Solar System Science with Gaia and Euclid

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

B. Carry1,2

1Lagrange, Observatoire de la Cˆoted’Azur 2IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Why Gaia and Euclid?

• Big data & Legacy science era ◦ Large “all-sky” surveys go deeper & ﬁner ◦ Legacy science is becoming a goal of surveys ◦ Deal with 10many sources

• Gaia and Euclid are not planetary missions... yet... ◦ Astrometry & photometry & spectroscopy ◦ Visible and near-infrared ◦ All-sky and 15,000 deg2 surveys ◦ Gaia<20.7 & Euclid<24.5

• Some illustrious predecessors ◦ 2MASS → 103-104 SSOs ◦ SDSS → 105 SSOs (41 articles!) ◦ VISTA → 104 SSOs in DR3 → 105 ◦ Period, spin, 3-D shape ◦ Multiplicity

◦ Not yet

◦ Mineralogy

2. Lightcurves

3. Spectroscopy

4. Colors

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Survey results for SSOs

1. Astrometry ◦ Orbits & populations ◦ Detailed dynamics

Parker et al. 2008 ◦ Not yet

◦ Mineralogy

3. Spectroscopy

4. Colors

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Survey results for SSOs

1. Astrometry ◦ Orbits & populations ◦ Detailed dynamics

2. Lightcurves ◦ Period, spin, 3-D shape ◦ Multiplicity

MPC Lightcurve database ◦ Mineralogy

4. Colors

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Survey results for SSOs

1. Astrometry ◦ Orbits & populations ◦ Detailed dynamics

2. Lightcurves ◦ Period, spin, 3-D shape ◦ Multiplicity

3. Spectroscopy ◦ Not yet

MPC Lightcurve database Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Survey results for SSOs

1. Astrometry ◦ Orbits & populations ◦ Detailed dynamics

2. Lightcurves ◦ Period, spin, 3-D shape ◦ Multiplicity

3. Spectroscopy ◦ Not yet

4. Colors ◦ Mineralogy

DeMeo & Carry 2013, 2014 ◦ All-sky ◦ Repeatedly ◦ V ≤ 20.7

◦ Astrometry: AF ◦ Photometry: BP/RP ◦ Spectroscopy: RVS

3. Gaia survey

4. Gaia instruments

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

ESA Gaia

1. Milky Way mapper

2. Other Science ◦ From fundamental physics ◦ to Solar System

ESA ◦ Astrometry: AF ◦ Photometry: BP/RP ◦ Spectroscopy: RVS

4. Gaia instruments

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

ESA Gaia

1. Milky Way mapper

2. Other Science ◦ From fundamental physics ◦ to Solar System

3. Gaia survey ◦ All-sky ◦ Repeatedly

ESA ◦ V ≤ 20.7 Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

ESA Gaia

1. Milky Way mapper

2. Other Science ◦ From fundamental physics ◦ to Solar System

3. Gaia survey ◦ All-sky ◦ Repeatedly ◦ V ≤ 20.7

4. Gaia instruments ◦ Astrometry: AF ◦ Photometry: BP/RP ESA, Tanga & Mignard 2012 ◦ Spectroscopy: RVS Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia observations of SSOs

• Gaia is a spinning top ◦ Sky constantly rotates ◦ Time-delayed integration ◦ Electrons follow rotation

• Windows around targets ◦ Sky mapper CCDs ◦ Windows at stellar rate ◦ Stray light → 6 pix . Loosing SSOs

• Final product ◦ Huge telemetry from L2 ◦ 1-D signal only: AL ◦ 2-D from repetition Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia discoveries of SSOs Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia discoveries of SSOs

104

Size-frequency distribution for KBO

2009-12-312014-10-13 2005-12-31 103

1999-12-31

102

0 0 Number of object (cumulative) 2 101 2

100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Absolute magnitude (H) Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia discoveries of SSOs

106 2014-10-13 2009-12-31 Size-frequency distribution for MB 2005-12-31

5 10 0 1999-12-31 0 0 8 104

103

102 Number of object (cumulative)

101

100 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Absolute magnitude (H) Elongation = 45◦ Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia discoveries of SSOs

