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I Arte Y Ciencia Histórico-Geográfica En ARTE Y CIENCIA HISTÓRICO-GEOGRÁFICA EN INFORME Y RELACIÓN DE EUSEBIO FRANCISCO KINO, SJ. ANÁLISIS HISTORIOGRÁFICO DE LA RETÓRICA Y POÉTICA DE LA VERDAD EN EL DISCURSO BUROCRÁTICO DEL SIGLO XVIII Tesis que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias Sociales con especialidad en Estudios Históricos de Región y Frontera Presenta Omar Cadena Aragón Director de Tesis: Dr. Aarón Grageda Bustamante Hermosillo, Sonora, México 9 de noviembre de 2009 I Un pensamiento verdaderamente histórico tiene que ser capaz de pensar al mismo tiempo su propia historicidad. Sólo entonces dejará de perseguir el fantasma de un objeto histórico que lo sea de una investigación progresiva, aprenderá a conocer en el objeto lo diferente de lo propio, y conocerá así tanto lo uno como lo otro. Verdad y método HANS-GEORG GADAMER II Para David Augusto Rex, que me nació antes que éste, otro hijo mío del entendimiento; a mi amorosa, Enriquena, en esta segunda llamada a ser más libres; a mis sobrinos, hermanos, padre y madre de carne y sangre, a mis primos y tíos, abuelas y abuelos, peregrinos e incansables amantes de la razón y de la fe; así como a mis amigos, cercanos y distantes, este otro sueño mío. III ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS…………………………………………………………………VII INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………..IX Más allá de la glosa sobre una América Septentrional………………………...IX Una lectura desde el interdicto………………………………………………….XV Más allá de una tópica del discurso……………………………………………XXI Apartados de la investigación……………………………………………….XXVII Más allá de la investigación…………………………………………………..XXXI CAPÍTULO I. EL MUNDO EN EL LIBRO, EL LIBRO EN EL MUNDO: EL PADRE KINO Y LAS RELACIONES GEOGRÁFICAS DE LA AMÉRICA SEPTENTRIONAL EN EL SIGLO XVIII…………………………………………….…………………….……..…….1 1. La ciencia y el arte de preguntar…………………….…………………………..1 1. 1. Del sentido de la pregunta y la respuesta en la prescriptiva de las ordenanzas reales para el conocimiento de los nuevos territorios……………………………….....5 2. Una práctica olvidada en la historiografía y cartografía novohispana…...…12 2.1. Fuentes para la Historiografía y Cartografía Indiana……………………..……15 3. La forma del contenido, el contenido de la forma: el arte y la ciencia histórico- geográfica como experiencia ontológica del mundo………………………....24 3.1. Retóricas de la verdad en el discurso religioso…………………………………..27 3.2. Poéticas de la verdad en el discurso religioso…………………………………...41 3.3. Retóricas y poéticas de la verdad, ¿o de realidad?........................................47 IV 4. De manifiestos cosmográficos a relaciones histórico-geográficas de la América Septentrional……………………………………………………………………....51 4.1. Algo más que una relación geográfica……………………………………………..62 CAPÍTULO II. CUADRANDO EL CÍRCULO: EL PADRE KINO Y LA CARTOGRAFÍA DEL ORBE CRISTIANO EN EL SIGLO XVIII………………………………………..……65 1. La ciencia y el arte cartográfico……………………………………………...…..65 2. Delineación geográfica en el Orbe cristiano……………………………………..68 2.1. Representación geográfica de la ignota América Septentrional………………..80 2.2. Representadores geográficos de la ignota América Septentrional……………..83 2.3. Medios, modos y modas en la representación cartográfica……………….……86 3. Pintura o delineación geográfica en “Ynforme y relacion…”………………...99 3.1. Yerros y aciertos en la cartografía de la ignota América Septentrional…….101 3.2. Digresiones y regresiones en la delineación de “Paso por tierra…”………..108 4. El padre Kino y la pintura geográfica de la Ignota América Septentrio- nal………………………………………………………………………………..116 4.1 La retórica de la verdad en la delineación cartográfica……………………..…121 4.2. La poética de la verdad en la delineación cartográfica……………………..…125 4.3. Arte retórico y poético en la ciencia histórico-geográfica…………………..…128 CONCLUSIONES: CLAVES Y ENCLAVES SIMBÓLICOS DE LA RETÓRICA Y POÉTICA DE LA VERDAD EN EL RELATO HISTÓRICO-GEOGRÁFICO DE LA AMÉRICA SEP- TENTRIONAL DEL PADRE KINO………………………………………………..…131 V 1. Ars rethorica en la construcción de un discurso histórico-geográfico de la verdad……………………………………………………………………………..…133 2. Ars poetica en la construcción de un discurso histórico-geográfico de la verdad………………………………………………………………..………………137 3. Identidades y entidades simbólicas en la retórica y poética de la verdad en el discurso histórico-geográfico del padre Kino……………..………………………140 LITERATURA CITADA…………………………………………….…………………144 ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRACIONES………………………………………..………………173 ÍNDICE DE MAPAS………………………………………………………..