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REPORT on JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN
for the A8 ISLAND of SAIPAN 2iCH.111V '030Vt1932J SOUTHERN MARIANAS
Prepared by
• ENGINEER, EXPEDITIONARY TROOPS (TASK FORCE 56)
JULY-1944
• ,•• DOWNG'IRDF I7 FAR t:•111:11, 111LS: keGT NJ, 714,";1'. DE:21.fi3SIfIED. DOD Diii 5200.10
ICIASSIFIED Litho by Map Repro Unit UPS Rocky Mount Aug 1944 4
Instructors ReaC.in.2,- this.Document (File No. Name Date 0121/336 REPORT on .. ,43N Ed; 4, -' r 11 tielV 1,4 ti t4 !,1 I ,• JAPANESE DEFENSIVE.PLAN t ii '',. i:4- #t 't :httt t-i for 1. ,) #, THE ISLAND OF SAIPAN 1,-....:, , ...... —
1. Source of Inform This report is 'ase' upon obser econnaissance of defensive positions and installations from 21 June 1944, to 16 July 1944, conducted by and under the supervision of the Engineer, Expeditionary Troops, Task Force 56;from the results of interrogation of prisoner of war, Major Kiyoshi Yoshida,former intelligence officer, Japanese 43d Infantry Division; and from information contained in captured document, Northern Marianas Group Operation Order A-4, dated 24 May 1944. Two small reconnaissance teams provided by Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Area, each in charge of a junior officer, and attached one team each, to the Second and Fourth Marine Divisions, assisted materially in this work.
2. General Conception. A joint Japanese Army and Navy garrison was charged with the defense of SAIPAN. The primary mission of the naval force which on D-day numbered approximately 4000, was the installation and manning of coast defense weapons and the defense of the Navy Sector in which was situated the depot of naval and coast defense stores. Orders prescribed that in the event of attack the command of coast defense batteries in Army Sectors would at once pass to the commanders of these respective sectors. The Army combat troops were estimated at 20,000 on D-day and were disposed in three sectors: Northern, Central and Southern. These three sectors and the Navy Sector are shown on attached map ANNEX A, based upon information taken from map attached to captured operation order.
The failure of the Japanese garrison to successfully defend SAIPAN, while primarily attributable to the skillful leadership, and to the fighting qualities of our troops, was in a great measure due to the rapid pace of our thrust through the Gilbert and Marshall Groups, our bypassing of the Truk Group, and our unexpectedly early appearance in the Marianas. Every coastal defensive and antiaircraft battery position visited gave evidence of intensive activity in preparation for attack; not a single battery position or fortification was inspected in which the construction or installation was entirely complete. In many instances, casemates, emplacements, and magazines were less than half finished. In one case, a well-sited antiaircraft battery with well-built reinforced concrete emplacements lacked its weapons; in another, a battery of three (3) 140mm guns was found loaded on railway cars nearby GARAPAN NAVAL BASE, and another of three (3) 120mm dual purpose guns with the weapons in cosmoline lay on the ground nearby the partially excavated gun positions. In the GARA DEPOT were found the following items of ordnance. DOWNQRADIED AT 12 YEAR Nor AUTOMATICALLY DECLAS6IfIED: • 3 - 5 inch coast defense guns DOD DIE 5200.10 1- 140mm coast defense gun,(tube and carriage). 32- 120mm dual purpose guns,(tubes and carriages). 6 - 200mm mortars, complete.
There can be little doubt that a large proportion, if not all of these weapons, were destined to be installed on SAIPAN. The effectiveness of our submarine.warfare, had doubtless contributed much to the delay in the shipment of construction material so vitally needed for fortification work.
••• The defense of the island evidently was premised upon the denial to landing forces of all beaches on the east and south shores, to the use of TANAPAG HARBOR, and to a dependence upon a mobile Army force to defeat enemy troops landed elsewhere. This assumption is supported by the location of permanent coast defense and dual purpose weapons, reinforced concrete blockhouses, and by the actions of the Japanese garrison once our troops had landed on Beaches RED, GREEN, BLUE and YELLOW. The enemy had placed great reliance upon his field artillery arm,- and once our drive had deprived him of the great bulk of these weapons, the dominant factor which delayed our attack was the advance over excessively rugged and difficult terrain. Likewise, this topography greatly favored the guerrilla tactics of the badly disorganized enemy forces.
In spite of evidence of accelerated preparation of coast defenses, the Army garrison appeared neither well organized nor equipped. In this small theater so suitable for the employment of field artillery, the Japanese had neither horses nor mechanical prime movers designed to provide the mobility for this arm. Evidently the only means of movement were by rear drive trucks designed for use on roads, or by manpower. Both of these means obviously failed, as the bulk of field artillery was abandoned as the enemy withdrew northward. In his rapid withdrawal to the mountain fastness of the high mass extending northward from Hill 500, and dominated by MT. TAPOTCHAU,the Japanese forfeited any opportunity for maneuver. Thus, 0121/336 L' REPORT ON JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN FOR-11
with artillery lost and a purely defensive role dictated he had no organized defensive positions to which to retire - only the precipitious terrain studded with cliffs and caves, and cut by numerous deep canyons generally crossing the direction of his retirement.
Insofar as training in defensive warfare is concerned the Japanese Army forces displayed a lack of knowledge thereof almost astounding for modern troops. There was practically no evidence of organization of the ground; the principal airfield was practically undefended against ground troops, and on the night of D-day the enemy was unable to stage a counter-attack of sufficient strength to seriously affect our ultimate success.
The lack of employment of beach obstacles and land mines were amazing. No mine fields of any consequence were found on any of the beaches used, and those found inland as the attack progressed were small, feeble, and relatively ineffectual. While two types of mines new to this force were encountered no large stocks were found.
