From buds to seeds: bees are key

James H. Cane U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Pollinating Insect Research Unit Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA Wind-pollinated "The management implications are that sustainability of these [sagebrush eco-]systems will depend on main- taining or restoring the perennial herbaceous species.” Chambers et al. 2007. Ecological Monographs 77:117-145. PenstemonHedysarum cyaneusboreale seed field seed production field Crepis Hedysarum (Asteracae) Lupinus

(Fabaceae)

Astragalus  Asteraceae (Compositae)  Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

 Fabaceae (Leguminosae)  Malvaceae Eriogonum

Cleome Penstemon

Chaenactis Cleome serrulata Cleome lutea Eriogonum umbellatum Dalea searlsiae Penstemon speciosus Balsamorhiza sagittata Astragalus filipes Sphaeralcea munroana Lomatium dissectum Hedysarum boreale

0 20 40 60 80 100 120x Reproductive Gain With Pollinators Hedysarum boreale Cleome lutea Cleome serrulata Balsamorhiza sagittata Penstemon speciosus Astragalus filipes Dalea ornata Dalea searlsiae Sphaeralcea grossularifolia Sphaeralcea munroana Sphaeralcea concinnea

0 5 x 10x 15x 20x Reproductive Gain With Cross-Pollination Cleome serrulata Penstemon speciosus Self-fertile Self-incompatible

Autogamy Autopollination b Geitonogamy

a Self-Pollen Xenogamy a Outcross Freely Visited

a Pollination Treatment Freely-Visited 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Seeds per Silique (pod) (Mean + 1 std dev.) Sum Seeds per Raceme (gms) Pseudomasaris pollen Syrphids, other flies wasps at Penstemon at Lomatium

bee Hedysarum boreale

Astragalus filipes

Phlox longifolia Balsamorhiza

Eucera frater 6 Area of circle= sum of individuals sampled across sites Diadasia 5

Diadasia 4

3 Halictus

Colletes 2 Agapostemon

Median Abundance Median be based on plants) (to Agapostemon

1

2 4 6 8 10 12 Sites Occupied (of 17) Diadasia diminuta at Sphaeralcea Sphaeralcea

Deliver 33- 45 pollen grains per stigma Osmia cyanella

Nesting shelter with nesting holes Osmia sanrafaelae nest in straw  Hived honeybees, useful for pollinating several wildflower species  Often not best, but usually much better than no bees  Alfalfa leaf- cutting bees useful for several summer- blooming species  Other Osmia Osmia sanrafaelae nest in straw bees can be Osmia managed to cyanella pollinate various Fabaceae, Asteraceae and more Nesting shelter with nesting holes  Stewardship of wild bees that you can’t manage

 May multiply on other cultivated flowering species Weevil exit hole in seed of Hedysarum

adults egg Weevils that attack Dalea seed

larvae

larva cocoon

Twig nest of the bee Hoplitis sambuci >85% of bee Survival of Megachile rotundata larvae following species heating in damp sand nest in the ground

100

80

60

40

20 1 min

Larval Survival (%) Survival Larval 3 min 0 9 min 27 min 38°C Duration 42°C 46°C 50°C Temperature 54°C 600 km

Intact Burned ‘08 Bees sampled 40 39

Plants 71 65 surveyed Osmia % Osmia 70% 77% californica

- 54 native bee species in total - 20 other paired sites in 5 state region - fire chronosequence of 20 years SAFE

Fates of Bees after Fire

Osmia integra nest

?  Dominant wildflowers need bees for pollination  Cannot predict pollination needs or pollinators  Seed growers need bees  honey bee  managed cavity-nesting Osmia  wild bees  Ground-nesting bees predominate, survive fire  Bee communities need bloom year after fire  Stephanie Miller  Melissa Weber  Glen Trostle  Katie Swoboda  Kristal Watrous  Byron Love  Summer students