GT-Alpina.Pdf

Grilli Type GT ALPINA

About Designed by Details GT Alpina proudly calls itself a workhorse serif, but delights in playing with the very meaning of that eReto Moser Released in 2020 Econcept. It reaches into the grab bag of typographic historyv to resurrect shapes some may falsely Available in 70r Styles see as too expressive, resulting in a meticulous family melding these distinct shapes with a pragmatic For Desktop, Web, App Licensing execution.

GT Alpina Condensed Condensed Italic Standard Italic Extended Extended Italic Thin Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Light Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Regular Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Medium Dd Dd Dd Dd Dd Dd Bold Ee Ee Ee Ee Ee Ee

GT Alpina Fine Condensed Condensed Italic Standard Italic Extended Extended Italic Thin Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Light Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Regular Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Medium Dd Dd Dd Dd Dd Dd Bold Ee Ee Ee Ee Ee Ee

GT Alpina Typewriter Standard Italic Thin Aa Aa Light Bb Bb Regular Cc Cc Medium Dd Dd Bold Ee Ee

OpenType features OFF ON OFF ON

Case-sensitive forms ¿¡QUE?! ¿¡QUE?! Capital spacing CAPITAL CAPITAL {[(HEIGHT)]} {[(HEIGHT)]} SS01 Junior Junior Alternative J Tabular figures 29.11.1789 29.11.1789 (Proportional) J J Oldstyle figures 29.11.1789 29.11.1789 SS02 Right? Right? Alternative ? Slashed zero 1,000,000 1,000,000 ? ?

SS03 Automatic fractions Grilli & Type Grilli & Type 5/32 kg 5/32 kg Alternate & & & Superscript Note1 Note1 Subscript Superior H2O H2O SS04 [email protected] [email protected] Alternate @ 13(2+8) 13(2+8) (Proportional) Habc Habc @ @

SS05 Daisy Chain Daisy Chain Ordinal indicator 1o primo 1o primo Alternate y (Italic) 1a prima 1a prima y y

Small Caps Pearl 123 Pearl 123 SS06 Reality Reality Alternate R (Typewriter) Small Caps from PEARL 123 Pearl 123 Capitals R R

OpenType features OFF ON

SS07 Machine Machine Alternate h (Typewriter) h h

SS08 Palermo Palermo Alternate l (Typewriter) l l

Uppercase Latin A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Á Ă Â Ä P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aacute Abreve Acircumflex Adieresis Æ Ǽ À Ā Ą Å Ã Ć Č Ç Ĉ Ċ Ď Đ É AE AEacute Agrave Amacron Aogonek Aring Atilde Cacute Ccaron Ccedilla Ccircumflex Cdotaccent Dcaron Dcroat Eacute Ĕ Ě Ê Ë Ė È Ē Ę Ğ Ĝ Ģ Ġ Ħ Ĥ Í Ebreve Ecaron Ecircumflex Edieresis Edotaccent Egrave Emacron Eogonek Gbreve Gcircumflex Gcommaac Gdotaccent Hbar Hcircumflex Iacute Ĭ Î Ï İ Ì Ĳ Ī Į Ĩ Ĵ Ķ Ĺ Ľ Ļ Ŀ Ibreve Icircumflex Idieresis Idotaccent Igrave IJ Imacron Iogonek Itilde Jcircumflex Kcommaa Lacute Lcaron Lcommaac Ldot Ł Ń Ň Ņ Ñ Ŋ Ó Ŏ Ô Ö Œ Ò Ő Ō Ø Lslash Nacute Ncaron Ncommaa Ntilde Eng Oacute Obreve Ocircumflex Odieresis OE Ograve Ohungarum Omacron Oslash Ǿ Õ Ŕ Ř Ŗ Ś Š Ş Ŝ Ș Ŧ Ť Ţ Ț Þ Oslashacute Otilde Racute Rcaron Rcommaac Sacute Scaron Scedilla Scircumflex Scommaac Tbar Tcaron Tcedilla Tcommaac Thorn Ú Ŭ Û Ü Ù Ű Ū Ų Ů Ũ Ẃ Ŵ Ẅ Ẁ Ý Uacute Ubreve Ucircumflex Udieresis Ugrave Uhungarum Umacron Uogonek Uring Utilde Wacute Wcircumfle Wdieresis Wgrave Yacute Ŷ Ÿ Ỳ Ź Ž Ż ẞ Ð Ycircumflex Ydieresis Ygrave Zacute Zcaron Zdotaccent Germandbls Eth

Lowercase Latin a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z á ă â ä p q r s t u v w x y z aacute abreve acircumflex adieresis æ ǽ à ā ą å ã ć č ç ĉ ċ ď đ é ae aeacute agrave amacron aogonek aring atilde cacute ccaron ccedilla ccircumflex cdotaccent dcaron dcroat eacute ĕ ě ê ë ė è ē ę ğ ĝ ģ ġ ħ ĥ í ebreve ecaron ecircumflex edieresis edotaccent egrave emacron eogonek gbreve gcircumflex gcommaac gdotaccent hbar hcircumflex iacute ĭ î ï i ı ì ĳ ī į ĩ ĵ ȷ ķ ĸ ĺ ibreve icircumflex idieresis idotaccent idotless igrave ij imacron iogonek itilde jcircumflex jdotless kcommaac kgreenland lacute ľ ļ ŀ ł ń ŉ ň ņ ñ ŋ ó ŏ ô ö œ lcaron lcommaac ldot lslash nacute napostrophe ncaron ncommaac ntilde eng oacute obreve ocircumflex odieresis oe ò ő ō ø ǿ õ ŕ ř ŗ ś š ş ŝ ș ŧ ograve ohungarum omacron oslash oslashacute otilde racute rcaron rcommaac sacute scaron scedilla scircumflex scommaac tbar ť ţ ț þ ú ŭ û ü ù ű ū ų ů ũ ẃ tcaron tcedilla tcommaac thorn uacute ubreve ucircumflex udieresis ugrave uhungarum umacron uogonek uring utilde wacute ŵ ẅ ẁ ý ŷ ÿ ỳ ź ž ż ß ð wcircumflex wdieresis wgrave yacute ycircumflex ydieresis ygrave zacute zcaron zdotaccent germandbls eth

