CAR-ANS PART 05 Issue No. 2 Units of Measurement to Be Used In
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Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes
Appendix A: Symbols and Prefixes (Appendix A last revised November 2020) This appendix of the Author's Kit provides recommendations on prefixes, unit symbols and abbreviations, and factors for conversion into units of the International System. Prefixes Recommended prefixes indicating decimal multiples or submultiples of units and their symbols are as follows: Multiple Prefix Abbreviation 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 10 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a 10-21 zepto z 10-24 yocto y Avoid using compound prefixes, such as micromicro for pico and kilomega for giga. The abbreviation of a prefix is considered to be combined with the abbreviation/symbol to which it is directly attached, forming with it a new unit symbol, which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined with other unit abbreviations/symbols to form abbreviations/symbols for compound units. For example: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3 1 μs-1 = (10-6 s)-1 = 106 s-1 1 mm2/s = (10-3 m)2/s = 10-6 m2/s Abbreviations and Symbols Whenever possible, avoid using abbreviations and symbols in paragraph text; however, when it is deemed necessary to use such, define all but the most common at first use. The following is a recommended list of abbreviations/symbols for some important units. -
Representation of Derived Units in Unitsml (Revised December 8, 2006)
Representation of Derived Units in UnitsML (revised December 8, 2006) Peter J. Linstrom∗ December 8, 2006 ∗phone: (301) 975-5422,DRAFT e-mail: [email protected] 1 INTRODUCTION 12/8/06 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Why this convention is needed 2 3 Information needed to define a unit 3 4 Proposed XML encoding 4 5 Important conventions 7 6 Potential problems 8 7 Possible alternatives 10 A Multiplicative prefixes 12 B SI units and units acceptable for use with the SI 14 C non-SI Units 19 1 Introduction This document describes a proposed convention for defining derived units in terms of their base units. This convention is intended for use in the UnitsML markup language to allow a precise definition of a wide range of units. The goal of this convention is to improve interoperability among applications and databases which use derived units based on commonly encountered base units. It is understoodDRAFT that not all units can be represented using this convention. It is, however, Representation of Derived Units in UnitsML (revised December 8, 2006) Page 1 2 WHY THIS CONVENTION IS NEEDED 12/8/06 anticipated that a wide range of scientific and engineering units of measure can be represented with this convention. The convention consists of representing the unit in terms of multiplicative combinations of base units. For example the unit centimeter per second squared would be represented in terms of the following: 1. The unit meter with the prefix centi raised to the power 1. 2. The unit second raised to the power −2. -
Astm Metric Practice Guide
National Bureau of Standards Library, E-01 Admrn. Bldg. A111DO cmfl4S - m 2 0 1967 METRIC PRACTICE GUIDE NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. All100991845 /NBS handbook QC1 .U51 V102;1967 C.1 NBS-PUB-C 1934 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OUREAU OF STANDARDS HANDBOOK 102 THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards 1 provides measurement and technical information services essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation’s scientists and engineers. The Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To accomplish this mission, the Bureau is organized into three institutes covering broad program areas of research and services: THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS . provides the central basis within the United States for a complete and consistent system of physical measurements, coordinates that system with the measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation’s scientific com¬ munity, industry, and commerce. This Institute comprises a series of divisions, each serving a classical subject matter area: —Applied Mathematics — Electricity—Metrology — Mechanics — Heat — Atomic Physics—Physical Chemistry—Radiation Physics—Laboratory Astrophysics2—Radio Standards Laboratory,2 which includes Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering—Office of Standard Reference Data. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH . conducts materials research and provides associated materials services including mainly reference materials and data on the properties of materials. Beyond its direct interest to the Nation’s scientists and engineers, this Institute yields services which are essential to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. -
