Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War: Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages

Home , Captivity, Count of Foix

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01094-9 - Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages Rémy Ambühl Index More information

Index

‘a butin’ see associations; ‘compagnies à butin’; Anjou, René I, duke of 44, 204n.7 spoils of war Annales Ricardi Secundi 101 Abbeville 46 Anthon 37 abbeys, used as prisons 119 Anthony of Burgundy, duke of Brabant 33 Abrecourt, Jean d’ 211 appeals for funds acquisition of prisoners 78–9, 257 by princes 197–9 Charles V and Franco-Castilian alliance 61–5 see also taxation Charles VII and the Auld Alliance 65–71 Aquitaine 61 Edward III and Neville’s Cross 56–7, 61 Archiac, Jeanne d’ 196, 196n.68, 197, 249 Henry IV and Humbleton Hill 58–61 Ardres 236 rules of 52–5 Armagnac, Jean d’ see Jean III, count of Acrimont, Pierre d’ 133 Armagnac Agincourt 9, 11, 67, 71, 102, 109 Armagnac/Burgundy civil war 136–7 brothers-in-arms 244 Armstrong, C.A.J. 141 and Chauvigny 189–90 Arques 96n.66, 238 and the duke of Alençon 105 Arras, Franquet d’ 26 scales of ransoms 147, 148, 149 Arras, Treaty of 8, 28 transfer of prisoners 111–12, 114 Artois, Charles d’, count of Eu 67, 69, 130n.13, Alaine, Huet 120, 123–4 132, 137, 156n.143 Albret, Bernard d’ 43, 110, 254 Arundel, Thomas of 196n.68, 253 ‘Alemaigne’ 209 associations, profit sharing 110–11 Alençon 46–7 Auberchicourt, Eustache d’ 108 Alençon, Jean I duke of 105 Audruicq 236 Alençon, Jean II duke of 33, 138 Auld Alliance 65–71, 79 Alençon, Phillippe d’, bishop of Beauvais 134 Aulton, Thomas 97n.71 allegiance, changing 14, 33, 91–3, 157, 252, 257 Auray 102, 136 Allmand, Christopher 14 Auvergne 198 Alphonso V, king of Aragon 161n.3 Auvergne, Martial d’ 118 Amboise, Pierre II d’, vicomte of Thouars Auxerre 48, 50 197n.69 Avicet, Jean 83n.10 Amiens 31, 53 Avranches 44, 95, 143 Amiot, Perrot 50 Aymet, lord of 237 Ancient Petitions (England) 207 Ayton, Andrew 12 Angie, Thomas 69 Azay 38 Angoulême 123 Anisy, Jean d’ 157 Baille, Pierre 94, 109n.60 Anjou, Louis I, king of Jerusalem, duke of Baldry, William 176 161n.3, 223 Balliol, Edward 57–8 286

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01094-9 - Prisoners of War in the Hundred Years War Ransom Culture in the Late Middle Ages Rémy Ambühl Index More information