Grilli Type

Other & ` ´ ˆ ˜ ˇ ¨ ¯ ˘ ˚ ˝ ˙ ¸ ˛ , ampersand grave acute circumflex tilde caron dieresis macron breve ring hungarumlaut dotaccent cedilla ogonek comma ; : . … - ! ¡ ? ¿ ‘ ’ “ ” ‚ „ semicolon colon period ellipsis hyphen exclam exclamdown question questiondown quoteleft quoteright quotedblleft quotedblright quotesingl quotedblbase ‹ › « » / | – — • ( ) [ ] { } guilsinglleft guilsinglright guillemetlef guillemetri slash bar endash emdash bullet parenleft parenright bracketleft bracketright braceleft braceright † ‡ ¦ \ _ ' " @ © ® ℗ ™ $ ¢ £ dagger daggerdbl brokenbar backslash underscore quotesingle quotedbl at copyright registered published trademark dollar cent sterling ƒ ¥ € ¤ ⁄ ¼ ½ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ % florin yen euro currency fraction onequarter onehalf threequarte onethird twothird oneeighth threeeighth fiveeighth seveneighth percent ‰ 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 μ ʼ Δ perthousan zero.zero zero one two three four five six seven eight nine mu apostrophe Delta Ω π · * + − ± × ÷ = < > ° ≈ ≥ Omega pi periodcent asterisk plus minus plusminus multiply divide equal less greater degree approxequ greaterequ ∞ ≤ ¬ ≠ ∫ ∂ ∏ √ ∑ ◊ ¶ § ^ ~ ₿ infinity lessequal logicalnot notequal integral partialdiff product radical summation lozenge paragraph section asciicircum asciitilde bitcoin ∅ Ω ∆ µ ↑ ↗ → ↘ ↓ ↙ ← ↖ ↔ # № emtyset Ohm increment micro upArrow northEastA rightArrow southEastA downArrow southWestA leftArrow northWestA leftRightA numbersign numero

Other  ℓ ℮ 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ⓿ apple literSign estimated zero.osf.zero zero.osf one.osf two.osf three.osf four.osf five.osf six.osf seven.osf eight.osf nine.osf zero.blackC ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼ ❽ ❾ ⓪ ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ one.blackC two.blackC three.black four.blackC five.blackC six.blackC seven.black eight.black nine.blackC zero.circled one.circled two.circled three.circled four.circled five.circled ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ a o ℀ ℅ ′ ″ six.circled seven.circl eight.circled nine.circled ordfeminine ordmasculi accountof careof minute second

⇵ ↤ ↥ ↦ ↧ ↩ ↪ ↫ ↬ ↯ ↰ ↱ ↲ ↳ ↴ downAndUp leftFrombar upFrombar rightFrombar downFrombar leftHook rightHook leftLoop rightLoop downZigzag upTipLeft upTipRight downTipLeft downTipRight rightCorner ↶ ↷ ↺ ↻ ⇄ ⇅ ⇆ ⇈ ⇉ ⇊ ⇇ 🔄 ⇑ ⇗ ⇒ topCircleLeft topCircleR anticlockw clockwise rightOverLe upAndDown leftAndRight upDoubleP rightDoubl downDouble leftDouble uprightRevers upDouble northEastD rightDouble ⇘ ⇓ ⇙ ⇐ ⇖ ⇔ ⇕ ➢ ➣ ➳ ➺ ➻ ➽ ↑ ↗ southEasetD downDouble southWestD leftDouble northWestDou leftRightDoub upDownDoub threeDTop threeDBottom rightFeathered rightTeardrop rightHeavyTea rightHeavyWe upArrow.c northEastArr → ↘ ↓ ↙ ← ↖ ↔ ▁ ▂ ▃ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇ █ rightArrow.c southEastArr downArrow.c southWestArr leftArrow.c northWestAr leftRightArr lowerOneEig lowerOneQua lowerThreeE lowerHalf lowerFiveEig lowerThreeQu lowerSevenEi fullBlock ▏ ▎ ▍ ▌ ▋ ▊ ▉ ▖ ▗ ▘ ▙ ▚ ▛ ▜ ▝ leftOneEig leftOneQuart leftThreeEig leftBlock leftFiveEig leftThreeQua leftSevenEigh lowerLeft lowerRight upperLeft upperLeftAn upperLeftA upperLeftA upperLeftAn upperRight

Other ▞ ▟ ░ ▒ ▓ ● ○ ◯ ◐ ◑ ◒ ◓ ◖ ◗ ◔ upperRightA upperRightAn shadeligh shademed shadedark blackCircle whiteCircle largeCircle leftHalfBlac rightHalfBl lowerHalfB upperHalfB leftHalfBlac rightHalfBla upperRight ◕ ◴ ◵ ◶ ◷ ◍ ◌ ◉ ◎ ◦ ◘ ◙ ◚ ◛ ◠ upperLeftW upperLeftQ lowerLeftQ lowerRight upperRight verticalFillC dottedCircl fisheye bullseye whiteBullet inverseBullet inverseWhite upperHalfInv lowerHalfInv upperHalfA ◡ ◜ ◝ ◞ ◟ ◆ ◇ ⬖ ⬗ ⬘ ⬙ ◈ ❖ ■ □ lowerHalfA upperLeftA upperRightA lowerRightA lowerLeftArc blackDiamo whiteDiamo leftHalfBlac rightHalfBlac topHalfBlack bottomHalfBl blackInWhite whiteXBlack blackSquare whiteSquare ▢ ▣ ⬚ ▤ ▥ ▦ ▧ ▨ ▩ ▪ ▫ ◧ ◨ ◩ ◪ whiteRounde whiteInBlack dottedSquar horizontalFil verticalFillS crosshatchF upperleftto upperrightto diagonalcro blackSmallS whiteSmallS leftHalfBlac rightHalfBla upperLeftDi lowerRightD ◫ ◰ ◱ ◲ ◳ ▲ ▶ ▼ ◀ △ ▷ ▽ ◁ ◬ ◭ verticalBisec whiteUpper whiteLowerL whiteLowerR whiteUpperRi upBlackTrian rightBlackTr downBlackTr leftBlackTri upWhiteTrian rightWhiteTr downWhiteTr leftWhiteTria upWhiteTria upLeftHalfBl ◮ ► ◄ ▻ ◅ ▴ ▸ ▾ ◂ ▵ ▹ ▿ ◃ ◥ ◢ upRightHalfB rightBlackPoi leftBlackPoin rightWhitePo leftWhitePoi upBlackSmal rightBlackSm downBlackS leftBlackSma upWhiteSmal rightWhiteS downWhiteS leftWhiteSm upperRightBl lowerRightBl ◣ ◤ ◹ ◿ ◺ ◸ ☐ ☑ ✝ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✞ ✟ lowerLeftBla upperLeftBla upperRightT lowerRightTr lowerLeftTri upperLeftTri ballotBox ballotBoxWith cross outlinedGr heavyGree openCent heavyOpenCe shadowedWh outlinedCross ✠ ✓ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ✨ ✩ malteseCross checkmark heavyCheck multiplicatio heavyMultipl ballotX heavyBallot fourTeardrop fourBalloonS heavyFourB fourClubSpo blackFourPo whiteFourPo sparkles stressOutlin ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✮ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ whiteStar.cir openCentre blackCentre outlinedBlac heavyOutline pinwheelStar shadowedWh heavyAsteris openCentreA eightSpoked eightPointed eightPointed sixPointedBl eightPointed heavyEightP

