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Chemistry 11 – Unit 01 Notes

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Chemistry 11 – Unit 01 Notes Chemistry 11, Unit 01 1 Lesson 01: The Scientific Method 01 Introduction The scientific method is a process of inquiry which attempts to explain the natural phenomena in a manner which is… logical consistent systematic The ultimate goal of the scientific method is to arrive at an explanation that is… well-tested well-documented well-supported by evidence For the scientific method to be termed scientific, the method of inquiry must be based on evidence that is… empirical: knowledge acquired by observation or experimentation measurable: knowledge acquired by measurement Chemistry 11, Unit 01 2 02 Terminology Three terms often used to describe the scientific method are often confused… hypothesis law theory Hypothesis This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proven. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation. Law This is a statement of fact meant to explain, in concise terms, an action or set of actions. It is generally accepted to be true and universal, and can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. Some scientific laws include… the law of gravity the law of thermodynamics Hook’s law of elasticity Chemistry 11, Unit 01 3 Theory A theory is more like a scientific law than a hypothesis. A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis. In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. Both are used to make predictions of events. Both are used to advance technology. The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic… a law governs a single action, whereas a theory explains a whole series of related phenomena Some scientific theories include… the theory of evolution the theory of relativity the quantum theory Chemistry 11, Unit 01 4 03 Process There are roughly six steps to the scientific method… making observations identify a problem proposing a hypothesis designing an experiment to test the hypothesis acquiring and analysis of data accepting or rejecting the hypothesis Scientific Method Summary Chemistry 11, Unit 01 5 04 Making Observations You may think the hypothesis is the start of the scientific method, but you will have made some observations first, even if they were informal. 05 Identify a Problem What you observe leads you to ask a question or identify a problem. What is the problem? What is the question that needs to be answered? Chemistry 11, Unit 01 6 07 Proposing a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the behaviour of observed phenomena. 08 Designing an Experiment to Test the Hypothesis To prove whether or not a hypothesis is valid requires… testing or experimentation When you design an experiment, you are essentially doing two things… controlling variables measuring variables Chemistry 11, Unit 01 7 The three types of variables are... controlled variables: these are parts of the experiment that you try to keep constant throughout an experiment so that they won't interfere with your test independent variable: this is the variable you manipulate dependent variable: this is the variable you measure (it depends on the independent variable) 09 Acquiring and Analysis of Data As far as the results of ain experiment are concerned, you will need to… record data present the data in the form of a chart or graph, if applicable analyse the data Chemistry 11, Unit 01 8 10 Accepting or Rejecting the Hypothesis At this stage two outcomes are possible... accept the hypothesis reject the hypothesis If the hypothesis is accepted, communicate your conclusion(s) and explain it. If the hypothesis is rejected, then you need to either adjust the original hypothesis or come up with a completely new one and start the process again. Chemistry 11, Unit 01 9 Lesson 02 01: Scientific Notation Introduction Since numbers can be very large or very small when written, a way had to be devised such that many zeros were not needed. Scientific notation solves this problem… Decimal Notation Scientific Notation 1000000000 1x109 1000000 1x106 1000 1x103 10 1x101 1 1x100 0.1 1x10-1 0.01 1x10-2 0.001 1x10-3 0.0001 1x10-4 Scientific notation is a way of writing numbers using exponents to show how large or small a number is in terms of powers of ten. Scientific notation provides a place to hold the zeroes that come after a number or before a number. The number 100,000,000 for example, takes up a lot of room and takes time to write out, while 108 is much more efficient. The example below shows the equivalent values of decimal notation, fractional notation, and scientific notation. Chemistry 11, Unit 