This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 30 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

The Medieval World

Peter Linehan, Janet L. Nelson

At the Spanish Frontier

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Peter Linehan Published online on: 11 Oct 2001

How to cite :- Peter Linehan. 11 Oct 2001, At the Spanish Frontier from: The Medieval World Routledge Accessed on: 30 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315016207.ch3

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 W perhaps itsonlywhollyuncomplicatedfrontiersman(GilFernández the annihilationof180,000orso‘Arabs’,wasmedievalSpain’s veryfirst,andalso himself andsomanyoftheVisigothic oldguardhaddonealready, setthescenefor to persuadedonPelayoandhisbandsurrenderontermstheinvaders,ashe in theircaveatCovadonga.Oppas,thecollaborationistbishopwhosefailedattempt peninsula’s newalienmastersfromtheChristianremnantsofoldorder holedup by donOppasofboththephysicalandconfessionallineswhichseparated Spanish Reconquesthadbeguntotakeshape,withatitscorethesymbolicbreaching ‘Arab’ (actuallymostlyBerber)invasionof711thatthemythorigins of frontier. Ithadbeensoalmost sincewheneveritwaswithinafewyearsofthe which whathaddetermined thecourseofhistoryUnitedStatesuntil most influentialpapereverpresented beforeacongressofhistorians’),accordingto his celebratedpaperonthe role ofthefrontierinAmericansociety(‘doubtless subject themedievalSpanish peninsulatotheanalysisadvancedbyF. J.Turner in and sobetweenChristendomitselfIslamintheWest. almost eighthundred yearsadividinglinebetweenChristianandMuslimSpain, markedfor isablackandwhiteaffair frontier whichforthosewhomhistory wide inthemid-710s(ifhistory istobebelievedaswellthehistorians),buta is aspreciselydefinabletheprocessofreconquestitself, afrontieronlyfewfeet a frontier, afrontierwhich,accordingtothatsameviewoftheSpanishMiddleAges, paraphernalia appropriatetosuchshrines,Covadongais also theoriginallocationof with cafés,carparks,votivecandles,justaboutadequate lavatoriesandalltheother of anotherallegianceprefertocallitsconquest,orincorporation. Nowprovided which wouldendin1492withthereconquestofGranada –orwhatnationalists here, highupinthemountainsofnorth,forthemtherebeganthatfight-back encounter. ForSpanishnationalists Covadongaisthecradleofnationalepic.From the storyofhistorymedievalSpain,areinseparablefromscenethat and villainrespectivelyofthedramaticencounterwhichstandsatbeginning Others, scholarsintheUnited Statesinthemain,havethoughtithelpfulto Don Pelayo,thatAsturianhybridofMosesandAsterix,donOppas,thehero crossing andrecrossingmoreorlessunhindered,italwayswasitsownsort hat withpriestsandmullahsoneithersideofitmenevenwomen AT THESPANISH FRONTIER CHAPTER THREE Peter Linehan 37 et al 1 . 1985:126). Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 century andcanonisedinSpain’s firstnationalhistory, AlfonsoX’s therapy. shadow ofhisformerself,surrenderedvariousfrontierfortressesastheprice let aloneride.So,hesenttoCórdobaforacureand,havingbeenrenderedmere This wasSanchotheFat.Sofathe,thiswarriorking,thathecouldhardlywalk, Then, inthe950s,ChristiankingofLeónjourneyedotherdirection. It wasalmostasifthisthefirstthathehadeverheardofhim(Gil1973:ii.483). ‘suddenly’ chancedonahighlytendentiouspottedhistoryofthelifeProphet. half –travellednorthtoPamplonaandinalibrarythefoothillsofPyrenees which bythenhadbeenunderIslamicdominationforalmostacenturyand way trafficforeverafter. Inthe850sAlvarus,aChristianmonkofCórdoba–city frontier wasprobablypermeablefromtheoutset.Itcertainlyaccustomedtotwo- 1953: 2;cf.Truyol ySerra1957;Bazzana1997),therefore,medievalSpain’s in therecessesofcaveatCovadonga. (or suspected)atevery villageoven.There mayevenhavebeenMoorish sympathisers both behindyouandallaround.TherewereD.Oppaslook-alikestobeencountered the 1230sthatwecansay thattheJew-as-subversivewassecurelyestablished the guiseinwhichhewasto havetoendurealongandsombrefuture,itisnotuntil cause andtheMoors’fifth-columnist in711,wasalaterdevelopment.Inthatguise, active elementwithinthemedieval peninsula.TheJewasenemyoftheCatholic In theguiseofmedicineman, Ab¯ Pamplona (GarcíadeValdeavellano 1987:31–7). 1968: ii.139;RodríguezFernández after hehadtakenrefugeacrossadifferentfrontier, intheChristian kingdomof Jewish physiciananddiplomatofnotedprowesstominister tothecorpulentmonarch them didobeisancetotheCaliph‘Abdal-Rah García Sánchez,andbyhisgrandmotherQueenToda, andthatontheir arrivalallof himself buthehadgonethereaccompaniedbothbyhis uncle,therulerofNavarre sources, however, welearnthatinfactnotonlyhadSanchotravelled toCórdoba ideological contentorpromiseforthemselves’(Wasserstein 1985:22).FromArabic them simplyaprotractedborderproblem,without any implicitreligiousor that ‘theUmayyadssawintheChristiansontheirborders andtheirstruggleswith all verymuchinaccordancewiththerecentobservationofastudentperiod in thethirteenth(PérezdeUrbel1952:336;MenéndezPidal1977:408).Anditis counterpart. bordered onAfrica,Europe’s frontierwassignificantlydifferentfromitseastern eight sometimeshard-foughtcenturieswasoneofvaryingshadesgrey. Whereit taleofthosealmost David 1936),fortheinhabitantsofitshinterlandunremitting have bornesomeresemblancetoTurner’s Wild West (Defourneaux1949:125–230; Jews andMuslimsalike)wereequallyforeign,theSpanishfrontiermayindeed from northernEurope,forwhomalltheinhabitantstheyencountered(Christians, 1921: 1–38;Lewis1958:475;Bishko1963:47–9).Infact,althoughforadventurers the consequencesforhinterlandofremovalthatmechanism(Turner of freelandontheWestern frontier, andthen,whenthatsupplywasexhausted, Turner setpentopaperwas,first,the‘safetyvalve’providedbyavailability Or suchwasthestoryrelatedinLeonesechronicleofSampiroeleventh Unrecognisable astheprecursorofWebb’s ‘sharpedgeofsovereignty’(Webb 2 Here the‘other’wasunnervinglyclose.Indeed,here – PeterLinehan u Y¯ usuf H 38 . asdai benShapr¯ . m¯ an III,whothereafterdispatcheda ut representedthethird Estoria deEspaña , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 to submission–PopeClement’s predecessor butthree,GregoryIX,hadlicensedthe gated acodeofcanonlawincorporating decreesdesignedtoreducetheoldenemy indeed tohavingdonewith that frontier–andjusttwoyearsafterhehadpromul- to havedonewiththefrontier forever. Barcelona (Jordan1893–1945:no.15;Chazan1992:93): Spain’s failure,inshort, Jaume IofAragónhadrecentlystagedbetweenChristian andJewishchampionsat ofthedebate which ‘menstruating woman’foronceandall;thatreports 1265 wasthemarkedreluctanceofChristiankingstoeliminate thespawnofthat with etymologiesthathewasconcerned.WhatClement IVwasconcernedwithin preoccupied PopeClementIV, forexample,allthathewasscholarly. Itwasnot scholarly writerslikedtoinvestigate’(Southern1962:17). Butitwasnotonethat descended notfromSarahbutHagar?’‘Thisis the kindofquestionthat Southern inquiresontheirbehalf,‘were thesepeoplecalledSaracensiftheywere asserting –thoughlaterstudentsofthesubjectwere notsosure.‘Why, for example’, descendants ofHagar, Abraham’s concubine,EusebiusandBedehadconcurredin been, orangejuicetogether, resoundsdownthecenturies.TheSaracenswere the localChristiansandMoorssippingwhatappearedtobe,indeedmayhave experienced, bothontheSpanishfrontierandinLatinkingdom,whentheyfound thing rathermorehardandfastaboutthem.ThecultureshockwhichEuropeans as asurprisetocrusadersarrivingfrompartsofEuropewherefrontiershadsome- (Tanner 1990:380). there wasonceburiedacertainSaracenwhomotherSaracensholdtobesaint’ Christian rulers‘innowaytotolerate’thepassageof‘Saracens’that‘placewhere forbidden bycanonlawsincetheGeneralCouncilofVienne in1311–12haddirected 1990: 142).Indeedonecannot,andnotleastbecausethepracticehadbeenexpressly granting apassportfortheh Ceremonious –oneofthevictors,afterall,battleRíoSalado[1340] for subjects ofCharlesIINavarre,whowasaFrenchman,wereMuslimsbound undertaking pilgrimagetotheHolyLand.ButnotJerusalem.Forthesepilgrim sought safeconductsfromtheChristiankingofAragónforanumberhissubjects d’Alverny 1982). the transmissionofancientGreeklearningtomedievalWest (DíazyDíaz1969; on theEbroandTagus andmadeToledo andothercentressomanyconduitsfor later on,Europe’s mostinquisitivescholarslocatedtheWest’s intellectualfrontier correction andupdatinginninth-century Europe’s intellectualcapital.Andthen, witness totheirhavingmadetheroundtripbetweenCataloniaandal-Andalusfor manuscripts ofmusicandmathematicswhoseannotationsultimatelocationbear in thatareaofthehistoricalpast. complex socialsituation–justasitdoestodayforanalogisingprospectorsoperating between ChristianityandIslamtheJewishpresencefurthercomplicatedanalready (Linehan 1993:75).Butlongbeforethe1230s,onSpanishsectoroffrontier Yet in1234,asthe ChristianCastiliansweregatheringtheirforces,with a view Such casualdisregardforthenormalindecenciesofHolyWar certainlycame And fivehundredyearsafterEulogius’s journey, theChristiankingofNavarre And allthetimethereweremanuscriptsmovingnoiselesslytoandfro– their Holy Land,forMecca.