestell, n-frame; scaffold graben, v-to dig Getriebe, n-drive; motive power; Greifbagger, m-single-bucket machinery excavator Gewerbe, n-trade; profession; Grenze, f-li mit; boundary occupation Grenzspannung, £-limiting stress; Gewerkschaft, £-trade union edge stress Gewicht, n-weight Greytrager, m-wide-flanged structural steel I-beam Gewichtsstaumauer, £-gravity dam grob, adj.-approximate; coarse Gewinde, n-thread (on screw); winding; worm gear Grobblech, n-thick (over 4.5 mm) metal plate Gewolbe, n-arch; vaulted ceiling Grosstmoment, n-maximum Gewolbe-Reihensperre, f-multiple- moment arch dam Grube, £-pit; excavation; mine gewunden, adj.-coiled; twisted Grundablass, m-low-lcvel outlet; Gezeiten, f (pl.)-tide sluice Giesserei, £-foundry Grundanstrich, m-base coat of Gips, m-gypsum; plaster paint; shop coat Gitter, n-lattice; screen; rack Grundbruch, m-foundation failure Glaser, m-glazier Grundbuch, n-register of la nd Glashiitte, £-glass-works ownership glatt, adj.-smooth; even Grundlage, £-basis; underlying prin­ Gleichartigkeit, £-similarity; ciple; fundamental uniformity; homogeneity Grundlinie, £-base line Gleichgewicht, n-equilibrium; Grundplatte, f-base plate; bearing balance plate; base slab Gleichgewichtspunkt, m-center of Grundpreis, m-base price; cost of gravity land gleichlaufend, adj.-parallel; m the Grundriss, m-plan (drawing); same direction outline Gleichrichter, m-rectifier Grundschwelle, £-base-sill (for gleichschenkelig, adj.-(angle) of maintaining elevation of chan­ equal legs nel bed) Gleichstrom, m-direct current Grundstiick, n-parcel of land; lot Gleichung, £-equation Grund taster, m-sounding device; Gleis, n-track sounding rod gleiten, v-to slide; to slip; to shear Griindung, £-foundation; Gleitflache, £-surface of sliding (of establishment slipping) Grundwasser, n-ground water Gleitlager, n-sliding bearing Grundwasserabsenkung, £-lowering Gleitlinie, f-line of slip of ground water; (well-point Gleitmass, n-shearing modulus of method) elasticity; (amou nt o f slip) Grun_dwehr, n-submerged weir; low Gleitung, £-slippage; (ang le of) weir shearing deformation Grundzug, m-outline; characteristic 16 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

Grus, m-a fine gravel; (coal-slack) Heimpfahl, m-monument fixi ng Gummi, m-rubber maxim um permissible elevation of reservoir water su rface Gurt, m-belt; strap; chord (of truss or girder) heizen, v-to warm; to heat GurtfOrderer, m-band conveyor Heizung, £-heating Gurtplatte, £-chord p late; cover Hektar, n-metric unit of area equal plate to 10,000 square meters or 2.47 1 Gutachten, n-judgement; op1n1 on; acres report by expert Helling, f-(ship) slip; ways Giiterwagen, m-(railroad) freight Herdmauer, £-cutoff wall car herstellen, v-to manufacture; to Gussbeton, m-cast concrete; con- produce crete sufficiently wet to flow Herstellungssumme, f-cost of pro­ Gusseisen, n-cast iron duction (of building) Gussrohr, n-cast (iron) pipe Hilfsarbeiter, rn-helper; laborer Gusstiick, n-casting Hilfsdamm, m-cofferdam; auxil iary embankment H ackboden, m-soil that may be ex- Hilfskraft, £-auxiliary force; assist- cavated by use of a pick ance; temporary employee H acke, f-adze; pick Hobel, m-planing tool; p lane H aft, £-clamp; tie Hochbahn, £-elevated railroad haften, v-to bond; to adhere (to) Hochbau, m-construction above ground surface H aftspannung, £-bond stress Hochdruck, m-high pressu re Hahn, m-faucet; stopcock; valve Hochhaus, n-tall building; Haken, m-hook skyscraper Halbmesser, m-radius Hochofen, m-blast furnace Halbrundniet, n-rivet with button Hochofenzement, m-cement con­ head sisting of Portland cement and H alter, m-clamp; t ie fine ly ground b last furnace slag H ammer, m-hamrner Hochschule, £-university H ammerwerk, n-forge-shop Hochstwert, m-maximum value H andbetrieb, m-manual operation Hochwasser, n-high-water (level); ha~delsiiblich, adj.-of commercial flood size Hof, m-courtyard; farm Handwerker, m-manual worker Hohe, £-height; a ltitude Hangebriicke, £-suspension bridge Hohlstein, m-holl ow tile (or block) Harteprobe, £-hardness test Holz, n-wood; timber Hartungsmittel, n-hardening agen t Hosenrohr, n-pipe-Y Haue, £-mattock; pick Hubtor, n-vertical-lift gate Hauptachse, £-principal axis Hiittenkunde, £-metall urgy H auptschnitt, rn-principal section ; Hiittenwerk, n-(steel) mill s; section o n which principal st ress foundry occurs Hundertsatz, m-percentage Hauptspannung, £-principal stress Hundertstel, n-one-hundredth Haus, n-house; bu ilding; firm part; percent Hebel, m-lever H .W.-see "Hochwasser" Hebemaschine, £-hoisting machine Hyperbel, £-hyperbola Heber, m-siphon heben, v-to li ft; to raise; to heave Kachel, f-wall-tile Hebung, £-raisin g; (frost) heavin g Kai, m-wharf; quay Heftniet, n-"sti tch" rivet; rivet not Kalk, rn-lime transmitting a force Kaltbiegeprobe, £-cold-bending test GERMAK-EKGLISH GLOSSARY 17

