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Chapter 26: the Origins of the Cold War Chapter Review Chapter 26: The Origins of the Cold War Chapter Review Terms United Nations: 1. An international peacekeeping organization 2. Founded in 1945 a. Represented 50 nations 3. Purpose a. Promote world peace b. Promote security c. Promote economic development Satellite Nations: 1. A country dominated politically and economically by another. a. Much of Eastern Europe became part of the Soviet Union as satellite nations Containment: 1. A measure used to block another nation’s attempts to spread its influence to other nations Iron Curtain: 1. Term used to describe the imaginary line separating Communist Eastern block countries with Western Europe. 2. Terminology first used by Winston Churchill in 1946 Cold War: 1. A conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union a. Neither country directly confronted the other in a battle situation 2. Dominated world affairs from 1945‐1991 3. Dominated United States foreign policy between 1945‐1991 Truman Doctrine: 1. United States policy during the Truman Administration a. Presented by Truman in 1949 2. Doctrine provided economic and military aid to free countries under the threat of takeover a. Threat by internal or external forces 3. Stopped communism in Greece Marshall Plan: 1. Plan was proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947 a. United States would provide economic aid to help European nations rebuild following World War II. Berlin Airlift: 1. An operation where the United States and Britain flew supplies into West Berlin in 1948. a. Began when the Soviet Union blockaded the city 2. Operation lasted 327 days a. They made 277,000 flights b. Provided 2.3 tons of supplies i. Food ii. Fuel iii. Medicine North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 1. Defense military alliance formed in 1949 2. Included ten western European nations, the United States and Canada 3. Pledged military support to each other if attacked a. First peacetime military pact with Europe and the United States since the alliance with France in 1778. 4. West Germany joined in 1955 5. Provided a standing force of more than half million troops in Europe. a. Thousands of pieces of military equipment i. Planes ii. Tanks iii. Other equipment Chaing Kai‐shek: 1. Head of the Nationalist Chinese Government. 2. Led China in the Second Sino‐Japanese War a. His stature within China weakened during this time b. His international prominence grew 3. Supported by the United States between 1945‐1949 a. Received three billion dollars in military and economic aid from the United States 4. He attempted to eradicate the Chinese Communists during the Chinese Civil War a. He failed, forcing his government to retreat to Taiwan i. There he continued serving as the President of the Republic of China and Director‐General of the KMT Mao Zedong: 1. Chinese Marxist military and political leader 2. Led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War and the People’s Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. 3. Regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history 4. Maoʹs policies are blamed by critics for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations of China 5. Consolidated power over the Communist Party in 1942 a. Launched the Zheng Feng, or ʺRectificationʺ campaign against rival Communist Party of China members 6. First political campaigns were land reform and the suppression of counter‐ revolutionaries a. These were mass repressions i. Former KMT officials ii. Businessmen iii. Former employees of Western companies iv. Intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect v. Large numbers of rural gentry Taiwan: 1. Also known as Formosa 2. Governed by the Republic of China a. Located in East Asia off the coast of mainland China 3. Following World War II, Republic of China military administration on Taiwan was under Chen Yi a. Unstable and corrupt b. Seized property c. Set up government monopolies of many industries 4. Distrust due to political, cultural and linguistic differences between the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese 5. Chaing Kai‐shek was forced to leave China and set up residence in Taiwan 38th Parallel 1. 38th parallel was first suggested as a dividing line for Korea. 2. Following World War II parallel was established as the boundary between the Soviet (north) and American (south) occupation zones in Korea a. Parallel divided the peninsula roughly in the middle 3. In 1948, the dividing line became the boundary between the newly independent countries of North and South Korea Korean War: 1. Occurred between June 25, 1950, and a cease‐fire on July 27, 1953 2. War fought in Korea that was divided by the post‐World War II Soviet and American occupation zones a. Began with the invasion of capitalist South Korea by forces in Communist North Korea b. Principal support on the side of the North was China i. Limited assistance by Soviet combat advisors, military pilots, and weapons c. South Korea was supported by United Nations forces i. Principally from the United States 3. The conflict ended as a stalemate between the sides in 1953 House Un‐American Activities Committee: 1. Investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives between 1938‐ 1975 a. Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities b. Held public and private hearings in six cities in 1934 2. Its work was supposed to be aimed mostly at German American involvement in Nazi and Ku Klux Klan activity 3. Committee investigated and supported allegations of a fascist plot to seize the White House a. Known as the Business Plot 4. HUAC became a standing committee in 1946 a. Began investigating Communist influence in the movie industry due to pro‐ Soviet films made during World War II i. Soviet Union was an ally of the United States during this time. b. Committee believed there was Communist propaganda placed in films. c. Subpoenaed forty‐three witness from the film industry to testify before the committee i. Many supported the committees accusation of communists having infiltrated the film industry Hollywood Ten: 1. The name given to ten unfriendly witnesses during the HUAC investigation of the film industry a. Ten were subpoenaed to appear before the committee i. Refused to testify 1. Believed the hearing was unconstitutional b. The ten were sent to prison for their refusal to testify. Blacklist: 1. A list developed in response to the HUAC hearings of the film industry a. List was compiled by Hollywood executives i. List consisted of people in the industry who had known Communist backgrounds 1. Approximately 500 actors 2. Writers 3. Producers 4. Directors 2. This list ruined individual careers. Alger Hiss: 1. A U.S. State Department official a. Involved in the establishment of the United Nations 2. Whittaker Chambers, former Communist spy turned government informer, accused Alger Hiss of being a member of the Communist Party a. In an appearance before the House Committee on Un‐American Activities 3. Accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 a. Voluntarily appeared before HUAC to deny being a Communist b. Convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950 i. Grand jury could not indict him for espionage 1. Statute of limitations had run out 4. Hiss went to trial twice a. First trial ended in a hung jury b. Second trial jury found him guilty on two counts of perjury. 5. Verdict was upheld by the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court a. Sentenced to five years imprisonment i. Served 44 months Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: 1. Involved in a Communist spy case in 1950 a. Involvement resulted from German born physicist Klaus Fuchs implicating them in atomic bomb secrets with the Soviet Union. 2. Both were minor activists in the American Communist Party a. When asked of their involvement they denied any affiliation b. Also denied charges brought against them that resulted from information received from Klaus Fuchs i. When questioned pleaded the fifth amendment c. Claimed they were being persecuted i. Said this was taking place because they were Jewish ii. Said that is was taking place because of their radical beliefs 3. Both were found guilty of espionage a. Sentenced to death 4. Individuals from all over the world asked for clemency for the Rosenberg’s a. Premise for consideration was based on weak evidence and weak testimony during the trial i. Felt that what was presented at the trial did not warrant the death penalty 5. Case was appealed to the Supreme Court a. Decision was a refusal to overturn the conviction 6. Both died in the electric chair in 1953 a. They were the first civilians in the United States to be executed for espionage. Joseph McCarthy: 1. Republican United States Senator from Appleton, Wisconsin 2. Was an anti‐communist activist 3. Earned a reputation in his first three years in the Senate as an ineffective legislator a. He realized he would need an issue to champion if he was to be reelected in 1950 b. Took the issue of Communism in American Government i. Issue played off American’s fear of Communism spreading 4. Began making unsupported accusations toward people who he claimed were Communist a. Provided no evidence to back accusations b. Claimed he had the names of Communist working in the State Department i. Truth was he did not ever have one name c. Charged the Democratic Party of being guilty of twenty years of treason i. Accused them of allowing Communism to infiltrate the government 5. Always was careful to do his name‐calling in the Senate a. Had legal immunity there i. He could not be sued for slander 6.
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