COUNTRY INFORMATION BULLETIN UKRAINE

01/2005

May 2005

1.SCOPE OF THE DOCUMENT

1.1 This Bulletin has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information about Ukraine obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. It does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy.

1.2 This Bulletin has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom.

1.3 The Bulletin is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain.

1.4 This Bulletin is intended to cover major developments that have taken place in Ukraine since publication of the Ukraine Country Report in April 2003.

1.5 This Bulletin and the accompanying source material are publicly disclosable. Paper copies of the sources have been distributed to nominated officers in Asylum Caseworking Directorate and all Presenting Officer Units.

Advisory Panel on Country Information

1.6 The independent Advisory Panel on Country Information was established under the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 to make recommendations to the Home Secretary about the content of the Home Office's country information material. The Advisory Panel welcomes all feedback on the Home Office's Country Reports and other country information material. Information about the Panel's work can be found on its website at www.apci.org.uk.

1.7 It is not the function of the Advisory Panel to endorse any Home Office material or procedures. In the course of its work, the Advisory Panel directly reviews the content of selected individual Home Office Country Reports, but neither the fact that such a review has been undertaken, nor any comments made, should be taken to imply endorsement of the material. Some of the material examined by the Panel relates to countries designated or proposed for designation for the Non- Suspensive Appeals (NSA) list. In such cases, the Panel's work should not be taken to imply any endorsement of the decision or proposal to designate a particular country for NSA, nor of the NSA process itself.

Advisory Panel on Country Information PO Box 1539 Croydon CR9 3WR Email [email protected] Website www.apci.org.uk

2.Presidential Election 2004

2.1 Regional Surveys of the World 2005 for Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia [commenting on the prior constitutional changes] stated: "The pro-presidential majority were unable to muster the 300 votes required for the Verkhovna Rada to approve constitutional changes without the support of other groups. After failing to obtain the support of the centre-right Our Ukraine and YuTB factions, the pro-presidential majority turned to the left, who had always preferred a parliamentary to a presidential system?.The left-wing factions only agreed to support constitutional reforms if the law on parliamentary elections was amended to provide for a system of fully proportional voting?.The law on parliamentary elections was adopted. However, when the proposition to change the Constitution was put to the vote in April 2004 it failed to win the requisite 300 votes, primarily because some centrists had defected to the opposition. Furthermore, attempts to change the constitution in an election year were widely condemned by Western governments and the Council of Europe. After the failure of the attempts to implement constitutional changes, the pro-presidential centrist groupings immediately proposed Prime Minister Yanukovych as their presidential candidate". [1]

2.2 The Foreign & Commonwealth Office noted on 9 February 2005 that:

"Campaigning for the presidential elections started in earnest in August [2004]. Reformist former Prime Minister and leader of the "Our Ukraine" block, Victor Yushchenko, and PM Victor Yanukovych were the clear front runners in a field of 26 candidates. After some initial prevarication, Kuchma endorsed the latter's candidacy in July. Although behind in the polls for much of the race, Yanukovych benefited from a high profile as Prime Minister (e.g. he attended the Olympics rather than Kuchma) and, according to the OSCE's reports, from media reporting heavily tilted in his favour. President Putin of Russia also gave Yanukovych his public support, including in Kiev on the eve of the first round of the elections (31 October) during the anniversary of Ukraine's liberation during WWII. By contrast, Yushchenko's campaign was stymmied by his severe illness which Austrian doctors have now confirmed as due to the poison dioxin." [3] (p.4)

2.3 It was reported in the US State Department Background Note dated February 2005 that:

"The campaign leading to the October 31, 2004 presidential election was characterized by widespread violations of democratic norms, including government intimidation of the opposition and of independent media, abuse of state administrative resources, highly skewed media coverage, and numerous provocations." [2] (p.4)

2.4 The FCO Country Profile of 9 February 2005 noted that:

"The OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe) stated that the first round of the elections did not meet a considerable number of OSCE, Council of Europe and other European standards for democratic elections, and that during the pre-election period, the campaign did not permit fair conditions for all candidates. Despite these handicaps, and a delay in the announcement of the results, Yushchenko narrowly beat PM Yanukovych by 39.87% to 39.32%. Socialist leader Moroz, who had come third with 7%, publicly backed Yushchenko for the run-off between the two leading candidates scheduled for 21 November." [3](p.4)