His initial employment of field artillery is worthy of note. On the first high ground and on the reverse slope thereof, three thousand (3000) yards southeast of Beaches GREEN and BLUE were massed sixteen (16) 105mm howitzers, and thirty (30) 75mm field pieces. Three thousand (3000) yards directly east of Beaah GREEN TWO was emplaced one (1)150mm howitzer battery of four (4) weapons, and three thousand (3000) yards directly east of Beach GREEN THREE was a like battery of four (4) howitzers. These weapons were particularly well sited and undoubtedly were responsible for much of the prolonged fire on the landing beaches. It is estimated that one battery alone had fired more than one thousand (1000) rounds. As previously pointed out, as our forces drove the bulk of the enemy northward, he abandoned most of his artillery, although he was able to continue to support his infantry by mortar fire. The only observed instance of field artillery emplaced on the shore was one (1) battery of four (4) 75mm light mountain guns in position practically on the beach one thousand (1000) yards southwest of the southern limits of CHARAN-KANOA, sited for fire on the channel through the reef just west of CHARAN-KANOA. This was one of the few known attempts of the enemy to make a stand at the beach. It is believed that this battery was silenced prior to D-day. On map of SAIPAN, ANNEX B, are shown beaches, and locations of massed enemy artillery.
3. Coast Defense Weapons and Beach Defenses. (1) Beginning at AGINGAN POINT at the most westerly extremity of the island and proceeding in a counter clockwise direction a description of coast defense weapons and beach defenses follows with photographs and sketches of the various installations.• Page numbers at end of each lettered subparagraphs are those on which photographs and/or drawings of installations described may be found. On overlay to Map of SAIPAN, ANNEX C, are shown the approximate locations of installations described, and, Map of SAIPAN, ANNEX B, with grid system may be used to further locate these with reference to terrain features.
(a) One (1) battery of two (2)6 inch British, Whitworth Armstrong guns, Model 1900, located on AGINGAN POINT,(coordinates 03.4-14.5).. There was no indication that either of these guns had been fired. Tubes of both guns had been damaged by naval gunfire or aerial bombardment. Construction at this installation was incomplete. One gun was sited in completed reinforced concrete casemate. The walls and overhead cover in second casemate had not yet been poured. The fire control and range finder equipment for this battery were destroyed. Casemates limited the traverse of weapons to approximately 900 west to south. The ammunition storage facilities at the battery were very limited, although approximately one hundred (100) rounds were found in a cave six hundred (600) yards to the southeast. One gun was sited for fire on the channel between SAIPAN and TINIAN, and the other on the approaches to beaches RED; GREEN,BLUE and YELLOW.(See page 12).
(b) A reinforced concrete blockhouse generally rectangular in shape, 28 ft. by 26 ft. provided with one (1) gun compartment and embrasure, was found four hundred (400) yards southeast of AGINGAN POINT,(coordinates 03.7-14.3). This small fortification suitable for a 20mm On was well sited for fire on Beach WHITE ONE. There was no indication that a weapon had ever been mounted or fired in this blockhouse which was essentially undamaged. (See page 13).
•(c) A German type reinforced concrete blockhouse generally circular in shape, 40 ft. in diameter was situated one hundred (100) yards inland from the approximate mid-point of Beach WHITE ONE,(coordinates 05.1-13.7). This blockhouse was provided with four (4) gun compartments, embrasures, magazi. es and es • atio turret suitable for mounting 29mm guns, sited for the defense of the beach „1,0,,W rairmoAle, • ,camouflaged, wa's,..mdarnagqcli,,,,m4.-tm.y-er4 1 .4 itviit4,,A ‘0,,, ,\. i:-;i 'A I; A l''% '1 1."'..,. 41 et vs lAzmv,t . ,,,,,,,Iir.'.. • '7,./.,..,,. 4 ti 0,-,,,;:...? 7.tal-,) Pv*VI 11 el 98* ""*111"441 In t z•I z% (4i;i4.N Fj 0121/336 tl; ;fi REPORT ON JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN FOR THE ISLAND OF SAIPAN. (Continued).
was no evidence that the guns had ever been installed or fired. Stored in this blockhouse were sixty (60) Japanese hemispherical anti-boat mines, evidently for use on the beach. (See page 17).
(d) A German type blockhouse identical to that on Beach WHITE ONE, was situated one hundred (100) yards landward from the approximate mid-point of Beach WHITE TWO, (coordinates 08.9-12.9). This blockhouse also well camouflaged, and undamaged by naval gunfire or aerial bombardment, was damaged somewhat, apparently by troop demolition party. Fifty (50) hemispherical anti-boat mines and several hundred rounds of small arms ammunition were stored here. There was no indication that weapons had been installed or fired- in this fortification. (See page 26).
(e) One (1) battery of four (4)6 inch British, Whitworth Armstrong guns, Model 1900, was situated on NAFUTAN POINT,(coordinates 10.3-11.3). These weapons similar to those on AGINGAN POINT. Three (3) of these weapons were sited in open emplacements, 35 ft. in diameter, with wall and parapet 30 inches high. The fourth gun of this battery was sited in a partially completed reinforced concrete casemate, and material was on hand for the construction of similar casemates for the balance of the guns of the battery. Each gun was provided with a protected magazine nearby providing for the storage of forty-eight(48) rounds. This complement of ammunition was on hand at three (3) guns which had not been fired. The fourth gun, traversed to fire to the northwest, had evidently fired ten (10) rounds in the direction of CHARAN-KANOA. Guns as emplaced were sited to traverse approximately 180° northwest to southeast. Two of these guns were practically undamaged, although sights and electric firing mechanisms of all had been removed. Range finder was above fire control dugout. Improvised speaking tubes of 3 inch water pipe radiated from fire control shelter to gun positions. (See page 27).
