Names Marked with an Asterisk (*) Are Pseudonyms

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84382-9 — Deceptive Majority Joel Lee Index More Information

Index

Names marked with an asterisk (*) are pseudonyms. Ab-e Hayat, 71 Arya Samaj, 10–12, 45–46, 50, 78–80, Abhyuday, 103 99–100, 104, 108, 119, 123, 153, Abstinence Department (Madh 156–58, 160, 167, 169, 172, 189, Nishedh Vibhag), 168–69, 177 198–99, 206, 237, 292, 294, 301 Achhutanand, Swami, 33–34, 97 competition with Christian achhutodhhār (untouchable uplift), 10 missionaries, 85–86 Adcock, C. S., 49, 88, 128, 132 shuddhi or “purification” Ad Dharm, 24, 33–34, 134–35, 150 campaigns, 82–99, 114, Adi-Dravida, 24 118–20, 131–33 Adi Hindu Mahasabha, 97 Aurangzeb, Emperor, 284–85 Adi Hindu, 33 Awadh, 21–25, 55, 163–66, 275 Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 46, 72, 118 Azad, Muhammad Husain, 71 Ahmadiyya, 45 Al Biruni, 19 Baba, Khak Shah, 167–68, 303 All-India Shuddhi Sabha, 89 Babri Masjid dispute, 25 al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din Muhammad, Bacon, Francis, 218 268 Bahadur, Tegh, 284 Ambedkar, Bhimrao, 14–17, 20, Baleshahi, 160 24, 33–34, 38, 67, 77–78, 98, Bal Mik/Balmik (of Lal Begi oral 100, 124–31, 135–36, 147–51, tradition), 57–60, 109–10, 156–57, 161, 165, 291, 305 112–16, 173, 186–87, 303 Ambedkar Jayanti, 234–36 Balmiki, Achhe Lal, 178, 182, Amritsar Congress session of 1919, 84 197–202, 205–06, 246 Anand, Mulk Raj, 11, 147–48 Balmiki, Kanhaiya Lal, 165–73, Untouchable, 147–48 178–79, 187, 205, 207, 239, 279, Andrews, C. F., 84, 106 285, 289 Appadurai, Arjun, 10, 91 *Balmiki, Munnu, 179, 246–47, Article 17 of the Constitution, 205 279–83, 297–98 Arunthatiyar, 20, 122 Balmiki, Narain Din, 174–75, 177, Arya Patrika, 85 205, 207

Index 328

*Balmiki, Tara, 23, 247–48 census of India, 3–9, 25–26, 42–43, Baniya, 122, 231 50, 69–70, 110–11, 125, 135–36, Bansphor (Basor), 18, 20 222, 304 Bara Banki, 166, 178, 181, 187–88, chai vendors, 206, 208, 289, 296 208, 258, 262, 273–74 Chamar, 5–6, 20, 24, 86, 98, 122, barbers, 104, 205–06, 208, 262, 296 147, 295 bartan samiti, 199 Chandal (chānḍāla), 21, 73, 100, Benares (Varanasi), 6, 20, 32, 35, 111–15, 139 44–45, 54, 61, 65, 70, 117, 131, *Chaudhury, Amin, 200–02 133 Cherian, Divya, 73–74 bhagaunās, 195–203 Christianity, 46, 49, 53, 56, 78, 86, 96, Bhaktamāl, 112 150, 157, 216, 218, 220, 224 bhakti tradition, 80, 144 Christopher, K. W., 148 Bhangi, 17, 104, 121–24, 137–42, Chuhra Christians, 46–47 160, 173 Chuhra, 18–20, 34, 57, 216, 244, 284 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 170, clans (qabīle), 21 229–31, 293–94, 296–97 mass conversions, 45–47, 49, 52 bifurcation paradigm, 41, 52, 73, 195 oral traditions, 21, 64 Birla, Ghanshyamdas, 12, 131–34, Punjabi, 21, 42–46, 48, 109n4 151, 161, 169–70, 174, 294 treatment of, 68–72 brahmin, 6, 25–26, 36–37, 59, 83, 96, Clark, Lynne, 268 102–03, 110–12, 145–46, 242, Clean People and an Unclean 245, 297, 304 Country, 159 broom (jhāṛū), 31, 57, 213, 232 cohabitation controversy, 179–86 “broom-people” (jhāṛū-wāle), Communal Award, 125–27, 129–31 236, 239–40, 296 concealment, 220–22, 255, 269–70, Butalia, Urvashi, 32–33, 35, 68 272, 274, 278, 281–83 Congress Balmikis, 172, 207–08, 250 carrion, 45, 155–56 Conrad, Dieter, 162 caste, 3–9, 13–16, 27–28, 56 Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Ambedkar’s formulation of, Order of 1950, 11, 77, 161–62, 194 14–15 “Cult of Lal Beg,” 40, 55 and communalism, 9, 185–86, 206–08 Da’i-i Islam (The Missionary of nomenclature/titles, 16–18, 140 Islam), 115 slavery, 74 Dalit politics and religion, 23–25, 27, sociability, 195–96 30 127, 215–16, 233, 235, 288, Catholicism, 51, 218–21 296, 298, 305

