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Thailands Farbkonflikt Und Protest Aus Dem Exil: Ein Netzwerk Thailändischer Politaktivisten Im Kontext Neuer Handlungsräume

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Thailands Farbkonflikt Und Protest Aus Dem Exil: Ein Netzwerk Thailändischer Politaktivisten Im Kontext Neuer Handlungsräume Thailands Farbkonflikt und Protest aus dem Exil: ein Netzwerk thailändischer Politaktivisten im Kontext neuer Handlungsräume Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Frank Arenz aus Mayen Bonn 2020 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: PD Dr. Günther Distelrath, Institut für Orient-und Asienwissenschaften (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Christoph Antweiler, Institut für Orient-und Asienwissenschaften (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Stephan Conermann, Institut für Orient-und Asienwissenschaften (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Ralph Kauz, Institut für Orient-und Asienwissenschaften (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.09.2020 Danksagung „Von deinen Kindern lernst du mehr, als sie von dir.“ Friedrich Rückert Für Henri und Romy Oft habe ich gehört, dass das Schreiben einer Dissertation ein einsames Unterfangen darstellt. Die unzähligen Stunden alleine vor einer Tastatur und einem Bildschirm, inmitten eines chaotischen Bücherhaufens in unserem heimischen Bürozimmer können dies in meinem Fall bestätigen. Meistens hat sich diese Situation aber nachts zugetragen. Tagsüber haben meine Kinder für genügend Ablenkung gesorgt und mich nicht ein einziges Mal einsam fühlen oder auch nur im Entferntesten daran denken lassen, in Groll oder Verzweiflung zu verfallen – zumindest nicht in Bezug auf das Schreiben dieser Arbeit. Dafür bin ich euch unendlich dankbar. Wie wahrscheinlich in den meisten Fällen wäre diese Arbeit jedoch nie ohne die Unterstützung einer Vielzahl von Personen zustande gekommen. In diesem Zusammenhang gilt mein besonderer Dank Professor Dr. Christoph Antweiler für die langjährige Betreuung und Geduld bezüglich meines Dissertationsvorhabens sowie die fortwährende inhaltliche Inspiration und Diskussion. Gleicher Dank gilt Professor Dr. Stephan Conermann für die Zweitbetreuung. Ferner möchte ich mich bei Dr. Oliver Pye bedanken, dessen Fokus sowie über die Wissenschaft hinausgehendes Engagement im Hinblick auf die sozialen und politischen Entwicklungen in Thailand das Fundament für meine Arbeit bildeten. Besonderer Dank und größter Respekt gebührt auch denjenigen Personen, die aufgrund ihres Kampfes für gerechtere Verhältnisse in Thailand Teil dieser Arbeit geworden sind, sowie denjenigen, die ihr Expertenwissen mit mir geteilt haben. Für ihre langfristige Unterstützung in jedweder Hinsicht danke ich meinen Eltern und Großeltern … und von Herzen danke ich meiner Frau, Annika, für ihre wahnsinnige Geduld, Unterstützung und Liebe. Das Arbeitszimmer können wir uns fortan wieder gerecht teilen. Inhaltsverzeichnis Glossar ............................................................................................................... 4 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................... 7 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Gegenstandsbereich: Thailands Krise und politischer Protest ................... 15 1.2 Forschungsstand und wissenschaftliche Relevanz: Online-Protestnetzwerke als Krisenantwort? ................................................... 16 1.3 Fragestellungen ....................................................................................... 21 1.4 Methodisches Vorgehen und theoretische Überlegungen .......................... 23 1.4.1 Reflexion der Forscherrolle ................................................................. 25 1.4.2 Soziale Netzwerkanalyse .................................................................... 29 1.4.3 Soziale Bewegungen im revolutions- und bewegungstheoretischen Kontext ......................................................... 31 1.4.4 Thailands Protestgruppierungen ......................................................... 36 1.5 Grenzen der Arbeit .................................................................................. 37 1.6 Gliederung ............................................................................................... 38 2. Wechselspiel von Demokratie und Autoritarismus ................................. 40 2.1 Thailändische Geschichte und Demokratisierung von 1932 bis 1997 ......... 41 2.2 Aufstieg und Fall des Thaksin Shinwatra .................................................. 51 2.2.1 Zur Person ......................................................................................... 51 2.2.2 Ein Milliardär für die Armen? .............................................................. 