(f) One (1) battery of three (3) 140mm guns was found on the east slope of MT. NAFUTAN,(coordinates 10.5-12.5)1 one hundred (100)feet west of the edge of cliff. These guns were not emplaced in readiness .for firing. Each weapon was in an excavated pit 8 ft. deep, 22 ft. by 20 ft., with gun pedestal on 12 in. by 12 in. cribbing, 4 ft. above the floor of the pit. The gun muzzles were 12 in. below natural ground surface. The gun tubes and carriages, camouflaged with straw and painted canvas, had not been damaged either by naval gunfire or aerial bombardment. Adjoining each gun position was a pit of the same depth as gun pit, evidently for a magazine. No fire control, range finder equipment, or ammunition was at hand., (See page 32).
(g) Three (3) well constructed reinforced concrete gun emplacements were found on MT.NAFUTAN,adjacent to radar installation,(coordiaates 10.3-12.7). These evidently were prepared to receive 127mm dual purpose guns, similar to those found on islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Groups. None of these weapons were found on SAIPAN. (See page 33).
(h) One (1) battery of two (2) 200mm mortars was found on the south side of MAGICIENNE BAY,(coordinates 10.7-14.7). These weapons, Model 1943, were in excellent condition although the breech blocks and sights had been removed. Guns were emplaced in the open, in shalloow circular pits. These mortars were designed for 3600 traverse, with elevation from -15 to +650. One heavy, reinforced concrete magazine had been completed and the materials were at hand for the construction of a second. The completed magazine contained sixty-two (62) rounds of shell and projectile, sand in the open, near the mortars was an additional eighteen (18) rounds. One mortar appeared to have fired two (2) rounds, and the other six (6). Fire control and range finder equipment were missing, although the empty range finder case lay in the open. (See page 36).
(i) A German type reinforced concrete blockhouse generally semi-circular in shape, 18 ft. in radius was found fifty (50) yards inland from the approximate mid-point of Beach PURPLE ONE,(coordinates 10.7-19.5). This structure well camouflaged, was not seriously damaged. It was provided with four (4) gun compartments, embrasures, magazine and observation turret, and was like others of this type suitable for the mounting of 20mm guns, which could cover Beach PURPLE ONE with fire. Stored in this blockhouse were one hundred eighty (180) hemispherical anti-boat mines, evidently for use on PURPLE Beaches, and one hundred (100) rounds of 120mm ammunition. Two (2) courses of barbed wire five (5) feet apart had been erected within the high grass and brush fringing Beach PURPLE ONE for a distance of two hundred (200) yards,from the east end. Also a limited number of antitank obstacles, constructed of logs, had been placed along this beach, and six(6) of these were,wep, out on the reef. As described in paragraph 6, below, a considerable trencli;;srfps ,m!lig4:.,t156:ei,.4 prepared for the defense of this beach(---- :e-t39)- 0,t) 0121/336 REPORT ON JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN FOR THE ISLAND OF SAIPAN. (Continued).
(j) One (1) battery of two (2) 120mm dual purpose guns was situated on the rocky point between Beaches PURPLE ONE and TWO,(coordinates 11.5-19.6). From the siting of these guns, one in reinforced concrete casemate and the other to be so protected, they were to be employed in the defense of MAGICIENNE BAY. Reinforced concrete underground magazines were completed but contained only a few rounds. One weapon appeared to have fired approximately ten (10) rounds. Both guns were damaged. As pointed out obove, one hundred (100) rounds of shell and projectile evidently for these guns was found in blockhouse at Beach PURPLE ONE. Range finder was set on improvised platform with fire control room underground directly beneath this platform. One hundred fifty (150) yards northwest of battery position on high sharp ridge was situated a 60 inch search light g-uraded by automatic weapons. The electric energy for this light was provided by 25 KVA diesel power plant in well-revetted building just to rear of battery position. (See page 43).
(k) A heavily constructed reinforced concrete blockhouse, 18 ft. by 16 ft., with 5 ft. roof and 3 1/2 ft. walls, and well-concealed, was found just landward from the approximate mid-point of Beach PURPLE TWO,(coordinates 11.9-19.7). This structure between two massive rocks, and hidden by trees, was undamaged. It was provided with a single compartment and one (1) embrasure, but mounted with 20mm gun, would have been difficult to destroy and could have been extremely effective against landing craft approaching this beach. (See page 49).
(1) One (1) battery of two (2) 200mm mortars similar to that on south side, was found on the north side of MAGICIENNE BAY:(coordinates 12.8-19.1). Reinforced concrete emplacements were in process of construction, with magazines for each weapon in tunnels in cliff to the rear, provided with concrete bulkheads and steel doors. Approximately thirty-five (35) rounds were on hand for each gun. There was no indication that these mortars had been fired, and both had been damaged by gunfire or aerial bombardment. Guns were limited to approximately 1800 of traverse, southeast to northwest. (See page 52).
(m) Three (3) 120mm dual purpose guns, apparently unloaded from vehicles were found at a position,(coordinates 14.3-20.3), where excavation had been commenced for emplacements and were to be sited for fire upon the approaches to Beach BROWN ONE and TWO. (See page 53).
(n) BROWN Beach ONE and TWO were prepared for defense by the construction of machine gun and 20mm gun emplacements, and by what could have been a reasonably effective trench system, extending the width of the beaches and to a depth of one hundred (100) to one hundred fifty (150) yards. At BROWN ONE were two (2) 20mm gun position excellently sited to cover the beach and approaches thereto, and were so situated as to be invulnerable to destroyer or LCI fire. One of these in particular, with a gun embrasure 10in. by 20 in., in a 5 ft. concrete wall, with 8 ft. of concrete overhead, could scarcely have been silenced as long as ammunition was available. The 20mm gun position on BROWN TWO was almost as effective. Furthermore, the 20mm positions would have been well protected against foot troops by fire from prepared machine gun positions nearby. (See page 56).
