19-Functions of Cerebral Hemisphere.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

19-Functions of Cerebral Hemisphere.Pdf Te xt Lecture . Important No.19 . Formulas . Numbers “The One Who Falls And Gets Up Is So . Doctor notes Much Stronger Than The One Who Never . Notes and explanation Fell” 1 Function of Cerebral hemisphere Objectives: 1- Students will be able to describe the general structure of the Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex. 2- Students will be able to identify the Cerebrum, the Lobes of the Brain, the Cerebral Cortex, and its major regions/divisions. 3- Students will be able to describe the primary functions of the Lobes and the Cortical Regions of the Brain. 2 Introduction ONLY IN MALES’ SLIDES Cerebrum is the largest division of the brain. It is divided into two • The cerebrum is the largest part hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes. of the brain with two hemisphere, linked by commissural fibres of corpus callosum. • Each cerebral hemisphere contains externally highly convoluted cortex of grey matter and internal mass of white matter cerebrum or medulla. • The cerebral hemispheres cerebrum contains motor and sensory areas and the limbic system. cerebellum 3 ONLY IN FEMALES’ SLIDES Phineas Gage In 1848 in Vermont, had a 3.5-foot long, 13 lb. metal rod blown into his skull, through his brain, and out of the top of his head. Gage survived. In fact, he never even lost consciousness. Friends reported a complete change in his personality after the incident. He lost all impulse control. 4 ONLY IN FEMALES’ SLIDES Overview of the brain Component of the brain Cerebellum Telencephalon Diencephalon Brainstem Basal Cerebrum Hypothalamus Thalamus Medulla Pons Midbrain Ganglia mainly a relay collection of contains station for grey matter center for sensory situated inside autonomic pathways in the cerebral and endocrine their way to hemispheres control the cerebral cortex 5 ONLY IN FEMALES’ SLIDES Cont. The term “ brainstem ” is actually an anatomic rather than physiologic term, because it is easier , in terms of anatomy, to group “ all CNS structures that hang between the cerebrum and spinal cord “ together. However, in terms of Physiology,the situation is more complicated, because brainstem structures are involved in many diverse & different bodily functions: Respiratory , Regulation of it contain several Balance ( Vestibular Cardiovascular and consciousness Cranial Nerve nuclei nuclei ) Gastrointestinal wakefulness and sleep control Most people ( about 90 %) have the left cerebral hemisphere dominant , and are therefore right-handed. The remaining (around 10 % ) of the population usually have their right hemisphere dominant, and are therefore left-handed. The frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere contains Broca’s area (the area for production of speech). Therefore, if a right-handed person gets a stroke involving his left cerebral hemisphere , he is likely to have right-sided hemiplegia (paralysis) and aphasia (loss of the power of speech). 6 ONLY IN FEMALES’ SLIDES Cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum. Cerebral features Elevated ridges “winding” around the Gyri Brain. Sulca Small grooves dividing the gyri Divides the frontal lobe Central sulcus From the parietal lobe Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions / Fissures lobes of the brain Longitudinal fissures Divides the two cerebral hemispheres Transverse fissure Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and Sylvian/lateral fissure parietal lobes 7 ONLY IN FEMALES’ SLIDES Cont. Gyri Real sulci "ridge" Sulci “groove” Fissure “deep groove” Real sulci Longitudinal fissure Real sulci 8 ONLY IN MALES’ SLIDES Cerebral cortex layers Microscopically the cortex consist of six layers or lamina parallel to the surface From outside to inside the layers are: VI-Layer of V-large II-external III-layer of IV-internal fusiform of I-Molecular pyramid granular layer pyramidal ells granular layer polymorphic layer cell layer cells • The incoming sensory signal excites neuronal layer IV first; then the signal spreads toward the surface of the cortex and also toward deeper layers. • Layers I and II & III perform most of intracortical association function. • The neurons in layers II and III making short horizontal connections with adjacent cortical areas. • The neurons in layers V and VI send output signals to brain stem ,spinal cord (V) & thalamus (VI) 9 ONLY IN MALES’ SLIDES There