329 Index

Dalit, 10–12, 16–17, 78, 86 dharma, 102–103, 143 caste clusters, 19–20 dharmparivartan, 9 religious categorization of, 35–39 dharmaśāstra tradition, 73–74, 100, conversion, 42–49 139 literature, 28–30 Dhed, 122 neighborhood or bastī, 3–4, 15, 19, diksha sanskar, 157–58 23, 25–26, 31, 39, 123, 150, disgust. See ghṛṇā 164, 169, 178, 193, 195, 213, Dikshit, Madan, 15 215, 227–30, 232, 234, 240, disavowability, 279–83, 288, 299 243, 246, 255–57, 259, dīkśā, 103 261–65, 274–76, 279, 282, 287, Dom (Domar), 18–20, 92 289, 291, 294, 297, 299–300 Dumna, 92 Dalmia, Vasudha, 36, 69, 82 Dumont, Louis, 15, 37 Daniel, Valentine, 266 Das, Bhagwan, 58, 165 endogamy, 15, 18, 165 Datta, Satyendranath, 144 deception, 281–83. See also Farhang-e Asafiya, 58 concealment, secret/secrecy Favret-Saada, Jeanne, 254 declamatory religion, 216–27, food preparation, controversy over, 247–50, 257, 274, 296, 298 195–203 deg, 195–203, 208 Forster, E. M., 148 Dehlawi, Sayyid Ahmad, 58 Delhi, 20, 24, 44, 54, 61, 94, 97, 99, Gait, E. A., 70 107–09, 115, 120, 123, 138, 140, Gandhi, Mohandas, 11, 35, 77, 98, 142, 150, 158–59, 166, 168, 231, 120–24, 130, 171–72, 177, 208, 253–54, 284–85, 288, 292, 294, 245, 280 301, 303, 305 Ad Dharm, 134–35 Delhi Rowlatt Satyagraha, 84 approach to untouchable uplift, Depressed Classes, 33, 79, 84, 91, 148–58 95, 99–100, 105–06, 108, 114, carrion-eating, 155–56 122–32, 134, 136, 140, 142, 145, characterization of Arya Samajists, 149–58, 160–62, 285 132 Depressed Classes Resolution, 1917, “Harijan tour” of 1933–34, 135 125, 128 mode of engagement with Desai, Morarji, 175 Depressed Class, 142 Devi, Mahasweta, 36 mode of majoritarian inclusion, 80 Dewa Sharif, 21–22, 163, 280 nature of Harijan-ness, 137, 150–51 Dhanuk, 18–21, 40, 230 representational practices, 134–44