(o) One (1) battery of three (3) 140mm coast defense guns was situated just south of the eastern end of MARPI POINT Airfield,(coordinates 18.3-32.3), evidently sited to cover the approach to the north end of the island. The position was in process of construction, with guns in partially excavated, camouflaged pits. Building material was at hand. No ammunition, fire control or range finder equipment was seen. All guns had been damaged by gunfire or aerial bombardment. (See page 57).
(p) One (1) battery of two (2)6 inch British, Whitworth Armstrong naval guns, sited to fire on TANAPAG HARBOR,(coordinates 11.4-28.3). One gun was in an open emplacement, the other in a partially completed reinforced concrete casemate. Neither gun had been fired, and both appeared to be serviceable with twenty-five (25) rounds at one, and fifteen (15) in a magazine between the two. (See page 58).
(q) One (1) battery of two (2) 120mm dual purpose guns was found sited for fire on TANAPAG HARBOR,(coordinates 06.4-25.9).. One gun was in an open emplacement 4 ft. deep, the other in a recently completed reinforced concrete casemate, with forms still in place. One of these weapons had fired,approximately twenty-five (25) rounds. Both guns as well as a large nearby magazine and director and range finder had been destroyed by gunfire or aerial bombard ment. The flanks of this battery had b en- r,c4ectecl_by light machine guns in emplacements. (See page 59). JArn _ 0121/336 ftlh t i REPORT ON JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN FOR THE ISLA OF SAIPAN. (Continueu):,
(r) One (1) battery of four (4) 120mm dual purpose guns was situated sixteen hundred (1600) yards east of MUTCHO POINT,(coordinates 08.2-26.5). All guns in this battery had fired extensively, but had all been damaged by gunfire or aerial bombardment. Each gun was sited in circular emplacements, twenty-five (25)feet in diameter, and five (5)feet deep. Magazines at each gun held thirty-six (36) rounds. Storage area or battery magazine was not found. With guns capable of 3600 traverse and elevation -5° to +75° this battery could have been employed for fire at targets in TANAPAG HARBOR or antiaircraft missions. The area in which this battery was situated had been subjected to intense bombardment. Fire control or range finding equipment was not found.
(s) A single 120mm dual purpose gun, also sited for fire on TANAPAG HARBOR was located just east of the southern edge of GARAPAN,(coordinates 07.1-23.9). Gun was sited for 1800 traverse and elevation -50 to +750. This gun undamaged except for missing breech block and sight, was located in open circular emplacement, 22 1/2 ft. in diameter and 3 ft. deep. No ammunition was found at the weapon although twenty-five (25) rounds had been fired.
(t) A battery of three (3) 140mm coast defense guns were found on the west slope of ridge onethousand (1000) yards inland from west shore line and fifteen hundred (1500) yards southeast of southern edge of GARAPAN,(coordinates 06.9-22.1). These guns to be sited for fire on sea approaches to GARAPAN - CHARAN-KANOA coast were not completely emplaced for firing, and had not fired. No fire control or range finding equipment was found, and gun pedestals were bolted to 12 in. by 12 in. cribbing, 24 in. above floor of excavated emplacements. (See page 63).
4. Antiaircraft Batteries.
a. One (1) battery of four (4) 120mm dual purpose guns was found southwest of ASLITO Airfield,(coordinates 06.2-13.7). These guns, which had fired extensively were situated in circular emplacements 21 1/2 ft. in diameter, 5 1/2 ft. below natural ground surface, with sides revetted with 1 1/2 in. lumber. Precast concrete ammunition chambers provided for storage for sixty (60) rounds at each gun. Guns were capable of 3600 traverse, and elevation -50 to +750. All guns were somewhat damaged. Each emplacement was provided with an electric fuse cutter. Reinforced concrete battery magazine, fire control and height finder platform were uncompleted. There is little doubt that this battery was employed entirely for antiaircraft fire. All guns of this battery, though only damaged superficially, were unserviceable. (See page 64).
b. One (1) battery of four.(4) 120mm dual purpose guns was found northeast of ASLITO Airfield,(coordinates 09.1-15.5). This battery was practically a duplicate of that south west of the field, and provided with the same equipment. Like the other, all weapons had fired extensively, and likewise, while only superficially damaged, had been rendered unserviceable, evidently by aerial bombardment. (See page 65).
c. The battery location of one (1) battery two (2) 75mm mobile antiaircraft guns, was found east of the ASLITO Airfield,(coordinates 09.5-14.3). Four (4) circular emplacements 20 ft. in diameter, and 5 ft. deep had been prepared, although it appeared that only two guns had been emplaced. Both of these weapons had been destroyed but had fired extensively. Height finder was found in case on the ground. Construction materials and tools were at site for improvement of battery position. It appeared that this battery had gone into position in great haste, fired heavily for a short period of time and was then completely destroyed. (See page 68).
d. One (1) battery of three (3) 120mm dual purpose guns was situated at the north east point of the island,(coordinates 19.2-32.1). This battery was undoubtedly emplaced for anti aircraft fire in the Brotection of MARPI POINT Airfield. Weapons with 360° traverse, and elevation -50 to +75 ,were sited in circular emplacement approximately 20 ft. in diameter, and 4 1/2 ft. deep, revetted with wattle. Three (3) precast concrete ammunition chambers, each holding twelve (12) rounds were provided at each gun. All guns had been fired, although unused ammunition remained at guns. Since no antiaircraft fire was observed in this area on or after D-day, it is believed that they were silenced by naval gunfire or aerial bombardment prior to target date. (See page 70).