are three type of functional area of cerebral cortex primary motor& Secondary areas Association area sensory areas • primary motor areas • The secondary areas • They receive and analyze have direct make sense out of signals simultaneously connections with the signals from multiple regions of specific muscles for • in the primary areas. both the motor and causing discrete muscle sensory cortices as well movements. as from subcortical structures. • primary sensory • The most important areas detect specific association areas are: sensation(visual, • (1) Parieto- auditory,somatic) occipitotemporal transmitted directly to association area. the brain from • (2) prefrontal association peripheral sensory area. organs. • (3) limbic association area. 10 ONLY IN MALES’ SLIDES (1) Parieto-occipitotemporal association area Functions: • Analysis of the Spatial Coordinates of the Body. • Language Comprehension. • Initial Processing of Visual Language (Reading). • Area for Naming Objects. Area Site Function Beginning in the posterior Computes the coordinates of Analysis of the spatial coordinates parietal cortex and extending the visual , auditory, and body of the body. into the superior occipital surroundings. cortex Wernicke's area, lies behind the Higher intellectual Area for language primary auditory cortex in the function comprehension posterior part of the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe Make meaning out of the Area for initial processing of Angular gyrus area visually perceived words (lesion visual language (reading). causes dyslexia or word blindess) Area for naming Lateral portion of anterior occipital Naming objects. objects. lobe & posterior temporal lobe 11 ONLY IN MALES’ SLIDES Area of faces Prefrontal area limbic area recognition Is the anterior pole of frontal lobe. It contributes 1. Consists of anterior 1. Located on the underside of the brain on in the following functions: and inner portion of the medial occipital and temporal lobes. 1. Planning of complex pattern of movements. temporal lobe. 2. The occipital portion is contiguous with 2. Production of deep, more abstract and visual cortex , while the temporal one is logically sequenced thoughts which enable 2. It is primarily concerned with attainment of goals. emotion, behavior and closely associated with limbic system. 3. Working memory (ability to tie thoughts motivational drive for different 3. inability to recognize faces is called together in a logical sequence by comparing tasks most importantly learning. “prosopagnosia”. many bits of information with appropriate stored knowledge and be able to instantly 3. Lesion of this area may lead to recall this information for future planning). decreased aggression , lack of & emotion , hyper sexuality المنطقة هذي مسؤولة عن التفك ري المعقدر وإنشاء خطط وتنبؤات رف المخ وإذار مار كانت سليمة قدر يفقدر المريض الوظيفة hyperphagia هذه Lesions in this area lead to change in personality and behaviour 12 Four lobes of the brain Frontal Partial Temporal Occipital * Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is located deep to the Temporal Lobe. 13 Frontal lobe The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. It plays an integral role in the following functions: 1. Memory Formation 2. Emotions 3. Decision Making 4. Reasoning The frontal lobe is Responsible for initiation and execution of voluntary 5. Personality movement . • Also contains Broca’s area of speech in the dominnat hemisphere ( i.e., in the left hemisphere in most people ) . • Lesion can cause: 1. paralysis on opposite side of the body. 2. Aphasia: ( loss of ability to speak ) if lesion involves Broca’s area in the dominant hemispare. 14 Frontal lobe (cortical region) 3-Orbitofrontal cortex : 1. Primary motor cortex Site of frontal lobotomies. (precentral gyrus ): is a neurosurgical operation that involves severing connections in Cortical site involved with the brain's prefrontal lobe. controlling body movement Possible Side Effects: A. Epilepsy 2-Brocus area : B. Poor Emotional Responses plan of motor pattern for C. Perseveration (Uncontrolled, expressing of individual words, repetitive actions, gestures, or located on left frontal lobe (males) words) Controls facial neurons, speech, Desired Effects: and language A. Diminished Rage comprehension.(female) B. Decreased Aggression Located on Left Frontal Lobe. C. Poor Emotional responses “Broca’s Aphasia “: Results in the ability to comprehend 4-Olfactory Bulb : speech, but the decreased Cranial Nerve I, Responsible motor ability (or inability) to for sensation of Smell speak and form words. 15 Partial lobe The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. Parietal lobe is essential for our feeling of touch, warmth/heat, cold, pain, body position and appreciation of shapes of palpated objects. When damaged, the person loses the ability to recognize shapes of complex objects by palpation (palpation = examination of objects by touch) & develops Sensory Inattention on opposite side. It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: ONLY IN FEMALES’ SLIDES Partial lobe Contains