Kaltemaschine, £-refrigerating Klaranlage, f-clarification (or fil- machine ter) plant; sewage treatment plant Kamm, rn-ridge (of hills); comb Klebegrenze, £-limit of adhesion Kam!)fer, rn-(arch) abutment o r kleben, v-to adhere (to); to glue spnng1n g Klei, m-clay Kanai, rn-canal; conduit; sew er klein, adj.-small; little; minor Kanalisation, f-sewerage ; sewer Kleinpflaster, n-pavern ent o f small system cobblestones in interlocking Kante, £-edge pattern Kardatsche, £-screed; striking edge Kleinschlag, m-finely crushed rock Karte, £-chart; map; card Kleintriangulation, £-triangulation Kassettenplatte, f-precast (con- network not of primary o rder crete) slab unit Kleister, rn-paste Kastentrager, m-box-girder Klemme, £-clamp Kautschuk, rn-rubber KlemmJange, £-clamped length; Kegel, rn-cone g rip (of rivet) Kehle, £-throat Klempner, rn-sheet-m etal worker Kehlnaht, £-throat seam; fillet w eld Kloake, £-sewer Kehlung, f-!taunch (o f beam); Kloben, rn-block ; Yise; pull ey moulding Klotz, rn-(massive) block Keil, rn-wedge; key klumpig, adj.-lurnpy keilen, v-to wedge Knagge, £-ledger; bracket; short Kelle, £-trowel; ladle projection Keller, rn-cell ar; basem ent knapp, adj.-scanty; narrow; brief Kennziffer, £-coefficient; numerical Knick, m-crack; defect characteristi c knicken, v-to buckle (column) Ker be, f- notch ; indentatio n KnickJange, £- unsupported length Kern, rn-core; kern over which buckling occurs; ef­ Kernholz, n-heartwood fective length Kernmauer, f-core-wall Knickung, f-bu cklin g Kessel, m-kettle; boiler Knopf, rn-butto n Kesselblech, n-boiler-plate Knoten, m-knot Kette, £-chain Knotenblech, n-gusset plate; con­ necti on plate Kettenbriicke, £-chain (suspension) bridge Knotenpunkt, rn-truss (or frame) joint; junction Kettenlinie, f-catenary curve Kochprobe, £-boilin g test Kieferholz, n-pine-wood Kohasion, £-cohesion Kies, m-gravel Kohle, f-coal Kiesel, m-silica; flint; pebble Kohlensaure, £-carbonic acid Kieselgur, f-infusorial earth Kohlenstoff, m-carbon Kiessand, m-(natural) mix ture of sand a nd gravel Koks, m-coke Kieselsaure, f-silicic acid Kolben, m-pisto n ; mallet; club kippen, v-to tip Kolk, m-scour (of channel b ed) Kipplager, n-rocker bearing; Kolkabwehr, f-scour prevention hinged bearing Kolleg, n-seri es of (university) Klamm, f-gukh lectures Klammer, m-clamp; parenthesis Kollege, m-coll eague Klappe, £-flap; butterfly valve Kolmation, f-depositio n o f soil Klapptor, n-flap-gate; gate pivot- from flowin g water in g about horizontal axis a long Kompass, m-com pass base konisch, adj.-conical 18 ILLINOIS ENGINEERI NG EXPERIMENT STAT ION konnen, v-to be able; to k now; to kreuzen, v-to cross; to intersect understand kreuzweis, adj.-crosswise; two-way Konsole, £-bracket Krone, f-crown; crest Konsoltrager, m-cantilever beam Kropfung, £-crimping konstruieren, v-to construct ; to krumm, adj.-crooked; bent; curved build Kriimmer, m-(pipe) elbow; bend Konstrukteur, m-detailer; builder krummlinig, adj.-curvilinear Kontrakt, m-contract Kriimmung, £-bend; curve Kopf, m-head; top Kriimmungshalbmesser, m-radius Kopfplatte, £-cover plate of curvature Korn, n-grain (of sand); corn; Kugel, £-sphere; ball gun-sight kugelfest, adj.-bullet-proof kornen, v-to granulate; to grind Kugelgelenk, n-ball a nd socket Korngrosse, £-grain size joint Korngrosseneinteilung, £-grain-size Kugellager, n-ball-bearing distribution (support) Kornzusammensetzung, £-grada- Kugelmiihle, £-ball m ill tion (of grain sizc:s) Kugelschieber, m-globc valve Korrektur, £-correction Kiihlanlage, £-refrigeration plant korrigieren, v-to correct kiihlen, v-to cool Kosinus, m-cosine Kiihlraum, m-cold storage room; kosten, v-to cost ; (to taste) cooling chamber Kraft, £-force; power; strength Kulturtechnik, £-improvement of Kraftanlage, £-power plant land for cultivation by means of K raftebene, £-plane of forces irrigation, drainage, soil conser­ K rafteck, n-force diagram; force vation polygon Kunde, m-client; customer Kraftepaar, n-couple; two equa l, Kunde, £-information; knowledge; opposite, parallel, non-colinear science forces Kunst, f-art; skill ; trade; Krafthaus, n-power house profession kraftig, adj.-strong; powerful ; Kunstbau, m-(man-made) vigorous structure Kraftniet, n-rivet transmitting a Kunststein, m-artificial stone force Kupfer, n-copper Kraftplan, m-force diagram Kuppel, £-dome; cupola Kraftwa gen, m-automobile kuppeln, v-to connect; to couple Kraftwerk, n-power plant Kuppelung, £-coupling K ragbalken, m-cantilever beam Kurbel, £-crank Krampe, f-cramp; clamp kurz, adj.-short; brief Kran, m-crane; derrick Kurzschluss, m-short circuit Kranbahn, £-crane-runway Kiiste, £-coast Kreide, f-chalk Kreis, m-circle Lage, £-position; situation; layer Kreisabschnitt, m-circula r segment Lager, n-bearing; support; supply- Kreisausschnitt, m-sector of circle base; camp; layer Kreisbogen, m-circular arc Lagerplatz, m-depot; storage-place (or curve) Lagerung, £-support; storage Kreisel, m-top; gyroscope Land, n-country; land; territory; Kreiselpumpe, £-centrifugal pump soil kreisfOrmig, adj.-circular Landbau, m-agriculture GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 19

Landesaufnahme, £-topographic Leiste, f-strip ; bar; ledger mapping leisten, v-to perform; to do Landkarte, £-(topographic) map Leistung, £-performance; capacity; Landmesser, m-(land) surveyor achievement Landungsbriicke, £-pier; landing leiten, v-to direct; to manage; to stage guide; to lead Landvermessung, £-land survey Lei tung, £-direction; supervision; Landwirtschaft, £-ag riculture conduit ; line Langenschnitt, m-longitudinal Leitwerk, n- tra ining wall; secti on diversion structure Langsschnitt, m-longitudinal Letten, m-clay section Leuchtturm, 111-lighthouse Larssenbohle, f-Larssen sheet-pile Libelle, f-(water or spirit) level Lasche, £-splice-plate; splice licht, adj.-clcar; unobstructed Last, f-load Licht, n-light Lastenzug, m-series of loads Lichbild, n-photograph Lastkahn, m-barge Lichtbogen, m-clectric arc Lastkraftwagen, m-automobile Lieferant, 111-dcalcr delivering truck materials Lastsenkungsdiagramm, n-load- liefern, v-to dcli\·er; to furnish settlement curve Limbus, 111-lower plate of transit Laterne, £-lantern; (roof) monitor Lineal, n-rulcr; straight edge Latte, £- lath ; (surveyor's) rod Linie, £-line; cur\'c Laufer, m-runner; stretcher Linienzug, m-continuous series of (brick) lines Laufgraben, m-trench links, adv.-on (or to) the left L aufkatze, £-crane carriage ; linkssteigend, adj.-inclined to the traveling crab; trolley left; risin g on the left Laufkran, m-traveling crane Linse, f-len s Laufplatte, £-(stair) landing slab Linsenniet, n-countcrsunk rivet Laufwerk, n- m echanism; power with sha ll ow button head plant without storage facilities Loch, n-hole Laufwert, m-peripheral speed of lochen, v-to punch (holes) wheel Lochleibungsdruck, m-(bolt or L a wine, £-land slide; avalanche rivet) bearing pressure Leergeriist, n-scaffold ; centering Lochstein, m-pcrforatcd (brick or (of arch) stone) block legen, v-to place; to put; to lay Lochweite, f-diameter of hole legieren, v-to alloy locker, adj.-loose Legierung, f-all oy Loffel, m-spoon; ladle Lehm, m-loam; mud Loffelbagger, 111-buckct dredge; Lehramt, n-position as teacher; power shovel professorship Loffelbohrer, m-auger Lehre, £- theory; doctrine; (wire) Logarithmus, m-logarithm gage ; centering logisch, adj.-logical Lehrgeriist, n-scaffold; centering Lohn, 111-wages; pay; reward (of arch) Lore, £-cart ; dump-cart; truck Lehrling, m-apprentice loschen, v-to extinguish; to cancel; Lehrplan, m-curriculum to put out; to slake (lime) Leibungsdruck, m-(bolt or rivet) Loschwasser, n-water for fire bearing pressure fighting Leim, m-glue losen, v-to solve ; to loosen 20 ILLINOIS ENGINEERIKG E XPERIMENT STATION

Losung, £-solutio n mathematisch, adj.-mathematical Lot, n-plumb-bob; plummet; Materie, £- matter; material sounding lead matt, adj.-dull; dim lotrecht, adj.-vertical; Mauer, £-(masonry) wall perpendicular Mauerflucht, £- wall line; face of Lotung, £-soldering wall Liicke, £-deficiency; gap Mauerwerk, n- 111a sonry l liickenhaft, adj.-defective; Maurer, m-mason incomplete Mechanik, £-mechanics; m ec hanism Luftblase, f-air bubble Mechaniker, m-mechanicia11 Luftdruck, rn - air pressure; Meeresspiegel, rn -sea-level atmospheric pressure Mehlsand, m-very fine sand ' Liiftung, £-ventilation mehr, adj.-more Lupe, £-magnifying g lass Mehraufwand, m-increased expenditure Maander, rn - meander mehrfach, adj.-repeated; multiple; ma nifold Machart, f- type (o f ma nufacture); brand mehrfeldrig, adj.-with multiple spans machen, v-to make; to ma nufac­ ture; to cause; to produce Meissel, m-chisel Macht, £-power; autho rity meistens, adv.-usually; genera ll y Machtigkeit, £-strength; thickness; Meistgebot, n- hi ghest bid depth Melioration, £-improvement o f land mager, adj.-thin; lean; meagre fo r culti vation by means o f irriga­ tio n; dra inage, soil co nservatio n Magerbeton, m-lean concrete Menge, £-quantity ; crowd mahlen, v-to g rind mengen, v-to mix Mahlfeinheit, £-fineness o f g rinding Mengungsverhaltnis, n- proportio ns Mal, n-sign; characteristic; time o f mix Maler, m-painter Mennig, m- red lead manchmal, adv.-sometimes Mergel, m- rn a rl; clay Mangan, n-manganese Messband, n-surveyo r's tape Mangel, m- lack ; deficiency; defect Messchirm, m-travelin g screen for Mantel, m-case; cover; jacket m easuring discharge of water Mantelblech, n-metal sheet messen, v-lo m easure coverin g Messer, n- knife Mantelreibung, £-skin-frictio n Messer, m- measurer; gage Markscheider, m-(land) surveyo r Messkette, £-surveyor's chain Marmor, m-marble Messkunde, £-surveyin g Marsch, £-marsh Messing, n-brass Maschine, £- machine Messlange, £-length of m easure­ Maschinenarbeiter, m-machinist m ent; ga ge leng th Maschinenbauer, m-manufacturer Messtisch, m-measuring table; of machines; (mechanical plane-table eng in eer) Messuhr, £- dial gage ; dial extenso­ Maschineningenieur, m-mechanical rn eter; pressure capsule t engin eer Messung, £-measurement Mass, n-measure; extent Messwehr, n-calibrated weir for f Masse, f-mass; quantity; bulk measuring di scharge massig, adj.-moderate methodisch, adj.-methodical Masstab, m-scale; m easure metrisch, adj.-metrical Mast, m-pole; mast M.H.W.-see "Mittelhochwasscr" GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 21