e. One (1) battery of three (3)80mm antiaircraft guns was situated on crest of ridge three thoUsand. (3000) y st of FLO SP (coordinates 12.1-27.6). This battery fired,but en destroyed prior to D-day, (Se,e,7g4 ,:,p,_ 7, 1) had not extensively4,
t).t ;. • I. f 0121/336 REPORT ON JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN FOR TH .OF SAIPAN. (Continued).
f. A 75mm antiaircraft battery of six (6) guns arranged in an hexagonal plan with a weapon at each apex thereof was situated one thousand (1000) yards east of Lake Susupe on the first high ground east of the shore line (coordinates 06.9-18.5). The sides of this hexagonal figure were approximately one hundred (100)feet, and in the central part of the figure were located height finder and fire control installations, the construction of which was not completed. The guns were emplaced in shallow circular pits with sides revetted with wattle. All weapons had fired, but from observation it is believed entire battery had been silenced prior to D-day. This antiaircraft installation evidently was sited to protect radio station fifteen hundred (1500) yards to the northwest of the Army headquarters in CHARAN-KANOA. (See page 71).
g. No doubt there were mobile antiaircraft batteries on the island other than those listed and found, but which had been destroyed beyond recognition by intense gunfire and aerial bombardment.
5. The following tabulation of heavy caliber coast defense and dual purpose guns provides an index of the relative possible effectiveness of this artillery on D-day; or shortly prior thereto.
Guns at battery Loaded for Guns emplaced position not In shipment to Caliber ready for fire emplacecriTii fire storage battery position
5 inch 3
6 inch 8
120mm 20 3 32
140mm 1 3
200mm 4 6 TOTAL ALL WEAPONS - 32 12 42
6. Organization of the Ground. As pointed out in paragraph 2 supra, the Japanese force evidently through inadequate training, and in spite of a defensive role, displayed almost a total la_cicof appreciation of the value of organization of the ground. The best sited and most extensive organization of the ground was found at Beach PURPLE ONE, with antiaircraft, mortar, and machine gun positions, and fire and communication trenches prepared. While the organization of this ground was not complete, in coordination with concrete 20mm gun blockhouse at mid-point of be-ach, flanking automatic weapons to the west, and a 120mm coast defense battery on the east flank, it presented a relatively formidable defensive position. Other small areas in which efforts had been made toward organization were as mentioned above, for the defense of Beaches BROWN ONE and TWO.
Considering the size of the island these ground areas organized were amazingly small. The lack of employment of the barrier technique so vitally important in defensive situations or retrograde movements indicated an almost total absence of training of combat engineer troops for this work. The relatively few mine fields encountered, were armed with improvised munitions, were often poorly sited, ill-concealed, and reflected no deliberate planning. All of this in spite of splendid areas and sites for this feature of defensive warfare. In only one instance were booby traps employed. These were encountered on D-day at an air-ground radio command post on Beach RED TWO. This command post consisted primarily of a generator and transmitter housed in a tent. Seven (7) charges were found, each consisting of an explosive charge of ten (10) 1/2 pound blocks of picric acid and firing device. Five (5) were connected in series with the trans mitter and so installed to detonate if transmitter was energized; a sixth was connected with a trip wire covering the entrance to the tent; and a seventh was connected to a rifle in the immediate vicinity of the tent. All of these booby traps were amateurishly prepared, and were readily deactivated by a non-commissioned officer who had received training in this subject.
7. Camouflage. permanent gun positions were in some stage Due to the---, ,,...----,--.---_, fact that _ practically all of construction, the oppor nitie :o1- , •Ruxiying7the,. , technique and effectiveness of Japanese camouflage were limited. Instances d iCflage used hpcl.colcealfici iiirto-the extent that - .,1 vi °I ,•'4 * ri tt t, , I ,,, ii xi t: i'0,i r ii, 1 1 ' t. - 6- 1kr)i1k,t. , 1,..I....,n kY'll- 4:1 (II 0121/336 1173(i;,ilnkik.74ct.,0 REPORT ON JAPANESE DEFENSIVE PLAN FOR THE1 LA SAIPAN. (Continued). our aviators were deceived. One outstanding example was the three (3) gun, 140mm battery on NAFUTAN PENINSULA,(coordinates 10.2-12.7).While the excavated pits for these weapons were conspicious by the white coral spoil heaps, the gun tubes and carriages, camouflaged with straw mat and painted canvas, respectively, evidently completely concealed these weapons. Other instances were the reinforced concrete blockhouse, 40 ft. in diameter on Beaches WHITE ONE and TWO, and PURPLE ONE. They were undamaged by naval gunfire or aerial bombardment. Disruptive painting of the sides, the planting of grass and shrubs in the 12 in. of earth on the roofs, and the terracing with earth of the sides between the gun embrasure, had all contributed to effectiveness of this camouflage. The three (3) guns of the 120mm battery in process of construction, to cover the approaches to BROWN Beaches, had been concealed simply by covering the tubes and carriages with foliage. Ammunition storage shelters, small observation and automatic weapons posts were well camouflaged by the use of natural means. The nets employed by the Japanese to cover gun positions and ammunition storage pits therefor were ineffectual, due to the fact that no garlands had been woven into the nets.
Several dummy positions were observed that were well done, and had been effectively bombed by our flyers. These varied somewhat in nature, and usually were furnished with dummy figures of men, and range finding, observation, search light and gun positions. In a position overlooking Beach BROWN TWO was among other installations, a coast defense gun. The Japanese are reputed to display much talent in camouflage, and it is to be expected that we shall encounter this work in their more completed defenses.
8. Conclusions. The coast defense and dual purpose weapons sited for off shore targets were almost entirely ineffectual due to several factors: the poor quality of camouflage of these batteries and routes thereto, permitting their,ready detection and early bombardment; the incomplete state of construction vitiating the accuracy and rate of fire of any guns not destroyed prior to D-day, to the fact that practically none of these weapons were sited primarily to bring fire on the transport areas chosen by our forces, or on the approaches to the landing beaches selected; and lastly to the' fact that the accuracy and intensity of our naval gunfire and aerial bombardment just prior to the • attack either destroyed the weapons or forced the gun crews to abandon them.
