Tap Chi Sinh Hoc 2014, 36(4): 479-486 Taxonomic And

TAP CHI SINH HOC 2014, 36(4): 479-486 DOI 10.15625/0866-7160/v36n4-5980

TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF Chaerephonpttcatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) FROM VIETNAM

Vu Dinh Thong Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, VAST, [email protected]

ABSTRACT: To date. Wrinkle-lipped Bai (Chaerephon plicatus) is the only species ofthe family Molossidae in Vietnam. It is found throu^out much of Asia but rarely recorded in the country. Every pubhshed record of this species from Vietnam was only resulted from a single individual with little data tm morphology. Particularly, the previous publications did not mclude any information about either colony size or roosting site ofthe species within Vietnam. Between 2001 and 2014, a series of field surve)« was conducted throughout the country with an intensive search for free-tailed bat species. The obtained results indicate that Wrinkle-lipped Bat is a widespread bat species but its known roosting sites in Vietnam are quite distjunct Its colony size is in both seasonal and geographical variations ranging from several hundreds to over three million individuals. The species inhabits seasonally and permanently in northem and southem regions, respectively. This paper provides taxonomic and ecological assessments with an emphasis on morphological measurements, colony size, roosting habitats and national distributional range of Wrinkle-lipped Bat within Vietnam. Keywords: Asia, behavior, free-tailed bat, habitat. Mammalia, seasonal variation.

INTRODUCTION tnolossid bats frora Virtnam was included in Wrinkle-lipped Bat (Chaerephon plicatus) Total (1974) [17] with record of one specimen is a free-tailed species, which was originally identified as Tadarida plicata. Since then, records described as Vespertilio plicatus (Buchannan of Tadarida plicata from the country has been 1800). Subsequently. the species was included in a series of publications (Cao Van reclassified as Tadarida (Chaerephon) plicata Sung 1976, Sokolov 1986, Corbet and HiU 1992, [1, 6], Chaerephon plicata [2, 12] and Dang Huy Huynh et al. 1994, Hendrichsen 2001, Chaerephon plicatus [5, 9]. Freeman (1981) Borissenko and Kruskop 2003, Kruskop 2013). [10] delineated that Tadarida and Chaerephon Borissenko and Kruskop (2003) [2] and Kruskop are two distinct genera. This paper identifies the (2013) [12] assumed that "at least two other materials frora Vietnara as Chaerephon plicatus species could be found in Vietnam" and provided following Simmons (2005) [15] and Francis a tey to Chaerephon plicata and three other (2008) [9]. species: Otomops wrou^toni, Tadarida latouchei and Tadarida insignis. According to results from Sunmons (2005) [15] included a total of 111 the present study and several previous fiee-tailed bat species belonging to 17 genera pubhcations, distribution of Chaerephon plicatus worldwide: Chaerephon, Cheiromeles, m Vietnam is confirmed, whereas three later Cynomops, Eumops, Mormopterus, Molossops, species (Otomops wroughtoni, Tadarida latouchei Molossus, Mops, Myopterus, Neoplatymops, and Tadarida insignis) are still unrecorded fi^m Nyctinomops, Otomops, Platymops, Promops tiie country. On the other hand, almost nothing is and Tomopeas. Of which, 19 species belong to the known about roosting sites and colony sizes of genus Chaerephon. Within the Southeast Asian free-tailed bats in Vietnam. This paper provides a region, free-tailed bats currently comprise 6 taxonomic assessment, distributional and species belonging to 5 genera: Chaerephon ecological data of Chaerephon plicatus from plicatus, C. johorensis, Cheiromeles torquatus. Vidnam. Mops mops, Otomops wroughtoni and Tadarida latouchei [9]. The first pubhshed mformation of MATERIALS AND METHODS Vu Dinh Thong