Index 330

temple entry, 130–31 Hind Sweepers’ Sevak Samaj (HSSS), views on secrecy and publicity, 174 222–23 Hinduism, 3–4, 6, 10–11, 20, 23–24, Gandhi, Rahul, 245 36, 39, 42, 48, 51 Gandhian nationalism, 79 Hinduism: A Cultural Perspective Gazetteer of Poona, 50 (David Kinsley), 36 Gazetteer of the Gurdaspur District, 48 Hinduization, 12–13, 50, 78, 117, gesture, 9, 13, 31, 213–16, 218–19, 151–58, 165, 179, 187, 190, 232–33, 239, 249, 263–68, 278, 279–80, 292, 303 283, 293, 299 Hindu Mahasabha, 79, 156 ghar wapsi or “homecoming” events, Hindu majoritarianism, 3–4, 9–11, 164, 215 24, 90–93, 99–100, 103–04, 114, Ghazni, 58–61, 110 132–34, 152–58, 240, 274 ghṛṇā (disgust), 80–82, 102, 104–06, Hindu nationalism. See Hindu 113–15, 295 majoritarianism Gordon, Andrew, 216–18, 250 Hindu Sangathan: Saviour of the Gottschalk, Peter, 40 Dying Race, 90–91 Greeven, Richard, 51n4, 57, 60–61, Home Rule, 96 62n5, 65, 70 Husain, Zakir, 174 Griswold, Hervey DeWitt, 52 Husen, Sayyid Altaf, 51n4, 57, 60–61, Gupta, Chandra Bhanu, 169, 205 65, 70

Hacking, Ian, 12 icon. See sign hadith, 267 Ibbetson, Denzil, 57, 116 Halalkhors, 17–18, 20, 45, 50, 71, 73, identity politics, 25–30. See also 94, 140, 176 pahchān Halalkhor (book), 94, 115–20 Ilaiah, Kancha, 34 hard Hinduization, 156, 158, 160 Imam al-Din, Mirza, 118–19 Harijan (weekly), 35, 140–41, 143, index. See sign 152–53 Indian Councils Act of 1909, 90 Harijan politics, 23–24, 165, 172, Indian National Congress, 24, 96, 100, 207, 235, 250 124–25, 134, 189, 199, 208, 244 Harijan Sevak Sangh, 11, 78, intimate untouchability, 180 100–01, 123, 127, 131–32, An Introduction to Hinduism (Gavin 134, 149–58 161–62, 171–72, Flood), 36 177, 291–93 Islam, 42, 49, 51, 78, 115, 150 Heer Ranjha, 57 izzat (honor, shame), 185–86 Hela, 18, 20, 176 Jaffrelot, Christophe, 152 Hela-Halalkhor, 176 jāgarans, 23

331 Index

jaisā rājā vaisī prajā, 53–54 Lal Begi–Balmiki muqadma, 200–02, Jamadar/jamādār, 17–18, 231–32, 215 239–40, 296 Lal Begi, 8–10, 12, 16–17, 21, 26, Jamghaṭ, 190–91, 214–15, 256–59, 40–41, 48, 50, 52, 55–68, 77, 261, 263–66, 277–79, 282–84, 150, 194, 202, 205–06, 208, 254, 289–90, 294, 298–301, 306 285, 301 Jaoul, Nicolas, 165 oral traditions, 56, 82, 109–10, Jatav, 24 156, 284, 286, 301 jhāṅkī, 227–40, 250, 296–97 path of salvation, 65 jhāṛū. See broom religious practices, 163–64, 263–67 Jhaumpra, Khwaja, 59, 63, 66–67, The Legends of the Panjab, 51 288 liquor, 155–56, 169, 171, 178–79, Joshi, Dr. Rita Bahuguna, 244–45 196, 200, 208, 214, 216, 246, 257 jāti, 14, 27–28, 101–03, 122 Lucknow, 20, 31, 40, 79, 123, 163, Jullundur committee of the Indian 165, 194 National Congress, 84 bastīs of, 15, 19, 193, 195, 215, 257, 265, 279, 287, 294 kāryakrams, 228, 240–50, 296–97 cantonment, 21, 165–70, 177, 227 Kaul, Pandit Harikrishan, 42 Chowk, 206, 227–29, 232–33, 235, Kaur, Ravinder, 34 246, 248, 250–51, 263, 296 Kaviraj, Sudipta, 90 Daliganj, 231–32, 296 Keane, Webb, 218 Hazratganj, 234 Khalji, Sultan Alauddin, 31, 176 Lal Bagh, 228, 241, 243, 248–51, Khatik, 237 296 Khizr, Khwaja, 62–63, 66 Parivartan Chowk, 227–29, King George’s Medical College 232–33, 235, 246, 248, (KGMC), 170n3, 177, 227, 229, 250–51, 296 262, 264, 294–96, 299 Rakabganj, 183–84 Kipling, Rudyard, 57 sanitation labor castes of, 20, *Kumar, Rishi, 191–92, 262, 284–87, 163–66 290, 294 Valmiki movement in, 165–208