The defense of the island by the Japanese Army garrison displayed a deplorable state of training in defensive tactics, a lack of appreciation of the potential effectiveness of our counter battery fire, inadequate measures to oppose both the movement of our track laying and wheeled vehicles, defective communication facilities, and an astounding absence of means of movement for artillery. These defects contributed to a withdrawal northward by his badly dis organized forces - a withdrawal that would have been a rout — except for the Japanese soldier's aptitude for guerrilla fighting, in which he was greatly aided by a terrain admirably suited for this type of warfare; to his fanaticism which forbids surrender; and to well distributed stocks of food and ammunition. In spite of these assets, his defense of the island failed, due to the fortitude of our troops, to our superior leadership and training, and to excellence of our mechanical equip ment.
A. VINCENT WILSON, Colonel, CE, USA, Engineer.
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BLACK 2 32 32 BLACK'
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30 30
29 29
28, Lt.Mtb 28 SE PLANE BASE
TANA AG HAR OR 27 27
26 26
GARAPAN 25, 25
24 24
23 23
22 22
21 21 GREEN
20 20
ADIO GREEN 2. ATION 19 19
GREEN PURPLE 1 PUR. KAGMAN PT 18 18 CHARAN KANOA BLUE 1 17 BLUE 2 MAGIC/-NNE BAY 17
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131 13
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ii 11 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ANNEX "B" Morpi Point
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16 /L1-j /1/(112e/;11 °°-5s6. e7*"e./7se tvloniagossa Island L/7/aceme/-2,5 TAA/APAc A/o/e: symbol to//o ci by (.) ir).oii -a/e3/40/ _5/ove of /27s/a//olior7 t4,6,5 //7comfr/e/e /go /he ,22o/72, //12ese ‘,/ere cinc,o/e /o /ire 0/2 O-doy.
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6" British naval gun battery at AGINGAN POINT, (coordinates 03)4_114.5)
6" British naval gun of battery at AGINGAN POINT in partially completed casemate, (coordinates 03.14-14.5). 6" British naval in of battery at AGINGAN POINT in partially destroyed casemate (coordinates 03)4-14.5),
Small reinforced concrete blockhouse and magazine south side AGINGAN PENINSULA, (coordinates 03.7-14.3). -F-- iczt--- COROL PLAMFoRM for N) o ACINqA K) poir.r1 (Cciorci_ 03.4 - 14.5)
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Small reinforced concrete blockhouse south side AGINGAN PENINSULA, (coordinates 03.7-14.3).
Embrasure in small reinforced concrete blockhouse south side AGINGAN PENINSULA, (coordinates 03.7-14.3). Entrance to magazine - small reinforced concrete blockhouse south side AGINGAN PENINSULA, (coordinates 03.7-14.3).
German type reinforced concrete blockhouse 3each WHITE ONE, (coordinates 05.1-13.7).
17 CONC. tiVIPLAC-E— Mt- NiT for ZO M.M. GAIJNO,4 (Coord. 03.7-(4.3)
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21 Zntrance to German type blockhouse Beach WHITE ONE, (coordinates 05.1-13.7).
Camouflaged observation turret German type blockhouse Beach WHITE ONE, (coordinates 05.1-13.7). Camouflaged roof of German type blockhouse Beach WHITE ONE, (coordinates 05.1-13.7). Tubes are air ducts.
German type blockhouse Beach WHITE TWO, (coordinates Og.9-12.9).
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25 Entrance to German type blockhouse Beach WHITE TWO, (coordinates Og.9-1.2.9).
Embrasure, German type blockhouse Beach WHITE TWO, (coordinates Og.9-12.9). Battery of four (4) 6" British, Whitworth Armstrong naval guns - N,UuTAN POINT, (coordinates 10.3-11.3).
One gun of 6" British, Whitworth Armstrong battery - NAYDTAN POINT, (coordinates 10.3-11.3). •
One gun of 6" British, Whitworth Armstrong battery - ELFUTAN POINT, (coordinates 10.3-11.3).
One gun of 6" British, Whitworth Armstrong battery - NAUMAN POINT, In partially completed casemate, (coordinates 10.3-11.3). •
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31 One gun of battery of three (3) 140mm coast defense guns - NAFUTAN POINT (coordinates 10.5-12.5).
Side view of one gun of three (3) 140mm coast defense guns - NAFUTAN POINT, showing excavation of gun pit, (coordinates 10.5-12.5). Photograph showing 12" cribbing on which pedestals of all guns of 140mm battery NAFUTAN POINT were mounted, (coordinates 10.5-12.5).
One of three (3) reinforced concrete gun emplacements evidently for 127mm twin tube dual purpose guns - NAFUTAN POINT, (coordinates 10.3-12.7). Ply ciuK) tVIPLACt- Mt- KYA At Li T A -P 1\) T. (0.3-12.7)
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200mm Mortar. One mortar of two mortar battery - south side MAGICIENNE BAY, (coordinates 10.7-14.7). MACIAZ1NJ -E for ZOOmm (81Na-1) COAST D -E-f-- t\15E MORTAft OORD, 10.7 - (47')
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German type blockhouse, Beach PURPLE ONE, (coordinates 10.7-19.5).
Entrance to German type blockhouse, Beach PURPLE ONE, (coordinates 10.7-19.5). A 1\) --rypf- BLocc4-40 U (Ooc>rd. 10.7- 19.5)
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DRAwt,) 12SY goPAc_. 7JuLY co44-. 41 Barbed wire entanglements and obstacles, Beach PURPLE ONE, (coordinates 11.2-19.6).