Index

Balsac, Robert de 191 Bigot, Jean, châtelain de Mareuil 144 bankers, and money-changing 164–5 billion 162–3 bankruptcy 10, 50–1, 141 counterfeit 164 Bernard de Semains 214 bills of exchange 165–7 and Jean le Rousselet 10 Billy, Jean 73n.110 and John More 10 Black Prince see Edward of Woodstock sureties against 171 Blaisy, Alexandre 233–4 bans, on private ransom 13–14 Blankmouster, Sir John 103, 113 Bar, Bourg de 117–18 Blois 120, 138 Barbazan, Arnaud-Guilhem, lord of 46, Blondeau, Huguet 213 199–200 Blondeau, Pierre 123, 139n.60 Barton, John Bakepus de 62n.52 Blondel, Oudart and Jean 254 Basin, Thomas, Bishop of Lisieux 88 Blosset, Colard 73n.106 Bassiers, Hellyn de 73n.110 Blount, Thomas 77 Batrisby (or Kathersby), Oliver 173 Boccanegra, Antonio de 62 battle, capture in 11 Bois-de-Malesherbes 139 Baude, Bartholomew 166 Bolton, J.-L. 165, 171–2, 176 Baudémont (Lower Normandy) 93 Bonin, Jacques 110 Bauffremont, Pierre de, lord of Charny3 6–7 Bonnebauld, Dauphine de 188n.23 Baugé 66–7, 102, 156 booty see spoils of war Baulac, Jean de 225 Bordeaux 174, 181, 227 Baume, Bâtard de la 124 Borromei bank 166 Bayeux 84, 195 Boscherville, Hector de 73n.106 Bayeux, vicomte of 85 Boucicaut, Jean II le Meingre, dit 132–3, 137, Bayezid, Sultan 48 154, 218, 220 Bean, John 12 Boulogne 190n.30 Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick 153 Boulogne, Jeanne de, countess of Boulogne and Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal 68n.79 Auvergne 188n.23 Beaufort, John, Earl (later Duke) of Somerset Bourbon, Marie, duchess of 187 41, 44, 66–70, 130n.13, 152 Bourbon, duke of, Jean de Clermont 65, 67, bought rights to count of Eu 156n.143 130n.13, 170, 171, 187 grant paid to 212 and John Beaufort 70n.88 Beaufort, Roger de 248, 254 and Thomas Beaufort 68n.79 Beaufort, Thomas, count of Perche 66–8, wife’s endeavours to secure his release 248 130n.13, 151, 156 Bourbon, Louis de see Vendôme, Louis de Beaumont 168 Bourbon, count of Beaumont, John viscount of 173 Bourbon, Marguerite, Bâtarde of 188n.23 Beaumont-en-Argonne 133 Bourbourg 236 Beauvais 48, 128 Bourchier, Sir John 144 Beauvaisis 180 accompanied in captivity by servants 121 Bec-Hellouin abbey 83–4 aided by Maud (wife) 209, 248 Bedford, John, Duke of 89n.39 expenses in captivity 140, 143 Bekks, Stephen 177 petition to English parliament 207 Bell, Adrian 232 Bourcier, Pierre 93–4 Bennet, John 60 Bourges 156 Bériac-Lainé, Françoise 9, 11, 14, 57, 102, 121–2, Bourguignan, Ponchon de 140 147–8, 223 Bournel, Louis, lord of Thiembronne 34, 121 Bernard, Walter 95, 170 Bourse, Clément 224 Bernay 235 Bouteiller, Guillaume 154 Berney, John 153 Bouton, Philippe 247 Berry, Jean, duke of 192n.40, 209, 212, 224–5 Bovet, Honorat de 8, 20–2, 125 Berry Herald 133 on deciding level of ransom 128 Berry, Marie de, countess of Auvergne 248 on ownership of prisoners 24 Bertram, Robert 57n.25 on prisoners being handed over to the king Betancourt, Colyn de 149 52 Biche, count of 209 on prisoners in danger of death 54 287