minder, adj.-less ; lesser; small er Miillverbrennungsofen, m- mindern, v-to lessen: to diminish incin erator mindest, adj.-least; small est Murgang, m-(wet) land slide Mineralog, m-rnineralogist Mutter, f-nut; (mother) m ischen, v-to mix Mutterboden, m- na tural Mischung, f-mixture (undisturbed) soil Mischweise, f-manner o f mixing M.W .-scc "Mittclwasser" Misserfolg, m-failure nach, prcp.-aftcr; behind; m it, prep.-with accordtng to mitarbeiten, v-to work together; to coll aborate Nacharbeit, £-repair; maintenance Mitte, f-micldle; center Nachgliihen, n-annealing Mittel; n- m cans ; medium N achlasskette, £-extension chain nachpriifen, v-to check; to inspect ; m ittelbar, adj.-indirect to test Mitteldruckanla ge, £-hydroelectric plant o f m odera te head (from nachrechnen, v-to recompute; to about 60 to 160 feet ) check (computatio ns) Mittelhochwasser, n- mcan hi gh- Nachricht, £-report; information; watcr (level) no ti ce Nachrichtentechnik, £-science of Mittelkraft, £-resultant fo rce communicatio ns Mittellinie, f-axis ; center line Nachschlagebuch, n-rcfercnce book Mittelniedrigwasser, n- mcan low- " ·ater (level) nachst, adj.-next ; nearest Mittelpunkt, m-ccnte r nach st, prep.-ncxt to mittels, prep.-by means of Nach teil, m-disadvantage Mittelwasser, n-rnean-water ( level) Nachtrag, m-supplcm ent nachtraglich, adj.-supplcmcntary; Mittelwert, m-avcrage value subsequent; later mittig, adj.-axial; centric N achweis, m-proof mitunter, adv.-occasionally ; now and then nachweisen, v-to indicate; to prove mitw!rken, v-to cooperate ; to N adelwehr, n- nced lc weir assist N agel, m- nail M.N .W .-sec "Mittelniedrigwasser" Nahe, £-nearness ; proximity Modul, m-modulus Naherung, £-approximation; approach moglich, adj.-possible Molkerei, £-dairy N ah t, f-seam; weld N ahtstarke, £-scam size; weld Momentendeckung, £-satisfying o f (throat) dimensio n moment requirements (with re­ gard to the necessary length of nass, adj.-wct cover plates o r tensio n bars) Nasslaufer, m-(watcr) m eter with Momentenflache, £- mom ent area; m echanism and indicato r area under m oment curve operating wet Momentenlinie, £-mom ent curve N at1:1rwissenschaften f (pl.)-natural sciences Momentennullpunkt, m- point of zero m om ent; inflectio n point neben, prcp.-adjacent to ; besid e ; near t Montage, £-erection; m ounting Nebenbalken, m-joist; secondary Montierung, £-setting; fitting; mounting beam f Nebenfluss, m- tributary stream Moor, n-marsh; swamp; bog Ne~engleis , n- (railroad) siding; Mortel, m-mortar side track Mulde, £-trough; ravine Nebenlinie, £-branch (railroad) Mull, n-rubbish; refuse; garbage line 22 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION nebensachlich, adj.-of secondary Nut und Feder, £-splined connec- importance tion; (tongue and groove) Nebenspannung, £-secondary stress nutzbar, adj .-useful; effective ; net neigen, v-to incline ; to bend; to Nutzen, m-use; advantage; profit lean niitzen, v-to be of use Neigung, £-inclination; slope; Nutzhohe, £-effective depth grade (height) nennen, v-to name Nutzlast, f-live load; useful load Nenner, m-denominator niitzlich, adj.-uscful Nennwert, m-nominal value Nutzungsdauer, £-useful life netzen, v-to moisten: to wet N.W.-see "Niederwasser" neu, adj.-new; recent neuerdings, adv.-recently ober, adj.-upper; higher nichtig, adj.-void; invalid Oberbau, m-superstructure; rail- nieder, adj.-low; mean; inferior road track (rails and ti es) Niederdruckanlage, £-hydroelectric Oberflache, f-su rface plant of low (up to 60 feet) head oberflachlich, adj.-superficial Niederschlag, m-rainfall; sediment Oberingenieur, m-chief engineer; Niederspannung, £-low tension engineer-in-charge N iederwasser, n-low-water (level) Oberlicht, n-skylight Niedrigstwasser, n-extreme low Oberwasser, n-head-water; water water upstream of point in question Niet, n-rivet Oeffnung, £-opening; span Nietabstand, 111-rivet spacing (or O fen, m-furnace; oven ; stove pitch) offen, adj.-open; public Nietabzug, 111-deduction o f rivet offenbar, adj.-obvious; evident holes ohne, prep.-without Nietarbeit, £-driving of rivets; Okular, n-eyepiece riveting optisch, adj.-optical Nietbild, n-rivet a rrangement ordnen, v-to arrange ; to put 111 Niveau, n-level order nivellieren, v-leveling ortlich, adj.-locally Norm, £-standard Normalkraft, £-normal force; axial Pappelholz, n-poplar-woocl force Parabel, £-parabola Normalprofil, n-standard cross­ Pech, n-pitch section Pegel, 111-gage-rod; clepth­ Normalspannung, £-direct stress; indicator normal stress Pegelbeziehung, £-relationship be­ Not, £-emergency; need; necessity; tween gage readings at different danger stations Notauslass, 111-emergency outlet Pegelschliissel, 111-rating curve for Notbremse, £-emergency brake gage (discharge plotted against Notfall, m-case of emergency gage reading) Notstand, m-state of emergency Peilung, f-souncling Notstandsarbeiten, f (pl.)- reli ef Peinertrager, m-wide-flangecl steel works I-beam N.P.-see "N ormalprofil" Pendel, n-penclulum pendeln, v-to oscillate Nullinie, £-neutral axis; zero-line Pendelsaule, £-column with Nullpunkt, m-zero-point spherical encl bearings Nummer, £-number Pfahl, rn-(founclation) pile; stake; Nut, £-groove post GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 23

Pfahlgriindung, £-pile foundation Prahm, m-barge Pfeiler, m-pier Praktiker, m-experienced man; Pfeilerstau, m-backwater effect practical man (due to bridge piers) praktisch, adj.-practical Pfeilhohe, £-rise Preis, m-price; cost Pfeilverhaltnis, n-ratio of rise to Preisangabe, £-quo tation of prices span (of arch) Prellbock, m-buffer; stop; fender Pferdestarke, £-metric horse-power (pile) (542.5 foot-pounds per second, or Prellstein, m-curb-stone 0.9863 H.P.) Presskuchen, m-bricquet Pfette, f-purlin; roof beam Pressluft, £-compressed air Pflaster, n-pavement; plaster Pressung, £-pressure Pfosten, m-post; (door) jamb Probe, £-sample; test; trial Pfostenfachwerk, n-Vierendeel Probebelastung, £-test load; truss loading test Pfund, n-pound ( l.10 American Probekorper, m-test specimen pounds) proben, v-to try; to check; to test Physik, £-physics Probepfahl, m-test pile physikalisch, adj.-physical Probewiirfel, m-test cube Ficke, £-pick probieren, v-to try; to test Pickel, m-pick Professur, £-professorship Pilzdecke, f-Aat (girderless) s lab Profileisen, n-rolled steel member Pioniertruppen, f (pl.)-engineer troops Profilradius, 111-hydraulic radius planieren, v-to level ; to grade Prokurist, m-official (or agent) Platte, £-slab; plate empowered to sign contracts for the firm; (office manager) Plattenbalken, m-T-beam priifen, v-to try; to test; to Plattenbreite, £-width of slab; examin e; to check width of flan ge (in T-beams) Priifmaschine, £-testing machine Platz, m-place; space; (public) square Priifung, £-test; examination platzen, v-to burst; to shatter; to Priifungsanstalt, £-testing labora- explode tory; experiment station Plastizitat, £-plasticity P.S., f-see "Pferdestarke" Plastizitatsgrenze, £-plastic limit Pumpe, £-pump plombieren, v-to seal Pumpspeicher, m-pumped storage plotzlich, adj .-sudden (at a hydroelectric plant) Pochwerk, n-stamping-mill Punkt, m-point; dot; (surveying) monument Podest, n-platform; landing Folder, m-land reclaimed from sea by means of dikes Quader, m-(masonrv) block Polier, m-foreman Quadrat, n-square polieren, v-to polish Quelle, £-spring; source Poller, m-mooring post quellen, v-to gush, to fl ow; to Pore, £-pore; void swell Porenvolumen, n-volume of voids Quellfassung, £-capture o f spring Porenziffer, £-voids ratio (volume quer, aclj.-transverse; oblique of voids to volume of solids) Querdehnung, £-transverse strain poros, adj.-porous (or expansion) Posten, m-post; place; station Querkraft, £-transverse force; Potenz, £-power; exponent shearing force 24 ILLIN OIS EN GINEERING E XPERIMEN T STATION