Recommended publications
  • Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D
    Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D. March 15, 2011 Anatomy Review • Lobes and layers • Brodmann’s areas • Vascular Supply • Major Neurological Findings – Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Limbic • Quiz Questions? Types of Cortex • Sensory • Motor • Unimodal association • Multimodal association necessary for language, reason, plan, imagine, create Structure of neocortex (6 layers) The general pattern of primary, association and mulimodal association cortex (Mesulam) Brodmann, Lateral Left Hemisphere MCA left hemisphere from D.Haines ACA and PCA -Haines Issues of Functional Localization • Earliest studies -Signs, symptoms and note location • Electrical discharge (epilepsy) suggested function • Ablation - deficit suggest function • Reappearance of infant functions suggest loss of inhibition (disinhibition), i.e. grasp, suck, Babinski • Variabilities in case reports • Linked networks of afferent and efferent neurons in several regions working to accomplish a task • Functional imaging does not always equate with abnormal function associated with location of lesion • fMRI activation of several cortical regions • Same sign from lesions in different areas – i.e.paraphasias • Notion of the right hemisphere as "emotional" in contrast to the left one as "logical" has no basis in fact. Limbic System (not a true lobe) involves with cingulate gyrus and the • Hippocampus- short term memory • Amygdala- fear, agression, mating • Fornix pathway to hypothalamus •
    [Show full text]
  • Network Architecture of the Cerebral Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) Association and Commissural Connectome
    Network architecture of the cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia) association and commissural connectome Larry W. Swansona,1, Olaf Spornsb, and Joel D. Hahna aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; and bDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 Contributed by Larry W. Swanson, August 10, 2016 (sent for review July 18, 2016; reviewed by Ann M. Graybiel and Liqun Luo) The cerebral nuclei form the ventral division of the cerebral hemi- same basic strategy and methodology applied to the rat cerebral sphere and are thought to play an important role in neural systems cortical association macroconnectome (10) but with additional an- controlling somatic movement and motivation. Network analysis alytical approaches and curation tools. In this approach a macro- was used to define global architectural features of intrinsic cerebral connection is defined as a monosynaptic axonal (directed, from/to) nuclei circuitry in one hemisphere (association connections) and connection between two nervous system gray matter regions or between hemispheres (commissural connections). The analysis was between a gray matter region and another part of the body (such as based on more than 4,000 reports of histologically defined axonal a muscle) (11, 12). All 45 gray matter regions of the cerebral nuclei connections involving all 45 gray matter regions of the rat cerebral on each side of the brain were included in the analysis. The goal of nuclei and revealed the existence of four asymmetrically intercon- this analysis was to provide global, high-level, design principles of nected modules. The modules form four topographically distinct intrinsic cerebral nuclei circuitry as a framework for more detailed research at the meso-, micro-, and nanolevels of analysis (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
    Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
    AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 V I E E W R S First published online as a Review in Advance on March 17, 2005 I E N C N A D V A Structure and Function of Visual Area MT Richard T. Born1 and David C. Bradley2 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5701; email: [email protected] 2Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Neurosci. Key Words 2005. 28:157–89 extrastriate, motion perception, center-surround antagonism, doi: 10.1146/ magnocellular, structure-from-motion, aperture problem by HARVARD COLLEGE on 04/14/05. For personal use only. annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 Copyright c 2005 by Abstract Annual Reviews. All rights reserved The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in 0147-006X/05/0721- our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been 0157$20.00 historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 0.0:${article.fPage}-${article.lPage}. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fer- tile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying com- putations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship be- tween neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? www.annualreviews.org · Structure and Function of Area MT 157 AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 pathway.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brain Is Contained Within the Cranium, and Constitutes the Upper, Greatly Expanded Part of the Central Nervous System
    The brain is contained within the cranium, and constitutes the upper, greatly expanded part of the central nervous system. Henry Gray (1918) Looking through the gray outer layer of the cortex, you can see a mass of white matter. At the center is a cluster of large nuclei, including the basal ganglia, the hippocampi, the amygdalae, and two egg-shaped structures at the very center, barely visible in this figure, the thalami. The thalami rest on the lower brainstem (dark and light blue). You can also see the pituitary gland in front (beige), and the cerebellum at the rear of the brain (pink). In this chapter we will take these structures apart and re-build them from the bottom up. 09_P375070_Ch05.indd 126 1/29/2010 4:08:25 AM CHAPTER 5 The brain OUTLINE 1.0 Introduction 127 3.2 Output and input: the front-back division 143 1.1 The nervous system 128 3.3 The major lobes: visible and hidden 145 1.2 The geography of the brain 129 3.4 The massive interconnectivity of the cortex and thalamus 149 2.0 Growing a brain from the bottom up 133 3.5 The satellites of the subcortex 151 2.1 Evolution and personal history are expressed in the brain 133 4.0 Summary 153 2.2 Building a brain from bottom to top 134 5.0 Chapter review 153 3.0 From ‘ where ’ to ‘ what ’ : the functional 5.1 Study questions 153 roles of brain regions 136 5.2 Drawing exercises 153 3.1 The cerebral hemispheres: the left-right division 136 1.0 INTRODUCTION found.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Brain Anatomy
    Chapter 2 Basic Brain Anatomy Where this icon appears, visit The Brain http://go.jblearning.com/ManascoCWS to view the corresponding video. The average weight of an adult human brain is about 3 pounds. That is about the weight of a single small To understand how a part of the brain is disordered by cantaloupe or six grapefruits. If a human brain was damage or disease, speech-language pathologists must placed on a tray, it would look like a pretty unim- first know a few facts about the anatomy of the brain pressive mass of gray lumpy tissue (Luria, 1973). In in general and how a normal and healthy brain func- fact, for most of history the brain was thought to be tions. Readers can use the anatomy presented here as an utterly useless piece of flesh housed in the skull. a reference, review, and jumping off point to under- The Egyptians believed that the heart was the seat standing the consequences of damage to the structures of human intelligence, and as such, the brain was discussed. This chapter begins with the big picture promptly removed during mummification. In his and works down into the specifics of brain anatomy. essay On Sleep and Sleeplessness, Aristotle argued that the brain is a complex cooling mechanism for our bodies that works primarily to help cool and The Central Nervous condense water vapors rising in our bodies (Aristo- tle, republished 2011). He also established a strong System argument in this same essay for why infants should not drink wine. The basis for this argument was that The nervous system is divided into two major sec- infants already have Central nervous tions: the central nervous system and the peripheral too much moisture system The brain and nervous system.
