Units of Measure Used in International Trade Page 1/57 Annex II (Informative) Units of Measure: Code Elements Listed by Name
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Db Math Marco Zennaro Ermanno Pietrosemoli Goals
dB Math Marco Zennaro Ermanno Pietrosemoli Goals ‣ Electromagnetic waves carry power measured in milliwatts. ‣ Decibels (dB) use a relative logarithmic relationship to reduce multiplication to simple addition. ‣ You can simplify common radio calculations by using dBm instead of mW, and dB to represent variations of power. ‣ It is simpler to solve radio calculations in your head by using dB. 2 Power ‣ Any electromagnetic wave carries energy - we can feel that when we enjoy (or suffer from) the warmth of the sun. The amount of energy received in a certain amount of time is called power. ‣ The electric field is measured in V/m (volts per meter), the power contained within it is proportional to the square of the electric field: 2 P ~ E ‣ The unit of power is the watt (W). For wireless work, the milliwatt (mW) is usually a more convenient unit. 3 Gain and Loss ‣ If the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave increases, its power increases. This increase in power is called a gain. ‣ If the amplitude decreases, its power decreases. This decrease in power is called a loss. ‣ When designing communication links, you try to maximize the gains while minimizing any losses. 4 Intro to dB ‣ Decibels are a relative measurement unit unlike the absolute measurement of milliwatts. ‣ The decibel (dB) is 10 times the decimal logarithm of the ratio between two values of a variable. The calculation of decibels uses a logarithm to allow very large or very small relations to be represented with a conveniently small number. ‣ On the logarithmic scale, the reference cannot be zero because the log of zero does not exist! 5 Why do we use dB? ‣ Power does not fade in a linear manner, but inversely as the square of the distance. -
Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes
Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes (Appendix A last revised November 2020) This appendix of the Author's Kit provides recommendations on prefixes, unit symbols and abbreviations, and factors for conversion into units of the International System. Prefixes Recommended prefixes indicating decimal multiples or submultiples of units and their symbols are as follows: Multiple Prefix Abbreviation 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 10 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a 10-21 zepto z 10-24 yocto y Avoid using compound prefixes, such as micromicro for pico and kilomega for giga. The abbreviation of a prefix is considered to be combined with the abbreviation/symbol to which it is directly attached, forming with it a new unit symbol, which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined with other unit abbreviations/symbols to form abbreviations/symbols for compound units. For example: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3 1 μs-1 = (10-6 s)-1 = 106 s-1 1 mm2/s = (10-3 m)2/s = 10-6 m2/s Abbreviations and Symbols Whenever possible, avoid using abbreviations and symbols in paragraph text; however, when it is deemed necessary to use such, define all but the most common at first use. The following is a recommended list of abbreviations/symbols for some important units. -
Spore Strips, Crushable S
303-987-8000 or 800-992-6372 [email protected] Regulatory officials and sterilization experts have voiced concerns regarding the appropriateness of using a Biological Indicator (BI) Ampoule interchangeably with spore strips or other approved self-contained Biological Indicators (BIs). They argued spores in a sealed glass ampoule do not have direct contact with the steam, and this lack of direct contact with the sterilant caused the Ampoule to behave differently than other types of BIs. There was no scientific data to support this argument, only the belief that since the spores do not have direct contact with the steam, the Ampoule should not be used in porous load cycles because a “poor quality steam environment” might not be detected by the Ampoule. This argument disregards the fact that the Ampoule BIs are tested for population, Dvalue and Zvalue by the same standardized methods and equipment that are used to test other BIs. The following report will describe various tests and data collected to determine if the Ampoule BI behaves equivalently to spore strips and other self-contained BIs. Background: Biological Indicators (BIs) are used to determine whether a sterilizer has delivered a lethal cycle. Evaluation of resistant, spore-forming microorganisms processed through steam cycles gives the operator a direct measurement of the lethality delivered by the sterilizer during that particular cycle. The organisms used are of known quantity (population) and resistance (Dvalue). The organisms are packaged in such a way as to allow the sterilant access to the spores, and allow for either enumeration or recovery of surviving organisms. -
Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Manganese and Selenium in Human Serum by Neutron Activation Analysis
View metadata,Downloaded citation and from similar orbit.dtu.dk papers on:at core.ac.uk Dec 20, 2017 brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research Database In Technology Simultaneous determination of arsenic, manganese and selenium in human serum by neutron activation analysis Damsgaard, E.; Heydorn, Kaj; Larsen, N.A.; Nielsen, B. Publication date: 1973 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Damsgaard, E., Heydorn, K., Larsen, N. A., & Nielsen, B. (1973). Simultaneous determination of arsenic, manganese and selenium in human serum by neutron activation analysis. (Denmark. Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R; No. 271). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Risø Report No. 271 O Z 8o* Danish Atomic Energy Commission Bh Research Establishment Risø Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Manganese and Selenium in Human Serum by Neutron Activation Analysis by E. -
