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The Queen and Her Consort: Succession, Politics and Partnership in the Kingdom of Navarre, 1274-1512

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The Queen and Her Consort: Succession, Politics and Partnership in the Kingdom of Navarre, 1274-1512 THE QUEEN AND HER CONSORT: SUCCESSION, POLITICS AND PARTNERSHIP IN THE KINGDOM OF NAVARRE, 1274-1512 ELENA CRISLYN WOODACRE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bath Spa University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Cultural Industries, Bath Spa University July 2011 Abstract Although the queens of Navarre form the largest group of female sovereigns ruling in one kingdom during the Middle Ages, they have not been subject to intensive academic study. Outside of works on regional political history and limited biographical study, these important women have been widely overlooked by scholars, particularly those working in English. They have never been subject to comparative analysis nor have they been examined in the context of female rule. This thesis addresses this gap in scholarship by investigating the careers of each of the five ruling queens of Navarre: Juana I (1274-1305), Juana II (1328- 1349), Blanca I (1425-1441), Leonor (1479) and Catalina (1482-1512). Particular emphasis is given in three key areas; succession to the throne, matrimonial alliances made for and by the queens and their personal and political partnership with their kings consort. By surveying all of the female sovereigns of Navarre, from the accession of the first queen in 1274 to the Annexation of the kingdom by neighbouring Castile in 1512, it is possible to evaluate both continuity and change and the overall development of queenship in the realm during this turbulent period. This approach also allows trends in the relative ease or difficulty of female succession, shifts in foreign policy and matrimonial diplomacy and power sharing strategies between monarchal pairs to be thoroughly assessed. Finally, the impact of female rule and the role these sovereigns played in the ultimate loss of sovereignty in 1512 can be evaluated. This thesis draws attention to an exceptional group of sovereigns and demonstrates the important role that these women and their spouses played in the political history of Western Europe during the Late Middle Ages. It also highlights the particular challenges of female rule and offers new modes of analysis by focusing on unique areas of investigation which have not been previously examined. Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of the many people who have helped me on this long journey. First, I must begin by thanking my supervisors; Dr. Roberta (Bobby) Anderson, who helped me start this massive project and has supported me along the way-particularly by weaning me off the habits of my American youth and ensuring that my spelling and grammatical conventions are thoroughly British. Dr. Alan Marshall has also given me many helpful words of advice and his input has had a massive impact on the overall shape and feel of the thesis. I would also like to thank Felix Segura Urra and all of the staff at the Archive General de Navarra (AGN) in Pamplona for their help and support while I was doing my research. Many thanks also to Paul Davies and Allison Dagger at the Graduate School for their workshops, advice and friendly support to guide me through the PhD process. I would like to thank all of the conference convenors who gave me the opportunity to present my research to my academic colleagues and gain useful feedback on various elements of my work. Finally, I have to thank my husband Mike for his unflagging support and my two children, Charlotte and William for their patience. Mike and William also need to be thanked for accompanying me around France and Navarre in the summer of 2009-their ability to spot a Navarrese emblem and take effective photographs of castles, crests and cathedrals was invaluable! Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTES______________________________________|V INTRODUCTION________________________________________________1 CHAPTER ONE: HISTORIOGRAPHY & METHODOLOGY_______________________5 PRIMARY SOURCES 13 QUEENSHIP 20 CHAPTER TWO; SUCCESSION_____________________________________35 CONNECTIONS 43 MINORITY CLAIMANTS 59 SONS 89 CHAPTER THREE; MATRIMONIAL POLITICS_____________________________95 CONNECTIONS 123 CONNECTIONS TO CONTEMPORARY QUEENS 123 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 137 POLITICS-INTERNATIONAL AND MATRIMONIAL 137 CENTRES OF POWER 166 CHAPTER FOUR: PARTNERSHIP AND RULE_____________________________173 CONNECTIONS 184 POWER SHARING MODES 184 LIEUTENANCY 213 WIDOWHOOD 224 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 230 MARITAL/CORONATION AGREEMENTS 230 PUBLIC IMAGE (DOCUMENTS, SEALS AND COINAGE) 242 SOLE REPRESENTATION-PATRONAGE 266 IMPACT 273 CONCLUSION______________________________________________290 BIBLIOGRAPHY_____________________________________________298 