*Lal, Bhairav, 289–90 MacDonald, Ramsay, 84, 126 *Lal, Gauhar, 53–55, 194 Madiga, 20, 122 Lal, Rai Bahadur Hira, 69 Mahar, 20, 24, 98, 147 Lal Beg, 55–68, 186–91, 223, 253–54 majoritarian inclusion, 11–12, 15, rites of, 189–91, 258–63, 266 78–80, 82, 99, 103–04, 114, 149, shrines, 60–61, 71, 117, 163, 188, 158–62, 165, 170, 215, 237, 254, 256–58, 263, 287, 299–300 273, 284–85, 293, 295, 301

Index 332

majoritarianism, 3–4, 9–11, 24, 91, Namashudra, 24, 98, 122, 147 240, 274, 290, 295, 298 Nasir, Shah, 71, 287 Mala, 20, 122 Nehru, Rameshwari, 151, 154, 157, 161 Malaviya, Pandit Madan Mohan, 84, Nizami, Khwaja Hasan, 79, 94 127, 131 Halalkhor, 115–20 Malkana controversy, 93–94 Malkani, K. R., 159 Od, 89, 92 Malkani, N. R., 151, 158–61 oral traditions, 56, 81–82, 109–10, Mall, Chaina, 45 117, 156, 284, 286, 301 Mallah, 237 otherness, 72–74 Mang, 20 manual scavenging, 48, 100, 117, 138, pahchān, 25–30, 33, 46, 54, 94, 165, 151n10, 159, 245, 253, 301 186, 200, 202, 215, 235, 239, 281, marginal Hinduism, 72 295, 302 Mass Movement Christians, 47 paighambar, 10 Masud, Sayyid Salar, 57 Paik, Shailaja, 204 Mazhabi, 18, 20, 44, 46, 48, 254 Paine, Thomas, 38 meat, 22, 81, 156, 164, 179, 208, panchayat or caste council, 21 263, 266 Panch Sau Tirasi (583), 8, 21–23, 53, meat controversy, 195–203 163, 165–66, 192, 200 Megh, 89, 92, 216 Pandey, Gyanendra, 34 Mehtarani, Jumma, 22 Panjab Notes and Queries, 57, 116 Mehtar, 15–17, 108, 112, 140, 173 Pant, Govind Ballabh, 169–170, 280 Modi, Narendra, 293 Paraiyar/Pariar, 20, 98, 122, 147 Mohan, Sanal, 30 paternalism, 124 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of Patitoddhār (Upliftment of the 1918-19, 90 Fallen), 100–08, 112, 114–15, Moplah Rebellion of 1921, 93 119, 176 Mukherji, Colonel U. N., 90 Patit Prabhākar (The Fallen Light- multiaccentuality (also see sign) Giver), 100 16–17, 240 patriarchy, 15, 181 musalmānā names and traditions, Peirce, Charles Sanders, 16 53–54, 71, 163–64, 178, 186, 192, Phule, Jotirao, 38 194, 201, 203–04, 208, 254, 277, *Phulmati, 188, 260, 277 282, 287 Poona Pact, 124–34, 147, 162 Muslim dafālī community, 263, 300 Prasad, Govind, 177, 199–200, 205, Muslims, 10–11, 24–25, 32, 34, 40, 208–09, 280, 283 50n3, 54, 61–63, 65–68, 73, 96, Prasad, Lalta, 170–71, 178, 187, 195, 99–100, 169 199–200, 204