Querschnitt, 111 -cross-sectio n Rechenmaschine, £- compu ting Querschotte, £- diaphragm m achine quetschen, Y- to squeeze ; to crush Rechenschieber, m-slide-rule Rechenstab, m-slid e-rule; trash-rack bar Rad, n- wheel rechnen, v-to compute R addruck, m- wheel pressu re (load) rechnerisch, a ch·.- ana lytica ll y; by R ahmen, 111-(rig icl ) frame computatio n R ahmenbinder, 111- r ig icl frame Rechnung, £-computati o n ; bill R a mmbrunnen, m-well o btained by Recht, n- justice; right; cla im; law drivin g pipe into wa terbearing Rechteck, n- recta ng le stratum rechts, adv.-on (o r to ) the r ig ht R amme, f- ram ; pile-driver rechtssteigend, adj.-incli ned to the r am men, v- to ram; to cl ri ve (pi !es) ; r ig ht ; risin g o n the ri g ht to ta m p (concrete) rechtwinklig, a dj .-rectang u lar R and, m-edge Regel, f- ru le; regulatio n R andspannung, f-edge stress ; regellos, a dj.- irregu lar ; no t ex t rem e fi ber stress fo ll owing a rule R andstein, m-curbsto ne regelmassig, adj .-regu la r ; R andtrager, m-e cl ge beam; wa ll according to a rule beam ; spanclrel beam Regelung, £-control; regulating R ang, 111-rank regelwidrig, adj.-i rregu la r ; R angierbahnhof, 111-(railroad) contra ry to rule switching ya rd Regendichte, £- rainfall intensity (in R angiergleis, n-(ra ilroad) switch­ m illim eters per m in ute) in g track ; sidin g Regenkern, m- point o f maximum R asen, m- turf ; sod ra infall d ur ing a rainsto rm R asenziegel, m-sod squa res (for Regenmesser, m- ra in-gage pavin g) Regler, m-governo r; regulato r; R a t, m-acl vice ; councill o1· co ntro l ratlich, adj.-aclvi sable Regnerdiise, £-spray-nozzle r auh, adj.-roug h ; raw; coarse; reiben, v-to rub; to grate ; to cause harsh fri ctio n R auhigkeitsbeiwert, m-eoeffi cient Rei bung, f- fri ct io n o f ro ughness reibungslos, adj.-frictio n less R aum, m-space; room Reibungszahl, £-coeffi cient o f Raumbestandigkeit, £-constancy o f fri ctio n volume Reichsbahn, £- Germa n (govern- R aumgewicht, n-density; weig ht m ent) railway per unit of vo lu m e Reichweite, f- range R auminhalt, m-volum e ; capacity reif, adj.-ripe ; mature ; r eady raumlich, adj.-in space ; three­ Reif, n- hoarfrost dimcn sio nal; spatial Reissbrett, n- clrawing-board R aummass, n- dimensio ns; Yo lume Reisschiene, f- T -sq ua re R aupenschlepper, m-caterpill ar tracto r reissen, v- to tea r ; to rip Realschule, £-secondary school Reissnagel, m-thumb-tack w here emphasis is p laced o n the Reisszeug, n-clrawin g in struments sciences Reiterlibelle, £-striding level Rechen, m-rake ; trash-rack reparieren, v-to repa ir Rechenfehler, m-arithmetical er ror; revidieren, v-to r evi se ; to check ; miscalculatio n to audit Rechengut, n-material r etain ed o n Revision, £-in spect io n; revision ; trash rack auditing GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 25

Revisionsschacht, rn-rnanhole; routiniert, adj.-cxperienced inspection-shaft Rpf., m-(Reichspfennig) penny richten, v-to arrange; to a djust ; to (one-hundredth of a mark) conform to ruckartig, adj.-jerky Richteeisen, n-steel m ember used Riickprall, m-rcbound for erection purposes; spacer bar Riickschla g, m-recoi I; reaction richtig, adj.-correct; right Riickstand, 111-rcsiduc Richtstollen, rn-pilot tunnel Riickstoss, m-recoi I; reaction Richtung, £-directio n ruckweise, ach-.-by jerks Riegel, rn-horizontal member; ti c ; ruhig, adj.-quicl; undisturbed; truss; latch cairn Riegelbau, m-ha lf-tirn ber Riihrwerk, n-agilating device (or construction mechanism) Riemen, m-belt; strap rund, adj.-round Rieselfeld, n-sewage farm; sludge­ Rundeisen, n-round steel (iron) bar bed; sprinkling-bed Runse, £-gully; recently eroded Riffelblech, n-checkered metal ,·alley plate; corrugated sheet metal Rinne, £-trough; chute; channel; Riistmaterial, n-scaffold material gutter ; groove riitteln, v-lo shake; lo vibrate Rinnstein, m-curbstone Rutschung, £-slip; slide; land-slide Rinnensprosse, £-gutter-shaped Riittelverfahren, n-vibration rolled (steel) member process Rippe, f-rib Riss, m-crack; check; tear; sachlich, adj.-pertinent; objective drawing Sachverstandiger, m-expcrt RM, f-(Reichsmark) mark Sage, £-saw roden, v-to clear (land) Sagedach, n-sa w-tooth roof roh, adj.-roug h; crude; coarse; Sagemehl, n-sawdust ra\v Sagespane, m (pl. )-sawclust Rohmaterial, n- raw material Salzungsmethode, £-salt (velocity) Rohr, n-lu be; pipe method Rohrbriicke, £-bridge for Sand, m-sand supporting pipe Sandfang, m-sand-trap Rohre, f-tube; pipe Sandgrube, £-sand-pit Rohrmiihle, £-tube-mill Sandstrahl, m-sancl-blast Rohrnetz, n-pipe (distribution) system sanitar, adj.-sanitary Rohrsiel, n-pipe culvert or passage Sanitatsbehorde, f-hcalth through a levee commissio n Rohrweite, f-diameter of pipe sattigen, v-to satisfy; to saturate Rolle, f-roll ; roll er Sattigung, £-saturation Rollenlager, n-roller bearing Satz., m-principle; law; theorem; sediment; sentence Rollmaterial, n-(rail road) rolling stock Sauerstoff, 111 -oxygen Rollschiitze, £-roller gate Saugleitung, f-suction line Rost, m-rust; grid; grillage; Saugrohr, n-suction pipe; draft grate tube rosten, v-to rust Saule, £-column rostig, adj.-rusty Saulenfuss, rn-colurnn base Rostzuschlag, m-increase in thick­ Saulenkopf, m-colu rnn head ness o f m etal to allow for rust Saure, £-acid rotieren, v-to rotate saurefest, adj.-acid-resisting 26 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