…………..175 VI AGRADECIMIENTOS En el transcurso de estos meses de grandes pruebas y aprendizajes en ambos lados de la frontera, me adentré en el diseño y construcción de un laberinto, con la ayuda del tema, metodología y epistemología que me tocó seguir, en espera de feroces Minotauros, hilos de Ariadnas, sagaces Teseos, seguidor como fui del ingenioso Dédalo, a sueldo de un tal Minos que, severo y pródigo en merecimientos, financió cada uno de mis riesgosos e insospechados planes académicos. En el recorrido de las distintas, entrecruzadas e intrincadas sendas de la investigación, celebro el don de gentes de mis compañeros y maestros, cada vez más otros y, a la vez iguales, desde la fundación del conocimiento de nosotros mismos y de ese cambio de piel, muchas veces sólo un metafórico cambio de costumbres, que logran estos desaprendizajes de una metodología y una epistemología de la vanidad. A mis maestros de las asignaturas, seminarios y coloquios, agradezco la realización de este proyecto porque cedieron su tiempo para la mejora de nuestra formación académica; así mismo a mis tutores y lectores de El Colegio de Sonora: Dr. Miguel Manríquez Durand y a las doctoras Zulema Trejo Contreras y María del Valle Borrego; en especial a Manuel Pérez, quien se tomó la molestia de revisar estas páginas entre sus actividades posdoctorales por dicha institución. Así como el respaldo de la Universidad de Sonora, en el coaching académico del Dr. Aarón Grageda Bustamante y del Seminario Mayor de Hermosillo, en el ejercicio espiritual del Dr. Mauricio Urrea Carrillo; de quienes recibí comentarios de gran utilidad y a quienes visité en sus cubículos y oficinas en distintas ocasiones, alertándome de la desmesura y VII alentándome a la mesura de un proyecto que culmina con un escabroso, emocionante y fructífero proceso de investigación. Debo reconocer la utilidad de las investigaciones de quienes han dedicado su labor al estudio de la vida y obra del padre Kino; cuando seguí una ruta apostólica de Herbert E. Bolton, antes de verme caminando sobre las pisadas de otros autores y encontrar muchos espacios donde poner mi huella, mientras me acercaba a otros investigadores que habitan este y otros mundos; como fue el caso del profesor emérito de la Universidad de California, el Dr. Miguel Mathes, quien me dio noticia de los trabajos del Dr. Peter Horwath en Arizona State University; así como a éste último, dado que con su apoyo pude realizar la investigación a contratiempo y contra consabidas fronteras del lenguaje y del conocimiento que debía cruzar para la elaboración de este proyecto en el extranjero. Agradezco también a los funcionarios de ambos países, a los funcionarios de Arizona State University, por el apoyo administrativo que hizo posible el desarrollo del presente trabajo de investigación transfronteriza en las apostólicas labores de Gini Kramer y William Cravener, además de los integrantes del Comité de la estancia de investigación que Peter Horwath me brindó como un apoyo adicional para estos fines; así como al Dr. Juan Poom y la Dra. Mercedes Zúñiga, por su ayuda invaluable, además de aquella recibida de otros funcionarios de El Colegio de Sonora y el Consejo Nacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, quienes financiaron esta investigación en el extranjero, en mi trabajo de campo en la University of Arizona y mi estancia en la Arizona State University. Desde ahora y para siempre, entrego esta publicación, que cierra este ciclo que inicié dentro y fuera de mi nueva alma mater: El Colegio de Sonora. VIII INTRODUCCIÓN Más allá de la glosa sobre una América Septentrional Durante tres siglos han surgido una serie de comentadores y glosadores de la vida y obra del misionero y apóstol jesuita de la América Ignota Septentrional, sin detenerse con detalle en el análisis de la forma y contenido de una obra conocida con una multiplicidad de nombres, aunque no el otorgado desde su origen: “Favores celestiales/ de Jesús y María Santísima/ y del Gloriosíssimo Apóstol de las Yndias/ Francisco Xavier/ experimentados en las Nuevas Conquistas/ y Nuevas Conversiones/ del Nuevo Reino de la Nueva/ Navarra/ desta América Septentrional incógnita y passo/ por tierra a la California en 35 grados/ de altura/ con su nuevo mapa Cosmográfico de estas/ Nuevas y Dilatadas tierras que hasta/ ahora habían sido incógnitas/ Dedicados a la real Majestad de/ Felipo V/ muy católico rey, gran monarca/ de las Españas, y de las Yndias”.1 Esta situación me impulsó a ir más allá de estas perspectivas temáticas, teóricas y metodológicas, además de sus enfoques cronográficos, en el que surge el arte y ciencia que fundan el pensamiento religioso desde estos escritos biográficos y autobiográficos del padre Eusebio Francisco Kino, SJ.2 1 En adelante FC, cuando refiera al manuscrito de la obra. Cabe mencionar que sigo en particular la edición de la AGN, palografiada e impresa en 1922; dado que es la más completa, pues la versión de Bolton, que tomo en cuenta, omiten varias partes del manuscrito (i.e. f. de las fojas 149 a la 151, que están omitidos; es decir, las páginas 138-139 de la edición del AGN, que debería contener
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