Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Foreign Policy Relations with the Soviet Union

• Hungary rebellion (1956) • Soviets crush it Impact of John Foster Dulles • Secretary of State • Replace “containment” with “rollback” – “push back” to pre-WWII levels • Weapons – Less for conventional – More for nuclear – “Massive retaliation”/Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) • Use of CIA • Peace through strength • Arms race Alliances – more Collective Security • U.S., South Korea, Taiwan • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – U.S., Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, Philippines, South Vietnam • Allied with more “S.O.B.’s” – Philippines, Cuba, Nicaragua, Iran, Dominican Republic Role of CIA

• Allen Dulles (John Foster’s brother) • Help overthrow communist leaning governments – Prime Minister of Iran in favor of Shah (oil) – Arbenz in Nicaragua (fruit) – Sukarno in Indonesia (failed) – Castro in Cuba (failed) Issues in the Middle East • Main concern in the Middle East: oil • Other issue: Israeli statehood Issues in the Middle East

• British controlled Palestine • U.N. created Israel and Palestine • Jerusalem under U.N. control • WARS – 1947: Israeli Statehood • U.S. supports Israel – 1956: Suez Crisis • U.S. supports Egypt • Eisenhower Doctrine – Assist any Middle Eastern nation attempting to stop communist aggression – Involved in Jordan and Lebanon Issues in the Middle East Impact of the Cold War • Nuclear testing and impact • http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=JRS4CrFdXOk • How to protect yourself • http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=11EWuW_aWCI • People tested (without knowledge) on effects Impact of the Cold War

• Eisenhower attempted arms limits • Geneva Summit (1955); met with Khrushchev – “Open skies” policy – Worked on arms reduction treaty • Second summit (1960) – American U-2 plane shot down Impact of the Cold War

• Farewell Address (1961) warned about “Military-Industrial” complex • Concerns – Military buildup too strong? – Contractors too much influence? – Economy too dependent on military construction? Kennedy Foreign Policy Kennedy Foreign Policy

• Peace Corps – Help developing countries • Alliance for Progress – $20 million (Latin America) • Cold War? Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign

• Accused Eisenhower of “missile gap” • Wasn’t one but . . . – Behind on conventional weapons – Use special forces/small scale attacks – Congress: spend on both • Flexible Response – Look at situation: determine best response Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign

• Met Khrushchev in Vienna (1961) – Went badly – Cuba, Laos, and Berlin – Kennedy tried to reason – won’t do it again! Berlin Wall • Berlin – 1961 – Khrushchev builds wall – Kennedy ramps up military – Goes to Berlin • Ich bin ein Berliner Cuban Missile Crisis

• Fulgencio Batista -- an SOB • cruel dictator • 1959: Fidel Castro led bloodless coup • Batista fled • Castro promised – Jobs – Education – medical care Cuban Missile Crisis

• Wanted US help; Eisenhower refused • Nationalized American businesses • Looked to Soviets for help • Khrushchev happy to help • U.S. – embargo sugar – CIA – Eisenhower: get rid of Castro (passed onto Kennedy) Cuban Missile Crisis

• Bay of Pigs invasion • Plan: – 1500 Cuban exiles – U.S. air support (cancelled) • Met by entire Cuban Army • Within 72 hours all dead or captured Cuban Missile Crisis

• Kennedy takes responsibility (on TV) • Castro: full invasion • Soviet help: nukes in Cuba • October 14, 1962: U2 spy plane photographs sites • Soviets can destroy most of U.S. within an hour Cuban Missile Crisis

• 13 DAYS • October 14 – U-2 photographs missile sites • October 22 – Kennedy warns nation; confronts Soviets • October 24 – US quarantines Cuba; stops Soviet ships • October 27 – U-2 spy plane shot down; pilot killed • October 27 – Telegrams from Khrushchev to Kennedy wanting a deal • October 28 – Soviets agree to remove missiles if US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey Cuban Missile Crisis

• RESULTS • Castro firmly in power; wary of US • Khrushchev looks weak (out by 1966) • Kennedy looks strong • Closest to nuclear war EVER • Hotline with Soviet Union • Limited Nuclear test ban treaty • U.S. embargo on Cuba (repealed by Obama) Cuban Missile Crisis How are Cold War relations impacting life in America?