Schabeisen, n-(iron) scraper Schiebung, £-s hearing deformation; Schablone, £-pattern; jig; shifting template; stencil schief, adj.-oblique; tilted Schacht, m-(mine) shaft Schiefer, m-slate schaden, v-to damage; to mJure schiefwinklig, adj.-tilted; with Schaden, m-damage; injury obtuse angle schadhaft, adj.-damaged; defective; Schiene, f-rail faulty Schienenstoss, m-rail-joint schadlich, adj.-injurious; Schienenstrang, m-(railroad) detrimental track Schale, £-shell; bowl; dish schiessen, v-to shoot; to blast; to schalldicht, adj.-soundproof fl ow (with velocity greater than Schaltbrett, n-switchboard critical value) Schalter, m-switch; counter Schiffahrt, £-navigation Schaltpult, n-switchboard; control- schiffbar, aclj.-navigable desk Schiffshebewerk, n-ship-lifting de- Schalung, £-forms (for concrete); vice for transfer between canal sheathing sections of different water level scharf, adj.-sharp; severe; Schiffsladung, £-cargo rigorous; precise Schilf, n-reed Scharnier, n-hinge Schlachthof, m-meat-packing plant Scharriereisen, n-scarifier; toothed Schlacke, f-s lag; cinders chisel Schla g, m-blow; impact schatzen, v-to estimate Schlaghaube, £-driving cap (on Schatzung, £-estimate pi le) Schauf el, £-shovel; (turbine) blade; Schla gmiihle, £-crushing mill ; vane; bucket crusher; breaker Scheibe, £-slice; disc; pane; pulley Schlagwirkung, f-impact effect wheel Schlamm, m-mud; sludge; silt Scheide, f-case; sheath; (water) Schlammanalyse, f-mud (silt, divide sludge) analysis; analysis with scheiden, v-to separate hydrometer Scheidewand, £-partition (wall ) Schlammbeet, n-sludge bed Scheinwerfer, m-searchlight; Schlammbelebung, f-sluclge- headlight; spotlight activation Schei tel, m-crown; top: vertex Schlammteich, m-sludge bed Schlauch, m-tube; hose Scheitelkanal, m-canal which crosses a water divide Schlauchwage, £-leveling instru- ment consistin g of water-filled Schenkel, m-side (of angle) hose with short glass tubes Schere, £-shears; scissors in serted in each encl Scherkraft, £-shearing force Schlegel, m-sledge; mallet Schicht, f-layer; stratum; s hift Schleife, f-bow; loop Schiebebiihne, £-movable platform schleifen, v-to grind; to sharpen; (or scaffold) to drag Schiebedreieck, n-(clrafting) schleppen, v-to drag; to pull triangle (alo ng) Schiebedruck, m-separation­ Schlepper, m-tugboat; tractor pressure Schleppkraft, £-tractive force schieben, v-to sli de; to push Schleuse, f-(ship) lock; sluice Schieber, m-sli de; sliding part; schlicht, adj.-simple; plain; (gate) valve smooth Schiebtruhe, £-(push) cart Schlick, m-mud; clay GERM AN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 27 schliessen, v-to close; to shut; to Schrage, £-slope; haunch (on lock beam) Schliesskopf, m-rivet head formed Schrageisen, n-bent-up bar; in driving diagonal bar Schliff, m-poli sh Schraube, £-screw; propeller; bolt Schliffbild, n-polished section Schraubenlinie, £-helix; spiral Schlitznaht, f-slot seam; slot (or Schraubenzieher, m-screwdriver plug) w eld Schraubstock, m-vise Schloss, n- lock; castle Schreiner, m-cabinet maker; Schlosser, m-locksm ith carpenter Schlot, m-chimney; smokestack Schrumpfgrenze, £-shrinkage limit Schluff , m-silt Schub, m-shear; push Schluss, m-end; finish; closing; Schubmodul, m-shearing modulus conclusion (of elasti city) Schlussel, m-key; wrench Schubbewehrung, £-shear (diagonal Schliisselweite, £-diameter o f circle tension) reinforcement circumscribed about a nut Schubspannung, f- hearing stress Schlusslinie, £-closin g line Schubzahl, £-shear coefficient (re­ Schlusstein, m-closin g stone ; ciprocal of shea ring mo dulus o f keystone elasticity) schmal, adj.-narrow; small schiirfen, v-to excavate ; to dig; to prospect Schmalspur, £-narrow gage (track) Schiirfloch, n-tes t-pi t schmelzen, v-to melt; to fu se Schurz, m-apro n Schmelzerei, £-smelter; fo u ndry Schutt, m- refu se; rubbish Schmelzpunkt, m-melting point; fusion point schiitteln, v-to shake ; to vibrate Schmelzschweissung, f-fusion Schiittelverfahren, n-vibratio n welding m ethod Schmied, m-blacksmith Schuttkegel, m-debris cone; alluvial cone schmiedbar, adj.-malleable Schiittung, £- fill; ballast Schmiedeeisen, n-wroug ht iron Schutzbrille, £-goggles; protective schmieden, v-to forge g lasses Schmiermittel, n-lubricant Schutze, f-slui ce gate Schmirgel, m-em ery schiitzen, v-to protect; to shelter; Schneckengetrieb, m-worm-gear to guard drive Schutzmittel, n-protective agent; Schneegitter, n-sno w guard (or preservative fence) Schutzvorrichtung, f-safety device Schneidbrenner, m-cutting torch schwach, adj.-weak; feeble schneiden, v-to cut Schwachstrom, m-low-voltage Schneidflamme, £-cutting flame current Schnitt, m-cu t ; section Schwall, m-swell; wave caused by sudden change 111 quantity of Schnittflache, £-surface of cut fl owing water schon, adv.-already Schwebebahn, f-cableway; aerial Schornstein, m-chimney; funnel rail way Schott, n-bulkhead Schwebestoff, m-material 111 Schotter, m-broken stone; crushed suspension rock Schwefel, m-sulphur schraffiert, adj.-cross-hatched Schwefelsaure, £-sulphuric acid schrag, adj.-oblique ; slanting; Schweissdraht, m-welding rod transverse Schweisseisen, n-wrought iron 28 I LLI NOI S ENGINEERI NG EXPERI M ENT STATION schweissen, v- to w eld Setzprobe, £-slump tes t Schweissgerat, 11-welding appara tus Setzung, £-settlem ent Schweissgut, n-welding material; Setzwage, £- tria ng le with plumb weld m etal line attached to o ne apex and the Schweisslage, f- pass o f welding opposite sid e graduated for use rn materi a l; weld layer setting slopes; level Schweissnaht, £-welded seam ; weld Sheddach, n-saw-tooth roof Schweissung, £- weldin g sicher, a dj .-secure ; certa in; safe Schweisswasser, n- wa te r o f Sicherheit, £-safety; assurance condensatio n Sicherheitstor, n-ern ergency gate Schwellbeiwert, m-coeffi cient o f Sicherheitszahl, £-facto r o f safety swellin g Sicherung, £-stabili zation; guara n- Schwelle, £- threshold; base plate ; tee ; p rovision ; safety-catch ( ra il road) ti e Sickerbecken, n- filter basin schwellen, v-to sw ell sickern, v-to trickle ; to leak ; to Schwenkkran, m-jib crane seep schwer, a dj .-heavy; diffi cult ; Sickerung, £-seepage; tricklin g severe Sieb, n-sieve; scree n Schwerachse, f-centroidal ax is sieben, v- to sift Schwere, £- weig ht ; g ravity Siebkurve, f-sieve a na lysis curve ; Schwergewichtsmauer, £-gravity g rain size curve reta ining wall Siel, n-culvert ; sluiceway (or o ther Schwerkraft, £-gra vity passageway ) th rough a levee Schwerpunkt, m-center o f g ravity sinken, v-to sink; to drop Schwimmkasten, m- fl oating caisson Sinkstoff, rn -sedimentary materia l Schwimmsand, m-quicksand in suspensio n schwinden, v-to shrink Sinn, m-sense ; tendency; Schwingung, £-vibration; sig nifi cance oscillation Sinnbild, n-syrnbol Schwung, m-swing; m om entum Sinus, m-sin e Schwungkraft, £-centrifuga l force Skala, £-scale Schwungrad, n- fl y-wheel Skizze, £-sketch Sechseck, n-hexa gon Soble, £-sole; base ; bottom; (rive r) bed Segmenttor, n-segm ental gate; radia l gate; "Tainter" gate Sollwert, m- theoreti cal (or nominal) va lue Sehne, £-cho rd sonder, prep.-without Seil, n-rope Sondiereisen, n-sounding rod Seilbahn, f- ropeway; cableway Sondierstollen, m-explo ra.t._io n Seileck, n-string polygon; tunnel fu ni cula r polygon sorgfaltig, adj.-careful Senkbrunnen, m-dry open caisson Spalt, m-crack; crevice ; fi ssure Senkel, m-plumb-bob; plummet spannen, v-to stretch; to put under senken, v-to sink; to lower stress Senkkasten, m-caisson Spannkraft, £-total stress (as in Senkniet, n-countersunk rivet truss m ember) senkrecht, adj.-vertical ; Spannung, £-stress perpendicular; normal Spannweite, f-span Senkung, £-settlement ; sinking Sparbeton, m-lean concrete Serpentinieren, n-mea ndering Sparren, m-rafter setzen, v- to place; to pu t; to settle Sparschleuse, f-(ship) lock in which Setzkopf, m-head o n undriven rivet water is reused GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 29