333 Index

Prashad, Vijay, 122, 165, 253 as “ritual-political assertion,” Protestants, 51, 56, 83, 85, 87, 198, 48–50 209, 217–22, 224–226, 233, to Buddhism, 6, 33 250, 257, 264, 266–67, 270–72, to Christianity, 33, 46–48 275–76, 296 to Hinduism (see shuddhi) Pundri, 58–59 to Islam, 33, 45 Punjab, 20, 23, 42–48, 52, 54–55, to Sikhism, 44–45 64–65, 68, 70, 72, 83–86, 89, Rose, Horace Arthur, 42 91–92, 95, 97–98 Roy, Dr. Bidhan Chandra, 151 Punjab Report of the Census of 1911, Russell, H. V., 69 42–43 Purusha Sukta of Rig Veda, 14 sacrifice, 189–91, 266 Sadhu Yodharam (or Yodhnath), 107 qaum, 10, 57, 65–66, 72–73, 77, 96, sahdharmī, 102–04 117, 122, 165, 302 sangathan, 131, 135 qawwāl (musician), 23, 242–243, sanitation labor castes, 3, 7, 10, 12, 263 15–24, 138, 140–41, 160, 293 accessing education, 192–95, 204 Rahtia, 86–89, 92, 95, 107 as pivotal to Gandhian framing of Rai, Lala Lajpat, 83, 88, 103, 131 untouchability 121–23 Raidas (Ravidas), 19, 144–48 tolerance of intercaste Rajah, M. C., 154 cohabitation, 15, 180–81 Rajput, 122 collective designations, 15, 17–18 rakṣāmaṇḍal, 182–83, 185–86 conversion among, 42–50 *Ram, Daulat, 256–57, 277–78, tradition of religious autonomy, 283, 299 10, 31–35, 40, 55–68, 73–74, Ram, Lala Munshi. See 117, 255–63, 279–80, Shraddhanand, Swami 299–300, 303–05 Ram, Mangoo, 33, 98 participation in majoritarian Ram, Pandit Lekh, 85 violence, 24–25, 301 Rangreta, 44 naming practices, 191–95, 204 Rao, Shiva, 207 shaharwāle and kanṭwāle, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 165–66, 169–70, 176–78, 159, 164, 215, 273–74 180, 187, 200, 207, 227, 279 Rawat, Ramnarayan, 19 Sanskritization, 165 religious alterity, 10, 33–35, 38, sanātan dharmī or sanātanist, 83, 92 73–74, 110, 298 Saraswati, Swami Dayanand, 83 religious conversion, 42–50, 85, Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi 133–34 Sabha, 84