Other ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✿ ❀ ❁ ❂ ❃ ❄ ❅ ❆ ❇ twelvePointe sixteenPoint teardropSpo openCentreT heavyTeardro sixPetalledBl blackFlorette whiteFlorette eightPetalled openCentreE heavyTeardro snowflake tightTrifoliat heavyChevro sparkle ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ❌ ❍ ❎ ✅ ❏ ❐ ❑ ❒ ❔ ❕ ❢ heavySparkl balloonSpok eightTeardro heavyEightTe crossMark shadowedW blackCrossS whiteHeavyC lowerRightD upperRightD lowerRightS upperRightS whiteQuesti whiteExclam heavyExclam ❣ ❤ ❥ ⬢ ⬬ ⬤ ⬥ ⬧ ⬟ ⭓ ⬩ ⬪ ⭑ ⬮ ⬝ heavyHeartE heavyBlackH rotatedHeav blackHexago blackHorizo blackLargeC blackMediu blackMediu blackPentag blackRightP blackSmallD blackSmallL blackSmallS blackVertica blackVerysm ⬞ ⯋ ⯊ ⬣ ⬒ ⬔ ⬓ ⬕ ⬡ ⬭ ⬦ ⬨ ⭐ ⬠ ⭔ whiteVerys bottomHalfB topHalfBlack horizontalBla lowerHalfWh lowerLeftHal topHalfWhite topRightHalf whiteHexag whiteHorizon whiteMedium whiteMedium whiteMedium whitePentag whiteRightPe ⬫ ⭒ ⬯ 🕗 🕣  🕦 🕔  🕓 🕟  🕤 🕐  whiteSmallL whiteSmallS whiteVertical clockFaceEi clockFaceEi clockFaceEl clockFaceEl clockFaceFiv clockFaceFiv clockFaceFo clockFaceFo clockFaceNi clockFaceNi clockFaceOn clockFaceO 🕖 🕢  🕡 🕙  🕒 🕞  🕧 🕑  💣 📅  clockFaceSe clockFaceSe clockFaceSix clockFaceSix clockFaceTe clockFaceTe clockFaceTh clockFaceTh clockFaceTw clockFaceTw clockFaceTw clockFaceTw bomb calendar tearOffCal � 🤙 🤞  🙌 🖐  ☜ 👆 ☞  ✊ ✋ ✌  handWithInd callMeHand victoryHand fistedHandSi raisedHand raisedHandW reversedHand leftWhiteInd upWhiteInd rightWhiteIn downWhiteIn raisedFist raisedHand handWithInd whiteLeftBa �👆  👍 👋 駱 🏁 �  👀  🌛  🌝  whiteDownB whiteUpBac whiteRightB thumbsUpSi wavingHandS raisedBackO chequeredFl chequeredFl crescentMoo eyes lastQuarter firstQuarter cyclone fullMoonFac newMoonFac 🌐 🌑  🌗 🌖  🌔 🌓  🔍 🔎  📍 🌞 ✁ globeMeridian newMoonSy waningCresc lastQuarterM waningGibbo fullMoonSym waxingGibbo firstQuarterM waxingCresc leftMagnifyi rightMagnify pileOfPoo roundPushpi sunFace upperBladeS

Other ✂ ✃ ✄ ✈ ✉ ✎ ✏ ✐ ✡ ☮ ☯ ✆ ✇ ⚐ ⚑ blackScissor lowerBladeS whiteScissor airplane envelope lowerRightP pencil upperRightP starOfDavid peace yinyang telephoneLo tapeDrive whiteFlag blackFlag ✑ ✒ ➿ ➰ ⚀ ⚁ ⚂ ⚃ ⚄ ⚅ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦  whiteNib blackNib doubleCurly curlyLoop dieFace1 dieFace2 dieFace3 dieFace4 dieFace5 dieFace6 spadeBlackSu clubBlackSuit heartBlackSui diamondBlack topWithUpArr 🂡 🂱  🃑 � � �  📕 📖 📥 💵   aceOfSpades aceOfHeart aceOfDiamond aceOfClub infinity.ss09 periodcenter paperclip notebook closedBook openBook outboxTray inboxTray banknoteDoll shoppingTr pageFacingUp � � ☕ 💰 🎤 ⚖ ⛽  🎉 🏋  📐  ⌨ ⌶ pageFacing clockFace hotBeverage moneyBag microphone scales fuelPump balloon partyPopper weightLifter bowAndArrow triangularRuler bicycle keyboard APLIbeam ☁ 💾 📁  🕹 ♎ cloud floppyDisk fileFolder openFileFolder joystick libra

Alternates J ? @ & y R h l J.ss01 question.ss02 at.ss03 ampersand.s y.ss05 R.ss06 h.ss07 l.ss08

Technical Specifications

Supported languages Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Bosnian, Breton, Catalan, File formats Desktop: OTF Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Web: WOFF2, WOFF, TTF, EOT Faroese, Fijian, Finnish, Flemish, French, Frisian, German, App: OTF Greenlandic, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Maltese, Maori, Moldavian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Provençal, Romanian, Licensing Free Trial Fonts License Romany, Sámi (Inari), Sámi (Luli), Sámi (Northern), Trial fonts allow you to play with our fonts at no cost. You can use Sámi (Southern), Samoan, Scottish Gaelic, Slovak, Slovenian, them to create mockups before getting client approval. Students Sorbian, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Turkish, Welsh can use them for non-commercial university projects, too.

Desktop License This license is used for creating printed documents, logos, website graphics, and so on. Desktop fonts are licensed for a certain number of computers in your organization.

Webfont License This license is what you purchase to use our typefaces on websites with the @font-face technology. You may use them for website mockups. Webfonts are licensed for a certain number of website visitors per month.

Mobile App License This is the license to embed our fonts in your mobile application. Mobile app fonts are licensed for a certain number of developers and valid for Android and iOS.

Further licenses on request

About Grilli Type Grilli Type is an independent Swiss type foundry. We offer original retail and custom typefaces, high quality products with a contemporary aesthetic in the Swiss tradition. This tradition is reflected in the visual but also the technical standard of our fonts and our service. Together with our designers we create useful, high quality typefaces that stand the test of time.