‘OnecannotbutbesurprisedtofindPeterthe – AttheSpanishFrontier – . ajj’, Harveyremarks(Boswell1977:292,446; 39 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Linehan 2001). been condensationanddamp wallsratherthansweatybodies(Schottus1608:102; at Leónorinthatrainycorner ofGaliciawheretheperennialproblemhasalways sweat.’ Thusthethirteenth-century chroniclerBishopLucasofTúywritingeither had thebathsofhiskingdom destroyedandbyvariousexertionsmadehissoldiers reason forthisreversewasthathissoldiershadbeenwashing toooften.‘Sotheking battle ofSagrajasin1086KingAlfonsoVIwasassured byhis‘wisemen’thatthe been suggested(Powers1979:665;GaibroisdeBallesteros 1922–8:ii.189). ofacculturationclearlytookplace’,ithasreasonably house, thatis),‘somedegree spent hisChristmasinaJewishhouseholdCórdoba. Hereatleast(inthebath- (the yearafterthedemiseofLatinkingdomJerusalem), SanchoIVofCastile Jews bathingondifferentdays,butwithallofthemsharing thesamewater. In1292 to co-exist,withsexualsegregationrigidlyenforced,and Christians,Muslimsand which wasunderChristiandomination,cleanlinessandgodliness continued(almost) the togethernessofvariousmunicipalbathhousesacrossthatsectorpeninsula This wasnotafrontierbetweentheCrossandCrescent,itpublicbath.In Christianity itselfevenengagedyetwithAuden’s ‘fragment’ been polluted(PopeClement’s word)since711.Butnevermindthefrontier. Was supposed removalofthefrontierbetweenChristianityandIslambywhichSpainhad inhabited wigwamsonnineteenth-centuryFifthAvenue. receive them(MacKay1976:29).InF. J.Turner’s terms,thiswastheequivalentof worshipping ‘intheheathenmanner’,andseatedongroundwithhisqueento guarded byMoorishwarriorsfromGranada(nottomentionnegroes),clothedand court bothFrenchandBohemianvisitorshadencountered theChristianmonarch years earlier from thetermsofhispermissiontoarchbishop.Thiswasslackhim.Eleven was stillaltogethertoomuchofit.PopeGregoryhadexcludedonlyarmsandhorses been nointerruptionoftheage-oldpracticetradingacrossline.Indeedthere had strongholds andtheMoorsofGranada(RodríguezMolina1997:264).There archbishop ofToledo, noless,toestablishcommercialrelations betweenhisfrontier observed atearlymass‘allgotupasaMoor, andverynicetoo’, A centuryearlier, duringthereignofEnriqueIV, theConstableofCastilehadbeen proscribed (MorelFatioandRodríguezVilla 1876:180).Itwastheold,oldstory. early twelfthcentury, intheup-country villageofAscohefoundbothporkandwine 1585 when,whiletravellingthroughpartsofAragónsupposedlyreconqueredinthe all. ‘Bytheirfruitsyeshallknowthem’,theDutchmanHenryCockobservedin visitors frombeyondthePyreneeswonderedwhethertherewasafrontierat Christian noblewomen(CanellasLópez1989:no.918). the commoditiesbeingtradedbyChristiannoblemenofAragónweretheir But notalways.According tooneaccount,aftertheCastilianshadlostcritical Africa, solderedsocrudelytoinventiveEurope? nipped offfromhot By 1585almostninetyyearshadelapsedsincetheconquestofGranadaand Little wonderthenthattwoandthreehundredyearson,newgenerationsof his predecessor, HonoriusIII,hadbeenhorrified tolearnthatamong – PeterLinehan 40 3 while athismaster’s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 creation ofthemiddleyears theeighthcentury. A no-man’s-land, a the areathatlaytosouth ofitwasoncebelievedtohavebeenthedeliberate ultimately itsrealisationwas inacertainsenseachieved. 51–127), butratherwithselectedaspectsofthesocial complexwithinwhich were remindedoftheirhistoricmission(Maravall1964: 249–337;Linehan1993: Gothic mythwhichsustainedit,orwiththemeansby successivegenerations periodically activatedbyroyal propagandaandsocialritual (MacKay1989:232–41). continuum wasaninstinctdeeplyembeddedinthe collectiveconsciousness, in theninthcenturyuntilitscompletion1492,insistence onthehistorical cut muchiceatLisbonin1147.)Fromthetimeof‘invention oftheReconquest’ 1998’s politicallycorrecttermforthereconquestofSevillein1248, wouldnothave had beentheirsallalong,aprocessnotofconquestbutreconquest. (‘Incorporation’, archbishop madeplainin1147,aprocess ofexpellingintruders fromterritorywhich in whichtheywereengagedwasnotanadventureintotheunknown.Itwas,as consideration thatthecause frontiers elsewhereandinotherages,wastheelementary of whichthearchbishopBragaandkingAragónwere activefromother it thatmattered. Whatmattered, andwhatdistinguishedthefrontier inthevicinity 656 (Linehan1982:188–9).Butthatisnotthepoint.Itwasarithmeticof according towhosecalculationtheMoorshadbeeninpeninsulasinceyear his reckoningwasfaulty, justaswasthatofthekingAragón,PedroI,in1096, which byhisreckoningitwas358yearsearlierthattheyhadcome.Ashappens, to the onthecity’s1147 thearchbishopofBragacalleduptosoldiery rampartstoreturn ancestors hadbeenforciblyejectedbygangsoftrespassers.AtthesiegeLisbonin the areatosouthbeyondwhichlaythatpartofpeninsulafromtheir that wasnotalltherewas. (González 1960:iii.no.568;Smith1989:14–25;Linehan1993:295–6)–though and theinnatepropensityofCastilianstodenigrateFrench tobeallowedfor to thepontiffgatherthisforhimself).Therewasaninwardnessthis,ofcourse, much forthem.Inshort,theFrenchwerejustnotuptoit(thoughkingleft Spanish highsummer, togetherwiththesheerhardgrindofitall,hadprovedtoo III ofthedefectionFrenchbeforebattlehadbeenjoined.Theheat at LasNavasdeTolosa inJuly1212,AlfonsoVIIIofCastileinformed PopeInnocent according tothattradition it wasestablishedbyAlfonsoI,thenomadicrulerof then (allegedly)peeledoff toman(andwoman) thefrontier. northerners whohadploughedalongthepilgrimroadthroughout1100sand opportunities, sosingularlyfailedtofollowintheirpredecessors’footsteps. especially after1250,whenAndaluciaofferedtheover-populated northunrivalled to thenorthofsomewherenearMadrid,andthosewhoafterabout1200, considerable numbersbeforeabout1200,whentheareatobesettledwas Presumably itmatteredtothesettlersfromnorthernEuropewhocameinsuch The earliest frontier between the Christian or ‘Christian’ area ofthepeninsulaand The earliestfrontierbetween theChristianor‘Christian’area Here wearenotconcernedwiththelegitimacyofthat conviction,withthe For northerners,whetherwecallthemChristiansor‘Christians’,thefrontierwas Maybe itwastheheatthatdeterredthirteenth-centurydescendantsofthose For, thenasnow, Spainwasalandofwildlyvaryingclimates.Andclimatematters. patria Maurorum,‘tothelandofMoorsfromwhenceyoucame’,and – AttheSpanishFrontier – 41 4 After hisfamousvictory cordon sanitaire , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 kingdom ofValencia hasbeenminutely, andrepeatedly, rehearsedbyFrR.I.Burns, by thepresenceofasullen, defeated andoftendisplacedmajority. Thecaseofthe ascendancywas challenged andtheirmilitary Levante werehopelesslyoutnumbered, in Spain,however(ifanythere were),wouldnecessarily haveagreed. subversives whoreasoned otherwise hedesignedtoprove decisive. Notallhisreaders of course,thiswasaquestiondemandingtheanswer Yes, to andhisresponse exertion? (Brown1690:196[trans.Linehan];Brett 1984:176–94).ForHumbert, either spiritual,corporalorworldly, ofalltheeffort?’ Was thereany people prefertostayathome.Whatisthepointofittherefore? Whatisthepoint, when wetaketheirlandsfrom themnoneofourpeoplecometosettlethem.Our General oftheDominicanOrder, askedin1274,his Master deRomanis,former the pointofattackingSaracensatall?,Humbert had persuadedthemtoventure south fromAragónandArgyll. What,indeed,was had inducednortherners toseektheir fortunes onthefrontier inthefirst placeand that labourforce whosepresence,aswellconstitutingsomortal adangerforthem, centuries theChristianrulers ofSpainhadstoppedshort ofdeprivingthemselves of several toexplainwhyitwasthatovertheprevious had left(Elliott1977),serve expulsion entailed,andwhichcametobeappreciated almostbefore thelastMorisco (Gil 1977).Conversely, thecatastrophic consequencesfortheeconomywhichthat had beenentertained andhadinspired thefuriousanti-Jewishcampaignof680s identical innature tothoseinvolvingconspiracyonaMediterranean-wide scalethat inleaguewithTurksLepanto, fearsthattheMoriscoswere andProtestants,were that thefearswhichoccasionedremedyofexpulsionadoptedinyearsafter 1608 wasthatproblem (asbythenitwasviewed)eradicated.Benoted,however, expelledintheyearsafter of Mudéjars.NotuntiltheunassimilatedMoriscoswere asubstantialpopulation demarcation asthatlinemoved(ohsoslowly)southward, as AlvarusvocalinCórdoba and,inthoseparts ofthepeninsulanorth oftheline of Islamicfundamentalistsintheeleventhcentury, andwithChristianMozarabssuch co-religionists oftheotherpersuasionbetween711andarrival oflarge numbers subjection (Sánchez-Albornoz1966:121–211). their uniquelyfreeandunfetteredconditionnaturalresistancetofeudal proto-Castilian peasantproprietorswhoeventuallymovedintothatareaowed Albornoz’s insistencethatitwastothehumandeserttherebycreated credibility ofthattraditionandtheplausibilitylateClaudioSánchez- (Gil Fernándezetal the morereadilydefensiblemountainregiontonorthofDuerovalley the Asturias,inordertoconcentratepeninsula’s scarcehumanresourcesin appropriated thename hinterlands, Muslim features wasitslackofmanpower. remains unchallenged:fromtheveryoutset,oneofSpanishfrontier’s salient Yet orthethirteenth. whether intheninthcentury thisatleast thefactremains, of liberty’(Webb 1953:265)appearsincreasinglyinappropriatetotheSpanish case, Webb’s celebratedcharacterisationofAmerica’s colonialfrontieras‘thefifthcolumn Although victorious,theChristians inthirteenth-centuryAndaluciaandthe Another, relatedtothis,wastheethnicandsocialuntidinessofconfronting . 1985:132,133).Modernhistorianshavelongdebatedthe al-Andalus Hispania – PeterLinehan ), witheachharbouringasubstantialpopulationof and ChristianSpain(fortheChristianshad 42 5 And thedebatecontinues. Opusculum tripartitum point toallthe 6 W. P. W. . ‘For Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Spain ranthrougheveryhuman community, throughmanyfamilies,even it.Thefrontierinmedieval frontier andtothetwovariegated communitiesflanking fifteenth centuryprovidesyet anotherexpressionofthesocialrealitycommonto Eulogius inninth-century Córdobaand those ofal-Wansharı The uncannyresemblancebetween thesentimentsexpressed bythebiographerof unassimilated MudejarssubjecttoChristianrulesixcenturieslater: spokesmen oftheChristianMozarabslivingunderArabdominationandby would cheerfullyhavesettledforless. 175–8). England’s vanquishedChristiansin1066,byaChristianfoe, andtheirweapons(Verlindenallowed toretainboththeirlandedproperty 1955: in Navarrehadcapitulatedandthoseofthemwhowerenotservilestatusbeen 1119 when,withcrusadingfervourintheWest atitsheight,theMuslimsofTudela and beenallowedtokeeptheirmass(Collins1989:39–41).Ithadevensoin the collaboratingcousinsof(by1240s)revileddonOppaswhohadbenefited the 1240swasmirrorimageofthat‘Arabs’in710s.Thenithadbeen the citiesinthatsameregionhalfamillenniumearlier:Christians’dilemma terms wastheonlyviablepolicy–justasithadbeenforIslamicconquerorsof were notanavailableoption.Inconductingtheircivilwar, capitulationongenerous for theChristianconquerorsthoroughgoingmeasuresadoptedinlate1990s Burns andChevedden1999b).BalkanincharacterthoughtheJátivasituationwas, almost amootpointwhowassurrenderingtowhom(BurnsandChevedden1999a; religion, theirpropertyandeventhepossessionofChristiancaptives,itappears charge ofthelarger ofJátiva’s twofortresses,andsecureintheenjoymentoftheir conclusion oftheChristiansiegethatplacein1244.With theMuslimsleftin most recentlyinrespectofthesurrenderJátivatoJaumeIAragónat language. the Christianliteratureasunworthyofattention.Theyhaveforgotten their theydespise . . . Christians readandstudywithenthusiasmtheArabbooks; orapostles?Alas!Alltalentedyoung or whostudiestheGospels,Prophets is thelaymanwhonowreadsLatincommentariesonHolyScriptures, The ChristianslovetoreadthepoemsandromancesofArab And more.Compareandcontrastthesetwoprotests,utteredbyrespective outstanding virtues. consequential neglectofworshipasexpressedinwords in allitsrichnessand and whentheArabiclanguagediesout,sodoesdevotion init,andthere is inhabitants ofAbulla[Ávila?]andotherplaces,fortheyhave losttheirArabic, living withthemoverlongperiodoftime,ashasoccurred inthecaseof their language,dress,objectionablehabits,and influenceonpeople One hastobewareofthepervasiveeffecttheir[theChristians’] wayoflife, (Abu ¯ ’l-‘Abbas Ah – AttheSpanishFrontier – (Paulus Alvarus,Indiculusluminosus:Gil1973:i.314; trans. Harvey1990:58.Seebelow, chap.4,p.66) . mad al-Wansharı 43 ¯ shı ¯ , trans. Southern1962:21) Kita ¯ b al-Mi‘ya ¯ shı ¯ at theendof ¯ s...Where r al-mugrib: Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Sánchez-Albornoz 1966:388). OnhiswaytoseekmonasticsanctuaryatCluny had crossedtheDueroeven murdererswereguaranteedrefuge(Sáez1953:46; recent hauntofbearsandboars, asAlfonsoVIdescribedtheareain1107,oncethey de LeóntothesouthofBadajoz (1274)–providedimmunityforall-comers.Inthis – acodesubsequentlyadopted asfarafieldMorellainAragón(1233)andSegura Christian) Spainenticedtheriff-raff oftheWest tothefrontierwith seizure ofcontrolAndalucia,therulers‘Christian’(or, arguably, bythisdate Mediterranean afterthereconquestofToledo in1085andtheensuingAlmoravid LisbonontheAtlantictoTortosathe greatexposedzonewhichranfrom onthe consequences arewellenoughknown.Inordertoestablishahumanpresencein reinforcements frombeyondthepeninsula.IncaseofChristianSpain, 1939, sobetween711and1492thewilltoprevailledbothsidesbringin got underwayofwhichitisthehistorian’s jobtoattemptmakesense. another atthebakehouseandvillagewell,thatprocessofhumanlayering social rejection,anareawithinwhich‘Mudejars’and‘Mozarabs’brushed againstone moment. the FrenchandEnglish,instarkerrelief.Theydonot accountfortheSpanish frameworks ofinterpretationmerelysetthealternativehistoriographical traditions, (cf. RobinsonandGallagher1961)–theymaywell beright.Thealternative aristocracy ofChristianEurope,astheMilner’s youngmenof theirgeneration forthemilitary them asthebeneficiariesofa‘giganticsystemoutdoor relief’ 1973). Studentsofmodernempiresandtheoriesimperialism mayprefertoregard the Gregorianpapacy’s foreclosureofaneasyabbacyoruneventfulbishopric(Duby more rationalsystemsofestatemanagementcombined withtheconsequencesof These wereGeorge Duby’s applications ofspeculativeglue debris ofoldeasilydismantledcertaintiesassistingtheprocess,andgenerous disappear. Rather, itacquiresnewcontours, castlesintheairconstructedfrom of movingnorthinthe750sitspopulationstayedput,thenfrontierdoesnot isreasonforsupposingthatinstead (Manzano 1991;Glick1995:113–14),there them. To returntothevalleyofDuero.If,astherecertainlyappearsbe which islooselytermed‘thefrontier’weretheresufficientresourcestodisposeof in Spainuntil1492andbeyondwasthatonneithersideofinfinitydivisions the effectsofthosefrontiers.Thereasonwhynon-Christiancommunitiespersisted had to,andtheytobecausetherewasneverenoughmanpoweravailableefface (which havesurvivedtothisday)(Albert-LlorcaandAlbert1995)becausethey however (Nirenberg 1996:224). St NicholasandCatherine.Hewasperfectlypreparedtoallowchildrendoso, up asMuslimsandJewsinordertotauntthelocalminoritiesonfeast-daysof 1300 JaumeIIofAragónwarnedtheseniorsUniversityLleidanottodress convivencia and Muslims,createdtensionswhichcommunitieslearnttotransforminto many individualheartsandminds,themindsofJewsaswellChristians With aviewtodisturbingthisunsatisfactoryequilibrium,asbetween1936and The Christian communitiesandtheirleadersengagedinthesereassuring charades fuero (the co-existence of peoples of different faiths)byritualisingthem.In (the co-existenceofpeoplesdifferent which AlfonsoVIgrantedtoSepúlveda(notfarfromSegovia) in1076 jeunes, Europe’s youngersons,theextrudedelementsof 7 – PeterLinehan serving torenderitanarea ofsocialcoagulationand 44 al-Andalus . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 tional significanceoftheCanaries experienceremainstobeanalysed,sotoodoesit New ExtremadurasinMexico andChile’(Bishko1963:64).Butjustasthetransi- thousands ofothers,whomthe regionearlysenttotheIndiesandwhotherecreated critical scrutiny allofthirty yearsago,thoseprecursors of‘Pizarro, Valdivia, and pastoral inhabitantsoftheGuadiana basinwhoseactivitiesweresubjectedtoBishko’s frontiersmen Linehan 1993:264–5). de CampóoataboutthetimeofSepúlvedaaffair(Pastor deTogneri 1980:149; Negro, leaderofthe fueros co-religionists wasanotuncommonconsequenceofthe generous termsofthelocal Christians thantheydidtoChristendom’s foe.Theburningofchurchesfulltheir stayed ontomanChristendom’s frontier representedagreaterdangertoother acts ofselflessness(David1936:83;Duby1973:221). Indeed, thoseofthemwho not verygildedyouthonthelooseinpeninsulawere hardlyconspicuousfor wishful thinking.)Intheirdealingswithco-religionists, Duby’s celebrated insignia ofwar’, thebishopcontinued,‘butwithadifferent object’.