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The Evolution of Monarch Butterflies and Ways to Increase Their Numbers by Terri Simon, Master Gardener

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The Evolution of Monarch Butterflies and Ways to Increase Their Numbers by Terri Simon, Master Gardener HARRIS COUNTY MASTER GARDENER NEWSLETTER • DECEMBER 2019 UrbanDirt Gardening Events and Information for Texans From A to Z: The Evolution of Monarch Butterflies and Ways to Increase Their Numbers by Terri Simon, Master Gardener In my opinion, few things are as beautiful as a monarch but- caterpillars will eat. Researchers believe the caterpillars can eat terfly enjoying lunch at my house. Except maybe a hummingbird, milkweed due to an adaptation in their sodium pump. Cardenolides that is. A few articles have caught my attention recently. One interfere with an animal's sodium pump and can lead to cardiac discusses how monarchs evolved and developed an appetite for a arrest. Monarchs aren't affected. Researchers wanted to know how poison weed (milkweed). The other is a study that suggests that the monarch developed this unique ability. nectar plants are critical in regards to the Monarch's annual migra- Seven years ago, a tion. The last and most recent article from AgriLife.org mentions biologist named Noah efforts being used to protect monarchs from becoming road kill on Whiteman proposed Texas highways. As some of you may know, the monarch butterfly that fruit flies could be is Texas' state insect and its numbers have dropped by approxi- genetically engineered mately 82% since 1996. so that their sodium The first article is from the October, 2019 Scientific American pumps could handle the magazine. Tim Vernimmen's article discusses two recent stud- cardenolides present ies, published in the August, 2019 eLife science journal and in the in milkweed. I have to October, 2019 issue of Nature. Both articles discuss a study aimed admit, every time I hear at determining how the monarch butterfly became capable of about genetic engineer- feasting on the milkweed plant, a plant that is poisonous to many ing in flies, a picture of species of animals. Jeff Goldblum in the Birds avoid eating monarch butterflies because they taste bad. movie The Fly pops up Milkweed has toxins called cardenolides which can cause many into my head. White- animals to vomit or even cause heart arrhythmias (abnormal beat- Monarchs at Genoa Friendship Gardens man used a technique ing) if eaten in large volumes. It is also the only host food monarch Photo by Terri Simon cont'd on pg. 4 Upcoming Events .........................2 Ask a Master Gardener .................9 Herb of the Month ........................3 Milkweed - A Safety Reminder .. 10 2020 Plant Sale Dates! .................5 Master Gardener of the Month ...11 Growing with Plants & Nature .....6 Master Gardener Birthdays .........12 Open Garden Day at TMGA 2020 State Conference ...13 Genoa Friendship Gardens .....7 Gardening Tools .........................14 Master Gardeners in the City .......8 URBAN DIRT • DECEMBER 2019 Upcoming Events December 2019 Master Gardener Lecture Series Texas AgriLife Extension Service Dec. 3, First Tuesday 12:00 - 1:00 p.m. Program: Health Benefits of Gardening by Horticulture Program in Harris County Dr. Joe Novak, Rice University. Arrive as early as 10:30 a.m. and bring a sack lunch. 9449 Grant Rd. Trini Mendenhall Community Center, 1414 Wirt Rd, Houston, 77055 713.274.0950 Houston, TX 77070 January 2020 Master Gardener Program Coordinator Green Thumb Gardening Series Brandi Keller - 713.274.0950 Pruning CEA – Horticulture Robert "Skip" Richter - 713.274.0950 Jan. 9, Barbara Bush Library, 6:30 - 8:30 p.m. CEA – Horticulture Jan. 16, Freeman Branch Library, 6:30 - 8:30 p.m. Paul Winski - 713.274.0950 Jan. 18, Maude Smith Marks Library, 10:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. Jan. 21, Spring Branch Memorial Library, 6:30 - 8:30 p.m. Open Garden Day Jan. 20, 8:30 - 11:00 a.m., Genoa Friendship Garden, 1202 Genoa Red Bluff Rd., Houston, 77034. Plants for sale in the greenhouse. Educational Programs Jan. 7, First Tuesday 12:00 - 1:00 p.m. Program: Fruit Trees by Herman Auer, Galveston 2019 Board of Directors County Master Gardener. Arrive as early as 10:30 a.m. and bring a sack lunch. Trini Mendenhall President Community Center, 1414 Wirt Rd, Houston, 77055 Evan Hopkins Jan. 9, Second Thursday 10:00-11:30 a.m., Speaker: TBA, Genoa Friendship Garden, 832.628.1936 First Vice President 1202 Genoa Red Bluff Rd. Plants for sale in the greenhouse. Teresa See Youth Activities [email protected] Jan. 28, Growing with Plants & Nature (Formerly Open Garden Day at Weekley Center). Second Vice President Brenda de Alba Free for children ages three to twelve. 