2.5 The USSD 2004 Background Note stated that

"The November 21 [2004] runoff election was marred by credible reports of widespread and significant violations, including illegal expulsion of opposition representatives from election commissions, multiple voting by busloads of people, abuse of absentee ballots, and an abnormally high number of (easily manipulable) mobile ballot box votes. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets of Kiev and other cities to protest electoral fraud and express support for Yushchenko, and conducted ongoing peaceful demonstrations." [2b](p.4)

2.6 The International Election Observation Mission [IEOM] in its preliminary conclusions stated:

"As for the first round, the second round of the Ukrainian presidential elections did not meet a considerable number of OSCE commitments and Council of Europe and other European standards for democratic elections. Despite a number of serious shortcomings being identified by the IEOM in its statement of 1 November [2004], the authorities failed to take remedial action between the two rounds of voting to redress biased coverage on State media, misuse of State resources, and pressure on certain categories of voters to support the candidacy of Mr. Yanukovych?.On voting day, although voting was conducted in a generally calm manner, overall, observers' assessed election day less favourably, particularly in the central and eastern regions, than 31 October. Observers noted a high incidence of serious violations, including some isolated incidents of violence, and a pattern of intimidation, including directed towards observers, polling commission members and individual voters". [11]

2.7 BBC News reported that the Prime Minister Victor Yanukovych was declared the Official winner of the disputed presidential election by the Ukraine election commission on the 24th of November 2005. [4] (p.1)

2.8The FCO Country Profile of 9 February 2005 noted that

"Although opinion and exit polls showed Yushchenko with a clear lead (7-15%), the results tallied by the Central Election Commission on 22 November gave Yanukovych a lead of 49.4% to 46.7% over Yushchenko. The OSCE issued a statement the same day saying that the election was not free and fair and the EU?s Foreign Ministers meeting in Brussels issued a Conclusions condemning the election process and agreed to co-ordinate the summoning of Ukraine's Ambassadors. Large-scale opposition demonstrations began in Kiev and other cities across Ukraine to protest at the result. Despite the widespread condemnation of the elections, on 24 November the Central Election Commission declared Yanukovych the winner. But the next day the Supreme Court banned the official publication of the results while it heard the opposition?s complaints. "[3] (p.4)

2.9 The USSD 2004 reported that:

"The Supreme Court invalidated the results and ordered a revote set for December 26. In order to reduce the scope for fraud, the Parliament and President cooperated to amend the presidential election law to limit absentee and mobile ballot voting, and appointed a new Central Election Commission. The December 26 revote was judged by reputable international observers, including the OSCE, to have reflected the will of the people and brought Ukraine substantially closer to meeting international standards for free and democratic elections." [2a](p.19)

2.10 The USSD 2004 Background Note stated that:

"On January 10, 2005, after the CEC and the Supreme Court had considered and rejected numerous complaints and appeals filed by the Yanukovych campaign, the CEC certified the results. Yushchenko won 51.99 percent of the votes, with 44.20 percent for Yanukovych. 2.34 percent voted against both, and 1.45 percent of ballots were invalidated. The Yanukovych campaign filed one last appeal with the Supreme Court, which rejected it on January 20 and authorized the publication of the results in "Government Courier" and "Voice of Ukraine," rendering them official and final. President Yushchenko was inaugurated January 23, 2005." [2b](p.5)

2.11 BBC News stated on 2 March 2005 that,

" President Yushchenko nominated Ms Tymoshenko as prime minister immediately after taking the oath of office; parliament subsequently confirmed her for the post. A charismatic and controversial figure, she played a prominent role in spearheading the campaign to secure a rerun of the presidential elections. She was a deputy to Mr Yushchenko during his years as prime minister when she had responsibility for the energy sector and was credited with cracking down on corrupt practices." [4b](p.3)