Contact [email protected] www.grillitype.com

GT Alpina Fine Condensed Thin 80pt AIGUILLE DE TRÉ LA GT Alpina Fine Condensed Thin 147pt

GTPic Alpina Fine Condensed Thin 260pt Sans Nom

GT Alpina Condensed Thin 9pt GT Alpina Condensed Thin 19pt

The Alps are the highest and most extensive about a hundred peaks higher than 4 000 me- mountain range system that lies entirely in tres (13 000 ft). The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic Europe,and stretching approximately 1 200 The altitude and size of the range affects kilometres across eight Alpine countries the climate in Europe; in the mountains pre- feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Mo- cipitation levels vary greatly and climatic km arc (straight line) from east to west and is naco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife and Slovenia. The mountains were formed such as ibex live in the higher peaks to eleva- 200 km in width. The mean height of the over tens of millions of years as the African tions of 3 400 m (11 155 ft), and plants such as and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower eleva- mountain peaks is 2.5 km. Extreme shortening caused by the event tions as well as in higher elevations. Evidence resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising of human habitation in the Alps goes back to The range stretches from the Mediterra- by thrusting and folding into high mountain the Palaeolithic era. A mummified man, de- peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matter- termined to be 5 000 years old, was discovered nean Sea north above the Po basin, extending horn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in border, and at 4 810 m is the highest mountain 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La through France from Grenoble, and stretching in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains Tène culture was well established. Hannibal eastward through mid and southern Switzer- GT Alpina Condensed Thin 14pt land. The range continues onward toward Vi- The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes. Maurus enna, Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in and Slovenia. To the south it dips into north- his commentary that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic ern Italy and to the north extends to the south- languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp. ern border of Bavaria in Germany. In areas This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Allgäu, Bavar- is a name of non-Indo-European origin which is common for ia, the demarcation between the mountain prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterra- nean region. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the range and the flatlands are clear; in other Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less word *alb “hill”; “Albania” is a related derivation. Albania, a clear. The countries with the greatest alpine

GT Alpina Fine Condensed Light 80pt DENT DU GÉANT  GT Alpina Fine Condensed Light 147pt

BerneseGT Alpina Fine Condensed Light 260pt Alps

GT Alpina Condensed Light 9pt GT Alpina Condensed Light 19pt

The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) the African and the Eurasian plates that be- was an episodic process that began about 300 gan in the late Cretaceous Period. Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Under extreme compressive stresses and Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a sin- pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were the “Houillière zone”, which consists of base- gle tectonic plate; it broke into separate uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent ment with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. plates during the Mesozoic Era and the folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of High “massifs” with external sedimentary cov- Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. The marine flysch sediments was deposited in the Tethys was later squeezed between colliding foreland basin, and the sediments became er are more common in the Western Alps and plates causing the formation of mountain involved in younger nappes (folds) as the ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned through the Himalayas to Indonesia — a pro- the continual uplift and erosion were later cess that began at the end of the Mesozoic deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have com- and continues into the present. The forma- molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria tion of the Alps was a segment of this orogen- were well-developed and saw further up- paratively few high peaked massifs. Similar- ic process, caused by the collision between thrusting of flysch. ly the peaks in eastern Switzerland extending GT Alpina Condensed Light 14pt to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that de- the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with tached from former basement rock. a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Juras- In simple terms the structure of the Alps sic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeograph- consists of layers of rock of European, Afri- ic regions. The Alps are subdivided by differentlithology (rock can and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom composition) and nappe structure according to the orogenic nappe structure is of continental European events that affected them. The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, origin, above which are stacked marine sedi- Eastern Alps and Southern Alps: the Helveticum in the north, ment nappes, topped off by nappes derived the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the centre and, from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an

GT Alpina Fine Condensed Regular 80pt GRANDES JORASSES GT Alpina Fine Condensed Regular 147pt

MonteGT Alpina Fine Condensed Regular 260pt Rosa

GT Alpina Condensed Regular 9pt GT Alpina Condensed Regular 19pt

The Alps are a source of minerals that have and by the 19th century crystal hunting was been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich The Alps provide lowland Europe with drink- to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later that he studied and documented. In the 20th ing water, irrigation, and hydroelectric pow- the Romans mined gold for s in the Bad century Robert Parker wrote a well-known er. Although the area is only about 11 percent Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes work about the rock crystals of the Swiss high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Alps; at the same period a commission was of the surface area of Europe, the Alps pro- Crystals are found throughout much of the established to control and standardize the Alpine region such as cinnabar, amethyst, naming of Alpine minerals In the Miocene vide 👆o t 90 % of water to lowland Europe, and quartz. The cinnabar deposits in Slo- Epoch the mountains underwent severe ero- venia are a notable source of cinnabar pig- sion because of glaciation, which was noted particularly to arid areas and during the sum- ments. in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Alpine crystals have been studied and Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming mer months. Cities such as Milan depend on collected for hundreds of years, and began the Alps were covered in ice at various in- to be classified in the 18th century. Leon- tervals—a theory he formed when studying 80 percent of water from Alpine runoff. Wa- hard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he ter from the rivers is used in over 500 hydro- GT Alpina Condensed Regular 14pt electricity power plants, generating as much Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping as 2 900 GWh of electricity. rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and Major European rivers flow from the Alps, curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to such as the Rhine, the Rhône, the Inn, and the break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the moun- Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps tains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval pe- and flow into neighbouring countries, finally riod. The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterra- crevasses, often invisible under new snowfall, which cause the greatest danger to mountaineers. nean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhône Glacier), by trailing Other rivers such as the Danube have major into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. tributaries flowing into them that originate

GT Alpina Fine Condensed Medium 80pt BARRE DES ÉCRINS GT Alpina Fine Condensed Medium 147pt

MontGT Alpina Fine Condensed Medium 260pt Blanc

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The Alps are a classic example of what hap- wet north and a dry south because moisture pens when a temperate area at lower altitude is sucked from the air as it flows over the high Thirteen thousand species of plants have been gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Eleva- peaks. tions around the 🌐 that have cold climates The severe weather in the Alps has been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants similar to those of the polar regions have been studied since the 18th century; particularly are grouped by habitat and soil type which can called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the the weather patterns such as the seasonal upper regions of the atmosphere causes the foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were be limestone or non-calcareous. temperature to decrease. placed in the mountains early in the early The effect ofmountain chains on prevail- 20th century, providing continuous data for The habitats range from meadows, bogs, ing winds is to carry warm air belonging to climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite the lower region into an upper zone, where it arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to expands in volume at the cost of a propor- Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzer- tionate loss of temperature, often accompa- land, and northern Tyrol. The areas that are soil-less scree and moraines, and rock faces nied by precipitation in the form of snow or not arid and receive high precipitation expe- rain. The height of the Alps is sufficient to rience periodic flooding from rapid snow- and ridges. A natural vegetation limit with divide the weather patterns in Europe into a melt and runoff. The mean precipitation in altitude is given by the presence of the chief GT Alpina Condensed Medium 14pt deciduous trees — oak, beech, ash and syca- The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different more maple. These do not reach exactly to the vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among same elevation, nor are they often found grow- the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between ing together; but their upper limit corresponds 500 and 1 000 m (1 600 and 3 300 ft), depending on the loca- accurately enough to the change from a tem- tion. The montane zone extends from 800 to 1 700 m (2 600 perate to a colder climate that is further to 5 600 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1 600 to proved by a change in the presence of wild 2 400 m (5 200 to 7 900 ft). The Alpine zone, extending from tree line to snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which herbaceous vegetation.This limit usually lies covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. Climatic condi- about 1 200 m (3 900 ft) above the sea on the tions show variances within the same zones; for example, north side of the Alps, but on the southern

