Analyzing Politics an Introduction to Political Science
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FIFTH EDITION Analyzing Politics An Introduction to Political Science Ellen Grigsby This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves right to remove additional at time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ✯ Analyzing Politics An Introduction to Political Science FIFTH EDITION ELLEN GRIGSBY University of New Mexico Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves right to remove additional at time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Analyzing Politics: An © 2012 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Introduction to Political Science, Cengage Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Fifth Edition Ellen Grigsby ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, Publisher: Suzanne Jeans or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, Marketing Manager: Lydia LeStar or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, Development Editor: Kate MacLean information networks, or information storage and retrieval Executive Editor: Carolyn Merrill systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the Marketing Assistant: Josh Hendrick 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Ltd., Pondicherry Library of Congress Control Number: 2010939434 Printer: RRD Crawfordsville Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-111-34277-7 ISBN-10: 1-111-34277-6 Europe/Middle East/ Cengage Learning Africa 10 Davis Drive Cengage Learning Belmont, CA 94002-3098 High Holborn House USA 50/51 Bedford Row Asia London WC1R 4LR Cengage Learning United Kingdom 5 Shenton Way #01-01 Latin America UIC Building Cengage Learning Singapore 068808 Seneca, 53 Australia/New Zealand Colonia Polanco Cengage Learning 11560 Mexico D.F. 102 Dodds Street Mexico Southbank, Victoria 3006 Spain/Portugal Australia Paraninfo Canada Calle Magallanes, 25 Nelson 28015 Madrid, Spain 1120 Birchmount Road Toronto, Ontario M1K 5G4 Canada For your course and learning solutions, visit academic. cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves right to remove additional at time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. BRIEF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Political Science and Scientific Methods in Studying Politics 12 3 Key Concepts in Political Science 42 4 Political Theory: Examining the Ethical Foundations of Politics 74 5 Political Ideologies I: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism 95 6 Political Ideologies II: Fascism 124 7 Political Ideologies III: Feminism, Environmentalism, and Postmodernism 140 8 Comparative Politics I: Governmental Systems: Democracy and Nondemocracy 162 9 Comparative Politics II: Interest Groups, Political Parties, and Elections 191 10 Comparative Politics III: Governing Democracies: Executives, Legislatures, and Judiciaries 228 11 International Relations I: Introduction 248 12 International Relations II: Contemporary Issues 271 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves right to remove additional at time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ✯ CONTENTS Preface ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN STUDYING POLITICS 12 The Range of Political Science: Historical Developments 14 Thinking Scientifically: Some Foundations of Scientific Inquiry 18 Thinking Scientifically About Politics 22 Case Studies 22 Survey Research 25 Experiments and Quasi-Experiments 29 Quantitative Analysis 30 Science: Limitations 31 How Can We Have a Science of Human Behavior When Human Behavior Is Often Unique? 32 How Do We Know Our Findings Are Correct? 32 Does the Pursuit of Science Lead Us to Ignore Important Questions? 33 Does Science Contradict Its Own Logic? 33 Can Science Avoid Coming into Conflict with Ethics? 35 Summing Up 40 Study Questions 40 Go Beyond Class: Resources for Debate and Action 41 3 KEY CONCEPTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE 42 Power 43 Types of Power 45 Debates in the Study of Power 58 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves right to remove additional at time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. iv Contents v States 58 States: State Formation, Development, and Change 60 Debates in the Study of States 61 Nations 68 States and Nations: Relations and Interactions 68 Debates in the Study of Nations 71 Summing Up 71 Study Questions 72 Go Beyond Class: Resources for Debate and Action 73 4 POLITICAL THEORY 74 Analyzing Political Theory: Plato’s Allegory of the Cave 75 Some Fundamental Ethical Questions in Politics 78 What Purpose Should the State Serve? 78 Should States Promote Equality? 80 Should States Be Organized to Maximize Their Own Power or Organized to Restrain This Power? 86 Should States Try to Help Us Be Ethical? 88 Summing Up 93 Study Questions 93 Go Beyond Class: Resources for Debate and Action 94 5 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES I 95 Liberalism 96 Classical Liberalism 96 Modern Liberalism 101 Classical and Modern Liberalism Today 104 Conservatism 105 Traditional Conservatism 105 Traditional Conservatism Today 108 Traditional Conservatism and Classical Liberal Conservatism in Conflict 109 Socialism 112 Marxism 114 Marxism–Leninism 118 Social Democracy 120 Summing Up 122 Study Questions 122 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves right to remove additional at time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Go Beyond Class: Resources for Debate and Action 123 vi Contents 6 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES II 124 The Fascism of Mussolini and Hitler 125 Neofascism 136 Summing Up 139 Study Questions 139 Go Beyond Class: Resources for Debate and Action 139 7 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES III 140 Feminism 141 Liberal Feminism 147 Radical Challenges to Liberal Feminism 148 Environmentalism 152 Basic Principles 153 Diversity within Environmentalist Ideology 158 A Note on Postmodernism 159 Summing Up 160 Study Questions 161 Go Beyond Class: Resources for Debate and Action 161 8 COMPARATIVE POLITICS I 162 Democracy as a Fluid and Varied Governing Process 163 Democracies Compared 168 Participation: The United States and Switzerland 168 Pluralism: The United States and Germany 171 Developmentalism: The United States and Argentina 173 Protection: The United States and Great Britain 176 Performance: The United States and India 179 Nondemocracy: A Fluid and Varied Governing Process 181 Questions About