2.12 BBC News reported on 11 April 2005 that: "Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko has met his Polish counterpart, Alexander Kwasniewski, at the start of a two-day visit to Warsaw. Mr Kwasniewski was among the mediators who went to the Ukraine last year to help resolve the political crisis caused by disputed presidential election." [4c]

2.13 BBC News reported on 5 April 2005 that: "Ukraine's hopes of becoming a member of NATO has the support of the US but it has not yet met the requirements needed to enter, says President George W Bush"?. "Ukraine has drawn closer to the US since Mr Yushchenko, a pro-western liberal, took office in January." [4d] ORGANISED CRIME

3.1 The USSD 2004 noted that

" The pervasiveness of corruption, connections between government officials and organized crime, and the political activities of organized crime figures often blurred the distinction between political and criminal acts. Opposition politicians, politically active businessmen, and journalists were the victims of attacks that sometimes were fatal and may have been politically motivated. Serious allegations persisted that Ministry of Internal Affairs officials were involved in killings and kidnappings in previous years." [2a] (p.2)

3.2 According to the East European Constitutional Review 2000:

" One way to combat corruption is to expose and prosecute incidents of bribe taking by public officials, but this is far from an easy task. All the same, the number of reported incidents in Ukraine rose two-and - a half fold between 1990 and 1998 to 2,449, and these incidents led to 1,641 convictions (a much better rate than in Russia). Over and beyond criminal prosecution, a classic way to reduce corruption is by introducing regulations on conflicts of interest and disclosure of income." [5] (p.75)

3.3 The Ukraine - European Union noted that:

" The fight against corruption in Ukraine is carried out within the legal framework, by government agencies and services, authorised for implementation of the functions of the state, with full respect to guarantees of rights and interests of physical and legal persons." [6](p.1)

3.4 According to the same report:

"With the purpose of strengthening the rule of law and efficiency of fight against corruption and organised crime, the President of Ukraine in 1997 has signed an Edict, approving the National program of fight against corruption, which foresees a number of organisational, preventive, informative and analytical measures to fight against this phenomenon." [6](p.1)

3.5 The USSD 2004 noted that:

"Police corruption was a problem during the year. For example, a 2003 law prohibits the police from stopping vehicles and levying immediate fines, which officers frequently pocket to supplement their low salaries; only courts have the right to impose such fines. That law had an increasing deterrent effect on the police, who no longer could legally collect spot fines after stopping vehicles for alleged traffic violations, although these "traffic stop shakedowns" still regularly occurred." [2a](p.6)

3.6 The USSD 2004 Country Report noted:

"Authorities made some effort to end police abuses, including taking disciplinary action against law enforcement authorities who committed them; however, impunity remained a serious problem. Police were seldom prosecuted for misbehavior. Ombudsman Karpachova suggested that those police officers who were charged and convicted received light or suspended sentences, primarily because of what she called the "corporate inter dependence" between law enforcement officials and the judicial branch. "[2a](p.6)

3.7 The USSD 2004 reported that: "There are two principal security agencies, which share responsibility for internal security: The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), which is formally responsible for domestic security and law enforcement, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which controls the various police forces." [2a ] (p1)

MEDICAL TREATMENT

4.1 According to the International Organisation for Migration (October 2002):

"Ukraine has retained much of the Soviet-style system of social welfare and free medical care, financed by the government. But the country's economic crisis has had a catastrophic impact on these services. Hospitals are deteriorating, doctors are poorly paid, and medicine and equipment are in short supply."[7](p.2)

4.28 Medicins Sans Frontieres (MSF) 2003 report stated that:

"MSF continues to provide affordable and replicable medical care and psychological support for people living with HIV/AIDS in Ukraine, with special emphasis on the southern region, which is the country's epicenter for the AIDS epidemic. MSF's program aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission of the disease has been successful in reducing the transmission rate from 30% (without intervention) to 12%."[10](p.1)

4.3 A report by the International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine, dated August 2004, includes a table listing the available diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, such as tuberculosis and pneumonia, for HIV cases. [12]