Bat capture canine width-greatest width, taken across the Bats were captured and handled in the field outer borders of upper canines; M3-M3, i^iper followmg guidelines approved by the American molar width-greatest width, taken across the Society of Mammalogists [14]. A total of outer crowns ofthe last iq)per molars; C1-M3, nineteen specimens were coUected frora tiiefr maxillary toothrow length-from the front of roosting sites and examined for taxonomic upper canine to the back of the crown of the confirmation. Of which, three specimens third molar; ml, mandible length-from the aEBR-T.280808.3, lEBR-T. 280808.4, lEBR- anterior rim of the alveolus of the first lower T.280808.5, aduh females, bodies in alcohol, incisor to the most posterior part ofthe condyle; skulls exfracted) were collected from Lang Son cl-m3, mandibular toothrow length-from the province, northem Vietnam and sixteen front of the lower canine to the back of the remainders (IEBR-T.051214.6, adult female, crown of the third lower molar. Reproductive body in alcohol, skull extracted; lEBR- status and age were assessed following Racey T.051214.4, IEBR-T.051214.5, lEBR- (2009) [13] and Brunet-Rossuini & Wilkinson T.051214.7, IEBR-T.051214.8, lEBR- (2009) [3], respectively. lEBR-T. is an acronym T.051214.9, IEBR-T.051214.10, lEBR- for the bat collection of Vu Dinh Thong, T.051214.11. IEBR-T.051214.12, lEBR- retained at the Institute of Ecology and T.05121413, IEBR-T.051214.14, lEBR- Biological Resources (lEBR), Hanoi, Vietnam. T.051214.15, IEBR-T.051214.16, lEBR- Distributional ranges were assessed following T.051214.17, IEBR-T.051214.18, lEBR- data from field surveys and published T.051214.19, unsexed, adult, skulls only) were information. Estimation of the numbers of collected from Dong Nai province, southern individuals inhabiting each locality was based Vietnara on results from observational counting at the front of caves when bats were emerging at Taxonomic and ecological assessments dusk Video cameras were utilised to shoot External and craniodental measurements clips for replaying to reevaluate the observed were taken following Vu Dinh Thong (2011) colony sizes. [18], Vu Dinh Thong et al. (2012a, 2012b, 2012c) [19, 20, 21], Bates & Harrison (1997) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION [1] and Csorba et al. (2003) [7]. The Taxonomy measurements comprise FA, forearm lengtb- from the extremity ofthe elbow to the exfremity Table 1. External measurements (in rara) of of the carpus with the wings folded; EH, ear Chaerephon plicatus finm Vietnam height-length of ear conch; TIB, tibia length- Parameter mean SD range n from the icnee joint to the ankle; HF, hind-foot length-from the extremity ofthe heel behind the FA 48.24 1.37 46.24J19.32 4 OS calcis to the extremity of the longest digit, EH 18.63 1.30 17.57-20.08 3 excluding the hairs or claws; Tail: tail length, TIB 16.34 p.l5 16.20-16.53 4 fiom the tip ofthe tail to its base adjacent to the HF 9.66 1.35 8.11-11.40 4 body; SL, total length of skull-from occiput to Tail 37.41 1.88 35.15-39.37 4 the most anterior part of the canine; CCL, condylocanine length-from the exoccipital , External and craniodental characteristics of condyle to the most anterior part of the canine; all specimens obtained during the present study lOW, interorbital width-the least width of the exhibit well the diagnoses of Chaerephon interorbital constriction; ZW, zygomatic width- plicatus. Their forearm length ranges from the greatest width of the skull across the 46.24 to 49.32 mm with an average of 48.24 zygomatic arches; BW, width of braincase - ram (n = 4; table 1). The ears are fleshy and greatest width of the braincase at the posterior connected by a membrance across the forehead roosts ofthe zygomatic arches; Cl-Cl, upper (fig. 1). Each ear has a blunt tip. Its anterior and Taxonomic and distributional assessments of Chaerephon plicatus posterior borders are slightly convex and strong but its coronoid process is less developed waved, respectively. There are six fleshy and lower than respective canine. The upper fransverse ndges on the posterior lobe (fig. 1). and lower canines are sharp and pointed The eyes are large (in conqjarison with those of (fig. 2). There are only one pair of upper other microchfropteran bat species). The upper uicisors, which are remarkbly robust. lip is well developed and wrinkled. Nottrils open sidewards. The pelage is soft, dense and Table 2. Craniodental measurements (in mm) of raostiy uniform chestnut. The hairs on the Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam shoulder, just after the posterior base of the Parameter mean Min-max SD n ears, are darker than those in the remainder SL 20.23 19.58-20.92 0.55 5 parts. Individual hairs are short and almost CCL 17.36 17.19-17.64 0.21 4 equal in length. The tail is robust and macular. low 4.32 3.95^1.55 0.16 15 It projects conspicuously beyond the narrow ZW 11.81 11.46-12.27 0.29 13 and naked mterfemoral membrance. The skull is BW 11.17 10.45-11.70 0.46 9 small with an average SL of 20.23 mm (19.58- Cl-Cl 5.04 4.92-5.26 0.14 5 20.92 mm; n = 5; table 2). The rostioun and M3-M3 8.61 8.03-9.31 0,37 11 brancse are narrower forewards and flatted, C1-M3 7.56 6.91-8.58 0.59 8 respectively (fig. 2). The sagittal crest is well ml 13.48 13.26-13.64 0.17 4 defined but less developed. The mandible is cl-m3 7.98 7.91-8.10 0.08 4