(Thatwasperhaps voice oftwelfth-centurySpain.‘You are(still),asisapparent,bearingarmsandthe stayed ontoparticipateinthereconquestofLisbon1147.Hereisauthentic speak indetail’,thebishopofPortoremindedJerusalem-boundcrusaderswho of pillageandothermisdeedssoldiers,concerningwhichthereisnoneednowto needed. ‘You wereemployedwitharmsandthesword;youcommittingacts extradition treatiesinwhichdesperadoeswerewelcomedbecauseeveryonewas Toledo andthedecisivebattleofLasNavasdeTolosa, Spainwasalandwithout this radicalproposal,whereupon local clergy wasdiscussionofanappealtothepopeagainst oftheirlady-friends.There order toplanthedownfallofbishopSegoviaforattemptingdeprive meeting ofwhichsographicanaccounthassurvived,thesummonedin same reason. would havepassedstreams ofaspiringfrontiersmen travellingsouthforprecisely the problem inreverse),thetreacherouscountGómezNúñez(MayaSánchez1990:189) ‘because therewasnowhereforhimtostay’inAlfonsoVII’s kingdoms(theusual There arethosewhowouldembracethelikesofPedro NegroasTurnerian In theperiodoflittleoveracentury(1085–1212)betweenreconquest The clergy ofSepúlvedadrove thebishopma withhold thebishop’s procurations. they thensummonedtheofficials totheirchapterandmadethemswear one ofthembreakingtheoathtobediscommunedandfinedfifty church and,joininghands,swore toassisteachanotheragainstthebishop, any almost alltheclergy ofSepúlveda,boththetownandvillages,metina Small wonderthenthatinabouttheyear1206Sepúlvedawitnessedprotest whereby thearsonistshadbeenbroughtin.‘We arethekings’,declared Pedro avant lalettre, astheforebearsofthose‘Castiliansplainsmen’, concejo – AttheSpanishFrontier – of CordobillaindisputewiththemonksAguilar 45 d...r (García yGarcía1977:252–3). eally unhingedhim. (Linehan 1981:485) aurei . And Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 370; Molénat1996:112–17). or thecourseofrivers,thatis(Gonzalez1980–6:ii.nos.154,157;Gomes1991: frontiers’, FernandoIIIdeclaredin1222– express theconceptofaterritorial‘frontier’.‘Itisdutykingstodefendtheir to remain thecasethatitwasnotuntil1220sCastilianscoinedaword terms fortheurban to theinfluenceofFrenchmenandothernorthernruffians asitistoaccountinsuch 1991: 367–70;Mattoso1995:ii.193–6).Mapscamelater (Gomes1991:374–6). after(Ruiz1997; Linehan1993:333;Gomes neighbour forever border withitseastern for settlementssuchastheTreaty ofAlcañiceswhichin1297determined Portugal’s (crosses carvedontreeorstone,libationsofwine)–that prepared peninsularsociety cessation –bothphysical(boundary marksprotectedbybiblicaltaboo)andsymbolic stage-armies oftoothlesscentenarians,andtheconventions adoptedtomarktheir their resolutionindocumentaryevidenceandthecrystal-clear memoriesofsuccessive it wasdisputesofthisnature (atevery levelofsociety)andtheremedies soughtfor conform tomorerecentsecularrealities (e.g.Cañizares 1946;DuroPeña1975).Indeed parishes periodicallyreactivatedbythefailureofancientecclesiasticaldivisionsto frontier disputes,notablybyinter-diocesan disputesconcerning archdeaconriesand kingdoms establishedmore orlesspermanentfrontiers,ChristianSpainwasrivenby untidy strayingpeculiartothepeninsula’s quadrupeds.Longbefore itsconstituent Tudela wasinthekingdomofNavarre(Linehan1980:500).Norhabit he wasrepresentinginabadway, wasnotreferringtothefrontierwithIslam; of creditatthepapalcourt onthegrounds that,being‘onthefrontier’, thechurch López 1972:no.72).Andtheproctor whointhe1290spleadedforanextension of lambsandotheranimalsconceivedinonedioceseborn intheother(Canellas clashing croziersoverthenicequestionofwhichthemwasentitledtotithe the neighbouringkingdomofAragónbishopsZaragozaandHuescawere Fernando IIIofCastilewasmusteringhisforces forthefinal pushtowards Seville,in Christian kingdomsandevendioceses.In1245,forexample,while Christian Spain’s whichseparated internalfrontiers,thatistosayonthefrontiers asmuchinevidenceon which theypatrolled,thefrontierwithIslam.Theywere Roman Churchitself(Linehan1971)? par excellence After all,wasitnotpreciselytheiruniquestatusasChristendom’s frontiersmen For ifthefrontier wasonthepointofclosingdown,thenwhere didthatleavethem? him theentireroll-callofthirteenth-centurySpanishkings)totheirfoundations. greeted byhimwithblankincomprehension. havebeen altogether (Lewis1958;Linehan1993:207–8,292–5),musttherefore A. R.Lewis,thatbythe1220smedievalfrontierwasonpointofclosing also unnecessary. Fornotonly hadsymptomssuchasthesebeenevidentinSpain to Compostela(GautierDalché 1979:211–30;PastordeTogneri 1980:147).Itis death halfacentury earlierhadunleashedalongthewholelength ofthepilgrimroad of Lugoin1159orforthesuccession ofurbanrebellionswhichAlfonsoVICastile’s As tosuchconflictsthemselves,itisasdifficultattribute theirprevalence And morestill.ForPedro Negro-typeswere bynomeansconfined tothefrontier And morethanthat.Lewis’s suggestionwouldhaveshakenFernandoIII(andwith that entitledthemtoholdransomboththeirownchurchesandthe hermandad 8 – PeterLinehan which drovethelocalbishop fromthenortherlysee The suggestionofanotherAmericanmedievalist, 46 frontarias constituted byseriesoffortresses Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3

B a y o f B i s c a y R. Rhone

GALICIA ASTURIAS Santiago de Compostela Lugo Oviedo Covadonga CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS NAVARRE Leon Aguilar PYRENEES de Campóo Pamplona Ebro R. Burgos Huesca Llobregat R. Braga Tudela ARAGON Douro R. CATALONIA OLD CASTILE Sepulveda Zaragoza Lleida Segovia SIERRA Barcelona Coimbra DE GATA SIERRA DE GUADARRAMA Tortosa Plasencia A t l a n t i c O c e a n Guadalupe EXTREMADURA Toledo VALENCIA Tagus R. Sagrajas (1086) Badajoz Valencia Lisbon LA MANCHA Júcar R. B A L E AR I C I S L A N D S Játiva Guadiana R. Las Navas SIERRA MORENA de Tolosa (1212) MURCIA

Córdoba Guadalquivir R. Jaén ANDALUCIA Seville Granada M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a SIERRA NEVADA Cartagena

Río Salado (1340) Málaga

Strait of Gibraltar

0 100 200 300 km

N O R T H A F R I C A

Figure 3.1 Map of medieval Spain. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 1971: 106;GilFernándezetal 1212 itwasaparcheddesertthatbarredtheway(Vanderford 1984:19–20; Linehan Sea andintothePromisedLand–thoughwithdifferencethatinyearsafter Alfonso III’ofPelayoatCovadongaleadinghispeopleMoses-likethroughtheRed itself, FernandoIIIreiteratedthelavishaccountinninth-century‘Chronicleof superlatives whichintheseventhcenturyIsidoreofSevillehadreservedforSpain nature, fertilebeyondallimagining.AppropriatingtoSevilleanditsenvironsthe the territoryirrigatedbyGuadalquiviraslastunspoiledpreserveoffecund And itiscertainlystrikingthat,insellingSevillehard,FernandoIIIpromoted terms thatcausedtheFrenchcontingentstodefectin1212(Linehan1997:145–6). as thewillingnessofCastilianstoallowenemystrongholdssurrenderon asmuch ofdiarrhoea Itmaywellhavebeentheeffects not tobeunderestimated. 1690: 193)?Theawesomenessfornorthernersoftheprospecteternaloliveoilis suggested theydidbydeterringWesterners fromtravellingtotheHolyLand(Brown 319–452)? Maydietary fearshavecontributed,asin1274Humbert de Romanis determine thecourseofsettlementAmericanMid-West (Webb 1931: Was justassixcenturieslateritwould thatdeterred, itthewaterlessnessofregion Had thepitilesslyaridclimateofnorthernAndaluciasomethingtodowithit? attention (Lomax1988). muchthefocusofEuropean Almohads hadmadeSpainvery withthe thattheconfrontation deserves comment.Afterall,itwasonlyrecently of thePyreneesalmostcompletelydriedup–withfar-reaching consequences.This the rulersofCastile,forsomereasonquitesuddenlyhumansupplyfromnorth ofAndaluciabecameavailableto of LasNavasin1212,justastheopportunities absent fromhisanalysis,however, thefactthatinyearsafterdecisivebattle occurred allofacentury toosoonforLewis’s purposes.Notsothatotherelement Thatisunderstandableinasmuchasit of the‘ClosingMedievalFrontier’. extinction. well beforeIslamhadreachedthepeninsula.Theywouldalsolongoutlastitsformal settlers fromalreadysparsely inhabitedareastothenorth,anditskingseeking settlers havingreturnedhome, theprofessionalhabitatores the ChristianfrontierinAndalucia perilouslyundermanned,withmanyofitsearliest kingdom ofValencia asrelatedbyFather Burns,soalsothe1260sand1270sfound themselves. Yet demandandsupplyfailedto make contact. ofthePyreneeswithnomeanssupporting menandfamiliesnorth than everbefore) pickings tobehadinSpainafter1212thaneverbefore. Therewerealso(alsomore this shouldhavebeensoremainsamystery. There were,toallappearances,richer not come.Enmasse,Europe’s younger sons continuedtospurnEurope’s frontier. Why of ‘greatliberties’(GonzálezJiménez1994:27).Yet fromfurtherafieldstilltheydid to Jaéntenyearslater, attractedthitherbytheking’s pobladores that morecamethantherewasroomfor(FernándezValverde 1987: 299);similarly flocked therefromallpartsofSpain‘astoaking’s wedding’,insuchnumbersindeed Such wasthereputation oftheplacethatwasbruited abroadthatsettlers( ruse worked–oratleastithadwhenthecityofCórdobafallenin1236. The phenomenonofurbanimplosiononthisscalefindsnoplaceinLewis’s account And soonthesupplyfromsouth ofthePyreneesbegantodryuptoo.Asin And accordingtoFernando’s contemporary, ArchbishopRodrigoofToledo, the . 