Spatel, m-trowel ; spatula Stab, rn-staff; bar Spaten, m-spade Stabeisen, n-steel (iron) bar Speicher, m-warehou se; sto rage stabil, adj.-sta ble place ; reservoir Stabzugverfahren, n-g raphical Speicherwerk, n-(power) plant with m ethod (Miiller-Breslau) for facilities for pumping to storage determining j oint deflectio ns p o nd. in a truss Speiseanschluss, m-supply- Stacheldraht, m- barbecl wire co nnectio n Stadtebau, m-city planning Spengler, m-sheet-meta l w o rker stadtisch, aclj .-municipal Sperrholz, n-plywood Stadtrat, m-city council; a lderman Spezialeisen, n-deformed bar; Stahl, m-stee 1 special roll ed steel bar Stahlbau, m-stecl constructio n spezifiches Gewicht, n-specifi c g ra,·ity Stahlguss, m-cast steel Spiegel, rn - rnirror; (water ) surface; Stampfbeton, m-a dry mix o f con- wa ter level cr ete requiring lamping Spiegelapparat, rn-rnirror appa­ stampfen, Y-to tamp; to consoli date ratus ; mirror and sca le exten­ Stand, rn - co nclitio n; stand; som eter p ositio n ; rank Spiegelgefii.lle, n-slope o f (water) Stander, m-stucl ; post surface Stange, f- bar ; po le; stake Spielraum, rn-scope; tolera nce; Stangenfliigel, 111 -currcnt m eter held clearance in positio n by m eans o f a rod Spiralbohrer, m-auger Stanzmaschine, f- punch press ; Spirale, f-spiral; (turbine) scroll- stamping machine case stark, a clj .-st rong; thick; violent Spitze, f- point; peak; summit Starke, £-streng th; thickness Spitzenbelastung, f-peak load Starkstrom, m- hi g h-,·oltage current Spitzenentnahme, f-peak discharge (o r demand) Statik, £-statics Spitzmeissel, rn-po inted chisel Statiker, rn-o nc who analyzes (a nd designs) structures spitzwinklig, adj.-with acute ang le Splint, m-key ; p eg; bar; strip statisch, aclj .- statical Splitt, m - a fin e g ravel; broken statisch unbestimmt, aclj .-statically sto ne indeterminate sprengen, v-to spray ; to break Stativ, n-tripod; stand open; to blast Staub, 111 - dust Sprenger, m-sprinkler; b la ster Staubecken, n- rescn ·oir Sprengstoff, m-explosive Stauchdruck, rn- bearing pressure; Spritzverfahren, n-spray (or squirt) compress10n p rocess stauchen, Y-to upset (rod) sprode, adj.-brittle Stauchung, £- upsetting ; compres- Sprodigkeit, £-brittleness sio n ; bearing Sprosse, f- rafter; (ladder ) rung Staudamm, rn-earth clam (o r dike) Spundbohle, f-sheet-piling stauen, Y-to clam up; to sto re Spundung, f-bulkheadin g ; to ngue Staulinie, f- backwa ter curve and g roove joint. Staumauer, f- rn asonry dam Spundwand, f-sheet-piling ; bulk­ Stauteich, rn- reservoir; sto rage head; cutoff wall po nd Spurlager, n-hemispherica l-bearing Stauwasser, n-backwater suppo rt Stauweiher, rn- rescrvoir; storage Spurweite, f-(track) gage po nd 30 I LLINOIS ENGINEERI NG EXPERIM ENT STATION

Stauziel, n-maximum permissible Stickstoff, m-nitrogen water level in reservoir Stiel, m-stem; stud; post; handle St. 37, n-(Stahl 37) steel w ith u lti­ Stift, m-pin; peg mate strength of 37 kilograms per Stirnnaht, f-fro nt seam; trans,·erse square mill imeter weld Steg, m-walkway; passage ; web; Stock, m-stick; story (of building) stern Stockwerk, n-sto ry (of building ) Stehblech, n-web plate Stockwerkrahmen, m-multiple-story Stehbolzen, m-separato r (or spacer) (rigid) frame bolt Stoff, m-material; matter; subj ect steif, adj.-stiff; rigid Stoffgewicht, n-weig ht of material; Steifigkeitszahl, f-coefficient of (specific g ravity) rigidity (El) Stollen, m-tunncl; pen stock; Steifrahmen, m-rigid frame condu it Steighohe, f-rise Stollenzimmerung, f-tunnel Steigung, f-rise; slo pe timbering steil, adj.-steep Stoss, m- impact; bl o w; splice Stein, m-sto ne ; rock; b lock Stossel, m- tamping (or ramm in g) Steinbruch, rn-qua rry tool; pest le Steindecke, f-concrete and hollow stossen, \·-to push; to sho ,·e ; to tile slab splice Steinhauer, m-stone-mason ; sto ne Stossfanger, m- buffer ; shock cutter absorber Steinmehl, n-rock dust Strahl, m-ray; jct Steinschlag, m-crushed rock Strand, m- bcach; shore Steinschraube, f-screw (o r bo lt) for Strasse, f-road; hi g hway; street anchorage in masonry Strassenbahn, f-street-railway Steinzeug, n-clay t ile Strassenbau, m-hig hway engineer- Stein wolf, m-we cl ges for Ii ftin g in g (or constructio n); road stones; "Le\\1 is" pins building Stelle, f- place; p ositio n; site Strasseneinlau f, m-catch-basin; stellen, v-to place ; to put; to adjust; s treet-drain age in let to supply Strassenreinigung, f-strcct-c leanin g· Stellschraube, £-adj usting (leveling) Strebe, f-strut; post; prop screw Strebepfeiler, m- buttrcss Stellung, £-situatio n; position; job strecken, v-to stretch; to elo ngate Stellvertreter, m-representati,·e ; Streckenlast, f-load distributed o \·cr proxy a len gth Stellwerk, n-(railroad) sig naling Streckgrenze, f-y icld po int device Streckmetall, n-cxpandcd m etal ; Stemmtor, n-gate pi,·oting about m etal m esh ve rtical axis along o ne edge Streifen, m-har; strip Sternwa rte, f-o bservatory Streifen, n-touching ; grazin g stetig, adj .-constant; steady streifen, v-to to uch; to graze; to Steueranla ge, £-co ntro l arrange- bo rder upo n m ent; steering m echanism Strom, m-strcam; ri ver ; current Stich, m-puncture; piercin g ; ri sc­ stromen, Y-to stream ; to po ur; to to-span ratio o f arch; stitch Ao,,· (,,·ith Yc locity less than the Stichboden, m-soil that may be ex­ cr iti cal Ya luc) cavated by u se o f a spade Stromerzeuger, m-electri c generator Stichkanal, m-cutoff canal ; cross­ Stromstrich, m-strcam thread; intersecting cana l stream cou rse Stichprobe, f-random sample Stromung, f-Ao w; curren t GERMA N-E N GLISH GLOSSARY 31

Stromungslehre, f-( theoretical) Teilgebiet, n-portion ; branch (of fl uid dynamics su bject) Stuck, m-stucco Teilkreis, m-divided circle; lower Stuck, n-piece ; portion ; fragment plate o f transit Stufe, £-step; increment Teilstoss, m- partial splice Stufenstoss, m-spli ce effected gradu- Teilung, £- division ; sharing ally over length o f member Teilzeichnung, £- detail drawing stufenweise, adv.-by increm ents ; tief, adj.-deep; profound gra dually Tiefbau, m-construction below Stumpfnaht, £-blunt seam; butt ground level w eld Tiefe, £- depth Sturz, m-collapse ; crash ; fall Tiefgang, m- draft (o f ships) Sturzbett, n-tumble bay; bucket of Tischler, m- cabinet-rnaker; overflow weir carpenter stiirzen, v-to fall ; to tumble ; to Titel, m- title; degree plunge; to overthrow Tobe!, rn-gulch; ravine Sturzregen, m-intense (local rain Ton, m- clay; sou nd; no te o f short duration Tonerde, f- pure clay; a lu mina; Stiitze, £-support ; prop argill aceous earth Stutzen, m-stub; nozzle Tonnengewolbe, n- ba rrel arch stiitzen, v-to support; to prop; to Topf, m-pot shore up Topferei, £-pottery Stiitzlinie, £-line of pressure (in m asonry analysis) Tor, n-gate Stiitzmauer, £-retaining wall Torf, m- peat Stiitzpunkt, m-support ; tria ngula­ Torkretverfahren, n - process for tion station pumpin g dry mix of cem ent a nd a ggregate to a nozzle where water Stiitzweite, £-spa n is added and the resulting concrete squirted into place Tosbecken, n-still ing basin Talsperre, £- dam tragbar, a dj .-portable T alweg, m-line connectin g points of greatest depth alo ng stream tragen, v-to carry; to support course Trager, m-beam; girder T angens, m- tangent (of an a ngle) Tragerlose-Decke, £- fl a t slab T angente, £- tangent (line) Tragerwellblech, n- load-bearing T annenholz, n-fir-wood corrugated pla te tragfahig, adj.-ablc to support load Tatigkeit, £-activity ; a ction Tragfahigkeit, £- load-bearing T au, m- dew capacity T au, n- rope Tragheitsmoment, n- m oment of tauchen, v- to dive ; to dip; to inertia plunge Tragheitsradius, m- radius of Taucher, m- diver gyration T auchwand, f-baffie ; wall extending Tragkraft, f- load-bearing capacity a short di stance above a nd below Tragstab, m-suppo rting member; w ater surface to catch debris main (tensile) reinforcing bar tauen, v-to thaw Tramwagen, m-street-car Taupunkt, m-dew-point Trapez, n- trapezoid Tausendstel, n-thousandth treiben, Y-to drive ; to propel ; to Teer, m-tar drift; to swell Tegel, m-clay ; marl Treibholz, n- driftwood Teich, m-pond treideln, v- to tow teilen, Y-to divide ; to separate Treidelweg, m- tow-path 32 ILLll\OIS El\GTNEERIXG EXPERIMENT STAT!Ol\