Figure 1. Face and ear of Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam Figure 2. Venfral, dorsal, and lateral (from top-right anticlockwise) views ofthe skull and mandible of Chaerephon plicatus from Vietnam. Scale = 10 mm.

Distribution and ecology ranges between thounsands and millions of individuals. The northem colony, which In Vietnam, Chaerephon plicatus is contains over 3,000,000 individuals, seasonally recorded from both northem and southem inhabits a huge cave situated on a karst regions (fig. 3). All known roosting sites of the mountain beside a large rice field of Lang Son species are nested within the areas with province. Other bat species recorded from the limestone karst or rocls. Its colony at each site same cave are Cynoplerus horsfieldii. Rousettus Taxonomic and distributional assessments of Ciiaerephon plicatus

leschenaulti, Myotis chinensis and Taphozous information from interviews and a daytime melanopogon. The southem conlony inltabits observation at the sites, its size ranges from 600 permanently crevices in large piles of rocks and to 800 individuals, boulders of Dong Nai province. Based on

104" 10 112'

104° 108° 112- Figure i. Currently known roosting sites oi Chaerephon plicatus finmVietna m [ground map was adapted from Dang Ngoc Can et al. 2008] DISCUSSION (Hanoi) to karst habitats with primary forests Prior to the present study, Chaerephon (^a Be and Xuan Son National Parks) and plicatus was only known from several localities °^'^°'^ '='™<' P. '2. "I- Chaerephon plicatus in northem Vietnam ranging from urban ^^^ classified as Tadarida (Chaerephon) Vu Dinh Thong plicata [1, 6]. However, Chaerephon aiqiears as in various habitats ranging from urban to karst a distinct genus and the species should be forest areas. Its colony size ranges fiom six commonly treated as Chaerephon plicatus hundreds to over three million individuals. A (Simmons 2005) [15]. In a number of long-term action plan is needed for both publications, the scientific name of tiie species research and sustainable conservation of was spelled as either Tadarida plicata [11] or Chaerephon plicatus in Vietnam in coming Chaerephon plicata [2, 8, 12]. Topal (1974) time. [17] recorded a single pregnant female without Acknowledgements: This research is fimded by measurement. This record was followed by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994) [8] and and Technology Develt^ment (NAFOSTED) Hendrichsen et al. (2001) [11]. Borissenko and under grant numba- 106.11-2012.02; tiie Bat Kruskop (2003) [2] mentioned a single Conservation Intemational (BCI), USA. The (unsexed) specimen, which was cited in author is very gratefiil to Dr. Dave Waldien Kruskop (2013) [12], from tiie "Gulf of (Senior Dfrector, Global Conservation) of BCI; Tonkin", northeastern Vidnam. Detailed Prof. Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler, Dr. Annette assessments of the taxonomic status of Denzinger, Dr. Christian Dietz ofthe University Chaerephon plicatus and an unidentified free- of Tuebingen, Germany; Dr Paul J.J. Bates of tailed bat species fiom the country are in the Harrison IiKtitute, England; Prof. Paul preparation for a forthcoming publication (Vu Racey of the University of Exeter, England; Dinh Thong, in literature). Marianne Carter (Dfrector of Conservation With a confirmation of the roosting site in Capacity, Fauna & Flora Intemational) and the Dong Nai province, results from the present Management Team of the Conservation study remarkably extend the potential Leadership Pro^amme (Robyn Dalzen, Stuart distribution range of the species within the Paterson, Kiragu Mwangi, Julie Lewis, country. Annually, the northem colony only Christina Imrich, Iain Dickson); Dr. Neil Furey appears within two periods (March-June and of the Faima and Flora Intemational Agust-Octobo"). Prior to August 2012, the (Cambodia); and to our colleague at the northem colony was critically hunted by local Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, people. With si^port firom the Bat Conservation Institute of Tropical Biology, VAST, and other Intemational, a series of solutions (awareness institufions for thefr help and support. raising campaign, a lawfiil regulation with agreements signed between the author of this REFERENCES paper and local authorities, etc.) was implemented for urgent conservation of the 1. Bates P. J. J., Hamson D. L., 1997. Bats of greatest bat cave in Vietnam. Additionally, a the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison guard station was also built in front of the cave Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, for a local feraily staying to protect and monitor United Kingdom, 297 pp. the colony. Without doubt, a long-ta-m 2. Borissenko A. V., Kruskop S. V., 2003. programme is clearly reqmred for the Bats of Vietnam and Adjacent Territories: maintainance of the guard station, extensive an identification manual. Joint Russian- research and sustainable conservation of the Vietnamese Science and Technological colony in northem Vietnam Tropical Centre, Moscow and Hanoi, Russia CONCLUSION and Vietnam, 212 pp. Chaerephon plicatus is the only free-tailed 3. Brunet-Rossinni A. K., Wilkinson G. S., bat species vrith confirraed taxonomy and 2009. Methods for age estimation and the distribution in Vietnara Its taxonomic status study of senescence in bats. In: Kunz T.H., and roosting sites of the species frora the Parsons S. (eds.) Ecological and Behavioral country are confirmed. The species is recorded Methods for flie Smdy of Bats, 2nd edition. Taxonomic and distributional assessments of Chaerephon plicatus