1985:128–9). – PeterLinehan 48 engaged inpoaching with theirpromises habitatores ) Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 fondly imagined,thepressure wasoff,becausetheMoorswerenowfarawayand archbishop ofToledo, theInfante SanchoofAragóninthe1270s.Because,ashe 1994: 295).Butoh,whatfolly! Itwascomplacencyofthisorderthatundidthe that theGalicianshrinewas ‘nowbufferedbymilesofChristianterritory’(Bartlett that hadbeencarriedoffto Muslim Córdobain997,RobertBartletthasremarked 1966: 59).ReportingthereturntoSantiagodeCompostela inthe1230sofbells a fireinthecitytheirfirstdutywastomanwalls againstinvaders(Lourie which thecitizensoftwelfth-centuryPlasenciawereinstructed thatwhentherewas Eternal vigilanceremainedtherule,therefore,that inaccordancewith Lucas ofTuy, hadopenedthecitygates totheinvadersin711(Schottus1608:70). all thecharacteristicsofthoseJewsToledo whobynow, accordingtothechronicler Comprising thedisplacedpopulationamongwhomthey livedandmoved,itbore of thereconquerorsAndaluciawasoneanaltogether moresinisternature. ‘fifth columnofliberty’(GonzálezJiménez1993–4).The fifthcolumnintheminds control, withits municipal governmentthroughoutAndaluciawasbroughtincreasinglyunderroyal III hadpromisedhissubjectssonAlfonsoXfailedtodeliver. After 1252 define aseconomic. for itwaswhathistoriansinsistentoncompartmentalising bodyandsoulwould spoken ofbyChaunu(1962:137),waspostponed as intheaftermathofFranco’s ‘crusade’, therealreconquest,‘reconquestofsouls’ of theirpolicy. Andiftheconsequencesofthiswerereligious–toextentthat, century Christian cause,theyshrankfrom theghastlymeasuresadoptedbyitstwentieth- were preparedwhennecessarytomakeuseofMoorishlegionariesadvancetheir with enemies’(Preston1993:222).Butthough,likeFranco,Spain’s medievalrulers preferable toarapidroutoftheenemyarmieswhichleavescountrystillinfested systematic occupationofterritoryaccompaniedbythenecessarypurge ( lenta’ (theslowreconquest).‘Inacivilwar’,GeneralFrancoreflectedin1937,‘a ‘verdaderaReconquista’, ‘laReconquista was disappointedofthatsupplementary by JaumeVicens Vives (1967:144),‘laReconquistamilitar’ (themilitaryreconquest) of asinglegenerationwerenotsufficienttosecureboth.Intheterminologyadopted Themeagreresources failed toexploittheadvantagesachievedbypassageofarms. the southernpartofpeninsulafromthatdaytothis.Theprocesscolonisation 1995: ii.15–28;Marques1990:520). same effectasinCastile,ofexacerbatingdeep-rootednorth–southtensions(Mattoso kingdom ofPortugal’s mostpopulousregion,Algarve-wardmigrationproducedthe And furtherweststill,where in1268itwasreported that‘Extrematura’ wasthe Extremadurafurtherwest(Linehan1985). in therockywastesofstrategicallycrucial 676–8). InthefourteenthcenturysuchwereoriginsofshrineGuadalupe Jiménez 1988:83–9;Linehan1993:510–16;1997:145;1999: they servednopracticalpurposetoareaswhereconceivablymight(González in thesouthwithaviewtoluringmiracle-hungry pilgrimsfromSantiagowhere andpromotingnewshrines byconnivingatclericalmarriage make goodtheshortfall And anotherpartofit,perhaps,wasthatthose‘greatliberties’whichFernando But theshortfallremained,andconsequencesofitdeterminedhistory caudillo. Atleastuntilthefifteenthcentury, ethniccleansingwasnotpart alcaldes – AttheSpanishFrontier – the king’s alcaldes 49 and nosigninsightofWebb’s famed sine die – alarge partofthereason limpieza) is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 establishment’. Carr, ‘peoplewhowearbowtiesmayhaveanambiguousrelationshipwiththe field ofvisionfromthecoveredwagonisinevitablyrestricted.AccordingtoRaymond Without theassistanceofrear-view mirrors,ontheGreat Trek throughHistorythe it asyetanothersymptomofthe‘ClosingMedievalFrontier’.Buthedidnot. 180–3). were sentbackhomeinacasket(Linehan1971:179;GonzálezJiménez2000: with theMarı¯nids inOctober1275hepaidforitwhenhisseveredheadandhand But D.SanchohadmadethesamefatalmistakeasBartlett, andafterdefeatinbattle requirement ofthecanonshischurchtojustthreemonths’attendanceperannum. road northfromToledo wasbothsafeandopen,theInfantereducedresidence objected’. us (1983:328),to‘theAmericanizationofamedievalepisode’‘someEuropeans have they hadbettermindtheirstepwiththosespurs,for, asL.J.McCrankhascounselled sash andtight-fittingtrousers,thespurredboots.’Doubtlesstheycould–though variations intheIndies;low-crowned, broad-brimmedhat,thebolero jacket,the cradle oftheranchcattleindustry, thecowboycostumethatappearswithmany local regional dressofthecharros Bishko hassurmised(1952:507),‘coulddoubtlesstracebacktothetwelfthcentury European history’(McCrank1983:329). appropriate frontierconceptsandapproachesarefortheinterpretationofmedieval Thus thecounter-argument wouldbethatwehavejustbeguntodiscoverhow that muchofEurope was afrontier inadevelopmentalstageandongoing expansion. frontier phenomena,andifhefindsthesephenomenawidespread,thiscouldmean he continues,‘seemnottoextendthelarge, beyond-Turner, interpretationsof such asBurns’s notionofthe“religionfrontier”,’hewrites.‘Linehan’s points’, unduly narrow. mentalities, ‘Linehanobjects tothegeneralizationaboutfrontier which IhadexpressedinrespectoftheworkFatherBurns,McCrankadjudges when in1965a13percent turnoutformasswas‘morethanusual’inasemi-rural dangerous thananyurbanghetto’ (Burns1989:308).Butbyasimilarreckoning, persquaremile’,the1988 frontierwas‘aregionstatisticallymoreviolentand . . . reported, quotingarecentreport inthe of settlementstillcovered‘45 percentofthelandareaUnitedStates’,Burns of settlementhadnotdisappearedafterall.Norhasityet. In1988Turner’s frontier self-regarding debate,whenTurner waswriting andrewritinghisthesisfrontier As Burnshimselfremarked in1989,referring tothestarting pointofthewhole tion ofMacKay, Burns,Glicketal.’Itisrather aquestionofmeasure,proportion. one poletotheother?(Webb 1953:8–13;Barraclough1954). battery butforwhichnoneofthoseenliveningsparkswould everhavemovedfrom hinterland ormetropolis? Where was theotherterminal ofWebb’s fullycharged 1981: 501–2).Forif Valencia andSegoviaoftheclergy ofRouenandLincolncontrasted(Linehan dogged exegesisofanobiterdictum is whatitis)areindeedImeantthencanonlyagreewithDrMcCrank’s Had hetakenaccountofallthis,Lewiswoulddoubtlesshavedutifullylogged Pace McCrank, it is not a question of seeking ‘to undermine thefrontierinterpreta- McCrank, itisnotaquestionofseeking‘toundermine 10 In particular, thereservationsastousefulnessofTurnerian concepts 9 The samemaybetrueofmenwithstetsons.