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Public Opinion and Democracy In PUBLIC OPINION AND DEMOCRACY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE (1992-2004) by Zofia Maka A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Relations Summer 2014 © 2014 Zofia Maka All Rights Reserved UMI Number: 3642337 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3642337 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 PUBLIC OPINION AND DEMOCRACY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE (1992-2004) by Zofia Maka Approved: __________________________________________________________ Gretchen Bauer, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ James G. Richards, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Julio Carrion, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ David Wilson, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Daniel Kinderman, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Lindsay Hoffman, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xviii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Importance of the Research Question ...................................................................... 3 1.3. Sources of Support for Democracy: review of the extant literature ....................... 15 1.3.1. The Political Culture and the Political Economy Perspectives ....................... 15 1.3.2. Explaining Early Support for Democracy in Post-Communist Countries ....... 25 1.3.2.1. The Counter-Cultural Model of Socialization ......................................... 26 1.3.2.2. The Fear and Hope Model ....................................................................... 27 1.3.2.3. The Honeymoon Effect Model ................................................................ 29 1.3.2.4. The Socialist Socialization Model ........................................................... 29 1.3.3. Testing the Theories ........................................................................................ 31 1.3.3.1. Cultural Variables .................................................................................... 33 1.3.3.1.1. Socio-Demographic Variables .......................................................... 33 1.3.3.1.2. Mass Values Variables ...................................................................... 38 1.3.3.2. Performance Variables ............................................................................. 47 1.3.4. Research Design: modeling support for democracy. ...................................... 53 1.4. Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................ 56 2 SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY IN 1992 IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HUNGARY, AND POLAND ...................................................................................... 59 2.1. Transition to Democracy and the Beginning of Democratic Regimes ................... 59 2.1.1. Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic ......................................................... 60 2.1.2. Hungary ........................................................................................................... 67 2.1.3. Poland .............................................................................................................. 73 iv 2.2. Existing Research on Support for Democracy in the 1992 Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland .............................................................................................. 83 2.3. Analysis of the 1992 Datasets ................................................................................ 85 2.3.1. Description of the Models ............................................................................... 85 2.3.2. Support for Democracy in the Czech Republic (the 1992 NDB). ................... 94 2.3.2.1. The Performance Model .......................................................................... 95 2.3.2.2. The Trust Model .................................................................................... 102 2.3.2.3. The Values Model .................................................................................. 106 2.3.2.4. The Full Model ...................................................................................... 108 2.3.3. Support for Democracy in Hungary (the 1992 NDB). .................................. 115 2.3.3.1. The Performance Model ........................................................................ 115 2.3.3.2. The Trust Model .................................................................................... 119 2.3.3.3. The Values Model .................................................................................. 121 2.3.3.4. The Full Model ...................................................................................... 123 2.3.4. Support for Democracy in Poland, 1992. ...................................................... 127 2.3.4.1. The Performance Model ........................................................................ 127 2.3.4.2. The Trust Model .................................................................................... 132 2.3.4.3. The Values Model .................................................................................. 134 2.3.4.4. The Full Model ...................................................................................... 135 2.4. Comparison of 1992 Models: the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland ........... 141 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 144 3 SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HUNGARY, AND POLAND IN 1998 ............................................................................................ 146 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 146 3.2. The state of Democracy in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland ................ 147 3.2.1. The Development of Democracy in the Czech Republic (1992-1998) ......... 147 3.2.1.1 Evaluation of the Quality of Democracy in the Czech Republic (1992-1998)............................................................................................. 152 3.2.2. The Development of Democracy in Hungary (1992-1998) .......................... 154 3.2.2.1 Evaluation of the Quality of Democracy in Hungary (1992-1998). ....... 161 v 3.2.3. The Development of Democracy in Poland (1992-1998) ............................. 162 3.2.3.1 Evaluation of the Quality of Democracy in Poland (1992-1998) ........... 170 3.3. Existing Research on Support for Democracy in Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in the Late 1990s ............................................................................... 171 3.4. Analysis of the 1998 New Democracies Barometer Datasets .............................. 175 3.4.1. Description of the Models ............................................................................. 175 3.4.2. Support for Democracy in the Czech Republic (the 1998 NDB) .................. 180 3.4.2.1. The Performance Model ........................................................................ 181 3.4.2.2. The Trust Model
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