01 10 Fractional, Decimal and Scientific Notation 1 1 1 10 100 100 10 1 1 1 Fractional 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Decimal 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 Scientific Displaying Numbers in Scientific Notation Numbers displayed in scientific notation must be displayed in a particular format. They must always start with one digit, followed by a decimal, followed by any number of digits desired (depending on significant figures), followed by base ten power indicating the number of zeros present, either to the left or right of the decimal point. Converting Decimal to Scientific Notation 0.0000012345 = 1.2345x10-6 Chemistry 11, Unit 01 11 Adding and Subtracting Numbers in Scientific Notation Though calculators can do this for us, it is always important to see the math process behind the operation. The fundamental rule when adding and subtracting numbers in scientific notation (exponential notation) is... to be sure that the powers of ten for each number being added (or subtracted) is the same Adding Numbers in Scientific Notation 4.55x1023 +3.77x10 0.455x1033 +3.77x10 0.455+3.77 x103 4.225x103 Subtracting Numbers in Scientific Notation 7.65x1043 -4.32x10 7.65x1044 -0.432x10 7.65-0.432 x104 7.218x104 Chemistry 11, Unit 01 12 Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation Though calculators can do this for us, it is always important to see the math process behind the operation. The process of multiplying and dividing numbers written in scientific notation involves focusing on the exponents themselves. In the process of multiplication... the exponents are added while in the process of division the exponents are subtracted. Multiplying Numbers in Scientific Notation 3.0x1045 x6.0x10 3.0x6.0 1045 x10 18 109 18x109 1.8x1010 Dividing Numbers in Scientific Notation 8.0x1063 / 2.0x10 8.0/2.0 1063 /10 4.0x106-3 4.0x103 Chemistry 11, Unit 01 13 Practice with Scientific Notation Write out the decimal equivalent for the following numbers that are in scientific notation. Also, write out the scientific notation equivalent for the following numbers that are in decimal form. Remember to be careful with the number of significant figures you place in your final answers! Convert to Decimal Notation Convert to Scientific Notation 7 100000000 10 -2 0.1 10 -5 0.0001 10 0 10 1 2 400 3x10 4 60000 7x10 3 750000 2.4x10 -3 0.005 6x10 -2 0.0034 900x10 -6 0.06457 4x10 Chemistry 11, Unit 01 14 More Practice with Scientific Notation Simplify the following and leave your answers in scientific notation. Multiplication and Division 1x1031 3x10 3x1043 2x10 5x10-5 11x10 4 2x10-4 4x10 3 8x106 4x103 3.6x108 1.2x104 4x103 8x105 9x1021 3x1019 Chemistry 11, Unit 01 15 Addition and Subtraction 4x1032 + 3x10 9x1024 + 1x10 8x1067 + 3.2x10 1.32x10-3 + 3.44x10 -4 3x10-6 - 5x10 -7 9x1012 - 8.1x10 9 2.2x10-4 - 3x10 2 Chemistry 11, Unit 01 16 Lesson 03: Measurement, Accuracy, Precision, Uncertainty and Significant Figures 01 Measurements Science is based primarily on two things… experimentation observations Observations are in turn based on the taking of measurements… Chemistry 11, Unit 01 17 Finally, all measurements involve the following three components… magnitude (size) units (standard physical quantity) uncertainty (degree of possible variation) 94.5 g 0.1 g magnitude and units uncertainty and units There are many kinds of measurements but the most common measurements in chemistry involve… mass time volume Chemistry 11, Unit 01 18 When taking measurements two things must be considered... accuracy is how close a measurement is to the correct value for that measurement and is dependent upon the person doing the measuring. precision of a measurement system refers to how close the agreement is between repeated measurements and is dependent upon the device being used to do the measuring. A precise measuring tool is one that can measure values in very small increments. Chemistry 11, Unit 01 19 Example 01 A calibration weight has a mass of exactly 1.000000 g. A student uses 4 different balances to check the mass of the weight. The results of the weighings are shown below. Mass using balance Mass using balance A = 0.999999 g C = 3.0 g Mass using balance Mass using balance B = 1.00 g D = 0.811592 g Which of the balances give accurate weighings? Which of the balances give precise weighings? Which of the balances is both accurate and precise? Chemistry 11, Unit 01 20 02 Expressing Measurements as Numerical Values When we expressing measurements as numerical values, we can only list as many digits as was initially measured using our measuring device.
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