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The Alps are a habitat for 30 000 species common in the entire alpine range. Areas of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow of the eastern Alps are still home to brown Human interference has nearly exterminat- fleas to brown bears, many of which have bears. In Switzerland the canton of Bern made adaptations to the harsh cold condi- was named for the bears but the last bear ed the trees in many areas, and, except for tions and high altitudes to the point that is recorded as having been killed in 1792 the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, for- some only survive in specific micro-cli- above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters mates either directly above or below the from Grindelwald. ests of deciduous trees are rarely found snow line. Many rodents such as voles live under- The largest mammal to live in the high- ground. Marmots live almost exclusively after the extreme deforestation between est altitudes are the alpine ibex, which above the tree line as high as 2 700 m have been sighted as high as 3 000 m (8 900 ft). They hibernate in large groups the 17th and 19th centuries. (9 800 ft). The ibex live in caves and de- to provide warmth, and can be found in all scend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. areas of the Alps, in large colonies they The vegetation has changed since the sec- Classified as antelopes, chamois are build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden smaller than ibex and found throughout eagles and bearded vultures are the largest ond half of the 20th century, as the high the Alps, living above the tree line and are birds to be found in the Alps; they nest alpine meadows cease to be harvested for GT Alpina Condensed Medium 14pt hay or used for grazing which eventually Reptiles such as adders and vipers live 👆o t the snow line; might result in a regrowth of forest. In because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hiber- some areas the modern practice of building nate underground and soak 👆 thewarmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to liv- ski runs by mechanical means has de- ing above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed stroyed the underlying tundra from which young rather than laying eggs. Brown trout can be found in the plant life cannot recover during the the streams 👆o t the snow line. Molluscs such as the wood non-skiing months, whereas areas that still snail live 👆 the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected. practice a natural piste type of ski slope A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of building preserve the fragile underlayers. which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat 👆o t The butterflies tend to be large, such as

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About 10 000 years ago, when the ice Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hik- melted after the Würm glaciation, late ers on the Similaun glacier. His cloth- The Roman expansion brought the de- Palaeolithic communities were estab- ing and gear indicate that he lived in lished along the lake shores and in an alpine farming community, while feat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and cave systems. Evidence of human hab- the location and manner of his death during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius itation has been found in caves near – an arrowhead was discovered in his Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria shoulder – suggests he was travelling Caesar overcame the Helvetia. the Mondsee culture shows evidence from one place to another. Analysis of of houses built on piles to keep them the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi, has The Rhaetians continued to resist dry. Standing stones have been found shown that he belongs to the K1 sub- in Alpine areas of France and Italy. clade which cannot be categorized but were eventually conquered when The Rock Drawings in Valcamonica are into any of the three modern branch- more than 5000 years old; more than es of that subclade. The new subclade the Romans turned northward to the 200 000 drawings and etchings have has provisionally been named K1ö for been identified at the site. In 1991 a Ötzi. The Emperor Tsin Shi, who Danube valley in Austria and defeated mummy of a neolithic body, known as reigned from 259–210 B.C., is said to the Brigantes. The Romans built set- GT Alpina Thin 14pt tlements in the Alps; towns such as Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1500 and Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, 1000 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhône valley and in Savoy. and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show re- Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined mains of Roman baths, villas, arenas was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where and temples. Much of the Alpine re- evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a gion was gradually settled by German- mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in ic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, the region, and became known for high quality dec- and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th orated weapons and jewellery. The Celts were the centuries mixing with the local Celtic

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The population of the region is 14 mil- highest villages became mainstays, lion spread across eight countries. On leading to strong traditions of carpen- The Alps are one of the more popular the rim of the mountains, on the pla- try, woodcarving, baking and pas- teaus and the plains the economy con- try-making, and cheesemaking. tourist destinations in the 🌐 hwit many sists of manufacturing and service Farming had been a traditional resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, jobs whereas in the higher altitudes occupation for centuries, although it and in the mountains farming is still became less dominant in the 20th cen- Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzer- essential to the economy. tury with the advent of tourism. Graz- Farming and forestry continue to ing and pasture land are limited be- land, Chamonix in France, and Cortina be mainstays of Alpine culture, indus- cause of the steep and rocky tries that provide for export to the topography of the Alps. In mid-June d’Ampezzo in Italy recording more than cities and maintain the mountain ecol- cows are moved to the highest pas- ogy. Much of the Alpine culture is un- tures close to the snowline, where they a million annual visitors. With over changed since the medieval period are watched by herdsmen who stay in when skills that guaranteed survival the high altitudes often living in stone 120 million visitors a year, tourism is in the mountain valleys and in the huts or wooden barns during the sum- integral to the Alpine economy with GT Alpina Light 14pt much it coming from winter sports, Researchers say that diamond fragments from the although summer visitors are also an dawn of 🕐 y ma contain evidence that life began on important component. Earth as early as 4.25 billion years ago, just a few hundred million years after the planet came into The tourism industry began in the existence–although they also say that their findings early 19th century when foreigners vis- aren’t conclusive and that they may well be wrong. ited the Alps, travelled to the bases of Studying anything about the ancient earth is ex- the mountains to enjoy the scenery, tremely difficult. Rocks that formed four billion years ago will long since have been beat up, meta- and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large morphosed, or melted. Researchers got around that hotels were built during the Belle Épo- problem by studying microscopic diamond pieces que; cog-railways, built early in the

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In the first half of the 20th century the was run for the first 🕐 on the Lauber- Olympic Winter Games were held horn above Wengen; the equally de- There is no universally accepted defi- three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 manding Hahnenkamm was first run Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; in the same year in Kitzbühl, Austria. nition of a mountain. Elevation, vol- the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Mori- Both races continue to be held ume, relief, steepness, spacing and tz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter each January on successive weekends. Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous continuity have been used as criteria Germany. During World War II the downhill race at 4.5 km and poses dan- winter games were cancelled but after ger to racers who reach 130 km/h for defining a mountain. In the Oxford that 🕐 the Winter Games have been within seconds of leaving the start held in St. Moritz (1948), Cortina gate. During the post-World War I pe- English Dictionary a mountain is de- d’Ampezzo (1956), Innsbruck, Austria riod ski-lifts were built in Swiss and (1964 and 1976), Grenoble, France, Austrian towns to accommodate win- fined as “a natural elevation of the earth (1968), Albertville, France, (1992), ter visitors, but summer tourism con- and Torino (2006). In 1930 the Lau- tinued to be important; by the mid- surface rising more or less abruptly from berhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), 20th century the popularity of the surrounding level and attaining an GT Alpina Regular 14pt altitude which, relatively to the adjacent A mountain is a large landform that rises above the elevation, is impressive or notable.” surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the Whether a landform is called a moun- form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forc- tain may depend on local usage. Mount es or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma, USA, surface of the earth. Mountains erode slowly through is only 251 m from its base to its high- the action of rivers, weather conditions, and gla- est point. Whittow’s Dictionary of ciers. A few mountains are isolated summits, but most occur in huge mountain ranges. Physical Geography states “Some au- High elevations on mountains produce colder cli- thorities regard eminences above 600 mates than at sea level. These colder climates strong- metres (2 000 ft) as mountains, those