TREATMENT OF JOURNALISTS

5.1 The USSD 2004 noted that:

"The Constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the authorities often did not respect these rights in practice. During most of the year, the authorities took a direct role in instructing the media on events and issues it should cover and how they should be covered. However, toward the very end of the presidential election campaign in November, many media outlets began to ignore government direction and covered events in a more objective, professional manner. This aptly named "journalists' rebellion" gained significant momentum on November 25, when Ukrainian National Television (UT 1) sign language interpreter Natalya Dmytruk departed from her approved script and informed viewers that the official election results announced on November 23 were false, adding that "Yushchenko is our President." In the wake of the Orange Revolution, top media watchdog organizations asserted that the media were generally more free and politically diverse than at any time in the country's modern history." [2a](p.10)

5.2 The same report stated that:

" Some journalists were subjected to physical attacks during the year that may have been related to their professional activities; however, unlike in 2003, there were no reports of deaths of journalists in connection with their professional activities. The national affiliate of Reporters Without Borders reported that 3 journalists died in connection with their professional activities within the country in 2003, and 34 were subjected to aggression and intimidation." [2a](p.11)

5.3 It continued that:

" On January 12, unknown assailants fired shots at Oleh Yeltsov, the editor of the investigative Internet newspaper 'Criminal Ukraine.' Yeltsov said that the attack may have been linked to articles his newspaper published about corruption at Kiev University."[2a]p.11)

5.4 Amnesty International in a press release for January 2005, stated that the new President must improve human rights:

"Ukraine has a bad record on Freedom of Expression and the new administration must ensure that journalists and editors of independent news media are not subjected to unnecessary controls and prosecutions. The organisation also calls for an impartial investigation into the "disappearance" of the investigative journalist Georgiy Gongadze in 2000." [8](p.1)

5.5 According to the Committee to Protect Journalists news alert of 1 March 2005:

"Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko said today that Kyiv investigators had detained and were questioning suspects in the 2000 murder of investigative reporter Georgy Gongadze, whose decapitation had shocked Ukraine and whose unsolved case had tainted the highest reaches of government. The Committee to Protect Journalists welcomed the president's announcement and urged investigators to continue pursuing all those who plotted and carried out the slaying". " [9a]

5.6 But a further CPJ news alert reported on 11 March that: "Prosecutors were dealt one significant setback when former Interior Minister Yuri Kravchenko committed suicide on March 4 - just hours before he was to be questioned about the Gongadze case. " [9b](p.1)

5.7 BBC News reported on 1 April 2005 that:

"A picture of Georgiy Gongadze watches over the office where he helped set up the website Ukrainska Pravda. Many of his articles were critical of the Ukrainian government, at a time when it was dangerous to be an opposition journalist?. Olena [Prytula] is the chief editor of Ukrainska Pravda which she helped to set up with Georgiy. Ever since he was abducted and murdered in 2000, the news site has campaigned for the killers to be found and the case solved?.It has become the most high ? profile murder investigation in Ukraine. The country?s new president Viktor Yushchenko vowed to bring the killers to justice, saying it was one of his top priorities". [4d]

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

6.1 The USSD 2004 stated that:

"A new residence registration system took effect during the year [2004], following the December 2003 passage of the law "On Freedom of Movement." The new system simplified existing procedures by requiring only that individuals who move to a new place of residence deregister at their old address, fill out a declaration listing their new address, pay a $.16 (.85 UAH) processing fee, and complete these procedures within 10 days. The new system does not limit Ukrainian citizens to one address at which they may be registered. A person may only have one permanent address, but may register temporarily at other locations (for example, at a university if a person is a student)." [2a](p.10)

6.2 The same report noted that:

"Until November 2001, the propyska system a nationwide requirement, dating to the Soviet regime, that individuals register at the workplace and place of residence in order to be eligible for social benefits remained in place; access to certain social benefits was limited to the place where one was registered. However, following the December 11, 2003 passage of the law "On The Freedom Of Movement," a new system, simply known as "registration," was introduced during the year. Human rights groups stressed that the major difference between the new system and the propyska system is that a person may live, work, and receive services anywhere in the country" [2a](p.18)