‘Studentscostume’, all Europe wasafrontier, where,onemayask, wastheEuropean and – PeterLinehan serranos on thesubjectofproclivitiesclergy of New York Times of SalamancaandsouthernOldCastile,the 50 11 If thisandthecounter-argument (ifthat . With ‘fewerthansixpeople Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 acculturation, withthe the AragoneseConfraternityofBelchitethereareidentifiableindications an equalzealforthesheddingofSaracenblood. Islam, combiningthatcommitmenttothechastitywhichRuleprescribedwith onthefrontierwith orderofCalatravawhofeatured the membersofmilitary Alvarez Palenzuela1978;Moxó1979:269–75).Itwastheiruncloisteredbrethren, to countertheChristiankingofNavarre(PallaresMéndezandPortelaSilva1971; communities ofBujedo,Herrera,RiosecoandBenavideswereallrelocatedinorder with itsChristianneighbours.Duringthe1170s,atAlfonsoVIII’s behest,the on theChristianfrontierwithIslam,butCastile’s internalfrontiers,itsfrontiers infilling theGalicianhinterland.InCastiletheyserved adifferentfunction,not Cisterciansmadetheirmark, it washardagainsttheAtlanticthatcloistered the frontierfurtherwestCistercianmonasticismdidnotfigureatall.Further Freedman 1991b:135–9).AndwhatevermayhavebeenthecaseinCatalonia,on to mark,afrontierofsortbetweenfreedomandservitude(Freedman1991a:111; stamping ground.TheretheriverLlobregatmarked,orwasthoughtbysome 1989: p.v). (BartlettandMacKay allow thefrontierelementintheiranalysistospeakforitself’ Most contributorswerehappytopursueempiricalissuesand . . . up muchtime. ‘terminological ordefinitionaldebateaboutthenatureoffrontierdidnottake aired maybealtogethermoretothepointthanDrMcCrank.Onthatoccasion, the 1987Edinburgh conferenceatwhichBurns’s thoughtsonthesubjectwerefirst correspondent) isrightonthisoccasion,thenthedistinctlydownbeataccountof da community. indifference ofpreciselythisorderthathadsoalarmedEulogiusandhisembattled in forcetoadvisetheMozarabsofmid-ninth-centuryCórdoba,itwasreligious adjudged stillfarfromcomplete.Thoughthereligioussociologistswerenotyetout parish inthedioceseofSeville(Lannon1987:10)SpanishReconquestmaybe were prescribedforapostates (Burns1972:347,349;RealAcademiadelaHistoria code superintendedbyJaume’s contemporary AlfonsoXofCastile,fearsomepenalties or, iftheychosetoremain,‘toremain Christian’,andinthe espoused Islamduringtherebellion wereeither‘togotothecountryofMoors’ kingdom ofValencia, JaumeIofAragón decreedthatthosewhohadconveniently distinctions. Thusin1276,afterthesuppressionof the Muslimrevoltin to preventapostates,renegadesand Christian rulerswerecommittedtotheconceptof‘atidy kingdom’ andwereatpains since 1898necessitatesallmannerofqualifications. Afterall,thepeninsula’s agonising overthenatureofSpain’s SpanishnessinwhichSpaniards haveindulged of raceorreligion’(Lea1901:1).Thatisalarge generalisation, ofcourse,andthe history ofSpainshowsthatinthelongstruggletherewas littleantagonismeither American contemporary, H.C.Lea,remarkedin 1901.‘Infact,however, asawarofreligion’,Turner’s themedieval . . . been thefashiontoregardwarofReconquest ¯ r al-harb Yet eveninthisquintessentiallyChristianinstitution,itsearliermanifestation As toSpain,theempiricalapproach isapplicableeventoMcCrank’s ownparticular If, asmaybethecase,FatherBurns(or, asitmaybe,theNewYork Times (Lourie 1982).AndsoitcontinuedinSpain’s havenofconvivencia.‘Ithas riba – AttheSpanishFrontier – ¯ t . : Islam’s frontieroutpostssetagainsttheother, the tornizados 51 from blurringethnicandreligious Siete Partidas , thelaw- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Christian settlerstothesouth westandtowhichMuslimsflockedtooonaccountof shrine totheVirgin nearCartagenawhichAlfonsoXpromotedinorder toattract monitoring thepressofhuman trafficinthedirectionofSanGinésdelaJara(the p. 46.) diocesanboundariesofChristianAragón;above, earlier onthepaternity-suits-ridden the 1470swasdistinctlylessfraughtthanithadbeentwo hundredandmoreyears (For theaveragepeninsularsheep,lifeonfrontier withIslamicGranadain Ruiz1998:262–5). situation (RodríguezMolina1997:260–2,272–4;Carmona Muslim andChristianflockswerepasturedtogether, bytakingthe steamoutofthe say, toashareddesirepreserve(forexample) the‘no-animal’s land’inwhich (López deCocaCastañer1989;David1936:110).Such measurestestify, wemight of understandingsandarrangementswiththeiropposite numbersacrosstheline Lisbon. Accordingly, the from northernEuropehadsoldtheirservicestotheking ofPortugalatthesiege same considerationsthathadappliedin1147whentheJerusalem-boundcrusaders Years War, butinitsessentialsgoverned bythesame considerations,andbythe as theransomingofFrenchandEnglishcaptivesduringcourseHundred Thiswasbigbusiness:notquitesuchbusiness,admittedly,speculating infutures. eliminate it’(MacKay1976:23–5). fully awareoftheescalatingproblemscausedbyreprisalwarfareandattemptedto authoritieswere of captivesand‘missingpersons’,amplydemonstrates‘thatfrontier trans-frontier incidents,andof Jaén regionof strength oftheirlucubrationsovertheremainscastlesandbitspots. so muchatthemercyofscholarswholaydownlawabouthumanaffairson of thatcalibreabouttheshepherdboysSpain’s earliercenturiesweshouldnotbe home toColomera(MacKay1976:26;Carriazo 1971:i.280).Ifonlywehadmaterial they couldtraceevenifsomehistoriansofpartourperiodcannot,andhaulhim to comeforhimandtakeback,backoverthefrontierwhoselineonmap found themselvesconstrainedtoasktheChristianauthoritiesarrangeformother consternation. Hewouldnotgohometomother. SohisunwillingMoorishhosts Having convertedtoIslam,henowrefusedreturntheChristianfold.General for theexchangeofcaptives,ashepherdnamedPedromadenuisancehimself. Christians ofJaénandtheMoorsColomera,onthisoccasionwhentimecame on thatedgeofmid-fifteenth-centuryChristianEurope,inthiscaseinvolvingthe one ofthoseskirmishesacrossthelineswhichweresoregularafeatureexistence itself thecauseofconvivencia Granada twohundredyearslater, atatimewhenwithintheChristianhinterland extent ofconvivencia all, AlfonsoXnumberedtheNasridkingofGranadaamonghisvassals.) be ‘Christian,MoororJew’(RealAcademiadelaHistoria1807:iii.680–1).(After the safe-conductofenvoysfrom‘tierrademoros’wasguaranteed,whetherthey 1807: iii.677–80).Yet intheverynextlawofrelevant titleoftheSeventhPartida And yet, for all that, and scalded by that steam as they sometimes were while And yet,forallthat,andscalded bythatsteamastheysometimeswere The employmentbyboththeChristianandMoorishmunicipalitiesin An incidentnotedinAngusMacKay’s richlysuggestive articledemonstratesthe rastreros and collusiononeithersideofthefrontierwithkingdom , officialswhosetaskitwastocollaborateinthesettlementof alfaqueques was alreadyunderseriousstrain.Attheconclusionof – PeterLinehan alfaqueques Alfaqueques were firmlycommittedtothemaintenance 52 responsible fororganising thereturn worked onacommissionbasis,even Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 1973). though theyconstitutedthemostsacredofobligations(Linehan1997;Urvoy get on.There,allthattherewastobegotonwithlifeitself. coincide,oreven did theoryandpractice,whetherIslamicorChristian,everprecisely the placeby‘inventiveEurope’,there,inAuden’s fragmentofhotAfrica,only rarely behaviour’ thatmadetheworldgoround.Despite(intermittent)inspectionsof behaviour andbeliefwereprobablyasdeepinanyage’(Housley1996:115). assumed thatitcorrespondedtoreality. Butinpracticetheinconsistenciesofhuman the highpremiumwhichwasplacedonuniformityinMiddleAges,theyhave homogeneity theywouldnotexpecttobepresentinotherperiods.Perhaps,seeing remarks continues–‘theyhavedemandedoflatemedievalsocietyadegree towards thetwomodesoffrontierbehaviour.’ ‘Indoingso’–theauthor of these strange [is]thathistorians[shouldever]haveinsistedonaneither/orapproach people aren’t likethat.‘Infact’,ashasbeenwellobserved, what‘appearsincreasingly co-existence compriseaconfessionaloxymoronifevertherewasone.Butin so wereboththeCrusadeagainstIslamandjiha undermine itsfoundations.)Intheory, ofcourse,thiswasuntidy, justas,intheory, of thebattleLasNavasdeTolosa whenRomehadfirstletthefriarslooseto the parishwasnomorethanavenerablefiction.(Ithadbeensoeversinceyears an institutionavailabletobeappealedwhenneedsmust.Infact,bythe1480s was asmuchpartofeverydaylifetheparish.Likeparish,frontier was 1989: 149)–mustsurelyhavecomeasasurprise. normally envisaged,hardlyexisted’(MacKay1989:222;LópezdeCocaCastañer confusion, inthebroadestsenseofterm,thatitisalmostasifafrontier, asitis caskets, ‘allthisevidencesuggeststhepossibilityofsuchadegreecultural that actuallytherewasno theproposition ofthose ecumenicalruminants 23–4)), atthetime,toproprietors its associationswitharelativeoftheProphet(Linehan1993:513–14;MacKay1976: Dillard1984, esp.chap.1.Bycontrast,womenwereexcludedfromparticipationinthe 4 ‘Tocado todomoriscoebienfecho’(Carriazo1940:52). 3 WhoseTurneriancharacteristics werelongagostressedbytheAmericanhistorianof 2 Iam indebtedtoMaríaAntoniaCarmonaRuiz,DavidNirenbergandMargaritaTorres 1 AndforitslateststagesGlickisuseful, despitefactualinaccuracy(forexample,itwas 6 Fortheviewthat‘ofcoursefreeproprietor wasdominantinCastiletheeighthto 5 In Just so.AttheSpanishfrontieritwaspreciselythose‘inconsistenciesofhuman As asurprise.Butperhapsnotasverymuchmorethanthat.Forthefrontier military jiha medieval Germany,J.W.Thompson(Thompson1928:522–4). Sevilla fortheircriticalreadingofanearlierversionthischapter. not AlfonsoIIbutIwho, accordingtoSánchez-Albornoz,took‘theremaining feudalisation ofsuchterritories wasdelayed’,seeGlick1995:102. amorefuller[sic] . . . tenth centuries:hewaseverywhere!’ andthat‘inthecaseofCastile theory, theveryideaoffrontier ¯ d, atleastintheory:Khadduri1955:85. – AttheSpanishFrontier – situation –that,despitetheseveredheadssenthomein NOTES convivencia 53 ¯ d is inconceivable.Crusadeand untidy, equallyandabsolutely fact Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Alvarez Palenzuela,V.A.(1978)MonasterioscisterciensesenCastilla(siglosXII–XIII) Alverny, M.T.d’(1982)‘Translationsandtranslators’,inR.L.BensonG.Constable, Albert-Llorca, M.andJ.-P.Albert(1995)‘Mahomet,laViergeetfrontière’, Barraclough, G.(1954)‘Themetropolisandthemacrocosm.Europewiderworld, 1Itistobenotedthatitwasnot,asMcCrankstates,‘[Burns’s]“TheReligionofthe 11 ForarathermorenuancedtreatmentofMcCrank’stheme,viewedfromwider 10 Bishko, C.J.(1952)‘ThepeninsularbackgroundofLatinAmerican cattleranching’, Bazzana, A.(1997)‘ElconceptodefronteraenelMediterráneo occidentalenlaEdadMedia’, —— andA.MacKay(eds)(1989) Bartlett, R.(1994)TheMakingofEurope.Conquest,colonisationandculturalchange950–1350 —— (1963)‘TheCastilianasplainsman:themedievalranching frontierinLaManchaand Brett, E.T.(1984?)HumbertofRomans:hislifeandviews onthirteenth-centurysociety Boswell, J.(1977) ReviewingAdamSisman, 9 Thewords‘frontera’,‘frontaria’firstoccurinthechronicleandchanceryproducts 8 As,forexample,inthefancifuldescriptionofpresentwriteras‘apartisan 7 50: 855–86. with C.D.Lanham(eds) Valladolid: UniversidaddeValladolid. 1492–1939’, Past&Present Press, 421–62. Almerienses/Diputación deAlmería,25–46. (s.XIII–XVI)’. Lorca–Vera,22a24denoviembre1994 in P.SeguraArtero(ed.) Harmondsworth: PenguinBooks. Extremadura’, inA.R.LewisandT.F.McGann(eds) American HistoricalReview Pontifical InstituteofMediaeval Studies. fourteenth century,NewHavenandLondon:Yale UniversityPress. Austin, Texas:UniversityofTexas Press,InstituteofLatinAmericanStudies,47–69. 1991: 359. prescribed militaryservice‘infrontariaregniPortugalie’(Costa1963:266);cf.Gomes part oftheCrónicalatina (post-1236) chronicler(Linehan1993:263).(Thequestionofhisauthorshipthelater of BishopJuandeSoria(orAza),chancellorCastile(post-early1220s),and institutional school’(Glick1995:94). opposing blocs’:Glick1995:113). population northwardsandmadetheentirevalleyanemptybufferzonebetween Colloquium inquestionhaveneverfactbeenpublished. the bibliographicalparticularshelpfullyprovidedbyMcCrank, aware, norebuttalhasyetbeenissued,notevenbyhimself–principallybecause,despite of theFrontierinMedievalSpain’wasnotBurnsbutLinehanand,sofaraslatteris History Frontier inMedievalSpain”, perspective, seePérez-EmbidWamba1994. 1994, 24. (Oxford 1974)whichprovokedLinehan’srebuttal’.Theauthorof‘TheReligion The RoyalTreasure.Muslimcommunities undertheCrownofAragonin Renaissance andRenewalintheTwelfthCentury Actas delCongreso‘LaFronteraOrientalNazarícomosujetohistórico has beenraisedbyCharloBrea1995.)In1239apapalpenance 32: 491–515. 5: 77–93. A.J.P. Taylor:abiography:TheSpectator Proceedings oftheSecondInternationalColloquiuminEcclesiastical – PeterLinehan Medieval FrontierSocieties,Oxford:ClarendonPress. REFERENCES 54 The NewWorldLooksatitsHistory , Alicante:InstitutodeEstudios , Oxford:Clarendon (London), 22Jan. Proceedings Annales HSS , Toronto: Hispanic of the , , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 —— andP.E.Chevedden(1999a)NegotiatingCultures.Bilingualsurrendertreatiesin —— (1989)‘ThesignificanceofthefrontierinMiddleAges’,BartlettandMacKay —— (1975) Burns, R.I.(1972)‘Renegades,adventurers,andsharpbusinessmen:thethirteenth-century Brown, E.(ed.)(1690)HumbertdeRomanis.Opustripartitum:Fasciculusrerumexpetendarum Carmona Ruiz,M.A.(1998), Cañizares, B.(1946)‘LosgrandespleitosdelaiglesiaLugo:Lugoy —— (ed.)(1989)LoscartulariosdeSanSalvadorZaragoza Canellas López,A.(ed.)(1972) —— (1999b)‘“Thefinestcastleintheworld”’,HistoryToday —— (1971)‘LosmorosdeGranadaenlasactasdelconcejoJaén1479’,in Carriazo, J.deM.(ed.)(1940)HechosdelCondestableDonMiguelLucasIranzo(Crónica Chaunu, P.(1962)‘Jansenismeetfrontièredecatholicité(XVIIeXVIIIesiècles):àpropos Charlo Brea,L.(1995)‘Unsegundoautorparalaúltimapartede Costa, A.DominguesdeSousa(1963)MestreSilvestreeVicente,juristasdacontendaentre Collins, R.(1989)TheArabConquestofSpain710–797,Oxford:BasilBlackwell. Fernández Valverde,J.(ed.)(1987) RodericiXimeniideRada, Defourneaux, M.(1949) Díaz yDíaz,M.C.(1969)‘Lacirculationdesmanuscritsdans la PéninsuleIbériqueduVIIIe David, C.W.(ed.)(1936) Chazan, R.(1992)BarcelonaandBeyond.Thedisputationof1263itsaftermath Elliott, J.H.(1977)‘Self-perception anddeclineinearlyseventeenth-centurySpain’, Duro Peña,E.(1975)‘DiferenciassobrelímitesentreBragayOrense enelsigloXII’, Duby, G.(1973)‘Les“jeunes”danslasociétéaristocratique laFranceduNord-ouestau Dillard, H.(1984) Muslim–Crusader SpainunderJamestheConqueror 1989: 307–30. NJ: PrincetonUniversityPress. Spaniard inthecauseofIslam’,CatholicHistoricalReview et fugiendarum de León’,BoletínlaComisiónMonumentosLugo Zaragona enlaUniversidad. profesor CarriazoyArroquía Calpe. siglo XV) Seville: DiputacióndeSevilla. du Jansenismelorrain’,Revuehistorique 1–4 dediciembre1993),León:UniversidadLeón,251–6. de Castilla?’,inM.PérezGonzález(ed.) D. AfonsoIIesuasirmãs,Braga:EditorialFranciscana. Los AngelesandOxford:UniversityofCaliforniaPress. Brepols. Historia Gothica Present Columbia UniversityPress. au XIesiècle’,CahiersdeCivilisationMédiévale Universitaires deFrance. Leoneses XIIe siècle’,inHommesetstructuresduMoyenAge Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress. 74: 41–61. 29: 147–75. ; ColeccióndeCrónicasEspañolas,dir.J.M.Carriazo,III,Madrid:Espasa Medieval Colonialism.PostcrusadeexploitationofIslamicValencia , vol.2,London:R.Chiswell. , CorpusChristianorumContinuatio Mediaeualis,vol.72,Turnhout: Daughters oftheReconquest.WomeninCastiliantownsociety,1100–1300 Les FrançaisenEspagneauxXIeetXIIesiècles – AttheSpanishFrontier – ‘De ExpugnationeLyxbonensi’:theConquestofLisbon , Seville:UniversidaddeSevilla,i.265–310. La ganaderíaenelreinodeSevilladurantelaBajaEdadMedia Colección diplómaticadelConcejodeZaragoza 227: 115–38. Actas ICongresoNacionaldeLatínMedieval(León, 55 12: 219–41,383–92. , Leiden,BostonandCologne:Brill. , Paris:Flammarion,213–25. 2: 137–52. , 4vols.,Zaragoza:Ibercaja. 58: 341–66. 49(11): 10–20. Historia derebvsHispaniesive Crónica latinadelosreyes , Zaragoza:Cátedra , Paris:Presses , NewYork: , Princeton Homenaje al , Berkeley, Archivos Past & , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Freedman, P.(1991a)‘TheLlobregatasafrontierinthethirteenthcentury’, Gaibrois deBallesteros,M.(1922–8) —— (1991b) Lea, H.C.(1901) Lannon, F.(1987) Khadduri, M.(1955) García yGarcía,A.(1977)‘PrimerosreflejosdelConcilioIVLateranenseenCastilla’,in Lewis, A.R.(1958)‘Theclosingofthemediaevalfrontier’, —— (1980)‘Spanishlitigants andtheiragentsatthethirteenth-centurypapalcuria’,in —— (1971) Jordan, E.(ed.)(1893–1945) Housley, N.(1996)‘FrontiersocietiesandcrusadinginthelateMiddleAges’,B.Arbel Harvey, L.P.(1990) —— (ed.)(2000) —— (1993–4)‘AlfonsoXylasoligarquíasurbanasdecaballeros’,Glossae Linehan, Peter(1970)‘ThegravaminaoftheCastilianChurch in1262–3’, González Jiménez,M.(1984) —— (1980–6)ReinadoydiplomasdeFernandoIII,3vols,Córdoba:MontePiedadCaja González, Julio(1960) García deValdeavellano,L.(1968) Gomes, R.Costa(1991)‘Aconstruçãodasfronteiras’,inF.BethencourtandD.Ramada Glick, T.F.(1995) Gil Fernández,J.,J.L.Moralejo,andI.RuizdelaPeña(eds)(1985) —— (1977)‘JudíosycristianosenlaHispaniadels.VII’,Sacra Gil, J.(ed.)(1973) Gautier Dalché,J.(1979) —— (1988) en HomenatgealP.AgustíAltisent,Tarragona:DiputaciódeTarragona,109–17. University Press. Oxford: ClarendonPress. University Press. analysées d’aprèslesmanuscritsoriginauxdesArchivesduVatican I. Vázquez(ed.) Madrid: Tipografíadela‘RevistaArchivos,BibliotecasyMuseos’. Quaritch. S. KuttnerandK.Pennington(eds) Cambridge UniversityPress. Review Cass, 104–19. (ed.) Press. (Madrid), Murcia:RealAcademiaAlfonsoXelSabio. de Sevilla. de AhorrosCórdoba. Rome: PontificiumAthenaeumAntonianum,249–82. Curto (eds) Spain, Manchester:ManchesterUniversityPress. Oviedo: UniversidaddeOviedo. Madrid: SigloVeintiuno. 