Trennungsfuge, £-separation joint; U-Eisen, n-channcl iron; rolled expansio n jo int steel channel Trennverfahren, n-separate (san i- Ufer, n-shore; bank tary) system Uferschutz, 111 -shore protect ion; Treppe, f-stairs revetment Treppenabsatz, 111-stair landing Ulmenholz, n-elm -wood Treppenhaus, n-stair case; stair urn, prep.-around; about; by; for well um, conj.-in order to Treppenwange, f-stair stringer Umbau, m-alteration Trichter, rn-funnel; trernie; crater umdrehen, Y-to turn around; to Triebkraft, £-motive power rotate Triebsand, m-fine sand; quicksand Umdrehungskorper, m-body of Triebwerk, n-drivin g mechanism revolution Triftrechen, m-rack for coll ectin g Umdrehzahl, £-number of revolu­ logs transported by stream tions (per minute) Trinkwasser, n-potable water Umfang, rn-periphery; perimeter trocken, adj.-dry umfassend, adj.-comprehensiye; Trockenlaufer, m-water meter with extensive mechanism and indicator operatin g Umflutkanal, m-clive1·sion channel (dry) in air Umkleidung, £-coating; covering; Trockenlegung, f-unwatering; fireproofing draining Umlaufstollen, rn-di\·ersion tunnel Trockenpflaster, n-"dry" pavement Umriss, rn-outlin e (laid without mortar) umschliessen, \·-to enclose Trog, m-trough; chute U mschliessungsbiigel, 111-ci rcu m fer­ Trommel, f-drurn en tial reinforcement; (spiral steel Trottoir, n-sidewalk in concrete columns) tun, v-to do; to perform; to place Urnwandlung, £-transformation; Tiir, £-door conversion Turm, rn-tower Umwehrung, £-circumferential reinforcement Turmhaus, n-tall building; skyscraper unbestimmt, aclj.-incletermi11ate; uncertain; unspecified Tiirsturz, m-lintel beam over door opening unendlich, aclj.-infinite unfrei, adj.-restrained UngleichfOrmigkeit, £-non-uni- iiber, prep.-over; above; across formity; irregularity Uberbau, m-superstructure unmittelbar, adj.-clirect Uberfiihrung, £-overhead structure unter, prep.-uncler; below; among (at road intersectio n); carrying­ over Unterbau, m-substructure Ubergang, m-transition; transfer; Unterfangung, f-unclerpinning passage; cross111g Unterfiihrung, f-undercrossing Uberhohung, £-camber; super- structure (at road intersection) elevation Untergrund, m-foundation soil; Uberlauf, m-overA ow subsoil Untergurt, rn - IO\\·er chord (of truss Uberschlag, m-estimate o r girder) Uberschiittung, £-(earth) fill Unterhaltung, f-rnaintenance; hold­ Ubersetzung, £-translation; reduc- in g-under; conversation tio n; (gear or lever) ratio Unterlage, £-base; data; support iiberwachen, v-to g uard; to in spec t Unterlagsplatte, f-washer; base iiberzahlig, adj.-superAuous; slab (or plate); dro p panel (in redundant flat slab) GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 33

Unternehmer, 111-contracto r verkleiden, v-to cover; to veneer; unterspiilen, v-to underscour to pave Unterwasser, n-ta ilwater Verlag, m-publishing hou'e unterwasser, adY.-below water Verlandung, £-siltin g-up surface verlangern, v-to elo ngate; to Unterzug, m-beam extend usw-(und so weiter); et cetera; etc. verlaschen, v-to spli ce verlegen, v-to misplace; to post­ pone; to lay; to shift ; to publish V. D. I., 111-(Verein D eutscher In­ genieu re) Society of German Verleger, m-publisher Engineers Verlegung, £-trans fer; postpone- Ventil, n-valve m ent ; shift; relocation Verankerung, £-anchorin g verlieren, v-to lose veranschlagen, v-to estima te verloten, v-to sold er Verband, m-association; connec- Verlust, m-loss tion; (brick) bond; bracing Verlusthohe, f-amo un t o f los,;; Verbeulung, £-bulging; wrinkling; head loss buckling Vermessung, f-surveyi ng; Verbiegung, f-bcnding; twistin g m easurement verbinden, v-to con nect; to combine vermieten, v-to re nt Verbindung, £-co nnecti on ; combi- vernieten, v-to ri ,·ct natio n; communication verpachten, v-to lease Verblendbau, m-veneer Verputz, m-finish ; coatin g; ,·e nee r; constructio n stucco Verbrauch, m-consumptio n Versehalung, f-form; mo ld verdichten, v-to compact; to Verschiebung, £-shearing ; sliding; consolidate de fl ectio n verdrehen, v-to twist; to ro tate; to Verschleiss, m-wea r di sto rt verschliessen, v-to lock; to close Verdrehung, £-twist; rota ti o n verschmelzen, v-to fu se verdiinnen, v-to thin; to dilute versenken, v-to sink verdunsten, v-to evaporate versenkt, adj.-sunk; countersunk Verdunstung, £-evaporation Versetzung, £-displacem ent ; (rivet ) Verein, m-society; association staggering Verengung, £-contraction; narrow- Versickerung, £-seepa ge ing down; necking verstarken, v- to strengthen; to Verfahren, n-process; procedu re rei nforce Verfasser, m-author verstellbar, adj .-adj us tab le vergleichen, v-to compare; to refer versteifen, v-to stiffen; to sho re up to verstemmen, v-to wedge over ; to vergrossern, v-to enlarge; to pry over; to tamp magnify Versuch, m-test; trial; attempt; Vergiitung, £-compensation experiment Verhalten, n- behavior versuchen, v-to test; to try Verhaltnis, n-ratio; condition; Versuchsanstalt, £- testing relationship labo rato ry Verkehr, m-traffic; commerce Versuchsreihe, £-test series Verkehrslast, £-live-load verteilen, v-to distribute Verkehrswasserbau, m-waterway Verteilung, £-distribution constructio n or engineering (for navigation) Verteilungseisen, n-spacer-bar Verkehrswesen, n-transportation; Vertrag, m-contract; agreement traffic Vertrieb, m-distributio n; sale 34 ILLIN OIS ENGI NEERING EXPERI M ENT STATION vervollkommnen, v- to perfect Waage, £-scale ; bala nce Verwaltung, £-administration ; Wabe, £-ho neycomb managem ent wabenartig, adj.-honeycombed Verwitterung, £-weathering Wage, £-sca le ; balance verzahnen, v-to indent; to tooth wagen, v- to risk ; to venture ; to verzapfen, v-to mortise dare verzerren, v-to distort Wagen, m-wagon; car; cart ; verzerrt, adj.-distorted carriage verzinkt, adj.- ga lvanized; toothed wagen, v-to weigh, to consid er; to vgl., v-(verg leiche); compare ; see ; ba lance refer to wagerecht, adj.-hori zonta l v. H .-(vo n Hundert) per hundred wahlen, v- to select; to choose; to vibrieren, v-to vibrate elect Vieleck, n- polygon wahr, adj.-true; correct ; genuin e Viereck, n-quadrilatera l wahren, v-to continue; to last Visierachse, £-line o f sig ht wahren, v-to preserve; to ma inta in ; visieren, v-to sig ht; to a djust ; to to take care of gage wiihrend, prep.-during ; while Visierstab, m-range pole ; gage rod wahrnehmen, v-to observe ; to Visitiereisen, n-sounding rod perceive visitieren, v-to search; to inspec t wahrscheinlich, a dj .- probable ; likely Volkswirtschaft, £- po litical econom y W ahrscheinlichkeit, f- probabi Ii ty voll, adj.-ful l ; entire Wahrung, £-ma intenance vollig, adj.-full ; entire W ald, m-forest vollspurig, adj.-(rail road track) o f Wall, m-ra mpa rt; dam; levee sta nda rd gage W alzblech, n- ro ll ecl plate ; sheet vollstandig, adj.- complete m etal vollwandig, adj.-with solid w eb, Walze, £-roll er ; cylinder; sha ft with solid wall walzen, Y-to roll ; (to compact with Volumen, n-volu m e roll er ) von, prep.-from; by ; o f Walzenwehr, n-roll er weir; roll er vor, prep.-before; in front of; ago gate Voranschla g, m-(prelimina ry ) Walztrager, m- roll ecl (steel) beam estimate W alzwerk, n-roll in g-mill Vorarbeiter, m-forema n W and, £-wall Voraussetzung, £-assumption ; wandernd, a dj.-m o \·in g ; tra \·elin g hypothesis W andpfeiler, m-pila ster Vorentwurf, m- prelimiiiary desig n Warme, £- heat Vorfluter, m- main canal (or ditch) in system ; channel into which W a rte, f-obsen ·a ti o n-tower ; sewage is di scha rged observato ry Vorhof, m- front-yard ; fo re-bay W aschanstalt, £- laundry Vorlesung, £-(university) lecture W asser, n-water Vorrichtung, £- device ; arrangem ent Wasseraufnahme, £-absorptio n o f water Vorschriften, f (pl. )-instructions; code; specifi catio ns Wasserbau, m- hyclraulic construc­ Vortrag, m-lectu re ti on ; hydrau lic engin ee ring Vortrieb, m-adva nce Wasserbehalter, m- reservoir; cistern; (water ) tank Vorzeichen, n-(plus o r minus) sign wasserdicht, adj.-watertighl; Voute, £-haunch (of beam) waterproof Voutenplatte, £-haunched slab wasserdurchliissig, adj.-pervious to v. T .-(vo n Tausend) per thousand water GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 35