106 2014-10-13 2009-12-31 Size-frequency distribution for MB 2005-12-31

6667 5 10 0 1999-12-31 0

8 104

103

102 Number of object (cumulative)

101

100 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Absolute magnitude (H) Elongation = 90◦ Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia discoveries of SSOs

106 2014-10-13 125766 2009-12-31 Size-frequency distribution for MB 2005-12-31 36480 6667 5 10 0 1999-12-31 0

104

103

102 Number of object (cumulative)

101

100 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Absolute magnitude (H) Elongation = 135◦ ◦ Multiplicity ◦ It works! ◦ Old plates

◦ Now: 10% on 100km ◦ Gaia: 100% on 20km ◦ Revolution

2. Fine astrometry

3. Stellar occultations!

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia astrometry and SSOs

1. Orbits 100x more precise ◦ Critical for PAHs ◦ Detailed dynamics ◦ Tests of GR with NEAs

Bancelin et al. 2012

A c c é l p.m. é p.m. r

Dérive i Dérive

o n

e g a.m. a.m. a in Fre ◦ Now: 10% on 100km ◦ Gaia: 100% on 20km ◦ Revolution

◦ It works! ◦ Old plates

3. Stellar occultations!

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia astrometry and SSOs

1. Orbits 100x more precise ◦ Critical for PAHs ◦ Detailed dynamics ◦ Tests of GR with NEAs

2. Fine astrometry ◦ Multiplicity ◦ Now: 10% on 100km ◦ Gaia: 100% on 20km ◦ Revolution

◦ Old plates

3. Stellar occultations!

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia astrometry and SSOs

1. Orbits 100x more precise ◦ Critical for PAHs ◦ Detailed dynamics ◦ Tests of GR with NEAs

2. Fine astrometry ◦ Multiplicity ◦ It works!

F. Mignard - Image of the week ◦ Now: 10% on 100km ◦ Gaia: 100% on 20km ◦ Revolution

3. Stellar occultations!

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia astrometry and SSOs

1. Orbits 100x more precise ◦ Critical for PAHs ◦ Detailed dynamics ◦ Tests of GR with NEAs

2. Fine astrometry ◦ Multiplicity ◦ It works! ◦ Old plates

Arlot et al. 2012 Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia astrometry and SSOs

1. Orbits 100x more precise ◦ Critical for PAHs ◦ Detailed dynamics ◦ Tests of GR with NEAs

2. Fine astrometry ◦ Multiplicity ◦ It works! ◦ Old plates

3. Stellar occultations! ◦ Now: 10% on 100km ◦ Gaia: 100% on 20km ◦ Revolution

Tanga & Delbo 2008 ◦ Gaia: Period, spin, ellipsoids ◦ Post-Gaia: Full 3-D shape

◦ Now: 104 periods, 102 shapes ◦ Gaia: 105 for both ◦ Pre-requisite for midIR ◦ Track subtle eﬀects

• Still very valuable

• New frontier in asteroid science

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia lightcurves of SSOs

• About 60 observations per SSO ◦ Sparse in time ◦ Over 5 years ◦ At 0.001 mag level

Durech et al. 2012 ◦ Now: 104 periods, 102 shapes ◦ Gaia: 105 for both ◦ Pre-requisite for midIR ◦ Track subtle eﬀects

• New frontier in asteroid science

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia lightcurves of SSOs

• About 60 observations per SSO ◦ Sparse in time ◦ Over 5 years ◦ At 0.001 mag level

• Still very valuable ◦ Gaia: Period, spin, ellipsoids ◦ Post-Gaia: Full 3-D shape

Durech et al. 2012 Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Gaia lightcurves of SSOs

A c c é l p.m. é p.m. r

• t

About 60 observations per SSO Dérive i Dérive

o n ◦ Sparse in time e g a.m. a.m. a in ◦ Over 5 years Fre ◦ At 0.001 mag level

• Still very valuable ◦ Gaia: Period, spin, ellipsoids ◦ Post-Gaia: Full 3-D shape

• New frontier in asteroid science Hanus et al. 2011 ◦ Now: 104 periods, 102 shapes ◦ Gaia: 105 for both ◦ Pre-requisite for midIR ◦ Track subtle eﬀects Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Mineralogy of SSOs with Gaia Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Mineralogy of SSOs with Gaia