2 vols(4thedn),Madrid:RevistadeOccidente. Intercultural ContactsintheMedievalMediterranean,LondonandPortlandOR.:Frank 85: 730–54[repr.Linehan(1983)]. En tornoalosorigenesdeAndalucia.LarepoblacióndelsigloXIII The SpanishChurchandthePapacy intheThirteenthCentury The OriginsofPeasantServitudeinMedievalCatalonia A memóriadanação Privilege, Persecution,andProphecy.TheCatholicChurchinSpain1875–1975 Crónica deAlfonsoXsegúnelMS.II/2777laBibliotecadelPalacioReal From MuslimfortresstoChristiancastle.Socialandculturalchangeinmedieval Corpus scriptorummuzarabicorum,2vols,Madrid:C.S.I.C. The MoriscosofSpain,theirConversionandExpulsion Studia historico-ecclesiastica.Festgabefürprof.LuchesiusG.SpätlingOFM Islamic Spain1250to1500 War andPeaceintheLawofIslam El reinodeCastillaenlaépocaAlfonsoVIII Historia urbanadeLeónyCastillaenlaEdadMedia(siglosIX–XIII) Andalucía adebateyotrosestudios Les RegistresdeClémentIV.RecueildesbullescePapepubliéesou , Lisbon:LivrariaSádaCosta,357–82. – PeterLinehan Historia deEspaña,I.DelosorígenesalabajaEdadMedia Proceedings oftheFifthInternational CongressofMedieval Historia delreinadodeSanchoIVCastilla 56 , ChicagoandLondon:Universityof , Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkins , Seville:UniversidaddeSevilla. Speculum , Paris:Thorin&Fils. , Cambridge:Cambridge , 3vols,Madrid:C.S.I.C. 32: 475–83. , Seville:Universidad , London:Bernard Crónicas asturianas 30: 9–110. English Historical 5–6: 195–214. , Cambridge: Miscellània , 3vols, , , , , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 —— (1982)‘TheConfraternityofBelchite,theriba Lourie, E.(1966)‘Asocietyorganizedforwar.MedievalSpain’, López deCocaCastañer,J.E.(1989)‘InstitutionsontheCastilian–Granadanfrontier Lomax, D.W.(1988)‘LaconquistadeAndalucíaatravéslahistoriografíaeuropea —— (2001)‘DatesanddoubtsaboutD.Lucas’, Menéndez Pidal.R.(ed.)(1977) Maya Sánchez,A.(ed.)(1990)ChronicaAdefonsiImperatoris Morel Fatio,A.,andA.Rodríguez Villa(eds)(1876) Molénat, J.P.(1996)‘Lesdiversesnotionsde“frontière”dansla régiondeCastilla–LaMancha Maravall, J.A.(1964) —— (1999) ‘Castile, Portugal and Navarre’, in D. Abulafia (ed.) —— (1999)‘Castile,PortugalandNavarre’,inD.Abulafia —— (1997)TheLadiesofZamora —— (1993)HistoryandtheHistoriansofMedievalSpain —— (1992)PastandPresentinMedievalSpain —— (1985)‘ThebeginningsofSantaMaríadeGuadalupeandthedirectionfourteenth- —— (1983)SpanishChurchandSociety1150–1300,London:VariorumReprints. Mattoso, J.(1995) Marques, M.A.Fernandes(1990) Manzano, E.(1991) —— (1989)‘Religion,culture,andideologyonthelatemedievalCastilian–Granadan MacKay, A.(1976)‘TheballadandthefrontierinlatemediaevalSpain’, McCrank, L.(1983)‘TheCisterciansofPobletasmedievalfrontiersmen.Anhistoriographic —— (1982)‘Religion,nationalismandnationalidentityinmedievalSpainPortugal’, —— (1981)‘Segovia:a“frontier”dioceseinthethirteenthcentury’, 1369–1482’, inBartlettandMacKay1989:137–49. de Córdoba,37–49. Coloquio InternacionaldeHistoriaMedievalAndalucía época’, inE.Cabrera(ed.) 24 (inpress). History, V,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,668–99. Continuatio Mediaeualis,vol.71.i,Turnhout:Brepols,109–296. (5th edn),Lisbon:Estampa. Mancha, 105–23. batalla deAlarcos(1995,Ciudad Real) (eds) au tempsdesAlmoravideset Almohades’,inR.IzquierdoBenitoandF.RuizGómez impr.), Madrid:Gredos. century Castile’,JournalofEcclesiasticalHistory [repr. Linehan(1983)]. unpublished Ph.D.diss.,Coimbra:UniversidadedeCoimbra, FaculdadedeLetras. Estudios Políticos. frontier’, inBartlettandMacKay1989:217–43. Studies 313–60. años essay andcasestudy’,in in S.Mews(ed.)ReligionandNationalIdentity 96: 481–508[repr.Linehan(1983)]. (1992)]. Canon Law,VaticanCity:BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana,487–501[repr.Linehan , ii,BuenosAires:UniversidaddeAires,InstitutoHistoriaEspaña, Alarcos 1195.ActasdelCongreso InternacionalConmemorativodelVIIICentenariodela 53: 15–33. Identificação deumpaís.EnsaiosobreasorigensPortugal1096–1325 La fronteradeal-Andalusenépocalosomeyas El conceptodeEspañaenlaEdadMedia – AttheSpanishFrontier – Estudios enhomenajeaD.ClaudioSánchez-Albornozsus90 Andalucía entreOrienteyOccidente(1236–1492).ActasdelV , Manchester:ManchesterUniversityPress. Alfonso X,PrimeraCrónicaGeneraldeEspaña O PapadoePortugalnotempodeD.AfonsoIII(1245–1279) , Cuenca:EdicionesdelaUniversidad deCastilla–La 57 , Aldershot:Variorum. [ Studies inChurchHistory 36: 284–304[repr.Linehan(1992)]. Cahiers delinguistiquehispaniquemédiévale ¯ t . , andtheTemple’,Viator Relación delviajehechoporFelipe II,en , Oxford:ClarendonPress. , Córdoba:DiputaciónProvincial (2nd edn),Madrid:Institutode The NewCambridgeMedieval Past &Present , Madrid. , CorpusChristianorum English HistoricalReview 18] Oxford:161–99 Bulletin ofHispanic 35: 54–76. , 2vols(3rd 13: 159–76. , 2vols, , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Pérez-Embid Wamba,J.(1994)‘LemodèledomanialcisterciendanslaPéninsuleIbérique’, Pastor deTogneri,R.(1980) Pallares Méndez,M.delC.andE.PortelaSilva(1971) Nirenberg, D.(1996)CommunitiesofViolence.PersecutionminoritiesintheMiddleAges Moxó, S.de(1979)RepoblaciónysociedadenlaEspañacristianamedieval Pérez deUrbel,J.(ed.)(1952) Ruiz, T.F.(1997)‘Fronteras:delacomunidadanaciónenCastillabajomedieval’, Rodríguez Molina,J.(1997)‘RelacionespacíficasenlafronteraconelreinodeGranada’,in Ricard, R.(1956)‘Ladualitédelacivilisationhispaniqueetl’histoirereligieuseduPortugal’, Real AcademiadelaHistoria(ed.)(1807) Preston, P.(1993)Franco.ABiography,London:FontanaPress. Powers, J.F.(1979)‘Frontiermunicipalbathsandsocialinteractioninthirteenth-century Turner, F.J.(1921)‘Thesignificance ofthefrontierinAmericanhistory’, Truyol ySerra,A.(1957)‘Las fronterasylasmarcas.Factoresgeográfico-políticosde Thompson, J.W.(1928)FeudalGermany , Chicago:UniversityofChicago Press. Tanner, N.P.(1990) Southern, R.W.(1962) Smith, Colin(1989) Schottus, A.(ed.)(1608) Sánchez-Albornoz, C.(1966) Sáez, E.(ed.)(1953) Rodríguez Fernández,J.(1987) Robinson, R.andGallagherJ.,withAliceDenny(1961)AfricatheVictorians.Theofficial in L.Pressouyre(ed.) veintiuno. y consolidacióndelaformaciónfeudal.CastillaLeón,siglosX–XIII de Compostela. y XIII.Economiaagrariaestructurasocial Princeton NJ:UniversityPress. y GalvadeAribauCa. 1585, áZaragoza,BarcelonayValenciaescritaporHenriqueCock scientifiques, 115–52. de EstudiosMedievales Almerienses/Diputación deAlmería,257–90. (s.XIII–XVI)’. Lorca–Vera,22a24denoviembre1994 P. SeguraArtero(ed.) de Investigación‘SanIsidoro’(CSIC-CECEL)/ArchivoHistóricoDiocesano. Revue historique Madrid: RealAcademiadelaHistoria[repr.Madrid1972]. Spain’, AmericanHistoricalReview C.S.I.C. American History,NewYork:HenryHolt&Co., 1–38. relaciones internacionales’,RevistaEspañoladeDerechoInternacional Washington DC:Sheed&Ward/GeorgetownUniversityPress. University Press. Phillips Ltd. Ioan. Aubrii. Aethiopiae etIndiaescriptoresvarii,vol.IV,Frankfurt:apudClaudiumMarniumheredes Universidad deBuenosAires,InstitutoHistoriaEspaña. mind ofimperialism 216: 1–17. Los FuerosdeSepúlveda , LondonandNewYork:Macmillan. Decrees oftheEcumenicalCouncils,I(Nicaea–LateranV),Londonand Christians andMoorsinSpain Western ViewsofIslamintheMiddleAges 27/1: 23–41. Actas delCongreso‘LaFronteraOrientalNazarícomosujetohistórico Hispaniae illustratae,seurerumurbiumqueHispaniae,Lusitaniae, L’Espace cistercien Sampiro. SucrónicaylamonarquíaleonesaenelsigloX Despoblación yrepoblacióndelValleDuero Sancho IyOrdoñoIV,reyesdeLeón Resistencias yluchascampesinasenlaépocadelcrecimiento – PeterLinehan 84: 649–67. Las SietePartidasdelreydonAlfonsoelSabio,3vols, , SantiagodeCompostela:Universidad , Segovia:DiputaciónProvincialdeSegovia. 58 , Paris:Comitédestravauxhistoriqueset , II. El bajovalledelMiñoenlossiglosXII 1195–1614, Warminster:Aris& , Alicante:InstitutodeEstudios , Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard , León:CentrodeEstudios , Madrid:Estereotipia , Madrid:Rialp. 10: 105–23. , Madrid:Siglo , BuenosAires: The Frontierin , Madrid: Anuario , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:47 30 Sep 2021; For: 9781315016207, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315016207.ch3 Villar García,L.-M.(ed.)(1990) Vicens Vives,J.(1967) Urvoy, D.(1973)‘Surl’évolutiondelanotion —— (1953) Webb, W.P.(1931) Wasserstein, D.(1985) Verlinden, C.(1955) Vanderford, K.H.(ed.)(1984)AlfonsoelSabio.Setenario Vicens-Vives. ‘De Tempel’. and Warburg. 1002–1086, Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress. Salamanca: UniversidaddeSalamanca/UniversidadDeusto. de laCasaVelázquez The GreatFrontier.AninterpretationofworldhistorysinceColumbus The GreatPlains L’Esclavage dansl’Europemédiévale Manual dehistoriaeconómicaEspaña The RiseandFalloftheParty-kings:politicssocietyinIslamicSpain, 9: 335–71. – AttheSpanishFrontier – Documentación medievaldelacatedralSegovia(1115–1300) , Boston,Mass.:GinnandCo. 59 gihad dans l’Espagnemusulmane’, : I. (2nd edn),Barcelona:Crítica. Péninsule ibérique–France (5th edn),Barcelona:Editorial , London:Secker , Bruges: Mélanges ,