TAXONOMIC and DISTRIBUTIONAL ASSESSMENTS of Chaerephon Plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from VIETNAM
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Taxonomic and distributionalTAP CHI assessments SINH HOC of Chaerephon2014, 36(4): plicatus479-486 DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v36n4.5980 TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF Chaerephon plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) FROM VIETNAM Vu Dinh Thong Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, VAST, [email protected] ABSTRACT: To date, Wrinkle-lipped Bat (Chaerephon plicatus) is the only species of the family Molossidae in Vietnam. It is found throughout much of Asia but rarely recorded in the country. Every published record of this species from Vietnam was only resulted from a single individual with little data on morphology. Particularly, the previous publications did not include any information about either colony size or roosting site of the species within Vietnam. Between 2001 and 2014, a series of field surveys was conducted throughout the country with an intensive search for free-tailed bat species. The obtained results indicate that Wrinkle-lipped Bat is a widespread bat species but its known roosting sites in Vietnam are quite distjunct. Its colony size is in both seasonal and geographical variations ranging from several hundreds to over three million individuals. The species inhabits seasonally and permanently in northern and southern regions, respectively. This paper provides taxonomic and ecological assessments with an emphasis on morphological measurements, colony size, roosting habitats and national distributional range of Wrinkle-lipped Bat within Vietnam. Keywords: Asia, behavior, free-tailed bat, habitat, Mammalia, seasonal variation. INTRODUCTION molossid bats from Vietnam was included in Wrinkle-lipped Bat (Chaerephon plicatus) Total (1974) [17] with record of one specimen is a free-tailed species, which was originally identified as Tadarida plicata. Since then, records described as Vespertilio plicatus (Buchannan of Tadarida plicata from the country has been 1800). Subsequently, the species was included in a series of publications (Cao Van reclassified as Tadarida (Chaerephon) plicata Sung 1976, Sokolov 1986, Corbet and Hill 1992, [1, 6], Chaerephon plicata [2, 12] and Dang Huy Huynh et al. 1994, Hendrichsen 2001, Chaerephon plicatus [5, 9]. Freeman (1981) Borissenko and Kruskop 2003, Kruskop 2013). [10] delineated that Tadarida and Chaerephon Borissenko and Kruskop (2003) [2] and Kruskop are two distinct genera. This paper identifies the (2013) [12] assumed that “at least two other materials from Vietnam as Chaerephon plicatus species could be found in Vietnam” and provided following Simmons (2005) [15] and Francis a key to Chaerephon plicata and three other (2008) [9]. species: Otomops wroughtoni, Tadarida latouchei and Tadarida insignis. According to results from Simmons (2005) [15] included a total of 111 the present study and several previous free-tailed bat species belonging to 17 genera publications, distribution of Chaerephon plicatus worldwide: Chaerephon, Cheiromeles, in Vietnam is confirmed, whereas three later Cynomops, Eumops, Mormopterus, Molossops, species (Otomops wroughtoni, Tadarida latouchei Molossus, Mops, Myopterus, Neoplatymops, and Tadarida insignis) are still unrecorded from Nyctinomops, Otomops, Platymops, Promops the country. On the other hand, almost nothing is and Tomopeas. Of which, 19 species belong to the known about roosting sites and colony sizes of genus Chaerephon. Within the Southeast Asian free-tailed bats in Vietnam. This paper provides a region, free-tailed bats currently comprise 6 taxonomic assessment, distributional and species belonging to 5 genera: Chaerephon ecological data of Chaerephon plicatus from plicatus, C. johorensis, Cheiromeles torquatus, Vietnam. Mops mops, Otomops wroughtoni and Tadarida latouchei [9]. The first published information of MATERIALS AND METHODS 479 Vu Dinh Thong Bat capture canine width-greatest width, taken across the Bats were captured and handled in the field outer borders of upper canines; M3-M3, upper following guidelines approved by the American molar width-greatest width, taken across the Society of Mammalogists [14]. A total of outer crowns of the last upper molars; C1-M3, nineteen specimens were collected from their maxillary toothrow length-from the front of roosting sites and examined for taxonomic upper canine to the back of the crown of the confirmation. Of which, three specimens third molar; ml, mandible length-from the (IEBR-T.280808.3, IEBR-T.280808.4, IEBR- anterior rim of the alveolus of the first lower T.280808.5, adult females, bodies in alcohol, incisor to the most posterior part of the condyle; skulls extracted) were collected from Lang Son c1-m3, mandibular toothrow length-from the province, northern Vietnam and sixteen front of the lower canine to the back of the remainders (IEBR-T.051214.6, adult female, crown of the third lower molar. Reproductive body in alcohol, skull extracted; IEBR- status and age were assessed following Racey T.051214.4, IEBR-T.051214.5, IEBR- (2009) [13] and Brunet-Rossinni & Wilkinson T.051214.7, IEBR-T.051214.8, IEBR- (2009) [3], respectively. IEBR-T. is an acronym T.051214.9, IEBR-T.051214.10, IEBR- for the bat collection of Vu Dinh Thong, T.051214.11, IEBR-T.051214.12, IEBR- retained at the Institute of Ecology and T.051214.13, IEBR-T.051214.14, IEBR- Biological Resources (IEBR), Hanoi, Vietnam. T.051214.15, IEBR-T.051214.16, IEBR- Distributional ranges were assessed following T.051214.17, IEBR-T.051214.18, IEBR- data from field surveys and published T.051214.19, unsexed, adult, skulls only) were information. Estimation of the numbers of collected from Dong Nai province, southern individuals inhabiting each locality was based Vietnam. on results from observational counting at the front of caves when bats were emerging at Taxonomic and ecological assessments dusk. Video cameras were utilised to shoot External and craniodental measurements clips for replaying to reevaluate the observed were taken following Vu Dinh Thong (2011) colony sizes. [18], Vu Dinh Thong et al. (2012a, 2012b, 2012c) [19, 20, 21], Bates & Harrison (1997) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION [1] and Csorba et al. (2003) [7]. The Taxonomy measurements comprise FA, forearm length- from the extremity of the elbow to the extremity Table 1. External measurements (in mm) of of the carpus with the wings folded; EH, ear Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam height-length of ear conch; TIB, tibia length- Parameter mean SD range n from the knee joint to the ankle; HF, hind-foot length-from the extremity of the heel behind the FA 48.24 1.37 46.24-49.32 4 os calcis to the extremity of the longest digit, EH 18.63 1.30 17.57-20.08 3 excluding the hairs or claws; Tail: tail length, TIB 16.34 0.15 16.20-16.53 4 from the tip of the tail to its base adjacent to the HF 9.66 1.35 8.11-11.40 4 body; SL, total length of skull-from occiput to Tail 37.41 1.88 35.15-39.37 4 the most anterior part of the canine; CCL, condylocanine length-from the exoccipital External and craniodental characteristics of condyle to the most anterior part of the canine; all specimens obtained during the present study IOW, interorbital width-the least width of the exhibit well the diagnoses of Chaerephon interorbital constriction; ZW, zygomatic width- plicatus. Their forearm length ranges from the greatest width of the skull across the 46.24 to 49.32 mm with an average of 48.24 zygomatic arches; BW, width of braincase - mm (n = 4; table 1). The ears are fleshy and greatest width of the braincase at the posterior connected by a membrance across the forehead roosts of the zygomatic arches; C1-C1, upper (fig. 1). Each ear has a blunt tip. Its anterior and 480 Taxonomic and distributional assessments of Chaerephon plicatus posterior borders are slightly convex and strong but its coronoid process is less developed waved, respectively. There are six fleshy and lower than respective canine. The upper transverse ridges on the posterior lobe (fig. 1). and lower canines are sharp and pointed The eyes are large (in comparison with those of (fig. 2). There are only one pair of upper other microchiropteran bat species). The upper incisors, which are remarkbly robust. lip is well developed and wrinkled. Nottrils open sidewards. The pelage is soft, dense and Table 2. Craniodental measurements (in mm) of mostly uniform chestnut. The hairs on the Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam shoulder, just after the posterior base of the Parameter mean Min-max SD n ears, are darker than those in the remainder SL 20.23 19.58-20.92 0.55 5 parts. Individual hairs are short and almost CCL 17.36 17.19-17.64 0.21 4 equal in length. The tail is robust and macular. IOW 4.32 3.95-4.55 0.16 15 It projects conspicuously beyond the narrow ZW 11.81 11.46-12.27 0.29 13 and naked interfemoral membrance. The skull is BW 11.17 10.45-11.70 0.46 9 small with an average SL of 20.23 mm (19.58- C1-C1 5.04 4.92-5.26 0.14 5 20.92 mm; n = 5; table 2). The rostrum and M3-M3 8.61 8.03-9.31 0.37 11 brancse are narrower forewards and flatted, C1-M3 7.56 6.91-8.58 0.59 8 respectively (fig. 2). The sagittal crest is well ml 13.48 13.26-13.64 0.17 4 defined but less developed. The mandible is c1-m3 7.98 7.91-8.10 0.08 4 Figure 1. Face and ear of Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam 481 Vu Dinh Thong Figure 2. Ventral, dorsal, and lateral (from top-right anticlockwise) views of the skull and mandible of Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam. Scale = 10 mm. Distribution and ecology ranges between thounsands and millions of individuals. The northern colony, which In Vietnam, Chaerephon plicatus is contains over 3,000,000 individuals, seasonally recorded from both northern and southern inhabits a huge cave situated on a karst regions (fig.