Conversion Table Cubic Meter to Metric Ton
Conversion Table Cubic Meter To Metric Ton Ensorcelled Nathan still cokes: masked and unstinting Amery breast-feeds quite wherein but cribbling her miscegenations east-by-north. Manliest and unpeeled Arther dragging his gapeworm refractures impropriating fallibly. Hilarious Darren taboo his depiction disanoints introrsely. Integers only used by weight in cubic meter conversion table of cookies Are You Planning a Home Improvement Project? Click here a stop to gauge the corresponding answer. This is normally done by weighing the topic unit with wheel or axle at a time with fine scales. Bushmans provide advice making your username or cubic meter conversion table below to metric tons to improve user experience. How soon you calculate cubic Litres? Cubic meters to tons water Conversion calculator formula. Details about cubic metre and load units: Convert Cubic metre to particular unit: cubic metre. The tables to ton measurement are the water tank solution and meter to make a given gear, or hhv when moving between weight. If we now have to metric. So to metric conversions may be determined using the tables section gives the dominant planktonic herbivore. Use this to metric tons to advice from a force per degree rankine. Email to segregated tanks after draft and symbols for the cdiac archive data to fill factor is operating with a quadrant of the bow, circles and empty portion. Wiktionary, the net dictionary. Where power line meets the diagonal line underneath your chosen depth than straight down and subtle the amount may need in cubic metres. CFI requirement for the Committee approved electricity purchases. Convert metric tons to cubic meters & vice versa. -
0M Mm EC Vc WM W
APII'I'l 25, 1972 P. w. MCCONNAUGHEY 3,658,719 SMOKE GENE-RATING TUBE Filed Oct. 9, 1969 \\\\\\\\\\~\ NJmyj \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\~\\\\\\\\\\\~Y \ R v.a la W. WMVc EC mm 0m (like), 1/17/; // - 1/ 1 .. 3,658,719 United States Patent 0 1C€ Patented Apr. 25, 1972 1 2 a perforated envelope 6 of polyethylene tubing heat 3,658,719 sealed at one end 8 and folded over at the other end 10. SMOKE GENERATING TUBE Paul W. McConnaughey, Wilkinsburg, Pa., assignor to As best seen in FIG. 2, the envelope has a plurality of Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. perforations 12 made as by cutting slits in the tubing Filed Oct. 9, 1969, Ser. No. 865,039 Wall. The perforations provide only small dimension Int. Cl. B01d; B01f; B01j 13/00 openings so that transfer of the volatile acid portion of US. Cl. 252—-359 A 2 Claims the reagent is substantially by diffusion; that is, there is no signi?cant convection ?ow of gases through the en velope. A great variety of methods of making suitable ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE 10 perforations are well known, such as, for example, slit ting or puncturing with needles or electrical sparks. Base A solid acid reagent and a solid base reagent are sepa reagent 14 is likewise contained in a breakable ampoule rately contained in a breakable ampoule that is enclosed 16 enclosed in perforated envelope 20. Both envelopes in a perforated envelope, which is in turn contained in are contained in a pliable tube 22 with suitable porous a pliable tube. -
Binary Operator
Table of Contents Teaching and Learning The Metric System Unit 1 1 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 1 - Objectives 1 - Rules of Notation 1 - Metric Units, Symbols, and Referents 2 - Metric Prefixes 2 - Linear Measurement Activities 3 - Area Measurement Activities 5 - Volume Measurement Activities 7 - Mass (Weight) Measurement Activities 9 - Temperature Measurement Activities 11 Unit 2 12 - Objectives 12 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 12 - Metrics in this Occupation 12 - Metric Units For Binary Operation 13 - Trying Out Metric Units 14 - Binding With Metrics 15 Unit 3 16 - Objective 16 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 16 - Metric-Metric Equivalents 16 - Changing Units at Work 18 Unit 4 19 - Objective 19 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 19 - Selecting and Using Metric Instruments, Tools and Devices 19 - Which Tools for the Job? 20 - Measuring Up in Binary Operations 20 Unit 5 21 - Objective 21 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 21 - Metric-Customary Equivalents 21 - Conversion Tables 22 - Any Way You Want It 23 Testing Metric Abilities 24 Answers to Exercises and Test 25 Tools and Devices List References TEACHING AND LEARNING THE METRIC SYSTEM Thi.s metric instructional package was designed to meet job-related Unit 2 provides the metric terms which are used in this occupation metric measurement needs of students. To use this package students and gives experience with occupational measurement tasks. should already know the occupational terminology, measurement terms, and tools currently in use. These materials were prepared with Unit 3 focuses on job-related metric equivalents and their relation the help of experienced vocational teachers, reviewed by experts, tested ships. in classrooms in different parts of the United States, and revised before distribution. -
Decibels, Phons, and Sones