53 2.2.3 Opposition und Entmachtung .............................................................. 54 2.3 Der Militärputsch 2006 ............................................................................. 56 2.4 Die Genese des Farbkonflikts ................................................................... 58 2.5 Eine ‚rote‘ Revolution? ............................................................................. 61 2.6 Comeback des Shinawatra-Clans ............................................................. 63 2.7 Das People's Democratic Reform Committee ............................................ 64 2.8 Der Militärputsch 2014 ............................................................................. 65 2.9 Das Verfassungsreferendum 2016: Dekonstruktion der Demokratie .......... 67 1 3. Thailands Protestgruppierungen im gegenwärtigen Konflikt.................. 69 3.1 Die Gelbhemden: Von einer Bewegung mit demokratischen Ambitionen… 70 3.2 Zur reaktionären Kraft .............................................................................. 73 3.3 Die Rothemden: Thailands pro-demokratische Revolutionsbewegung? ..... 76 3.4 Die Rothemden nach 2014 ....................................................................... 81 3.5 Das New Democracy Movement und politischer Protest nach 2014 .......... 82 4. Protest aus der Ferne: ein Exilanten-Netzwerk thailändischer Politaktivisten ......................................................................... 86 4.1 Akquise des Datenmaterials ..................................................................... 87 4.2 Erhebung und Visualisierung des Netzwerks ............................................ 91 4.3 Zusammensetzung und Vernetzung.......................................................... 96 4.4 Biografien und Beweg(ungs)gründe ........................................................ 104 4.4.1 Historische „Schlüsselmomente“ ....................................................... 104 4.4.2 Persönliche Antriebsmomente .......................................................... 115 4.5 „Schlüsselaktivisten“ des Netzwerks ....................................................... 119 4.5.1 Junya Yimprasert ............................................................................. 120 4.5.2 Aum Neko ........................................................................................ 124 4.5.3 Giles Ji Ungpakorn ........................................................................... 126 4.5.4 Jaran Ditapichai ............................................................................... 128 4.5.5 Pavin Chachavalpongpun ................................................................. 130 4.5.6 Kritsuda Kunasen ............................................................................. 133 5. (Neue) Medien und politischer Aktivismus ............................................ 136 5.1 Die Rolle der Medien und die Schaffung von (Gegen-)Öffentlichkeit ........ 137 5.2 Das Internet als Demokratisierungsmotor des 21. Jahrhunderts? ............ 141 5.3 Web, Staat, Protest und soziale Bewegungen ......................................... 145 5.4 Begrenzende und rückläufige Faktoren ................................................... 148 2 6. Medien in Thailand: Spiel um Macht und Einfluss ................................. 152 6.1 Entwicklung der thailändischen Medienlandschaft ................................... 152 6.2 Internet, Web und Social Media .............................................................. 154 6.2.1 Inhärentes Demokratisierungspotenzial… ......................................... 155 6.2.2 …oder Gefahrenquelle? ................................................................... 159 7. Keine gute Zeit für demokratische Bewegungen? ................................. 164 7.1 Erklärungsversuche für das Ausbleiben einer sozialen Revolution in Thailand und neue Konfliktlinien ....................... 165 7.2 Gründe für gegenwärtigen politischen Aktivismus ................................... 168 7.3 Weak Ties und die virtuelle Sphäre als neuer Handlungsraum pro-demokratischer Gruppierungen in Thailand? .......................................... 169 7.4 Perspektiven und Potenzial demokratisch motivierter Protestgruppierungen in Thailand ................................................................. 173 7.5 Abschließende Gedanken: Ist das Web der neue Motor für Demokratisierung? ....................................................................................... 174 Anhang ........................................................................................................... 176 I. Interviews ................................................................................................. 176 II. Abbildungen .............................................................................................. 177 III. Dokumente
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