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Fmri and Voxel-Based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

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Fmri and Voxel-Based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease fMRI and Voxel-based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease Andrey V. Sokolov1,3, Sergey V. Vorobyev2, Aleksandr Yu. Efimtcev1,3, Viacheslav S. Dekan1,3, Gennadiy E. Trufanov1,3, Vladimir Yu. Lobzin2 and Vladimir A. Fokin1,3 1Department of Radiology, Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Klinicheskaya str., Saint-Petersburg, Russia 2Department of Neurology, Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Lesnoi pr., Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3Department of Radiology, North-West Federal Medical Research Center n.a. V.A. Almazov, Akkuratova str., Saint-Petersburg, Russia Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease, Functional MRI, Voxel-based Morphometry. Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults. Loss of memory is the usual first symptom and different brain regions are involved to this pathological process. The aim of the study was to investigate the organization of cortical areas responsible for visual memory and determine correlation between memory impairment and atrophy of memory specific brain regions in early stages of AD. Voxel-based MR-morphometry was used to evaluate brain atrophy and functional MRI was used to detect specific brain regions responsible to visual memory task in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in control group. FMRI was performed on Siemens Magnetom Symphony (1.5 T ) with the use of Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent technique (BOLD), based on distinctions of magnetic properties of hemoglobin. For test stimuli we used blocks of 12 not related images for "Baseline" and 12 images with 6 presented before for "Active". Stimuli were presented 3 times with reduction of repeated images to 4 and 2. For functional and morthometric data post-processing we used SPM8. Patients with Alzheimer's disease showed less activation in hippocampal formation (HF) region and parahippocampal gyrus then the control group (p<0.05). The study also showed reduced activation in posterior cingulate cortex (p<0.001). Voxel- based morphometry showed significant atrophy of grey matter in Alzheimer’s disease patients, especially of both temporal lobes (fusiform and parahippocampal gyri); frontal lobes (posterior cingulate and superior frontal gyri). The study showed correlation between memory impairment and atrophy of memory specific brain regions of frontal and medial temporal lobes. Reduced activation in hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyri, in posterior cingulate gyrus in patients with Alzheimer's disease correlates to significant atrophy of these regions, detected by voxel-based morphometry. The use of functional MRI and voxel-based morphometry provides the way to find alterations in brain function on early stages of AD before the development of significant irreversible structural damage. 1 INTRODUCTION most common form of dementia. Enormous number of publications are devoted to cognitive disorders Cognitive impairment is one of the most common research, based on the results of imaging studies. neurological disorders. Especially high prevalence Functional MRI (fMRI) and voxel-based of neurological disease with clinical cognitive morphometry (VBM) open up new opportunities in impairment is among the senior people. 10-15% of study of AD pathogenesis (Vasconcelos, L.G., 2011; elderly people have severe cognitive impairment – Odinak, M.M., 2011). dementia. Dementia significantly reduces the quality Different brain regions are involved to the of life of patient and his family. Dementia causes pathological process in AD irregularly. Primary additional difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment neuronal damage in the early stages of disease was of opportunistic disease, and doctors have noted in the mediobasal parts of the frontal lobes of difficulties in collecting anamnesis, assessment of the brain. Morphological changes are also defined in patient complaints. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the the hippocampus, deep and posterior parts of temporal and parietal lobes of the brain. The 67 Sokolov A., Vorobyev S., Efimtcev A., Dekan V., Trufanov G., Lobzin V. and Fokin V. fMRI and Voxel-based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. DOI: 10.5220/0006109600670071 In Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2017), pages 67-71 ISBN: 978-989-758-215-8 Copyright c 2017 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved BIOIMAGING 2017 - 4th International Conference on Bioimaging preferential involvement of mediobasal structures of Assessment Battery (FAB), Free and Cued Selective the temporal lobe in the pathological process have Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (FCSRT- been