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SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION THROUGH GUY FAWKES MASKS and WHISTLES in POLITICAL MOVEMENTS in THAILAND Praewpan Parnnuch a Dissertatio

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SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION THROUGH GUY FAWKES MASKS and WHISTLES in POLITICAL MOVEMENTS in THAILAND Praewpan Parnnuch a Dissertatio SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION THROUGH GUY FAWKES MASKS AND WHISTLES IN POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN THAILAND Praewpan Parnnuch A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication Arts and Innovation) The Graduate School of Communication Arts and Management Innovation National Institute of Development Administration 2018 ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation Symbolic Communication through Guy Fawkes Masks and Whistles in Political Movements in Thailand Author Miss Praewpan Parnnuch Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Communication Arts and Innovation) Year 2018 The objective of this research is to study and analyze the signification and the roles including the communication adjustment of the Guy Fawkes masks and whistles used in Thailand’s political movements. It is a qualitative research done by means of documents analysis and in-depth interview methods. The research results are as follows: There are several aspects in terms of the meanings of the Guy Fawkes masks and whistles used in Thailand’s political movements, such as Thaksinocracy (or Thaksin regime) and Yingluck government, politics/governance, monarchy, definition of protesters and their movements, emotions, concept and methods of movements, needs and goals There are also several roles of the Guy Fawkes mask, for example; it’s used for concealing the identities of participants, reflecting the current situations, representing ideas and political ideology, icons of the destruction of political ideology, universality, methods and tools for a movement. About the reconstruction of the meanings, it is found that the ways Guy Fawkes masks are used in Thailand’s political movements, not only do they kept the original meaning but also they adjusted to a different meaning and sometimes create a new meaning. They usually kept the original meaning because they wanted to show the same connections they had in the protester groups as the meaning used in the movie V for Vendetta. These political movements around the world are mostly anti- iv government, so the meaning is related to the political ideology and the main reason for their movement s. But if they adjusted to a different meaning, it is because they need to justify it with Thai social context. Sometimes a new meaning was created according to the political context of Thailand and the protester groups’ movements. Apart from the change of the symbolic meaning, there are more adjustments in many different aspects such as: a change of design, a change of color, a change of form and a change of form and color. The meaning of whistle symbol in Thailand’s political movement suggests the same characteristics as the use of Guy Fawkes mask due to the chronological order of the events against the same opponent. It is found that there are many meanings of a whistle use as follows: Thaksinocracy (or Thaksin regime) and Yingluck government, the amnesty, the nation, the religion, the monarchy, signals for opponents, signals for in-group members, negative feeling/ emotion, positive feeling/ emotion, definition of movement, concepts and methods of movements, needs and goals As for roles of the whistle symbol in Thailand’s political movement, there are many roles such as using a whistle instead of roaring or clapping, expressing feelings, responding or interacting within the groups of protesters, raising funds, representing souvenirs or objects of collection, showing acts of participation and showing individualism. It shows also a way to instigate and convince, group identity and also the universality. Regarding the reconstruction of the meanings, the use of a whistle in Thailand’s political movement, it is found that not only do they keep the original meaning, but also adjust to a different meaning and sometimes create a new meaning. The original meaning is kept because it is used within the political movements around the world including Thailand. Therefore, the meaning is related to the political situations and the main reason for their movements. The usual use of a whistle in various activities in Thailand has been adjusted to the political contexts. Moreover, a new meaning was created according to the political movement of the protester groups and the reaction against the opposition including the current political situations. There are also more adjustments to the whistle itself such as shape change, size change, material change, and components and design changes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Associate Professor Dr. Asawin Nedpogaeo, co-advisor Associate Professor Dr. Kanjana Kaewthep, the President of the Committee Associate Professor Dr. Kullatip Satararuji and the external committee Assistant Professor Dr. Boonyou Khorpornprasert, for their understanding of my determination and for their continuous support of my Ph. D research. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and smooth writing of this thesis until the end. Besides my advisors, I would like to thank Suratthani Rajabhat University, my workplace and everybody concerned for their support and sponsorship of my Ph. D degree of study. I would like to give them a pledge that I will take the opportunity and the knowledge earned from the study to improve students and to be a good teacher as well as to become personnel with good quality in order to join the team and help ameliorate the education at the university. My sincere thanks also go to all sample groups for their time during the interviews and for their wonderful friendship that the researcher had. I am also grateful to my family: my father, my mother and my elder brother for the continuing support, encouragement, understanding and giving me all of the emotional support when I was discouraged. I would like to pass on all this success to every one of you. Praewpan Parnnuch December 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Signification of the Research Problem 1 1.2 Research Questions 12 1.3 Objectives 12 1.4 Scope of Research 12 1.5 Definitions 13 1.6 Benefits 14 CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTS, THEORIES, AND LITERATURE REVIEW 15 2.1 The Concepts of Semiology: The Construction and 15 Reconstruction of Meanings 2.2 The Concepts of Symbolic Politics 24 2.3 The Roles of Signs in Symbolic Politics 28 2.4 The Concepts on Political Movements 33 2.5 Related Literature Review 37 2.6 The Conceptual Framework of the Study 51 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 52 3.1 Sources 52 3.2 Data Collection 54 3.3 Data Analysis 57 3.4 Data Presentation 57 vii CHAPTER 4 GUY FAWKES MASK SYMBOL 58 4.1 Meanings of the Symbol 58 4.2 The Roles of the Symbol 78 4.3 The Reconstruction of the Meaning of the Symbol 96 CHAPTER 5 THE WHISTLE SYMBOL 114 5.1 Meanings of the Symbol 114 5.2 The Roles of the Symbol 144 5.3 The Reconstruction of the Meaning of the Symbol 164 CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 182 6.1 Research Summary 182 6.2 Discussion 189 6.3 Recommendations 199 BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 APPENDICES 216 Appendix A Situations and Thai Political Contexts 217 during 2012-2014 Appendix B Background information of Guy Fawkes Masks 223 Appendix C Background Information of a Whistle 229 BIOGRAPHY 236 LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 3.1 Samples or Interviewees using a Symbol of Guy Fawkes Mask 55 3.2 Samples or Interviewees using a Whistle Symbol 55 4.1 Meanings of Guy Fawkes Masks in Thai Political Movements 59 4.2 Meanings of Binary Opposition of Guy Fawkes Masks 75 4.3 A Comparison of Roles of Guy Fawkes Masks in a Political 93 Movement 4.4 Guy Fawkes Masks and Different Thai Masks in Different 97 Contexts 4.5 The Use of Old Meanings and the Reproduction of Meanings 101 4.6 The Reconstruction of the Meanings 102 4.7 The Deconstruction of the Meanings 103 4.8 The Deconstruction or Changes of the Signifiers of Guy Fawkes 106 Masks in a Political Movement in Thailand 5.1 Meanings of a Whistle Symbol in Political Movements in Thailand 115 5.2 Political Situation and the Meaning of Symbols 135 5.3 Meanings of Binary Opposition of Whistles 141 5.4 A Comparison of Roles of a Whistle in a Political Movement 160 5.5 The Use of Whistles in Different Contexts 165 5.6 The Use of Old Meanings and the Reproduction of Meanings 169 5.7 The Reconstruction of the Meanings 170 5.8 The Deconstruction or the Creation of New Meanings 171 5.9 The Deconstruction or Changes of the Signifiers of a Whistle 172 in a Political Movement in Thailand LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1.1 Guy Fawkes Masks, the Symbol used in the movement of 4 Occupy Wall Street 1.2 Blowing a Whistle in Protests in Foreign Countries (1) 5 1.3 Blowing a Whistle in Protests in Foreign Countries (2) 6 1.4 The use of Guy Fawkes Masks in Thai Political Movements 9 1.5 The use of Whistles in Thai Political Movements 11 2.1 Origins of Meanings in Communication Elements 18 2.2 The Significance Process of Saussure 20 2.3 The Conceptual Framework of the Study 51 4.1 Reasons for Wearing a Mask 79 4.2 The Burning of the Masks 89 4.3 Burning Guy Fawkes Masks of the Red Shirt Group 90 4.4 The Reconstruction of the Meaning of Guy Fawkes Masks in 100 Thai Political Movements 4.5 Guy Fawkes Mask 105 4.6 A Change of Design (1) 107 4.7 A Change of Design (2) 108 4.8 A Change of Color (1) 108 4.9 A Change of Color (2) 109 4.10 A Change of Form (1) 109 4.11 A Change of Form (2) 110 4.12 A Change of Form and Colors (1) 110 4.13 A Change of Form and Colors (2) 111 4.14 Hanuman Mask (1) 112 4.15 Hanuman Mask (2) 112 4.16 Red Mask 113 x 5.1 The Reconstruction of the Meaning of a Whistle in Thai Political 168 Movements 5.2 A Change of Shape (1) 174 5.3 A Change of Shape (2) 174 5.4 Thunder Whistles of Different Institutes 175 5.5 A Change of Size (1) 176 5.6 A Change of Size (2) 176 5.7 A Change of Material (1) 177 5.8 A Change of Material (2) 178 5.9 A Change of Components (1) 178 5.10 A Change of Components (2) 179 5.11 A Change of Design and Pattern 179 5.12 The Use of a Red Whistle and Horn (1) 180 5.13 The Use of a Red Whistle and Horn (2) 181 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Signification of the Research Problem A society is composed of human beings gather together and have different kinds of relationships.
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