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In the United Kingdom and the Repub- today, the United States Geological Sur- lic of Ireland, a mountain is usually vey (USGS) concludes that these terms Fold mountains occur when two plates defined as any summit at least 610 m do not have technical definitions in high, which accords with the official the US. collide: shortening occurs along thrust UK government’s definition that a There are three main types of faults and the crust is overthickened. mountain, for the purposes of access, mountains: volcanic, fold, and block. is a summit of 610 m or higher. In ad- All three types are formed from plate Since the less dense continental crust dition, some definitions also include a tectonics: when portions of the topographical prominence require- Earth’s crust move, crumple, and dive. “floats” on the denser mantle rocks be- ment, typically 30 or 152 m. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift At one 🕐 the U.S. Board on Geo- and intrusion of igneous matter forces neath, the ♎ of any crustal material graphic Names defined a mountain as surface rock upward, creating a land- being 300 m or taller, but has aban- form higher than the surrounding fea- forced upward to form hills, plateaus or doned the definition since the 1970s. tures. The height of the feature makes Any similar landform lower than this it either a hill or, if higher and steeper, mountains must be balanced by the height was considered a hill. However, a mountain. Major mountains tend to buoyancy force of a much greater vol- GT Alpina Medium 14pt ume forced downward into the mantle. Volcanoes are formed when a plate is pushed below Thus the continental crust is normal- another plate, or at a mid-ocean ridge or hotspot. ly much thicker under mountains, com- At a depth of around 100 km, melting occurs in rock above the slab (due to the addition of water), pared to lower lying areas. Rock can and forms magma that reaches the surface. When fold either symmetrically or asymmet- the magma reaches the surface, it often builds a vol- rically. The upfolds are anticlines and canic mountain, such as a shield volcano or a stra- the downfolds are synclines: in asym- tovolcano. Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philip- metric folding there may also be re- pines. The magma does not have to reach the sur- cumbent and overturned folds. The face in order to create a mountain: magma that so- Balkan Mountains and the Jura Moun-

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During and following uplift, moun- ter flow or wind) that removes soil, tains are subjected to the agents of rock, or dissolved material from one The highest known permanently tol- erosion (water, wind, ice, and gravity) location on the Earth’s crust, and then which gradually wear the uplifted area transport it away to another location erable altitude is at 5 950 metres. At down. Erosion causes the surface of (not to be confused with weathering very high altitudes, the decreasing mountains to be younger than the which involves no movement). The rocks that form the mountains them- particulate breakdown of rock or soil atmospheric pressure means that less selves. Glacial processes produce char- into clastic sediment is referred to as acteristic landforms, such as pyrami- physical or mechanical erosion; this oxygen is available for breathing, and dal peaks, knife-edge arêtes, and contrasts with chemical erosion, where bowl-shaped cirques that can contain soil or rock material is removed from there is less protection against solar lakes. Plateau mountains, such as the an area by its dissolving into a solvent Catskills, are formed from the erosion (typically water), followed by the flow radiation (UV). Above 8 000 metres of an uplifted plateau. away of that solution. Eroded sedi- In Earth science, erosion is the ac- ment or solutes may be transported elevation, there is not enough oxygen tion of surface processes (such as wa- just a few millimetres, or for thou- to support human life. This is known GT Alpina Bold 14pt as the “death zone”. The summits of Block mountains are caused by faults in the crust: Mount Everest and K2 are in the death a plane where rocks have moved past each other. zone. Mountains are generally less When rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other, it can form a mountain. The uplifted blocks preferable for human habitation than are block mountains or horsts. lowlands, because of harsh weather The intervening dropped blocks are termed gra- and little level ground suitable for ben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley agriculture. While 7% of the land area systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range Province of of Earth is above 2 500 metres, only Western North America and the Rhine valley. These 140 million people live above that al- areas often occur when the regional stress is exten- titude and only 20–30 million people

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Heights of mountains are typi- candidates for the tallest moun- cally measured above sea level. tain on land by this measure. The Mountains are generally less Using this metric, Mount Everest bases of mountain islands are is the highest mountain on below sea level, and given this preferable for human habitation Earth, at 8 848 metres. There are consideration Mauna Kea (4 207 at least 100 mountains with m above sea level) is the world’s than lowlands, because of harsh heights of over 7 200 metres tallest mountain and volcano, above sea level, all of which are rising about 10 203 m from the weather and little level ground located in central and southern Pacific Ocean floor. Asia. The highest mountains The highest mountains are suitable for agriculture. While above sea level are generally not not generally the most volumi- the highest above the surround- nous. Mauna Loa (4 169 m) is the 7% of the land area of Earth is ing terrain. There is no precise largest mountain on Earth in definition of surrounding base, terms of base area (about 5 200 above 2 500 metres (8 200 ft), but Denali, Mount Kilimanjaro km2) and volume (75 000 km3). and Nanga Parbat are possible Mount Kilimanjaro is the largest only 140 million people live above

GT Alpina Extended Thin 14pt that altitude and only 20–30 mil- Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or al- lion people above 3 000 metres pinism is the sport, hobby or profession of (9 800 ft) elevation. About half hiking, skiing, and climbing mountains. of mountain dwellers live in the While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the highest point of unclimbed big Andes, Central Asia, and Africa. mountains it has branched into specializa- With limited access to infra- tions that address different aspects of the structure, only a handful of hu- mountain and consists of three areas: rock- man communities exist above craft, snow-craft and skiing, depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow 4 000 metres (13 000 ft) of eleva- or ice. All require experience, athletic abil- tion. Many are small and have

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Humans have been present in endary. The famous poet Pe- mountains since prehistory. The trarch describes his 26 April By the early 19th century, many remains of Ötzi, who lived in the 1336 ascent of Mount Ventoux 4th millennium BC, were found (1 912 m) in one of his epistolae of the alpine peaks were reached, in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps. familiares, claiming to be in- However, the highest mountains spired by Philip V of Macedon’s including the Grossglockner in were rarely visited early on, and ascent of Mount Haemo. were often associated with su- For most of antiquity, climb- 1800, the Ortler in 1804, the Jung- pernatural or religious concepts. ing mountains was a practical or Nonetheless, there are many symbolic activity, usually under- frau in 1811, the Finsteraarhorn documented examples of people taken for economic, political, or climbing mountains prior to the religious purposes. A commonly in 1812, and the Breithorn in 1813. formal development of the sport cited example is the 1492 ascent in the 19th century, although of Mont Aiguille (2 085 m) by An- In 1808, Marie Paradis became many of these stories are some- toine de Ville, a French military times considered fictional or leg- officer and lord of Domjulien the first woman to climb Mont