ANNEX A: MAIN POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS In December 2001 there were 127 political parties officially registered in Ukraine. The following were the most important in mid-2004 [1](p.539)

According to Europa - Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2005 he following were among the most important electoral blocs and political parties as of mid 2004

Batkivshchyna (Fatherland) (All-Ukrainian Association): founded 1999; patriotic party focusing on Ukrainian independent statehood, popular sovereignty and socially - oriented economics; represented in Verkhovna Rada by Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc; Chair - Yuliya V. Tymoshenko; 203,000 members (2003)

Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine (Khrystyyansko-Demokratychna Partiya Ukrainy): founded 1989; centrist democratic party; Chair - Vitaliy Zhuravskiy; 42,000 members. [1]

Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU) (Kommunistychna Partiya Ukrainy): banned in August 1991, re-registered 1993; advocates state control of economy and confederation with Russia; Sec.CenCtte - Petro Symonenko; [1]

Communist Party of Ukraine (Renewed) (CPU-R) (Kommunistychna Partiya Ukrainy - Onovlena): founded 2000 by faction of CPU; Leader - Mykhaylo M Savenko. [1]

Democratic Party of Ukraine - Demoractic Union (Demokratychna Paryiya Ukrainy): President - Volodymyr P Horbulin. [1]

For a United Ukraine (FUU): An electoral bloc formed in 2001 to contest the 2002 parliamentary elections; supports the government of President Kuchma; Chair - Volodymyr M. Lytvyn. [1] Affiliated parties include:

• Agrarian Party of Ukraine (Ahrarna Pariya Ukrainy): founded 1996; advocates revival of the Ukrainian countryside. Leader - Mykhaylo Hladiy. [1]

• People's Democratic Party of Ukraine (Narodno-Demokratychna Partiya Ukrainy): centrist party; founded 1996. Leader: Valeriy Pustovoytenko; 281,110 members. [1]

• Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs: founded 2000 by faction of the PDPU; Chair - Anatoliy Kinakh. [1]

• Party of the Regions: Founded 1997 as Party of Regional Rebirth; present name was adopted in 2001; Chair - Viktor F. Yanukovych; 460,000 members (Dec 2001). [1]

• Working Ukraine: founded 2000. President Serhiy L Tihipko. Chair of the political committee Andriy Derkach. In 2002 it had 20,000 members. [1]

Green Party of Ukraine (Partiya Zelenykh Ukrainy): founded 1990 as a political wing of environmental organisation, Green World (founded 1987); President - Vitaliy Kononov. [1]

Hromada: founded 1994; social democratic party Leader - Pavlo Lazarenko (ex-Prime Minister). [1]

Our Ukraine (Nasha Ukraina): founded 2001 to contest the 2002 parliamentary elections, broadly nationalist and supportive of greater economic liberalisation; Chair - Viktor Yushchenko. [1] Affiliated parties include:

• Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (Kongress Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv): founded 1992; Chair - vacant [1]

• People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) (Narodnyi Rukh Ukrainy): founded 1989 as popular movement (Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring); registered as political party in 1993; national democratic party; Chair - Boris I Tarasyuk [1]

• Reforms and Order Party: founded 1997; supports economic reform and greater integration of Ukraine with central and western Europe organisations; Chair - Viktor Pynzenyk [1]

• Ukrainian Peoples Party (UPP): founded 1999 as a breakaway faction of Peoples movement of Ukraine - Rukh by former leader Vyacheslav Chornovil; formerly known as the Ukrainian Peoples Movement-Rukh; adopted its present name in 2003; Chair - Yuriy I. Kostenko [1]

Party of National Economic Development of Ukraine: founded 1996; Leader Pavlo V. Matviyenko [1]

Progressive Socialist Party (Prohresyvna Sotsialistychna Partiya): founded 1996 by members of the Socialist Party of Ukraine; contested parliamentary elections in 2002 as Nataliya Vitrenko bloc; favours extension of Belarus-Russia Union to incorporate Ukraine; Opposed to Ukraine seeking membership of Nato; Chair - Nataliya Vitrenko. [1]