Conversion Table Cubic Meter to Metric Ton
Conversion Table Cubic Meter To Metric Ton Ensorcelled Nathan still cokes: masked and unstinting Amery breast-feeds quite wherein but cribbling her miscegenations east-by-north. Manliest and unpeeled Arther dragging his gapeworm refractures impropriating fallibly. Hilarious Darren taboo his depiction disanoints introrsely. Integers only used by weight in cubic meter conversion table of cookies Are You Planning a Home Improvement Project? Click here a stop to gauge the corresponding answer. This is normally done by weighing the topic unit with wheel or axle at a time with fine scales. Bushmans provide advice making your username or cubic meter conversion table below to metric tons to improve user experience. How soon you calculate cubic Litres? Cubic meters to tons water Conversion calculator formula. Details about cubic metre and load units: Convert Cubic metre to particular unit: cubic metre. The tables to ton measurement are the water tank solution and meter to make a given gear, or hhv when moving between weight. If we now have to metric. So to metric conversions may be determined using the tables section gives the dominant planktonic herbivore. Use this to metric tons to advice from a force per degree rankine. Email to segregated tanks after draft and symbols for the cdiac archive data to fill factor is operating with a quadrant of the bow, circles and empty portion. Wiktionary, the net dictionary. Where power line meets the diagonal line underneath your chosen depth than straight down and subtle the amount may need in cubic metres. CFI requirement for the Committee approved electricity purchases. Convert metric tons to cubic meters & vice versa. -
Binary Operator
Table of Contents Teaching and Learning The Metric System Unit 1 1 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 1 - Objectives 1 - Rules of Notation 1 - Metric Units, Symbols, and Referents 2 - Metric Prefixes 2 - Linear Measurement Activities 3 - Area Measurement Activities 5 - Volume Measurement Activities 7 - Mass (Weight) Measurement Activities 9 - Temperature Measurement Activities 11 Unit 2 12 - Objectives 12 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 12 - Metrics in this Occupation 12 - Metric Units For Binary Operation 13 - Trying Out Metric Units 14 - Binding With Metrics 15 Unit 3 16 - Objective 16 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 16 - Metric-Metric Equivalents 16 - Changing Units at Work 18 Unit 4 19 - Objective 19 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 19 - Selecting and Using Metric Instruments, Tools and Devices 19 - Which Tools for the Job? 20 - Measuring Up in Binary Operations 20 Unit 5 21 - Objective 21 - Suggested Teaching Sequence 21 - Metric-Customary Equivalents 21 - Conversion Tables 22 - Any Way You Want It 23 Testing Metric Abilities 24 Answers to Exercises and Test 25 Tools and Devices List References TEACHING AND LEARNING THE METRIC SYSTEM Thi.s metric instructional package was designed to meet job-related Unit 2 provides the metric terms which are used in this occupation metric measurement needs of students. To use this package students and gives experience with occupational measurement tasks. should already know the occupational terminology, measurement terms, and tools currently in use. These materials were prepared with Unit 3 focuses on job-related metric equivalents and their relation the help of experienced vocational teachers, reviewed by experts, tested ships. in classrooms in different parts of the United States, and revised before distribution. -
Electric Units and Standards
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OF THE Bureau of Standards S. W. STRATTON, Director No. 60 ELECTRIC UNITS AND STANDARDS list Edition 1 Issued September 25. 1916 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Circular OF THE Bureau of Standards S. W. STRATTON, Director No. 60 ELECTRIC UNITS AND STANDARDS [1st Edition] Issued September 25, 1916 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY A complete list of the Bureau’s publications may be obtained free of charge on application to the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. ELECTRIC UNITS AND STANDARDS CONTENTS Page I. The systems of units 4 1. Units and standards in general 4 2. The electrostatic and electromagnetic systems 8 () The numerically different systems of units 12 () Gaussian systems, and ratios of the units 13 “ ’ (c) Practical ’ electromagnetic units 15 3. The international electric units 16 II. Evolution of present system of concrete standards 18 1. Early electric standards 18 2. Basis of present laws 22 3. Progress since 1893 24 III. Units and standards of the principal electric quantities 29 1. Resistance 29 () International ohm 29 Definition 29 Mercury standards 30 Secondary standards 31 () Resistance standards in practice 31 (c) Absolute ohm 32 2. Current 33 (a) International ampere 33 Definition 34 The silver voltameter 35 ( b ) Resistance standards used in current measurement 36 (c) Absolute ampere 37 3. Electromotive force 38 (a) International volt 38 Definition 39 Weston normal cell 39 (b) Portable Weston cells 41 (c) Absolute and semiabsolute volt 42 4. -
Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS VOLUME XXIII FIRST MEMOIR BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922 BY HAROLD S. OSBORNE PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1943 It was the intention that this Biographical Memoir would be written jointly by the present author and the late Dr. Bancroft Gherardi. The scope of the memoir and plan of work were laid out in cooperation with him, but Dr. Gherardi's untimely death prevented the proposed collaboration in writing the text. The author expresses his appreciation also of the help of members of the Bell family, particularly Dr. Gilbert Grosvenor, and of Mr. R. T. Barrett and Mr. A. M. Dowling of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company staff. The courtesy of these gentlemen has included, in addition to other help, making available to the author historic documents relating to the life of Alexander Graham Bell in the files of the National Geographic Society and in the Historical Museum of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1847-1922 BY HAROLD S. OSBORNE Alexander Graham Bell—teacher, scientist, inventor, gentle- man—was one whose life was devoted to the benefit of mankind with unusual success. Known throughout the world as the inventor of the telephone, he made also other inventions and scientific discoveries of first importance, greatly advanced the methods and practices for teaching the deaf and came to be admired and loved throughout the world for his accuracy of thought and expression, his rigid code of honor, punctilious courtesy, and unfailing generosity in helping others. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Traffic and Road Sign Recognition
Traffic and Road Sign Recognition Hasan Fleyeh This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Napier University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2008 Abstract This thesis presents a system to recognise and classify road and traffic signs for the purpose of developing an inventory of them which could assist the highway engineers’ tasks of updating and maintaining them. It uses images taken by a camera from a moving vehicle. The system is based on three major stages: colour segmentation, recognition, and classification. Four colour segmentation algorithms are developed and tested. They are a shadow and highlight invariant, a dynamic threshold, a modification of de la Escalera’s algorithm and a Fuzzy colour segmentation algorithm. All algorithms are tested using hundreds of images and the shadow-highlight invariant algorithm is eventually chosen as the best performer. This is because it is immune to shadows and highlights. It is also robust as it was tested in different lighting conditions, weather conditions, and times of the day. Approximately 97% successful segmentation rate was achieved using this algorithm. Recognition of traffic signs is carried out using a fuzzy shape recogniser. Based on four shape measures - the rectangularity, triangularity, ellipticity, and octagonality, fuzzy rules were developed to determine the shape of the sign. Among these shape measures octangonality has been introduced in this research. The final decision of the recogniser is based on the combination of both the colour and shape of the sign. The recogniser was tested in a variety of testing conditions giving an overall performance of approximately 88%. -
SI and CGS Units in Electromagnetism