GT Alpina Extended Light 14pt Blanc, followed in 1838 by Henri- The Age of Enlightenment and the Roman- ette d’Angeville. The beginning tic era marked a change of attitudes to- of mountaineering as a sport in wards high mountains. In 1757 Swiss scien- the UK is generally dated to the tist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure made the first of several unsuccessful attempts on ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 Mont Blanc in France. by English mountaineer Sir Al- He then offered a reward to anyone who fred Wills, who made mountain- could climb the mountain, which was eering fashionable in Britain. claimed in 1786 by Jacques Balmat and Mi- chel-Gabriel Paccard. The climb is usually This inaugurated what became considered an epochal event in the history known as the Golden Age of Al-

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The last and greatest mountain Fanny Bullock Workman (one of range was the Himalayas in the first professional female The 1924 expedition saw anoth- Central Asia. They had initially mountaineers) made ascents in been surveyed by the British the Himalayas, including one of er height record achieved but Empire for military and strate- the Nun Kun peaks (7 100 m). A gic reasons. In 1892 Sir William number of Gurkha sepoys were still failed to reach the summit Martin Conway explored the trained as expert mountaineers Karakoram Himalayas, and by Charles Granville Bruce, and with confirmation when George climbed a peak of 7 000 m. In a good deal of exploration was 1895 Albert F. Mummery died accomplished by them. Mallory and Andrew Irvine dis- while attempting Nanga Parbat, In 1902 the Eckenstein-Crowley while in 1899 Douglas Fresh- Expedition, led by English appeared on the final attempt. field took an expedition to the mountaineer Oscar Eckenstein snowy regions of Sikkim. and English occultist Aleister The summit was finally reached In 1899, 1903, 1906, and 1908 Crowley was the first to at- American mountaineer Mrs. tempt to scale K2. They reached on May 29, 1953 by Sir Edmund

GT Alpina Extended Regular 14pt Hillary and Tenzing Norgay from Eckenstein was also a pioneer in develop- the south side in Nepal. Just a ing new equipment and climbing methods. few months later, Hermann Buhl He started using shorter ice axes which made the first ascent of Nanga could be used single-handed, designed the modern crampons and improved on the nail Parbat (8 125 m), a siege-style ex- patterns used for the climbing boots. pedition culminating in a last By the 1950s, all the eight-thousanders 1 300 meters walking alone, being but two had been climbed starting with under the influence of drugs: per- Annapurna in 1950 by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal on the 1950 French Anna- vitin (based on the stimulant purna expedition. The last great peak was methamphetamine used by sol-

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Alpine rock climbing involves then build an anchor, which will technical skills including the secure subsequent climbers. An- It is not always wise for climb- ability to place anchors into the chors could be created by using rock to safely ascend a moun- slings around a tree or boulder, ers to form a rope team, since tain. In some cases, climbers or by using protection devices may have to climb multiple like cams and nuts. one falling climber may pull the pitches of rock in order to reach Once anchored, the leader the top. will then belay the climber com- entire team off the mountain. Typically, for any one pitch, ing 👆 from below. Once the fol- there is a belayer who is station- lower reaches the leader, the However, the risks of individu- ary and creates tension on the leader will often transfer all rope to catch a climber should necessary protection devices al, unprotected travel are often he or she fall, and a climber who (known as a rack) to the follow- ascends the rock. The first er. The follower then becomes so great that groups have no climber, called the leader, will the leader and will ascend the reach a point on the rock and next pitch. This process will choice but to form a rope team.

GT Alpina Extended Medium 14pt For example, when travelling Compacted snow conditions allow moun- over glaciers, crevasses pose a taineers to progress on foot. Frequently grave danger to a climber who is crampons are required to travel efficient- not roped in. These giant cracks ly and safely over snow and ice. Crampons attach to the bottom of a mountaineer’s in the ice are not always visible boots and provide additional traction on as snow can be blown and freeze hard snow and ice. For loose snow, cram- over the 🔝o t make a snowbridge. pons are less suitable, and snowshoes or At times snowbridges can be as skis may preferred. Using various techniques from alpine skiing to ascend/de- thin as a few inches, and may scend a mountain is a form of the sport by collapse from people walking

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There are two main styles of (above 5 000 m) peaks also, albe- mountaineering: expedition it in lower volume to expedition In rock climbing and ice climb- style and alpine style. Alpine style ascents. Climbers general- style, or informal variations of ly carry their loads between ing, a pitch is a steep section of it, is the most common form of camps without backtracking, in mountaineering today. a single push for the summit. If a route that requires a rope be- It involves a single, straight- the summit is reachable from forward climb of the mountain, the base camp or trailhead with- tween two belays, as part of a with no backtracking. This style in one day, then alpine-style is most suited for medium-sized mountaineers will not change climbing system. Standard mountain areas close to civili- camps at all, and only carry the zation with elevations of 2 000– slightest of loads (necessary climbing ropes are between 50 5 000 m, such as the Alps or the nourishment and equipment) 👆 Rocky Mountains. Alpine style to the summit. “Light and fast” and 80 metres long, so a pitch is ascents have been done through- is the mantra of the alpine out history on extreme altitude mountaineer. always shorter, between two

GT Alpina Extended Bold 14pt convenient ledges if possible; The alpine style contrasts with “expedition longer routes are multi-pitch, style”. With this style, climbers will carry requiring the re-use of the rope large amounts of equipment and provi- each time. In free climbing, pitch sions 👆 d an 👇 e th mountain, slowing making upward progress. Climbing in an expe- refers to classification by climb- dition style is preferred if the summit is ers of the difficulty of ascent on very high or distant from civilization. certain climbing routes. The Mountaineers who utilize this style are term “pitch” is also used by cav- usually, but not always, part of a large team of climbers and support staff (such as por- ers to refer to a very steep or ters and guides). To cover large distances vertical section (called a drop,

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In advanced climbing or moun- tively calling a pitch any 🕐 taineering, another defini- a fixed belay was used or a After his successful solo as- tion of pitch is not re- changeover in the lead oc- stricted by the length of the curred. This definition is cent of the Leaning Tower, rope. On easier terrain or used loosely, since the Royal Robbins turned his at- when moving quickly, the length of a pitch is only length of a pitch can be ex- limited by the nature of the tention to the Yvon Choui- tended by means of simul terrain and the confidence of climbing, effectively com- the individual climbing par- nard-T.M. Herbert Muir Wall bining several pitches to- ty. The term “pitch” is also gether by means of a running used by cavers to refer to a route, completing the first belay. very steep or vertical sec- Speed climbers will often tion (called a drop, pit, or solo ascent of El Capitan state that they completed a shaft) in a cave that needs long route with a reduced ladders or single rope tech- during a 10-day push in 1968. number of pitches, effec- nique to descend and ascend The first solo ascents of GT Alpina Typewriter Thin 14pt El Capitan’s four classic The Nose was climbed in 1958 by Warren “siege” routes were accom- Harding, Wayne Merry and George Whit- plished by Thomas Bauman on more in 47 days using “siege” tactics: climbing in an expedition style using The Nose in 1969; Peter Hann fixed ropes along the length of the on the Salathé Wall in 1972; route, linking established camps along Robert Kayen on the Layton the way. The fixed manila ropes allowed Kor-Steve Roper West Buttress the climbers to ascend and descend from the ground 👆 throughout the 18-month route in 1982; and Beverly project, although they presented unique Johnson on the Cooper-Bald- levels of danger as well, sometimes win-Denny Dihedral Wall route