• Gaia ≤ SDSS

◦ VGaia ≈ VSDSS ◦ Same-ish sample size ◦ Same observing biases ◦ Same wavelengths ◦ Better accuracy ◦ Better resolving power Parker et al. 2008 • We already did that science ◦ 41 articles from SDSS! ◦ Colors, Families, ... ◦ Solar system evolution

• Gaia spectrophotometry ◦ Toward completeness ◦ Slightly more detailed

DeMeo & Carry 2013, 2014 ◦ No revolution :-( ◦ Wide: 15,000 deg2 ◦ Deep: 20 deg2 ◦ V=24.5 + 2

◦ VIS: Camera ◦ NISP: Camera and spectrograph

3. Euclid surveys

4. Euclid instruments

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

ESA Euclid

1. Dark matter explorer

2. Other Science ◦ Brown dwarfs ◦ Other lensings ◦ ...

Euclid Consortium ◦ VIS: Camera ◦ NISP: Camera and spectrograph

4. Euclid instruments

Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

ESA Euclid

1. Dark matter explorer

2. Other Science ◦ Brown dwarfs ◦ Other lensings ◦ ...

3. Euclid surveys ◦ Wide: 15,000 deg2 ◦ Deep: 20 deg2 ◦ V=24.5 + 2 Euclid Consortium Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

ESA Euclid

1. Dark matter explorer

2. Other Science ◦ Brown dwarfs ◦ Other lensings ◦ ...

3. Euclid surveys ◦ Wide: 15,000 deg2 ◦ Deep: 20 deg2 ◦ V=24.5 + 2

4. Euclid instruments ◦ VIS: Camera ◦ NISP: Camera and Euclid Consortium spectrograph Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Euclid observations of SSOs Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Euclid discoveries of SSOs Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Euclid discoveries of SSOs

Population #now #V<24 fS #Euclid (%) NEA 13642 23000 11.9 3.103 MC 14326 51000 17.2 9.103 MB 652152 9700000 3.0 3.105 Trojan 6523 67000 14.3 1.104 Centaur 407 560 22.9 1.102 KBO 1797 2300 8.9 2.102

⇒ Huge beneﬁt from low ecliptic latitude extension Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Euclid discoveries of SSOs Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Challenges for Euclid Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Challenges for Euclid

Trails of 100 pixel of VIS Trails of 2-10 pixels of NISP Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Challenges for Euclid

Trails of 100 pixel of VIS → Thanks SSA! Trails of 2-10 pixels of NISP Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Euclid lightcurves of SSOs Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Mineralogy of SSOs with Euclid

• Near-infrared! ◦ Class degeneracy ◦ VIS+NISP ◦ Spectroscopy!

• Simple simulation ◦ Known spectra ◦ Convert to Euclid ◦ PCA analysis

• Validation ◦ 80-90% success ◦ Good for objects ◦ Bad for population Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Mineralogy of SSOs with Euclid

• Near-infrared! ◦ Class degeneracy ◦ VIS+NISP ◦ Spectroscopy!

• Simple simulation ◦ Known spectra ◦ Convert to Euclid ◦ PCA analysis

• Validation ◦ 80-90% success ◦ Good for objects ◦ Bad for population Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Mineralogy of SSOs with Euclid

• Near-infrared! ◦ Class degeneracy ◦ VIS+NISP ◦ Spectroscopy!

• Simple simulation ◦ Known spectra ◦ Convert to Euclid ◦ PCA analysis

• Validation ◦ 80-90% success ◦ Good for objects ◦ Bad for population Surveys SSOs Gaia Gaia & Solar System Euclid Euclid & Solar System Summary

Summary

• SSO physical properties are poorly characterized ◦ Size, spin, 3-D shape ◦ Composition

• SSOs are the best constrain on Solar System formation

• All-sky surveys can provide a wealth of information ◦ Discovery, astrometry, orbits ◦ Colors & time series

• Unfortunately, data archives are bad for moving objects ◦ Coordinates queries ◦ Under-developed potential for Solar System ◦ Gaia has SSO working group ◦ Euclid just created an SSO working group