Antiboat or antitank obstacles, Beach PURPLE ONE. It is believed that these were to have been set on beach. (coordinates 11.2-19.6). •
One gun of two gun 120mm battery on rocky point between Beaches PURPLE ONE and TWO. This gun as emplaced in reinforced concrete was restricted to coast defense role only. (coordinates 11.5-19.6).
Side view of reinforced concrete emplacement housing one gun of 120mm battery on rocky point between Beaches PURPLE ONE and TWO, (coordinates 11.5-19.6). One (1) gun of two (2) gun 120mm battery on rocky point between Beaches PURPLE ONE and TWO, (coordinates 11.5-19.6).
Range finder for 120mm gun battery on rocky point between Beaches PURPLE ONE and TWO, (coordinates 11.5-19.6). G
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Front view from beach of 18 x 16 foot blockhouse, Beach PURPLE TWO, (coordinates 11.9-19.7)
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(coord. I 1.9 - 19.7) Trenches to rear of Beach PURPLE TWO, (coordinates 12.0-19.7).
200mm Mortar. One (1) mortar of two (2) mortar battery on north side of MAGICIENNE BAY, (coordinates 12.8-19.1). Entrance to tunnel magazine for two (2) mortar battery north side NAGICIENNE BAY, (coordinates 12.g-19.1).
One (1) gun of weapons for three (3) gun 120mm dual purpose gun battery, g00 yards southwest of Beach 33OWN ONE, (coordinates 14.3-20.3). MA QA Jf fc>,-- 8" MORTAR MA r)AY (CooD. PIO
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Distant view of one (1) of the guns of those for three (3) 120mm dual purpose battery, showing effectiveness of camouflage, (coordinates 14.3-20.3).
20mm gun blockhouse, Beach BROWN On, (coordinates 14.5-20.9). 20mm blockhouse, BROWN Beach TWO, (coordinates 14.0-22.1).
One (1) gun of three (3) gun for 140mm coast defense battery, 1400 yards south of east end of MARPI POINT Airfield, (coordinates 18.3-32.3). damouflaged magazine pit at one (1) gun nosition of the partially installed 140mm battery 1400 yards south of east end of MARPI POINT Airfield, (coordinates 1g.3-32.3).
One (1) gun of two (2) gun battery of 6" British, Whitworth Armstrong naval guns, 2000 yards northeast of FLORES POINT, (coordinates 11)4-2E5.3) One (1) gun of two (2) gun 6" British, Whitworth Armstrong battery in partially completed reinforced concrete emplacement. This battery 2000 yards northeast of FLORES POINT, (coordinates 11)4-2E5.3).
One (1) gun of two (2) gun 120mm dual purpose gun battery at beach 400 yards south of MUTCHO POINT, (coordinates 06)4-25.9). One (1) gun of two (2) gun 120mm battery 400 yards south of MUTCHO POINT. This gun was in completed reinforced concrete emplacement, (coordinates 06)4-25.9).
One ( gun of four ()4) gun 120mm dual purpose battery 1600 yards east of MUTCHO POINT, (coordinates 0g.2-26.5).
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5t- CT eXTROPAC TRACto by 5.M.Z. 5H-t-tr z of z 15 JULY 1344 One (1) gun of battery of three (3) 140= coast defense guns, 1500 yards southeast of GARAPAN, (coordinates 06.9-22.1).
One (1) gun of battery of three (3) 140mm coast defense guns, 1500 yards southeast of GARAPAN, (coordinates 06.9-22.1). One (1) gun of four (4) gun 120mm dual purpose guns southeast of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 06.2-13.7).
One (1) gun of four (4) gun 120mm dual purpose guns southeast of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 06.2-13.7). One (1) ,in of four (4) gun 120mm dual purpose battery southeast of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 06.2-13.7).
One (1) gun of four (4) gun 120mm dual purpose battery southeast of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 06.2-13.7). One (1) gun of four (4) gun 120mm dual purpose battery northeast of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 09.1-15.5).
One (1) gun of four (4) gun 120mm dual purpose battery northeast of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 09.1-15.5). rz.3 toz u tzomM DUALPUk_PO/145-L- (Coord:09.1 - 15.5)
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One (1) gun of two (2) gun 75mm antiaircraft battery east of ASLITO Airfield, (coordinates 09.5-14.3). Ci,AK) AMVO CA (Goord:
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One (1) gun of three (3) gun 120mm dual purpose guns at northeast point of Island, (coordinates 19.2-32.1). One (1) gun of battery of three (3) gOmm antiaircraft guns on high ridge 3000 yards east of FLORES POINT, (coordinates 12.1-27.6).
One (1) gun of battery of six (6) 75mm antiaircraft guns 1000 pards east of tAri: SUSUPE, (coordinates 06.9-1g.5). W
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One (1) gun of battery of six (6) 75mm antiaircraft guns 1000 yards east of LAKE SUSUPE, (coordinates 06.9-1g.5).
One (1) gun of battery of six (6) 75mm antiaircraft guns 1000 yards east of LAKE SUSUPE, (coordinates 06.9-18.5). One (1) gun of battery of six (6) 75mm antiaircraft guns 1000 yards east of LATF SUSUPE, (coordinates 06.9-1g.5).
One (1) howitzer of battery of four (4) 150mm howitzers 3000 yards east of Beach GREEN TWO, (coordinates Og.3-19.7). Shelter for one (1) howitzer of battery of four (4) 150mm howitzers 3000 yards east of Beach GREEN TWO. (coordinates Og.3-19.7).
(hie (1) howitzer of battery of four (4) 150mm howitzers 3000 yards east of Beach GREEN THREE, (coordinates 07.5-1g.7). Empty shell cases In vicinity of 150mm howitzer battery 3000 yards east of Beach GREEN THREE, (coordinates 07.5-1g.7). The ammunition for these weapons was semi-fixed.