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As it became clear that any El Cap route, though, was not non-crumbling face could be The Nose, but Salathé Wall. On January 14, 2015, Tommy conquered with sufficient Todd Skinner and Paul Pi- perseverance and bolt-hole ana made the first free as- Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson drilling, some climbers began cent over 9 days in 1988, af- completed the first free searching for El Cap routes ter 30 days of working the that could be climbed either route (graded 5.13b on the climb of the Dawn Wall after free or with minimal aid. The Yosemite Decimal System). The West Face route was free Nose was the second major 19 days, one of the hardest climbed in 1979 by Ray Jar- route to be freeclimbed. Two dine and Bill Price; but de- pitches on The Nose blocked climbs in the world. spite numerous efforts by efforts to free the route: Jardine and others, The Nose the “Great Roof” graded 5.13c On June 3, 2017, Alex Hon- resisted free attempts for and “Changing Corners” graded another fourteen years. The 5.14a/b. In 1993, Lynn Hill nold completed the first free first free ascent of a main came close to freeing The solo climb of El Capitan, GT Alpina Typewriter Light 14pt without protective equip- After 4 days of climbing, Hill reached ment. He ascended the Freerid- the summit, making her the first person er line in 3 hours and 56 to free climb The Nose. A year later, Hill returned to free climb The Nose minutes, beginning at 5:32 in a day, this 🕐 reaching the summit am PDT and reaching the peak in just 23 hours and setting a new at 9:28 am PDT. The climb was standard for free climbing on “El Cap”. filmed for the 2018 documen- The Nose saw a second free ascent in 1998, when Scott Burke summitted after tary Free Solo. couple) to 261 days of effort. On October 14, free climb The Nose. They 2005, Tommy Caldwell and Beth Rodden, took four days on the ascent,

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Rock climbing is a sport in Due to the length of 🕐 and which participants climb up, extended endurance required, Although rock climbing was an 👇 or across natural rock for- and because accidents are mations or artificial rock most lik ely to happen on the important component of Vic- walls. The goal is to reach descent, rock climbers do not torian mountaineering in the the summit of a formation or usually climb back 👇 the the endpoint of a usually route, or “downclimb”, espe- Alps, it is generally thought pre-defined route without cially on the larger multiple falling. pitch class III–IV, or multi- that the sport of rock climb- Professional rock climbing day grade IV–VI climbs. competitions have the objec- Rock climbing is a physi- ing began in the last quarter tives of either completing cally and mentally demanding the route in the quick est sport, one that often tests of the nineteenth century in possible 🕐 or attaining the a climber’s strength, endur- farthest point on an increas- ance, agility and balance various parts of Europe. Rock ingly difficult route. along with mental control. It climbing evolved gradually GT Alpina Typewriter Regular 14pt from an alpine necessity to Paintings dating from 200 BC show Chi- a distinct athletic activity. nese men rock climbing. In early Amer- Aid climbing, climbing us- ica, the cliff-dwelling Anasazi in the 12th century are thought to have been ing equipment that acts as excellent climbers. Early European artificial handhold or foot- climbers used rock climbing techniques holds, became popular during as a skill required to reach the sum- the period 1920–1960, leading mit in their mountaineering exploits. In the 1880s, European rock climbing to ascents in the Alps and in became an independent pursuit outside Yosemite Valley that were of mountain climbing. considered impossible without

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The Alpine region of Switzer- an area sometimes called Cen- land, conventionally re- tral Alps. While the northern The Swiss Alps are situated ferred to as the Swiss Alps ranges from the Bernese Alps south of the Swiss Plateau (German: Schweizer Alpen, to the Appenzell Alps are en- French: Alpes suisses, Ital- tirely in Switzerland, the and north of the national bor- ian: Alpi svizzere, Romansh: southern ranges from the Mont Alps svizras), represents a Blanc massif to the Bernina der. The limit between the major natural feature of the massif are shared with other country and is, along with countries such as France, It- Alps and the plateau runs from the Swiss Plateau and the aly, Austria and Liechten- Swiss portion of the Jura stein. The Swiss Alps com- Vevey on the shores of Lake Mountains, one of its three prise almost all the highest main physiographic regions. mountains of the Alps, such Geneva to Rorschach on the The Swiss Alps extend over as Dufourspitze (4 634 m), the both the Western Alps and the Dom (4 545 m), the Liskamm shores of Lake Constance, Eastern Alps, encompassing (4 527 m), the Weisshorn (4 506 passing close to the cities GT Alpina Typewriter Medium 14pt of Thun and Lucerne. The Alps cover 65% of Switzerland’s The not well defined regions total 41285 square kilometres (15 940 in Switzerland that lie on sq mi) surface area, making it one of the most alpine countries. Despite the the margin of the Alps, es- fact that Switzerland covers only 14% pecially those on the north of the Alps total 192 753 square kilo- side, are called the Swiss metres (74422 mi2) area, 48 out of 82 Prealps (Préalpes in French, alpine four-thousanders are located in the Swiss Alps and practically all of Voralpen in German, Prealpi the remaining 34 are within 20 kilo- in Italian). The Swiss Pre- metres (12 mi) of the country’s bor- alps are mainly made of lime-

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The north side of the Swiss la. Between the Witenwas- Alps is drained by the Rhône, serenstock and Piz Lunghin The composition of the great Rhine and Inn (which is part runs the European Watershed tectonic units reflects the of the Danube basin) while separating the basin of the the south side is mainly Atlantic (North Sea) and the history of the formation of drained by the Ticino (Po ba- Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic sin). The rivers on the north and Black Sea). the Alps. The rocks from the empty into the Mediterra- The European watershed nean, North and Black Sea, on lies in fact only partially Helvetic zone on the north the south the Po empty in the on the main chain. Switzer- Adriatic Sea. land possesses 6% of Europe’s and the Austroalpine nappes The major triple water- fresh water, and is sometimes sheds in the Alps are locat- referred to as the “water – Southern Alps on the south ed within the country, they tower of Europe. Since the are: Piz Lunghin, Witenwas- highest dams are located in come originally from the Eu- serenstock and Monte Forco- Alpine regions, many large ropean and African continent GT Alpina Typewriter Bold 14pt respectively. The Alps are usually divided into two The rocks of the Penninic main parts, the Western Alps and East- nappes belong to the former ern Alps, whose division is along the Rhine from Lake Constance to the Splü- area of the Briançonnais mi- gen Pass. The western ranges occupy crocontinent and the Tethys the greatest part of Switzerland while Ocean. The closure of the the more numerous eastern ranges are latter by subduction under much smaller and are all situated in the canton of Graubünden. The latter the African plate (Piemont are part of the Central Eastern Alps, Ocean first and Valais Ocean except the Ortler Alps which belong to later) preceded the collision