    [Show full text]
  • 01 05 Lateral Surface of the Brain-NOTES.Pdf
    Lateral Surface of the Brain Medical Neuroscience | Tutorial Notes Lateral Surface of the Brain 1 MAP TO NEUROSCIENCE CORE CONCEPTS NCC1. The brain is the body's most complex organ. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After study of the assigned learning materials, the student will: 1. Demonstrate the four paired lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe the boundaries of each. 2. Sketch the major features of each cerebral lobe, as seen from the lateral view, identifying major gyri and sulci that characterize each lobe. NARRATIVE by Leonard E. WHITE and Nell B. CANT Duke Institute for Brain Sciences Department of Neurobiology Duke University School of Medicine Overview When you view the lateral aspect of a human brain specimen (see Figures A3A and A102), three structures are usually visible: the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, and part of the brainstem (although the brainstem is not visible in the specimen photographed in lateral view for Fig. 1 below). The spinal cord has usually been severed (but we’ll consider the spinal cord later), and the rest of the subdivisions are hidden from lateral view by the hemispheres. The diencephalon and the rest of the brainstem are visible on the medial surface of a brain that has been cut in the midsagittal plane. Parts of all of the subdivisions are also visible from the ventral surface of the whole brain. Over the next several tutorials, you will find video demonstrations (from the brain anatomy lab) and photographs (in the tutorial notes) of these brain surfaces, and sufficient detail in the narrative to appreciate the overall organization of the parts of the brain that are visible from each perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Maps – the Sensory Homunculus
    Brain Maps – The Sensory Homunculus Our brains are maps. This mapping results from the way connections in the brain are ordered and arranged. The ordering of neural pathways between different parts of the brain and those going to and from our muscles and sensory organs produces specific patterns on the brain surface. The patterns on the brain surface can be seen at various levels of organization. At the most general level, areas that control motor functions (muscle movement) map to the front-most areas of the cerebral cortex while areas that receive and process sensory information are more towards the back of the brain (Figure 1). Motor Areas Primary somatosensory area Primary visual area Sensory Areas Primary auditory area Figure 1. A diagram of the left side of the human cerebral cortex. The image on the left shows the major division between motor functions in the front part of the brain and sensory functions in the rear part of the brain. The image on the right further subdivides the sensory regions to show regions that receive input from somatosensory, auditory, and visual receptors. We then can divide these general maps of motor and sensory areas into regions with more specific functions. For example, the part of the cerebral cortex that receives visual input from the retina is in the very back of the brain (occipital lobe), auditory information from the ears comes to the side of the brain (temporal lobe), and sensory information from the skin is sent to the top of the brain (parietal lobe). But, we’re not done mapping the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Brain Hemisphere Controls the Left Side of the Body and the Left What Makes the Human Brain Unique Is Its Size
    About the brain Cerebrum (also known as the The brain is made up of around 100 billion nerve cells - each one cerebral cortex or forebrain) is connected to another 10,000. This means that, in total, we The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is split in to two have around 1,000 trillion connections in our brains. (This would ‘halves’ of roughly equal size called hemispheres. The two be written as 1,000,000,000,000,000). These are ultimately hemispheres, the left and right, are joined together by a bundle responsible for who we are. Our brains control the decisions we of nerve fibres called the corpus callosum. The right make, the way we learn, move, and how we feel. The human brain hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left What makes the human brain unique is its size. Our brains have a hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The cerebrum is larger cerebral cortex, or cerebrum, relative to the rest of the The human brain is the centre of our nervous further divided in to four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and brain than any other animal. (See the Cerebrum section of this temporal, which have different functions. system. It is the most complex organ in our fact sheet for further information.) This enables us to have abilities The frontal lobe body and is responsible for everything we do - such as complex language, problem-solving and self-control. The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Function of Cerebral Cortex
    FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX Course: Neuropsychology CC-6 (M.A PSYCHOLOGY SEM II); Unit I By Dr. Priyanka Kumari Assistant Professor Institute of Psychological Research and Service Patna University Contact No.7654991023; E-mail- [email protected] The cerebral cortex—the thin outer covering of the brain-is the part of the brain responsible for our ability to reason, plan, remember, and imagine. Cerebral Cortex accounts for our impressive capacity to process and transform information. The cerebral cortex is only about one-eighth of an inch thick, but it contains billions of neurons, each connected to thousands of others. The predominance of cell bodies gives the cortex a brownish gray colour. Because of its appearance, the cortex is often referred to as gray matter. Beneath the cortex are myelin-sheathed axons connecting the neurons of the cortex with those of other parts of the brain. The large concentrations of myelin make this tissue look whitish and opaque, and hence it is often referred to as white matter. The cortex is divided into two nearly symmetrical halves, the cerebral hemispheres . Thus, many of the structures of the cerebral cortex appear in both the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres appear to be somewhat specialized in the functions they perform. The cerebral hemispheres are folded into many ridges and grooves, which greatly increase their surface area. Each hemisphere is usually described, on the basis of the largest of these grooves or fissures, as being divided into four distinct regions or lobes. The four lobes are: • Frontal, • Parietal, • Occipital, and • Temporal.
