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Interfaith Program for Public Awareness of Nuclear Issues

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Interfaith Program for Public Awareness of Nuclear Issues INIS-mf--11279 Interfaith Program for Public Awareness of Nuclear Issues FINAL REPORT THC Af;GI iCAN OlOCESBOF TORON IC THF. 8A! 1A ! COMMUNITY OF CAM AD,'' THE JtWii,H COMMUNITY OF TORONTO' THE ROVAN CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCFSE Of 1ORONTO 1 HE UNITED CHURCH OF CANAuA TORONTO COf'IFEREWCE Interfaith Program for Public Awareness of Nuclear Issues ** Final Report November, 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE Background i The Search for Fairness i The Search for "Presenters" iii Evaluation of the Program iii The Present Document v Financial Support v Unity in Action vi IPPANI QUESTIONS Canada's Domestic Nuclear Issues vii Canada's International Nuclear Trade ix Canada's Involvement in Nuclear Arms xi WEEK I: CANADA'S DOMESTIC NUCLEAR ISSUES Panelists 1 Overall Position of the Panel 3 Historical Context of the Nuclear Energy Debate 3 The Decision-Making Process 5 Questions 7 Conclusion 16 WEEK II: CANADA'S INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR TRADE Panelists IS Introduction 19 Economic Implications 21 Third World Implications: Energy and Development 23 The Weapons Implications 26 Other Moral and Ethical Concerns 27 Conclusion 28 WEEK III: CANADA'S INVOLVEMENT IN NUCLEAR ARMS Panelists 30 Preface 31 Moral, Spiritual and Ethical Issues 36 Strategic Alternatives 50 Pragmatic Choices 65 Conclusions 75 Summary 76 Recommendations ' 80 APPENDIX A: Various Actors and Their Roles in Nuclear Energy Matters 82 APPENDIX B: Poem "They've Gone Too Far", by Art Solomon 111 APPENDIX C: Annotated Bibliography 119 APPENDIX Th List of Presenters Week I 128 Week II 130 Week III 131 APPENDIX E: List of Donors 132 ARCHIVES For Further Information and Copies 135 PREFACE BACKGROUND Planning for the Interfaith Program for Public Awareness of Nuclear Issues (IPPANI) began at the time of the Falkland Islands crisis. At that time representatives of certain of the faith groups in Toronto became concerned about the moral and ethical implications of Canada's export of fuel for a CANDU nuclear generating plant in Argentina. They were also concerned about what appeared to be a related matter, the Canadian government's opposition to convening a national inquiry into the operations of the nuclear industry. Initially, it was thought that these concerns might be addressed in a meeting of senior church and government officials, but it proved impossible to arrange such a meeting. Upon reflection, the faith groups decided that a more extended approach should be undertaken to enhance their knowledge of the issues so that they might be more able to put the right questions to government, and to provoke public discussion so that governments might become more responsive. The Jewish community and the Roman Catholic and United Church organizations in the Toronto area each provided $5,000 to "seed" such an enterprise. A Planning Committee was set up, which consisted of three representatives of each of the initiating faith groups. The Anglican Church, after it had been satisfied about the program's objectivity, and then the Baha'i Community of Canada, which also had a special concern that the program be non partisan in nature, entered the group and made similar contributions of money and members for the Committee. Attempts were made to interest other faith groups in joining in the work of the Planning Committee. However, only the Unitarian Church responded, and it did not wish to become a full member of the Committee. In the two years since it was established, the Committee's composition has changed only slightly. To those who helped establish the program, but found themselves unable to continue on the Committee, the present members of the Committee express their thanks. In the fall of 1983 the position of Executive Secretary was created to assist the Committee. Mrs. Judith Langstaff has played that role with exceptional ability. THE SEARCH FOR FAIRNESS In order to accomplish its goals, the Planning Committee devised a program to provide unbiased input to the faith groups' deliberations on the ethical and moral issues involved in the nuclear debate. The development of a fair set of questions (see pages vii & viii) for each of the three hearings to address required unusual patience, since views on nuclear matters, relating to both their peaceful and non-peaceful aspects, were often widely divergent. To help it in creating a fair agenda, the Planning Committee obtained advice from the Canadian Nuclear Association (CNA), the industry organization involved in the uranium, nuclear reactor and radioisotopes industries, and from Energy Probe, a non-profit organization critical of nuclear energy. The former was represented by David Hardy, Secretary of the CNA's Social Issues Committee, and the latter by Norman Rubin, Energy Probe's nuclear researcher. A number of others contributed to their work. Officials of the Federal Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Sam Horton of Ontario Hydro, and Moira Hutchinson of the Task Force on Churches and Corporate Responsibility offered advice on energy and