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS FROM THE ARCHIVO GENERAL DE NAVARRA (AGN) 298 OTHER PRIMARY SOURCES 301 SECONDARY SOURCES 305 ELECTRONIC SOURCES 324 APPENDICES_______________________________________________325 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY 325 BIOGRAPHICAL SUMMARIES 330 JUANAI 330 JUANAll 331 BLANCA I 332 LEONOR 334 CATALINA 335 GENEAOLOGICAL CHARTS 337 IMAGES 341 MAPS 341 COINAGE 345 SIGNATURES 346 SEALS 347 PHOTOGRAPHS AND ARTWORK 348 TABLES 350 in PLEASE NOTE THAT THE APPENDIX OF IMAGES HAS BEEN REDACTED IN THIS DIGITIZED VERSION DUE TO POTENTIAL COPYRIGHT ISSUES. Abbreviations and Notes Abbreviations used in the text and references ACP Archivo Catedral de Pamplona ADP Archivo Diocesano de Pamplona ADPA Archives departementales des Pyrenees-Atlantiques (formerly Archives des Basse Pyrenees) AGN Archivo General de Navarra (Pamplona) ACS Archivo General de Simancas AHN Archivo Historic© Nacional Madrid AME Archivo Municipal de Estella (Navarra) AMO Archivo Municipal de Olite (Navarra) AMP Archivo Municipal de Pamplona AMI Archivo Municipal de Tafalla (Navarra) AMSCI Archivo del Monasterio de Santa Clara (Navarra) Boissonnade Boissonnade, P., Histoire de la Reunion de la Navarre a la Castille (Essai sur les Relations de prince de Foix-Albret avec la France et I'Espagne) (reprint: Geneva, 1975). Caj. Cajon (Box) Catalogo (+vol.) Castro Alava, Jose Ramon, Archivo General de Navarra. Catalogo de la seccion de comptos. Documentos. Vol. Tomo I. Anos 842-1331 (Pamplona, 1952). Castro Alava, Jose Ramon, Archivo General de Navarra. Catalogo de la seccion de comptos. Documentos. Vol. Tomo II (1332- 1357) (Pamplona, 1952). Idoate, Florencio, Archivo General de Navarra. Catalogo de la seccion de comptos. Documentos. Vol. Tomo XXXVII (1425- 1428) (Pamplona, 1965). DME Oses Urricelqui, Merche, Documentation medieval de Estella (siglos XII-XVI). Vol. Tomo I Coleccion Historia (Pamplona, 2005). DM0 Beroiz Lazcano, Marcelino, Documentation medieval de Olite (siglos XII-XIV) (Pamplona, 2009). Documentation Real Barragan Do me no, Maria Dolores, Archivo General de Navarra: I. Documentation Real (1322-1349) Fuentes Documentales medievales del Pafs Vasco (Donostia, 1997). Favyn Favyn, And re, Histoire de Navarre; contenant I'Origine, les Vies et conquests de ses Rois, depuis leur commencement jusques a present (Paris, 1612). Leseur Leseur, Guillaume, Histoire de Gaston IV, Comte de Foix (Chronique Fran$aise inedite du XVe siecle). Vol. 1. 2 vols., ed. by Henri Courteault (Paris, 1893). Moret (+vol.) Jose de Moret, Anales del Reino de Navarra, Vols.5-7 (Tolosa, 1891). Yanguasy Miranda Yanguas y Miranda, Jose, Inventario del Archivo del Reyno de Navarra. Tomo II. Section de Casamientos y muertes de Reyes, Succesion en la Corona, proclamaciones y juramentos Reales. Copies of original documents made c. 1830. Unpublished, part of the collection at the AGN. IV Zurita (+vol.) Zurita, Jeronimo, Anales de la Corona de Aragon. 9 vols., ed. by Angel Canellas Lopez (Zaragoza, 1980-90). Notes On names: In general, although many of the queens used French or even Italian versions over their names at various points in their lives, the Spanish versions of their names will be employed for consistency. However, Juana II may sometimes be referred to by her French name of Jeanne. This is primarily to avoid confusion with her grandmother Juana I although it is important to acknowledge that, as a native of France and the daughter of the French king, she would have been more likely to use and respond to 'Jeanne' than 'Juana'. Occasionally, variants of names have been used to avoid confusion. For example Philip IV of France but Philip V is referred to as 'Philippe' to avoid confusion with his predecessor and his cousins Philip de Valois and Philip d'Evreux. Regarding translations: It has been decided that for the sake of consistency, all quotes in the text will be in English. The original language is provided in the reference in the accompanying footnotes. All translations are my own, unless otherwise noted. Introduction The Pyrenean kingdom of Navarre had the largest group of female sovereigns in any one realm during the Middle Ages, with five women reigning in their own right between 1274- 1512. Although many European realms theoretically permitted female succession in the absence of male heirs, the accession of women to the throne was fairly rare. No other European kingdom produced more than two queens regnant during this period, and many had none at all.1 Moreover, Navarre was under nearly continuous female rule between the period of 1425 to 1512, with the exception of one fourteen year interlude. Despite the fact that the queens regnant of Navarre form such a uniquely large group, they have attracted little academic study and have never been examined either as a complete group or in the context of female rule. Although each of these women have been subject to some degree of individual
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