Russian Movement of Ukraine: founded 1999 seeks by moderate means to re establish a political union of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and to restore the status of Russian as an official language of the Ukraine alongside Ukrainian; Chair - Aleksandr G. Svistunov. [1] Affiliated parties include: • Union: founded 1997; Chair - Vlaladimir Klychnikov

Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (United) (Sotsial-Demokratychna Partiya Ukrainy - Obyednana): founded 1995 by merger of the Social Democratic Party, the Ukrainian Party of Justice and the Party of Human Rights; advocates economic and political reform; Chair - Viktor Medvedchuk; 370,000 members. [1]

Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU) (Sotsialistychna Partiya Ukrainy): founded 1991; formed as partial successor to CPU; advocates democratic socialism; leader Oleksandr Moroz; 69,000 members. [1]

Team of the Winter Crop Generation: founded 1997; supports economic reform constitutional democracy and private property, advocates closer links with Western Europe; Leader - Valeriy I. Khoroshkovskiy [1]

Ukraine Maritime Party: represents the interests of sailors; Leader - Serhiy V Kivalov [1]

Unity: founded 2000; contested the 2002 parliamentary elections in alliance with Young Ukraine, Social Democratic Union and the Party of Justice - Union of Veterans, Invalids, survivors of the Chernobyl catastrophe and the Soviet-Afghan War; Chair Oleksandr O. Omelchenko [1]

Women for the Future: founded 2001; supports Government of President Kuchma; Chair - Valentyna I. Dovzhenko [1]

Yabluko: socially and economically liberal; supports the protection of private property; Chair - Mykhaylo Brodskyi [1]

ANNEX B: REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL

[1] Europa Publications Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2005

[2] United States State Department a. Human Rights Practice Country report for 2004 dated 28 February, 2005 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41715.htm accessed 09 March 2005 b. Background Note dated February 2005 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3211.htm#gov accessed 10 March 2005

[3] Foreign and Commonwealth Office Country Profile dated 9 February 2005 http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1 007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019745009984 accessed 10 March 2005

[4] BBC NEWS a. Ukraine declares election winner dated 24 November 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4039329.stm accessed 10 March 2005 b. Country Profile: Ukraine dated 2 March 2005 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1102303.stm accessed 9 March 2005 c. Ukraine president to thank Poland dated 11 April 2005 http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk d. Notorious murder grips Ukraine dated 1 April 2005 http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk

[5] East European Constitutional Review, Explaining Criminalization after communism. The Two Faces of Crime in Post - Soviet Ukraine by Peter H. Solomon, Jr., and Todd S. Foglesong Summer 2000 http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:8886jYk1nhIJ:www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol9num3/pdfs/solom on.pdf+%22two+faces+of+crime+in+post+Soviet+Ukraine%22&hl=en

[6] European Union Press-Release Fight against corruption in Ukraine http://www.ukraine-eu.mfa.gov.ua/cgi-bin/valmenu_miss.sh?1p01030081.html accessed 14 March 2005

[7] International Organisation for Migration, dated October 2002 http://ukraine.uazone.net/article1.html [8] Amnesty International Press Release Amnesty International urges new President to improve human rights dated 24 January 2005 http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR500012005?open&of=ENG-UKR accessed 9 March 2005 b. Amnesty Report 2004 http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/ukr-summary-eng accessed 9 March 2005

[9] Committee for the Protection of Journalists a. Yushcenko reports breakthrough in Gongadze murder dated 1 March 2005 http://www.cpj.org/news/2005/Ukraine01mar05na.html accessed 17 March 2005 b. Ukraine prosecutors report progress with Gongadze case http://www.ifex.org/fr/content/view/full/65337/ accessed 17 May 2005

[10] Doctors Without Borders/Medicins Sans Frontieres (MSF) 2003 International activity Report 2003 http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/ar/i2003/ukraine.shtml accessed 18 March 2005

[11] INFO Ukes International Election Observation Mission - Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN019021.pdf.

[12] International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine Access to Rights and Services of People Living with HIV in Ukraine:Social Research Results - July/August 2004 C:\TEMP\International HIV-AIDS Alliance Access to rights and services of people living with HIV in Ukraine social research results.htm

CIPU May 2005