international trade matters. Professor Rod Byers of the Research Program in Strategic Studies, Gordon Edwards of the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, and Professor Ernie Regehr of Project Ploughshares made comparable contributions to the development of questions involving nuclear weapons policy. Reverend John Hill acted as consultant on ethics in this process. The work of preparing a suitable agenda was completed early in 1984. Its result was embodied in appendices to the public document promoting the program, which is appended to this report. A second requirement for fairness was that there should be a neutral "filter", independent of the faith groups, through which the input of proponents of different approaches to nuclear issues might be channelled to the faith groups. This need was filled through the generosity of a number of prominent Canadians who agreed to serve as hearing panelists. Brief biographies of each of them will be found appended to this report. The Planning Committee is extremely grateful to them all: Howard Adelman (Chairperson - Week Three) Doris Anderson Gordon Butler William Empey James Ham Lyman Henderson (Chairperson - Week Two) Chaviva Hosek (Chairperson - Week One) Peter Russell (Coordinating Chairperson) Harold Schiff Owen Shime Art Solomon David Strangway Kenneth Swan Committee members also record their gratitude to the late Arthur Maloney Q.C. who had agreed before his untimely death to serve as a panelist. In spite of the care taken by the Planning Committee to select panelists who "have not, to date, taken public stands on nuclear policy issues", pre-hearing controversy arose, especially over the inclusion of one panelist, whose career included prominent positions with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and on advisory boards to Canadian Atomic Energy Control Board and the International Atomic Agency. After extensive discussion by the Planning Committee, it was resolved to proceed as planned, but to communicate the Committee's concerns in this matter to the Chairman of the relevant panel. It is not possible to weigh what, if any, effect this controversy had on the hearings or on the reflections of the panelists, although it is worth noting that the Committee's own working environment, based on trust and cooperation, prevented this controversy - and others which arose from time to time - from disrupting the Committee's work. THE SEARCH FOR "PRESENTERS" Invitations were sent to over six hundred individuals and organizations to appear before the panelists as "presenters". Their names were obtained by consulting with known experts in the field, including officials of the federal government. As well, advertisements were placed in various religious publications, a brochure was widely circulated and a number of direct approaches were made to persons prominent in the fields covered by the hearings. The resulting invitation list included spokespeople for both "pro" and "anti" nuclear positions on each of the three topics, as well as some who were found to be "in the middle". To invitations to appear for discussion of the first week's topic, domestic nuclear issues, there was an immediate response, representing a wide spectrum of views. But achieving a balanced representation proved more difficult for the second and third weeks of hearings, those which dealt with the issues of international trade and military uses of nuclear materials and technology. It became necessary to cancel two sessions in the second week because too few presenters to fill the time available for that week's hearings accepted the Committee's invitation. Compiciing the roster for the third week was possible only by extending deadlines for submissions long beyond the originally advertised dates. A list of those who finally submitted briefs and appeared before the panels is appended to this report. Presentations were made by individuals and those representing religious, government, peace, environmental and development organizations. Even a high school class participated. Unfortunately, the Canadian Nuclear Association chose not to make an official presentation, because it could not accept the inclusion of the third week in the hearings. Presentations were made, however, by members of the Canadian Nuclear Association. Not all who submitted briefs appeared before the panelists. The selection of those to be asked to appear involved two steps. A sub-committee of the Planning Committee first considered all submissions in the light of criteria agreed on previously with the panelists. Then, since it was a condition of the hearings that the panelist should take full responsibility for their report, they reviewed the submissions and the recommendations of the sub-committee and approved the final list of presenters. EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAM The media were well informed of IPPANl's intentions. Senior officials of the sponsoring faith groups called a press conference shortly before the beginning of the hearings, and a number of reporters appeared at the hearings from time to time. In spite of this, attendance at the hearings was never large, and there were only a few mentions of the hearings in the press at the time they were being held.
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