    [Show full text]
  • Neocortex: Consciousness Cerebellum
    Grey matter (chips) White matter (the wiring: the brain mainly talks to itself) Neocortex: consciousness Cerebellum: unconscious control of posture & movement brains 1. Golgi-stained section of cerebral cortex 2. One of Ramon y Cajal’s faithful drawings showing nerve cell diversity in the brain cajal Neuropil: perhaps 1 km2 of plasma membrane - a molecular reaction substrate for 1024 voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. light to Glia: 3 further cell types 1. Astrocytes: trophic interface with blood, maintain blood brain barrier, buffer excitotoxic neurotransmitters, support synapses astros Oligodendrocytes: myelin insulation oligos Production persists into adulthood: radiation myelopathy 3. Microglia: resident macrophages of the CNS. Similarities and differences with Langerhans cells, the professional antigen-presenting cells of the skin. 3% of all cells, normally renewed very slowly by division and immigration. Normal Neurosyphilis microglia Most adult neurons are already produced by birth Peak synaptic density by 3 months EMBRYONIC POSTNATAL week: 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 Month: 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 Year: 4 8 12 16 20 24 Cell birth Migration 2* Neurite outgrowth Synaptogenesis Myelination 1* Synapse elimination Modified from various sources inc: Andersen SL Neurosci & Biobehav Rev 2003 Rakic P Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 Bourgeois Acta Pediatr Suppl 422 1997 timeline 1 Synaptogenesis 100% * Rat RTH D BI E A Density of synapses in T PUBERTY primary visual cortex H at different times post- 0% conception. 100% (logarithmic scale) RTH Cat BI D E A T PUBERTY H The density values equivalent 0% to 100% vary between species 100% but in Man the peak value is Macaque 6 3 RTH 350 x10 synapses per mm BI D E PUBERTY A T The peak rate of synapse H formation is at birth in the 0% macaque: extrapolating to 100% the entire cortex, this Man RTH BI amounts to around 800,000 D E synapses formed per sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Short- and Long-Term Deficits After Unilateral Ablation Andthe Effects of Subsequent Callosal Section’
    0270.6474/84/0404-0918$02.00/0 The Journal of Neuroscience Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 918-929 Printed in U.S.A. April 1984 SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA OF THE MONKEY’S CEREBRAL CORTEX: SHORT- AND LONG-TERM DEFICITS AFTER UNILATERAL ABLATION ANDTHE EFFECTS OF SUBSEQUENT CALLOSAL SECTION’ COBIE BRINKMAN Experimental Neurology Unit, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 2601 Received March 7, 1983; Revised November 11, 1983; Accepted November 15, 1983 Abstract The short-term and long-term behavioral effects of unilateral lesions of the supplementary motor area (SMA) were studied in five monkeys (Mczcaca fascicularis ssp). A monkey with a unilateral lesion of the premotor area (PM) served as a control. In all animals, general behavior was unaffected by the lesions. For a few weeks postoperatively, all monkeys showed a clumsiness of forelimb movements, bilaterally, which involved both the distal and proximal muscles. Two SMA-lesioned monkeys (but not the PM-lesioned one), studied for up to 1 year postoperatively, showed a characteristic deficit of bimanual coordination where the two hands tended to behave in a similar manner instead of sharing the task between them. This deficit was more pronounced after a lesion contralateral to the nonpreferred hand. The deficit was interpreted as indicating that the intact SMA now influenced the motor outflow of both the ipsilateral hemisphere and the contralateral one through the corpus callosum. Callosal section immediately abolished the bimanual deficit, although the clumsiness returned transiently. The results imply that SMA may give rise normally to discharges informing the contralateral hemisphere of intended and/or ongoing movements via the corpus callosum.
    [Show full text]