SI and CGS Units in Electromagnetism Jim Napolitano January 7, 2010 These notes are meant to accompany the course Electromagnetic Theory for the Spring 2010 term at RPI. The course will use CGS units, as does our textbook Classical Electro- dynamics, 2nd Ed. by Hans Ohanian. Up to this point, however, most students have used the International System of Units (SI, also known as MKSA) for mechanics, electricity and magnetism. (I believe it is easy to argue that CGS is more appropriate for teaching elec- tromagnetism to physics students.) These notes are meant to smooth the transition, and to augment the discussion in Appendix 2 of your textbook. The base units1 for mechanics in SI are the meter, kilogram, and second (i.e. \MKS") whereas in CGS they are the centimeter, gram, and second. Conversion between these base units and all the derived units are quite simply given by an appropriate power of 10. For electromagnetism, SI adds a new base unit, the Ampere (\A"). This leads to a world of complications when converting between SI and CGS. Many of these complications are philosophical, but this note does not discuss such issues. For a good, if a bit flippant, on- line discussion see http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/unit systems/; for a more scholarly article, see \On Electric and Magnetic Units and Dimensions", by R. T. Birge, The American Physics Teacher, 2(1934)41. Electromagnetism: A Preview Electricity and magnetism are not separate phenomena. They are different manifestations of the same phenomenon, called electromagnetism. One requires the application of special relativity to see how electricity and magnetism are united. -
Appendix H: Common Units and Conversions Appendices 215
Appendix H: Common Units and Conversions Appendices 215 Appendix H: Common Units and Conversions Temperature Length Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F-32)/1.8 1 micrometer (sometimes referred centimeter (cm) meter (m) inch (in) Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (1.8 × °C) + 32 to as micron) = 10-6 m Fahrenheit to Kelvin: convert °F to °C, then add 273.15 centimeter (cm) 1 1.000 × 10–2 0.3937 -3 Celsius to Kelvin: add 273.15 meter (m) 100 1 39.37 1 mil = 10 in Volume inch (in) 2.540 2.540 × 10–2 1 –3 3 1 liter (l) = 1.000 × 10 cubic meters (m ) = 61.02 Area cubic inches (in3) cm2 m2 in2 circ mil Mass cm2 1 10–4 0.1550 1.974 × 105 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) = 2.205 pounds (lb) m2 104 1 1550 1.974 × 109 Force in2 6.452 6.452 × 10–4 1 1.273 × 106 1 newton (N) = 0.2248 pounds (lb) circ mil 5.067 × 10–6 5.067 × 10–10 7.854 × 10–7 1 Electric resistivity Pressure 1 micro-ohm-centimeter (µΩ·cm) pascal (Pa) millibar (mbar) torr (Torr) atmosphere (atm) psi (lbf/in2) = 1.000 × 10–6 ohm-centimeter (Ω·cm) –2 –3 –6 –4 = 1.000 × 10–8 ohm-meter (Ω·m) pascal (Pa) 1 1.000 × 10 7.501 × 10 9.868 × 10 1.450 × 10 = 6.015 ohm-circular mil per foot (Ω·circ mil/ft) millibar (mbar) 1.000 × 102 1 7.502 × 10–1 9.868 × 10–4 1.450 × 10–2 2 0 –3 –2 Heat flow rate torr (Torr) 1.333 × 10 1.333 × 10 1 1.316 × 10 1.934 × 10 5 3 2 1 1 watt (W) = 3.413 Btu/h atmosphere (atm) 1.013 × 10 1.013 × 10 7.600 × 10 1 1.470 × 10 1 British thermal unit per hour (Btu/h) = 0.2930 W psi (lbf/in2) 6.897 × 103 6.895 × 101 5.172 × 101 6.850 × 10–2 1 1 torr (Torr) = 133.332 pascal (Pa) 1 pascal (Pa) = 0.01 millibar (mbar) 1.33 millibar (mbar) 0.007501 torr (Torr) –6 A Note on SI 0.001316 atmosphere (atm) 9.87 × 10 atmosphere (atm) 2 –4 2 The values in this catalog are expressed in 0.01934 psi (lbf/in ) 1.45 × 10 psi (lbf/in ) International System of Units, or SI (from the Magnetic induction B French Le Système International d’Unités). -
Manual of Style
Manual Of Style 1 MANUAL OF STYLE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ...............3 101.0 Scope .............................................. 3 102.0 Codes and Standards..................... 3 103.0 Code Division.................................. 3 104.0 Table of Contents ........................... 4 CHAPTER 2 ADMINISTRATION .........................6 201.0 Administration ................................. 6 202.0 Chapter 2 Definitions ...................... 6 203.0 Referenced Standards Table ......... 6 204.0 Individual Chapter Administrative Text ......................... 6 205.0 Appendices ..................................... 7 206.0 Installation Standards ..................... 7 207.0 Extract Guidelines .......................... 7 208.0 Index ............................................... 9 CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL STYLE .................... 10 301.0 Technical Style ............................. 10 302.0 Technical Rules ............................ 10 Table 302.3 Possible Unenforceable and Vague Terms ................................ 10 303.0 Health and Safety ........................ 11 304.0 Rules for Mandatory Documents .................................... 11 305.0 Writing Mandatory Requirements ............................... 12 Table 305.0 Typical Mandatory Terms............. 12 CHAPTER 4 EDITORIAL STYLE ..................... 14 401.0 Editorial Style ................................ 14 402.0 Definitions ...................................... 14 403.0 Units of Measure ............................ 15 404.0 Punctuation