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Civil Society and Democracy in Southeast Asia and Turkey CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA TURKEY CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND TURKEY Edited by N. Ganesan Colin Dürkop ISBN: 978-605-4679-10-2 www.kas.de/tuerkei CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND TURKEY Edited by N. Ganesan Colin Dürkop Published by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of Konrad – Adenauer – Stiftung Ahmet Rasim Sokak No: 27 06550 Çankaya-Ankara/TÜRKİYE Telephone : +90 312 440 40 80 Faks : +90 312 440 32 48 E-mail : [email protected] www.kas.de/tuerkei ISBN : 978-605-4679-10-2 Designed & Printed by : OFSET FOTOMAT +90 312 395 37 38 Ankara, 2015 5 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 | INTRODUCTION 12 | CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY: TOWARDS A TAXONOMY Mark R. Thompson 44 | CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRATIC EVOLUTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA N. Ganesan 67 | CIVIL SOCIETY, ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA: THE CONTRADICTORY ROLE OF NON-STATE ACTORS IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION Bob S. Hadiwinata and Christoph Schuck 96 | MALAYSIA: CROSS-COMMUNAL COALITION- BUILDING TO DENOUNCE POLITICAL VIOLENCE Chin-Huat Wong 129 | PHILIPPINE CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF LEFT POLITICS Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem 160 | THAILAND’S DIVIDED CIVIL SOCIETY AT A TIME OF CRISIS Viengrat Nethipo 198 | LIFE AND TIMES OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN TURKEY: ISSUES, ACTORS, STRUCTURES Funda Gencoglu Onbasi 231 | CONCLUSION N. Ganesan 239 | NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book has been long in the making since the first workshop on state- society relations in Southeast Asia was first held in Kuala Lumpur in 2011. The project was initially conceived as a research project at the Hiroshima Peace Institute with a two-years funding cycle. The decision to hold the first workshop in Kuala Lumpur was mooted by the Secretary of the Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA) Dr. Hari Singh who offered supplementary funding and administrative support. Consequently, the decision was an easy one since we would have then brought the meeting to the region that the project was focused on and it would have been much cheaper than hosting it in Japan. APISA’s contribution came in the form of a conference package that included tea breaks and opening and closing dinners. APISA that was in turn supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SiDA) also defrayed the costs of the two discussants who were invited to the meeting. This arrangement led in turn to a much more robust discussion at the workshop and challenged the paper presenters conceptually. Prof. Johan Saravanamuttu from Universiti Sains in Penang and Dr. Benjamin Wong from the National Institute of Education in Singapore served as the two discussants. I am grateful to Dr. Hari Singh and APISA for their co-sponsorship of the first workshop as well as the two discussants. The second workshop that leveraged on the first and included more case studies was held in Istanbul in March 2013. Dr. Colin Dürkop from the 6 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) in Ankara kindly agreed to co-sponsor the second meeting. He in turn arranged the conference facilities, arranged for the discussants and a paper presenter from Turkey and also graciously sponsored the local hospitality and opening and closing dinners. Finally, Dr. Dürkop agreed to sponsor the publication and launch of this book in Istanbul in November 2015. Hence I am also deeply indebted to Dr. Colin Dürkop and the German Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung for seeing this project to its completion. At the Hiroshima Peace Institute, I am grateful to then Director, Mr. Motofumi Asai, and research staff that agreed to the funding of the project and to Ms. Miki Nomura who assisted with the administrative arrangements and disbursements associated with the project. Finally, I am deeply indebted to all the paper writers who had to work with a very difficult and fluid topic. The situation was especially exaggerated in the case of Malaysia and Thailand where there were major challenges and changes in state-society relations at the time of writing. Nonetheless, all the paper writers delivered under quite trying conditions and made this book possible. INTRODUCTION This book has taken a long time to assemble from when the idea for it was first mooted. In fact the first workshop on the topic was held in Kuala Lum- pur, Malaysia in 2011. The second follow up workshop was subsequently held in Istanbul, Turkey the following year. Whereas we had originally en- visaged having a total of six case studies for the Southeast Asia section, we were forced to omit the country studies on Myanmar and Vietnam. Although we had a paper presented on Vietnam at the second meeting in Istanbul, we were