Excavated pit for magazine for 150mm howitzer battery 3000 yards east of Beach GREEN TWO (coordinates 0g.3-19.7). 150M M -How. quk) VLAcMtJ EfJ [vAgAziL)-- GooRD: 08.3- 19.7)
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75mm field piece in massed field artillery area shown on ANNEX B, page 10.
7g 105mm howitzer in massed field artillery area shown on AN111X B, page 10.
75mm field piece in massed field artillery area shown on ANNEX B, page 10. 75mm field piece in massed field artillery area shown on ANNEX B, page 10.
105mm howitzer in massed field artillery area shown on ANNEX B, page 10.
-go 140mm coast defense guns loaded on freight cars near GARAPAN, (coordinates 08.3-26.5).
140mm coast defense guns loaded on freight cars near akRAPAN, (coordinates 08.3-26.5). Dummy search light and platform
Dummy observation tower with dummy observer. •
Dummy triple tube 25mm antiaircraft gun.
Dummy twin tube 25mm antiaircraft gun.
g3 Dummy antiaricraft gun, evidently to represent 75mm weapon.
Dummy 6" coast defense gun, naval type. •
Dummy radar station.
Well camouflaged machine gun position. Dummy search light with dummy figure.
Fixed mount 25mm automatic antiaircraft gun. Mobile 25mm antiaircraft gun.
Twin mount, fixed, 13mm automatic antiaircraft gun. •
Twin mount, fixed, 13mm automatic antiaircraft gun.
Single mount 13mm automatic antiaircraft gun. The frustrum of a cone or conical antiboat mine, a smaller type of the hemispherical antiboat mine encountered in the Gilberts, Marshalls and again in the Marianas. This mine 141"1 in diameter at the base, 6" at the top and 10i" in heigth, is designed for detonation by the use of a single acid filled horn. Some of these mines had been set well ashore as antitank mines, particularly at street intersections in the town of GARAPAN. However, these were so ineptly set, that they were conspicious and readily removed. The "yardstick" antitank mine consists of an elliptically shaped tube-like metal case 3i" by 1 7/8" in cross section and 35 3/4" in length. The mine is charged with eight (8) precast blocks of explosive molded to the shape of the case. These blocks are 4i" by 3" by 1 WO and weigh each approximately 0.6 'oounds. The mine is detonated by pressure type firing devices set between each pair of blocks. At the time of writing this report there has as yet been no opportunity to conduct experiments with this mine. _f74/-ea,/77 .46e G7/ 4/-5 tie z75 C/77
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0121/336 DIST.RIBUTION LIST
Cominch (10) Oom3rd,Phibror (5) Oin0Pac (10) °Tr 36 (5) Oomrifthrieet (5) IsOom, SAIPAN (1) 00mThirdFleet (5) IsOom, TINLO (1) Oom5thPhibFor (5) IsCom, Gum (1) OomPhibForsPac (5) JICPOA (5) ComAirPac (5) War Department General Staff (5) MO (10) ComitirOenPac (3) MarPac (2) mos (10) CG, Camp Lejuene (10) CG, VAC (5) OG, III AC (5) OG, lstMarpiv (12) OG, 2nOtarpiv (12) OP, ,rdMarDiv (12) CG, 4.thMarDiv (12) 00, 5thNarDiv (12) .CO, 4thMarines (5) CO, 22nd Marines (5) GO, 29thMarines (5) 00, lstProvMarBrig (4) CG, AdCom, YMF, Pac (2) CG, SupSer, Pac (1) ComPhibTraPac (5) TroTraPhibTraPac (5) 00, MarCamp KAUAI (2) CG, CPA (25) 00, SeventhAirForce (5) OG, lleventhAirForce (5) 00, ThirteenthAirForce (5) Comdt, AAF School of Applied Tactics (5) CG, Western Defense Command (5) 00, Army Air Force (5) CG, Second Army (3) 00, Third Army (3) Comdt, Infantry School, (3) Comdt, Cavalry School, (3) Supt, U.S. Naval Academy (2) Supt. U.S. Military Academy (2) Comdt, Command and General Staff School (2) Comdt, Army and Navy Staff College (2) Pres, Naval War College (2) Comdt, ALF West Coast Training Center (2) Chief of Engineers (2) CG, Army Ground Forces (5) Comdt, Engineer School (3). Comdt, Coast Artillery School (3) OG, SWPA (2) :, „, cf P.,1, A.R . .. : , , ,... ',..J . ',. r"' ;',i 04 !Yij ee i, k.1‘,.' 0121/336 EIZADQ,U.AlEaltS,* ti !A ,,,, l'' ,i',.:1, \ ibt •i' tj, z.kl , ij :1 ..,,,, r, . : 4.1' 4 04 , I- 'a • ., Ser.0074-4 EXPEDITIONARY Titoops, TASK 30110E 56:;:;74 1 li,i 4,;, • i•,,,ti 11,%.,sts'.5 ``‘'. .?"."' il' 41...7 -vi IN Tits FIELD. rP ... _ ...... , ...._., 30 July, 1944.
I
The Commanding General. To : The Commander in Chief, United States Fleet.
Via: (1). The Commander, Joint Expeditionary. Force, (OT? 51). (2). The Commander, FIYTH Fleet, (OT? 50). (3). The Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas.
Subject: Report on Japanese Defensive Plan for the Island of SUMS. -
Enclosure: (A) Subject report.
1. Submitted herewith is enclosure (A) for your information.
2. This revort will be included in AMAGER Operation Report to be submitted later by the Commanding General.
3. Transmission of this document by registered mail within the continental limits of the United States and the Naval Postal Service is necessary and hereby authorized.
Copies to: SEE DISTRIBUTION LIST.
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