Wasserfracht, £-discharge; water- Wellenbrecher, m-breakwater; freight splash-board W assergehalt, m-water-content Wendepunkt, m-tu rnin g point; Wasserkarte, f-hydrographic chart poin t of contraAexure Wasserkeller, m-covered (water) Werft, n&f-ship-yard reservoir at or below ground level Werk, n-work; productio n ; action Wasserkessel, m-boiler ; kettle mecha nism; works Wasserklemme, £-water-shortage Werkfi.ihrer, m-foreman W asserlauf, m-watercourse Werksgraben, m-canal ; ditch ; open Wasserscheide, £-water-divide; channel watershed boundary Werkstatt, f-( work) shop Wasserschlag, m-water-hammer Werkstoss, m-shop-splice W asserschloss, n-surge-tank Werkzeug, n-tool W asserspiegel, m-water-surface; Wetterkunde, £-meteorology water-level Widder, m-(hydraulic) ram W assersprung, m-hydraulic jump Widderstoss, m-water-hammer W asserstand, m-water-level wider, prep.-again st W asserstoff, m-hydrogen Widerlager, n-abutment; support W asserstoss, m-water-hammer Widerstand, m-resistance Wasserstrasse, £-water-way Widerstandshi:ihe, £-amount of re- Wasserung, £-irrigation sistance; friction head W asserversorgung, £-supplying of Widerstandsmoment, n-(mornent of water; water-supply resistance); section modulus Wasserverdrangung, £-displacement Wiederaufbau, m-reconstruction (in water) Wiederholung, £-repetition Wasserwage, £-water-balance; car­ wiegen, v-to weigh penters' level ; leveling instrument Wildbach, 111-torrent consisting of water-fill ed hose w ith short g lass tubes inserted in each Wildbachverbauung, £-control (or encl regulation) of torrents W asserzusatz, m-water quantity Wintle, f-hoist; \\·inch; worm (aclclecl) (gear); jack Weberei, £-textile-mill ; weaving Windklappe, £-air-valve wechseln, v-to change; to alter Windrose, £-win d-rosette (showing direction and frequency) Wechselbeanspruchung, £-stress reversal Windtrager, 111-wincl-truss; w in d-bracing Wechselstrom, m-alternatin g current Windverband, m-wincl-bracing­ Weg, m-road; path; manner Windwerk, n-winch; hoist Wegebau, m-roaclbuilding Winkel, m-angle; corner wegen, prep.-because of Winkelanderung, £-ang le-change Wehr, n-weir; dam Winkeleisen, n-angle-iron; roll ed Wehr, £-protection; defense; army (steel) angle weich, adj.-soft; weak Winkelgeschwindigkeit, £-angular Weiche, £-(track) switch velocity Weise, £-manner Winkelstiitzmauer, £-cantilever retaining wall Weissblech, n-thin (about 0.2 mm to 2.5 mm) sheet metal with tin­ Wippe, f-fascine treated su rface Wirbel, m-eclcly; vortex; whirl pool Weite, £-width; distance wirklich, adj.-real; genuine; true Wellblech, n-corrugated sheet metal wirksam, aclj.-effective Welle, f-wave; shaft; axle Wirkung, £-effect; action 36 ILLINOI S ENGI NEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

Wirkungsgrad, m-effectiveness; Zeughaus, n-arsenal efficiency Zeugschmied, m-toolsmith W issenschaft, £-science Ziegel, m-brick; tile Wucht, £-pressure; force; kinetic Ziel, n-aim; goal ener gy Ziellinie, f-line o f sight Wiirfel, m-cube; die Ziffer, £-number; factor; coefficient Wurzel, £-root Zifferblatt, n-dial Wurzelmass, n-gage di stance Zimmerer, m-carpenter Zimmermann, m-carpenter zimmern, v-to frame (with wood); zackig, adj.-toothed; indented; to build (with wood) jagged Zimmerwerk, n-carpentry zah, adj.-tough; tenacious; viscous Zinke, £-teno n ; p rong; tooth Zahigkeit, £-toughness; viscosity Zinn, n- tin Zahl, £-number; facto r; coeffici ent Zirkel, m-circle; compass (for Zahler, m-numerato r ; counter drawin g circles) Zahnrad, n-gear-wheel; cog-wheel Zoll, m- inch; (customs) duty Zahnschwelle, f-dentated sill Zollamt, n-cu stom-house Zange, f-to ngs ; p liers; clamp; vise z. T.-(zum T ei!); in part Zapfen, m-teno n ; peg; spigot ; zu, prep.-to ; o n; at trunnion Zubehor, n-attachment; accessory Zarge, £-frame ; door buck Zug, m-pull; tensio n; train; course; z.B.-(zum Beispiel); for example traverse Zeichen, n-sign; mark; indicatio n; Zugband, n- tie-rocl; tensio n m ember sig nal Zugbriicke, f-draw-bridge Zeichenbrett, n-drawing-board zuflillig, adj.-acciclental zeichnen, v-to draw ; to sketch; to sign Zula ge, £- increase; extra ; fr aming; platform Zeichner, m-draftsman; signer zulassig, aclj .-allowablc; permissible Zeichnung, £-drawing Zusat z, m-admix ture; addition; Zeitschrift, £-periodical; magazine supp le m en t zellenfO rmig, adj.-cell ular Zuschlag, m-aclditio n; extra Zellkerndamm, m-earth dam with Zuschla gstoff, m-aggregale (for cellular core-wall concrete) Zem ent, m-cem ent Zweck, m-aim; obj ect; purpose Zementbrei, m-cem ent-paste ; n eat zweckma ssig, adj.-effectin; prac­ cement ; cem ent grout tical; advantageous Zementeinpressung, £-pressure in- zweifeldig, adj.-over two spans jection o f cement g rout Zweifeldplatte, £-slab continuous Zementkuchen, m-cem ent pat over two spans Zentrum, n-center Z weig, m-bra nch Zentrifugalmoment, n-product of zweigleisig, adj.-double-tracked inertia ; (J xy da) zweischnittig, a dj.-(bolt o r ri ve t) zerdriicken, v-to crush in double shear zerlegen, v-to take apart; to analyze Zweispitze, £-pick ; mattock zerquetschen, v-to crush; to Zwickel, m-wedge ; g usset plate squash zwischen, prep.-between zerreissen, v-to tear Zwischenstiitze, £- intermediate zersetzt, adj.-disintegrated; support decomposed Zwischenwand, f- intermediate wall; Zeug, n-stuff; material ; tools partition GERMAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 37

5. American Equivalents for Metric Units.-

Length 1 centimeter = 10 millime te rs = 0.3937 in c hC's 1 m e te r = 100 centillletC'rs = 3.281 feet 1 kil o m et er = 1000 m ete rs = 0.621.+ miles Area 1 square ce ntimete r = 0.1550 square i11 c l1 es 1 square m e ter= 10.76 square feet 1 sq uare kil om eter = 0.3861 square lllil es = 247. l acres ar = 100 square meters = 1,076. square feet hectare = 100 ares = 2.471 acres Weight 1 kilog ram = 1000 g rams= 2.205 pounds (avoirdupois) 1 m e tric to n = 1000 kil ograms= 1.102 t o ns (short) Volume 1 lite r = 1000 cuhic centimete rs = 0.03532 cubic feet = 1.057 quarts (liquid) cubic m ete r = 1000 lite rs= 35.32 cubic feet = 1.308 cubic yards Pressure 1 kilogram per squa re centimeter = 14.22 pounds p C' r square inch = 2,048 pounds per square foot = 0.9678 atmospheres Power 1 Pfe rdestarke (P. S ) = 75. kilogram m eter s per second = 542.5 fo o t pounds per second = 0.9863 ho rse power