10:00 to 11:15 a.m. Weekley Community Center, 8440 [email protected] Greenhouse Rd., Cypress, TX. REGISTRATION IS REQUIRED by Sunday, January 26. To Past President register or for more information: [email protected]. Stephanie Adams [email protected] 2020 Plant Sales Secretary Rosalon Moorhead West Side Plant Sales [email protected] Richard and Meg Weekley Park, 19110 Longenbaugh Rd, Houston 77090 Treasurer (between Barker Cypress and Greenhouse Road) Dianne Lawrence [email protected] Jan. 25, 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m., Fruit Tree Plant Sale - Citrus, apples, peaches, pears, plums, Directors avocados, berries, figs and more arietiesv that are suitable for our area. Bob Barry Mar. 7, 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m., Spring Tomato, Pepper, Herb, Vegetable & Perennial Sale Danny Dunn - Tomato, pepper, herb and vegetable varieties suited to our spring and summer growing Jonathan Correia season. We will also have landscape plants, perennials and roses, also suited to our region. Dana Goeggel Patricia Metzinger Genoa Friendship Gardens Plant Sales Marsha VanHorn Campbell Hall, Pasadena Fairgrounds, 7601 Red Bluff Rd., Pasadena 77505 Genoa Friendship Gardens Feb. 22, 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. Fruit Tree, Tomato Sale - Citrus, apples, peaches, pears, Steering Committee Coordinators berries, figs, avocados and tomatoes suitable for our area. Past Coordinator Mar. 21, 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m., Spring Sale – Perennials, Herbs & Peppers Evan Hopkins Perennials, peppers, vegetables, and herbs suited to our spring and summer growing season. Vice Coordinator David Gaskin Have Garden Questions? [email protected] • Email your questions and photos to: phone [email protected] or Urban Dirt Editor Call us Monday – Friday 9:00 am to Noon at 713-274-0950 Carolyn Boyd [email protected] Visit txmg.org or contact the Harris County Extension Office, 713-274-0950, Assistant Urban Dirt Editor [email protected] for information. Terri Simon 2 URBAN DIRT • DECEMBER 2019 Herb of the Month - Almond Verbena (Aloysia virgata) by Karen McGowan, Master Gardener This month the focus is on an Argentinian native herb that Almond verbena is a root-hardy perennial shrub that is is "Texas Tough," and also suitable for xeriscaping: Almond deciduous, and roots easily from plant cuttings taken when not verbena (Aloysia virgata). in bloom. Planted this month, it will likely offer little reward in There are a handful of herbs terms of growth or blooms, but and plants that bloom white by summer 2020 it will be ready (often desirable for an all-white to exhibit its seasonal potential. or "night" garden), will reliably Plant almond verbena in well- attract bees, butterflies, and birds, drained soil within a range of sun and likewise thrive in south exposure from full sun to partial Texas' sometimes rugged condi- shade, watering only about once tions. Narrow that to one that a week. Almond verbena has no is also suitable for xeriscaping, noted insect issues, and low fer- and you have a boutique list with tilization and water requirements. almond verbena arguably right at Pruning can be conducted between the top of that exclusive gathering. bloom cycles for dense growth Almond verbena attracts literally encouragement. Once established, swarms of butterflies and is quite in the winter almond verbena can a site to behold at its height of even be cut back to the ground; if butterfly magnetism. desired, it can be maintained at a A delightful plant reaching height of two to three feet, either heights of ten to fifteen feet tall or in the ground or in a container. more, given the right conditions, Although I don't currently and a spread of eight to ten feet, have almond verbena in my own almond verbena shows conical garden, I have become so intrigued shaped blooms summer-long with that I have decided to plant one of a lovely, delicate fragrance. In Almond Verbena Photo courtesy and copyright of Irene Ngoo my own. White gardens are a per- order to take full advantage sonal favorite as I enjoy the crisp of the fragrance, plant almond verbena near areas of egress. clean look that is fully appreciable at night, as well. Almond verbena has a handful of medical and corporate In this season of thanksgiving and miracles, I would like to uses. Its medicinal usage is centered on almond verbena's chemi- take the time to wish each and every one of you peace and joy, cals that reportedly reduce inflammation. In manufacturing, its toward a bright and wonderful 2020! flowers are used as a flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages. Citations: http://www.herbsociety-stu.org/texas-tough-herbs.html https://garden.org/plants/view/115255/Sweet-Almond-Bush-Aloysia-virgata/ https://www.centraltexasgardener.org/resource/almond-verbena/ http://txmg.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/bell/files/2010/05/Herbs-Vegetables-Sedums-Succulents-Spring-2013.pdf 3 URBAN DIRT • DECEMBER 2019 From A to Z: The Evolution of Monarch Butterflies,cont'd from pg. 1 the Midwest and Northeast while in the fall the fourth genera- tion heads back to the Oyamel forests in central Mexico. In 2017, one monarch butterfly, tagged as XAL289, became a celebrity. Originally tagged on September 3, 2017 in the Rosetta McClain Gardens in Toronto, Canada by Betty McCulloch, the monarch was spotted 61 days later by Gilberto Ruiz Parra on September 3rd in Los Agustinas Sierra in Mexico.
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