confirmed by numerous MRI studies, which IR), Clock Drawing Test, Montreal Cognitive demonstrates significant hippocampus gray matter Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT), atrophy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (Frisoni Digit-span task (forward and backward), Luria´s G.B., 2008; Karas G.B., 2004; Zhang N., 2011). Memory Words test (10 words), Digit Symbol More informative is to assess atrophy progression in Substitution Test. The study included patients with dynamics, and therefore morphometry of various mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. The brain structures is used (Lobzin, V.Yu., 2013). diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was established Alzheimer's disease is characterized by according to the NIA criteria (2011). progressive decline in memory. Functional MRI Each participant gave written informed consent allows to investigate alterations in brain function to participate in the study. The study was approved before development of significant structural damage by Ethics Committee of Military Medical Academy. (Bassett, S.S., 2006). Golby A. et al. (2005) examined the functional competency of certain brain 2.2 fMRI and VBM Data Acquisition regions and their relationship with specific behavioural memory deficit in Alzheimer’s disease. To investigate the organization of memory and Results of fMRI resting state studies have so far localize cortical areas activated by visual memory relatively consistently pointed to the early task we used functional magnetic resonance imaging involvement of posteromedial grey matter, such as and to evaluate brain atrophy of patients with the posterior cingulum and precuneus (Pihlajamaki Alzheimer's disease voxel-based MRI morphometry M., 2008). was performed. Conventional T1- and T2-weighted The purpose of this study was to evaluate brain images in three orthogonal planes were obtained activation by visual memory task in patients with also. Alzheimer's disease and to determine correlation fMRI was performed on 1.5 T MR-scanner between memory impairment and atrophy of (Magnetom Symphony) with BOLD (Blood memory specific brain regions of frontal and medial Oxygenation Level Dependent) technique, that is temporal lobes. based on distinctions of magnetic properties of haemoglobin. Functional MR images were acquired using echo-planar imaging (EPI) with repetition time 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS (TR) = 3700 ms, echo time (TE) = 50 ms, flip angle = 90º, field of view (FOV) = 230 mm and matrix 2.1 Participants size 128*128. For test stimuli we used series of 12 not related images for "baseline" and 12 images with for "active". 6 images in “active” period have been We studied 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease already presented in “baseline”. Stimuli were (mean age 69,6±8,9 years), 22 matched by age presented 3 times with reduction of repeated images (68,8±4,3 years) volunteers without evidence of to 4 and 2. A finger switch response system was brain lesions for VBM, and 20 healthy volunteers used to collect patient responses. (35±5,1 years) for fMRI as a control group. Young To obtain high resolution images of whole brain volunteers were chosen as a control group for fMRI for Talairach coregistration and reslicing along due to the absence of significant differences in different planes, we used 3D MPRAGE healthy individuals of different ages according to our (Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient previous study (Odinak M.M. et al, 2011). Patients Echo) – T1-sequence with the following parameters: with Alzheimer's disease underwent a course of repetition time (TR) = 2000 ms, echo time (TE) = medical treatment in the neurological department of 4,38 ms, flip angle = 10º, field of view (FOV) = 250 Military Medical Academy. Their evaluation mm, 160 slices and matrix size 256*256. included physical and neurological examination, brain imaging (MRI), blood analysis, including markers of inflammation, hormones, cholesterol and 2.3 fMRI and VBM Data APOE. All of them underwent neuropsychological Post-processing assessment to determine memory impairment, attention, thinking, speech and visual-spatial For functional data post-processing we used SPM8 functions, using the following methods: Mini- (Welcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal University College, London, UK) software package 68 fMRI and Voxel-based Morphometry in Detection of Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease running under MATLAB R2010a (The Mathworks, The results demonstrate that a lot of different Sherborn, MA, USA) programming. For voxel- brain regions participating in the differentiation of based morphometry we used VBM toolbox of the stimuli are involved. This corresponds to the SPM8. Template space was defined by standard EPI opinion, that the morphological substratum of higher template data in SPM (MNI coordinates - Montreal cortical
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