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DANH GLV VE PHAN LO^ HOC VA PH,^ VI PHAN BO CUA LOAI DOI THO DUOI BE Chaerephon plicatus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) 6 VIET NAM

Vii Dinh Thong Vien Sinh thai va Tai nguyen sinh vat, Vi?n Han lam KH&CN Viet Nam

SUMMARY

Cho tdi nay, Doi tho duoi b6 (Chaerephon plicatus) la loii duy nhat thu$c hg Molossidae hi?n bilt a ViSt Nam. Loai doi nay dugc ghi nhan o khip chau A nhimg hi€m co ghi nhan a Viet Nam. NhQng ghi nh^ truac day chi c^ cir tren mdt ca the don le vcri rat it din liû ve hinh thai. D^c bi$t, chua co tî Ii$u nka de c§p dSn s6 lu^g trong dan ho^c nen 6 ciia loai dca nay 6 Vifit Nam. Tii nam 2001 d^ 2014, nhiû dgt diiu tra thuc dia v£ doi da dugc thi/c hiSn tr€n pham vi ck nuac, t|p trung vao tim Idem nhQng loai dcri th6 duoi K€t qua thu dirge qua then gian dieu tra cho thay, doi tho duoi b^ c6 iî^m vi phSn bo rgng nhung noi o hien biet each nhau rat xa. S6 lugng trong dan ciia loai doi nay cung thay ddi theo mua va theo vi tri dia \y, tur vai ti^m din hon ba trieu ca the. Loî dcri nay cu tni theo miia cr mien Bic nhung dinh cu quanh n^m 6 miin Nam. Bai bio niy cung cap nhiing danh gia vi phSn loai hoc vi ph^m vi phin b6 vin nhung thdng tin ca ban vi: die diem hinh thai, kich cd din, suih canh ncri dau va ph^m vi phin bd ciia loii Doi thd dudi nhd d Viet Nam.

Tit khoa: Doi tho dudi, mammalia, sinh canh, tap tinh, thay ddi theo miia.

Ngdy nhgn bdi: 11-9-2014