unable to add it on to the collection since the general consensus of the other participants was that the paper did not meet the scholarly expectations that were set out. The Myanmar situation was a little different. The nominee, Dr. Kyaw Yin Hlaing, became far too involved in the domestic political process and in particular the national peace pro- cess involving the Myanmar Peace Center on the one hand and the ethnic insurgent groups on the other. Consequently, we were forced to leave out Myanmar as a case study as well. In this regard whereas we began with a very broad and rich selection of case studies from Southeast Asia at the outset, we have been forced into much more modest circumstances. Nonetheless, we do think that the case studies represent a fair selection of countries from the region in terms of a representative sampling. There remains a skew in favour of maritime Southeast Asia though for the rea- sons mentioned earlier. The inclusion of a chapter on Turkey was suggested by Dr. Colin Dürkop, the country representative for the German Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 8 in Ankara who also kindly agreed to co-sponsor the second meeting in 2012. We have had a lengthy and fruitful collaborative experience in the past spanning some ten countries in Northeast and Southeast Asia and I thought it to be a good idea. Accordingly, the book also has a country chapter on Turkey. The country itself that straddles both Europe and Asia is in the middle of important and interesting developments and a chapter on it is well worth the effort. The central concern of this edited volume is on the concept of state-society relations and in particular the role of civil society organizations within that framework. There is a rich literature on the civic republican tradition where autonomous and spontaneously formed civic groups articulate common and mutually beneficial actions. Part of this tradition also regards civic action as superior to that which is state sponsored and in fact purists will explicitly require that the state not be involved in the formation of such groups. In other words, their traditional role was interpreted as that be- tween the individual and the state. The recent writings of social scientists like Robert Putnam who speaks about social capital and its importance has helped to revive interest in this field. Yet, the concept of a civil society transcends the Western liberal tradition and is also to be found in other so- cieties that are differently calibrated or inspired. Accordingly, Mark Thomp- son who wrote the theory chapter to introduce the concept and provide a guiding framework for the authors of the case studies has interpreted the situation within a broad mandate. The second chapter then traces the involvement of civil society groups in democratic transitions. After all, Southeast Asia has witnessed many coun- tries making the transition. Some of these cases fall within what Samuel Huntington described as the Third Wave of democratization that occurred in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the general collapse of communism as a political ideology internationally. This devel- opment in turn led to Francis Fukuyama’s famous declaration regarding the end of history, referring to the triumph of liberal democracy as the organizing principle for states in general following the seeming defeat of communism. The evidence from this chapter that surveys four countries for a comparative case study does suggest the importance of civil society organizations in leading and driving the transition as major change agents. The writers of the country chapters have faced a rather challenging and 9 difficult task. This situation is true on a number of counts. Firstly, they have had to deal with an extremely fluid situation in the last few years. There have been path breaking changes and trajectories in the case of Thailand that was subjected to a military coup against the democratically elected government of Yingluck Shinawatra in May 2014. This development not only rolled back many years of democratization but also effectively put an end to any activity that was not explicitly sanctioned by the military junta. While pledging to reconcile differences between an extremely polarized society the junta has placed significant curbs on many activities including academic gatherings. And the preliminary evidence appears to indicate a consolidation of interests by the traditional elite notwithstanding lip ser- vice to the process of national reconciliation and the junta’s intention to bring happiness back to the country. This traditional elite combines the monarchy, the military, the bureaucracy and the entrenched business elite whose activities and interests were challenged by the red shirts that com- manded an electoral majority in the rural and agricultural heartlands in the north and northeast. This development clearly displaced traditional elite interests and most observers view the 2014 coup as an attempt to return these elements back to power.
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