Index 334

Satnami , 70 of Nizamuddin Auliya, 94 Satnami Mahasabha, 97 of Dewa Sharif, 21 Satyashodhak Samaj, 97 shuddhi, 45, 82–94, 98, 118–20, 124, Scheduled Castes, 5, 17, 20, 26, 35, 129, 132, 157, 164, 215 141, 162, 193 procedure, 84–85, 88 Scheduled Castes Order of 1950, 11, of Rahtias, 87–88 77, 161–62, 194 Shudra, 13, 96, 102, 107, 111, 122, Scott, James, 13 236–38, 245 secret/secrecy, 10, 44, 47, 57, 85, 180, sign 217, 220–25, 250, 254–55, 257, icon, 214, 218–21, 226, 229, 231, 267–75, 278, 289, 299 238–39, 265–66, 287, 295, Sekra, 45 299, 302 semiotic ideology, 198, 218–24, 226, index, 29, 38, 62–63, 88, 122, 233, 249, 257, 266–68, 270, 275, 140, 152, 168, 195, 222, 243, 296, 299, 302 264–65, 277, 295, 304 Shah, Bullhe, 27 multiaccentual, 16–17, 240 Shah, Waris, 57 symbol, 219, 229, 259, 265–66, 302 Shahi, 59, 62, 62n6, 63, 65. See also Sikh Chuhras, 43 Lal Begi Sikhism, 42–44, 49, 51 Sharma, Amichand, 101, 107–11, Sikhs, 35, 40, 44–46, 51, 55, 65, 86–87, 119–20, 160, 167, 173, 187 94,109, 118, 125–26, 129, 135, 302 Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 174 Simmel, Georg, 224, 255, 269, Shi’ism, 53, 223, 226, 267–72, 277–78 274–275, 285 *Singh, Gulab 303–05 in Awadh, 275 Singh, Guru Gobind, 284 Shraddhanand, Swami, 79, 83–84, soft Hinduization, 156, 158 86–90, 92–99, 107, 115, 120, Spivak, Gayatri, 36 124–25, 131, 135, 149, 156, 158, Śrī Bālmīki Prakāś, 107–15, 167–68, 160, 172, 293 173, 244 shrines Srinivas, M. N., 165 concealment of, 255, 280–82 strikes, 48n2, 108, 119, 173–74, 289 destruction of, 47, 188-189, 294–95 Bombay sanitation workers’, 139 Lal Beg, 47, 60–62, 71, 117, 163, Calcutta sweepers’, 176 188–89, 256–58, 263, 287, Gandhi’s opposition to, 139–40, 299–300 176, 293 Lal Mahadev, 287–88 Strickler, Herbert, 44 misrecognition of, 71, 284, Sufi pirs, 31 287–90 syncretism, 50–55

335 Index

tabligh, 82, 94–95, 115, 118–19 Uttar Pradesh, 3, 24, 194, 201n7, Tagore, Rabindranath, 11, 35, 144, 207, 227, 230n2, 234–36, 238, 146–47 244–45, 256, 292, 305 bhakti cycle, 145 Uttar Pradesh Balmiki Seva Samaj, 241 Talbot, Cynthia, 36 Taneja, Anand Vivek, 288 Valmiki, Omprakash, 28 taqiyya, 53, 223, 267–75, 286–87 Valmiki/Balmiki (caste title), 7–8, Tarde, Gabriel, 53 16–17, 21, 24, 30, 60, 112, 301 Taylor, Charles, 248 Valmiki Jayanti, 13, 215–16, 227, 282 Temple, Richard, 51, 57, 65 jhāṅkī, 227–40, 250, 296–97 temple desecration, 295 kāryakrams, 228, 240–50, Thakkar, Amritlal, 151, 154 296–97 Thapar, Romila, 41 Valmiki (Rishi), 11–12, 60, 109, 123, traditional occupations, 19 165, 168, 214, 238, 243, 245 Tārikh al-Hind, 19 Valmiki Sabhas, 98 tyauhārs (holidays, festivals), 214 Valmikism (Vālmīkiyat), 177–79, 203–04, 207–08 Uka story, 121–22, 147, 161 Vankar, 122 ummat, 10, 55–68, 72–73, 302 varṇa, 13–14, 36, 122, 245, 304 untouchability, 4, 12, 49, 66, 81, 86, violence of untouchability, 3, 13, 95–96, 98–102, 104–05, 107, 24–25, 34, 87, 92–93, 135, 147, 112, 121–25, 127–29, 131–32, 220, 231, 234–35, 236n3, 238 135, 143, 147–49, 152, 158, Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 164, 161, 171–72, 174, 177, 180, 215 198, 204–07, 237, 273–74, Viswanath, Rupa, 49 278, 296 Vološinov, Valentin, 16 myth of Muslim invention of, 99–100, 158–60 Washington, Booker T., 106 collective responsibility for, 128 Weitbrecht, H. U., 45 curtailment of in Lucknow, 205–06 Yelle, Robert, 218 Untouchable (Mulk Raj Anand), 35 Young India, 127, 132, 147, 222 untouchables, representations of, Youngson, John, 62–64 35–39 “untouchable uplift” programs, 79, zāt, 28 151–58 Zelliot, Eleanor, 122, 130, 152