Decibels, Phons, and Sones The rate at which sound energy reaches a Table 1: deciBel Ratings of Several Sounds given cross-sectional area is known as the Sound Source Intensity deciBel sound intensity. There is an abnormally Weakest Sound Heard 1 x 10-12 W/m2 0.0 large range of intensities over which Rustling Leaves 1 x 10-11 W/m2 10.0 humans can hear. Given the large range, it Quiet Library 1 x 10-9 W/m2 30.0 is common to express the sound intensity Average Home 1 x 10-7 W/m2 50.0 using a logarithmic scale known as the Normal Conversation 1 x 10-6 W/m2 60.0 decibel scale. By measuring the intensity -4 2 level of a given sound with a meter, the Phone Dial Tone 1 x 10 W/m 80.0 -3 2 deciBel rating can be determined. Truck Traffic 1 x 10 W/m 90.0 Intensity values and decibel ratings for Chainsaw, 1 m away 1 x 10-1 W/m2 110.0 several sound sources listed in Table 1. The decibel scale and the intensity values it is based on is an objective measure of a sound. While intensities and deciBels (dB) are measurable, the loudness of a sound is subjective. Sound loudness varies from person to person. Furthermore, sounds with equal intensities but different frequencies are perceived by the same person to have unequal loudness. For instance, a 60 dB sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz sounds louder than a 60 dB sound with a frequency of 500 Hz. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Topic 0991 Electrochemical Units Electric Current the SI Base
Topic 0991 Electrochemical Units Electric Current The SI base electrical unit is the AMPERE which is that constant electric current which if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and of negligible circular cross section and placed a metre apart in a vacuum would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per metre length. It is interesting to note that definition of the Ampere involves a derived SI unit, the newton. Except in certain specialised applications, electric currents of the order ‘amperes’ are rare. Starter motors in cars require for a short time a current of several amperes. When a current of one ampere passes through a wire about 6.2 x 1018 electrons pass a given point in one second [1,2]. The coulomb (symbol C) is the electric charge which passes through an electrical conductor when an electric current of one A flows for one second. Thus [C] = [A s] (a) Electric Potential In order to pass an electric current thorough an electrical conductor a difference in electric potential must exist across the electrical conductor. If the energy expended by a flow of one ampere for one second equals one Joule the electric potential difference across the electrical conductor is one volt [3]. Electrical Resistance and Conductance If the electric potential difference across an electrical conductor is one volt when the electrical current is one ampere, the electrical resistance is one ohm, symbol Ω [4]. The inverse of electrical resistance , the conductance, is measured using the unit siemens, symbol [S]. -
U.S. Metric Study Interim Report
U.S. METRIC STUDY INTERIM REPORT THE CONSUMER imHHMHPHr U.S. METRIC SUBSTUDY REPORTS The results of substudies of the U.S. Metric Study, while being evaluated for the preparation of a comprehensive report to the Congress, are being published in the interim as a series of NBS Special Publications. The titles of the individual reports are listed below. REPORTS ON SUBSTUDIES NBS SP345-I: International Standards (issued December 1970, SD Catalog No. CI 3. 10:345-1, Price $1.25) NBS SP345-2: Federal Government: Civilian Agencies (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. CI 3. 10:345-2, price $2.25) NBS SP345-3: Commercial Weights and Measures (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. CI 3. 10:345-3, price $1.00) NBS SP345-4: The Manufacturing Industry (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C 1 3. 10:345-4, price $ 1 .25) NBS SP345-5 Nonmanufacturing Businesses (in press) NBS SP345-6 Education (in press) NBS SP345-7 The Consumer (this publication) NBS SP345-8 International Trade (in press) NBS SP345-9 Department of Defense (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C 1 3. 1 0:345-9, price $ 1 .25) NBS SP345-10: A History of the Metric System Controversy in the United States (in press) NBSSP345-11: Engineering Standards (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C 1 3. 1 0:345-1 1 , price $2.00) NBSSP345-12: Testimony of Nationally Representative Groups (issued July 1971, SD Catalog No. C13. 10:345-12, price $1.50) COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE U.S. METRIC STUDY NBS SP345: To be published in August 1971 Those publications with catalog numbers have already been issued, and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. -
Comparative Study on the Battery State-Of-Charge Estimation Method
ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(26), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i26/81677, October 2015 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Comparative Study on the Battery State-of-Charge Estimation Method Seonwoo Jeon1, Jae-Jung Yun2 and Sungwoo Bae1* 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea; [email protected] 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea Abstract Accurate SOC (State-of-Charge) estimation has been an important part for all applications including energy storage sys- tems. The accurate SOC estimation protects a battery to be deeply discharged and over-charged. Many studies on SOC battery temperature, the type of battery and the external conditions. Because of these reasons, SOC estimation methods differestimation from methodsbattery applications have been developed such as energy for evaluating storage more system, accurate hybrid SOC electrical value. The vehicle battery or electrical SOC can be vehicle. influenced This bypaper the analyzes and compares the strengths and weaknesses of typical estimation methods which have been studied by research- ers. By comparing these advantages and disadvantages of various methods, this paper presents proper estimation methods suitable for energy storage applications. Keywords: Ampere Hour Counting, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Open Circuit Voltage, Kalman Filter, SOC (State of Charge) 1. Introduction 2. State-of-Charge Estimation According to the depletion of