Index

Bower, John 244 assistance to prisoners 205, 219, 220–1 Bowers, Walter 59 and Etienne le Clerc 231 Bowes, Sir John 208, 243 exchange of prisoners 112, 228n.132 Boys, Richard and Robert 254 and Franquet d’Arras 26 Brabant, Anthony of Burgundy, duke of, 33 and Georges de la Trémoille 137 Braquemont, Guillaume 43 and Jean Régnier 128, 135, 231 Braquemont, Jean 122 and loyalty 211, 212 Bréquigny, L. de 84 and Macé de Rochebaron 253 Brereton, William 177 percentage of nobility in household 218 Bressoles, Catherine de 188n.23 purchase of prisoner 42 Brestel, Godart de 255 Robert II 204 Brestel, Guyot de 255 Burley, Simon 25, 27, 48, 249–50 Brétigny-Calais, Treaty/Peace of 14, 99, 148, Butler, James, Earl of Ormond 130 238 Butler, John 130, 173 Breton, Jacques 35n.83 Buxhill, Alan 224, 234n.26 Breton, Thomas 46 Byset, Jean 177 brigands 87–91, 96–7 Bysshop, John 177 and Jean de Saint-Denis 178 Brimeu family 222 Cachelewe, John 215 Brimeu, Guérart de 6, 222 Caen 71, 89–90, 96, 238 Brimeu, Jean de 133 Caernarfon castle 73, 76n.125 Brinvilliers, Savage de 133–4, 135, 179, 206 Cagny, Perceval de 72, 77, 110 Brittany, duke of 65, 179, 234 see also individual Calais 31, 53, 99 dukes deal offered to Gaucourt and Estouteville brokerage, ransom 10–11 74–5 brothers 253–5, 256 and Jean de Vendôme 168–9 brothers-in-arms 243–5 prisoners held by men of 112, 146, 148 Brown, E.A.R. 184 scales of ransoms 147 Brown (prisoner at Calais) 156 Calais-Brétigny, treaty of 14, 99, 238 Bruges 165 Callowe, William 114 Buchan, Earl of see Stuart, John Camprémy, Jean de 180, 240 Buchete, pursuivant of the Bâtard of Orléans captains, and their men 232–9, 245 139 Captal de Buch see Grailly, Jean de Bucton, William 114, 150, 240 captivity 115–25 Bueil, Jean de 24, 152, 157 cost of 137–45 Bulgnéville 117 capturing prisoners, process of 11, 102–11 bullettes 82 Caradenec, Yvon de 176, 180–1 Burgh, Thomas 114, 143, 214–15 Carentan 23–4n.21, 238 Burgundy, dukes of 12n.48 cartels 262 assistance to prisoners 130–1 Cassel 102 John the Fearless Castile (Spain) 235 assistance to prisoners 223 Castillon 15–16, 102, 174, 236–7, 238 assisting captains to pay ransom for their castles men 234 and economy of ransoming 2 battle plan for taking prisoners 104–5, 258 used as prisons 73, 76n.125, 119, 122–3 and Boucicaut 220 see also escapes; individual castles capture at Nicopolis 48, 186 categories of prisoners, and ransoms 148–9 compensation for capture 215–16 Catherine, Saint 46–7, 49n.151, 50, 123n.145 exchange of prisoners 154 Caudebec 238 household members 222, 224 Cayeu, Jean de 160–1, 169, 229 loan for ransom 170 ‘cédule’ 169 murder of 53, 65 Cera, Louis de 35n.83 pressure on merchants to pay his ransom Cesse, Guichard 138 172 Chalon-sur-Saône 37 Philip the Bold 48, 186, 204, 219n.88 Chalons, Huguenyn de 73n.110 Philip the Good chamber, king’s 227n.127 288

Index

Chamberlain, John 116 Châtillon, Hugues de, lord of Dampierre 45–6, Chamborant, Humbert de 115 48, 123, 199, 249–50 Champdenay, Eudes de 157n.148 escape of 122 Chandos, John 25 Châtillon, Jean de, lord of Troissy 237n.45 Charles, Dauphin see Charles VII Chaucer, Geoffrey243–4 Charles de Blois, duke of Brittany 14, 49n.151, Chauvigny, Guy de 192 123n.145, 130n.13, 133, 187 Chauvigny, Hugues de 188n.23 Charles (duke of Bourbon’s son) 69 Chauvigny, Jean de, lord of Blot and Viviers Charles, duke of Orléans see Orléans, Charles, 185, 187–92, 201, 215 duke of Chauvigny, Jean II de, Lord of Blot and Viviers Charles, ‘messire’ 146 188n.23 Charles V 14, 200 Chauvigny, Jean IV de, lord of Blot and Viviers and Béraud de Taillat 178 188n.23 and Bertrand du Guesclin 136 Cherbourg 135, 238 and Franco-Castilian alliance 61–5 Cheshire 101 and Guillaume des Bordes 219n.88 Chesnel, Robert 49 and Guyot Grassin 204 Chester Herald 139 and Jean de Grailly 137 Chevalier deliberé (La Marche) 108 and Jean de Kerlouet 234n.27 Chevers, Jean de 73n.110 ransom aid 199, 225 children, help to captured fathers 250–3 ratification of treaty of Toledo62 Chinillaco, Strabon 45 and Savage de Brinvilliers 134 chivalry, courts of 26–7, 28 and security of prisoners 116–17 Christianity/Church, effect on ransoming1 and Yvon de Trémagon 208 Chronicles of London 72 Charles VI 14n.57, 75 Chronique des Quatre Premiers Valois 13, 63–4, agreement for assistance to brother 204 257–8 praise of Fouquet de Courtravel 211 Chronique dite de la Pucelle (Cousinot) 38 ransom aid 192, 225 Cité des dames (Pizan) 247 Charles VII 16 civil war, French 47 and the Auld Alliance 65–71, 79 Clanvow, John 224, 243–4 and estates of Poitou assembly 195, 197 Clarence, Margaret, Duchess of 68n.79, 151, letters of remission 213 152, 154, 156 licences to trade 179 Clarence, Thomas, Duke of 192 patronage 206 Clère, Georges de 73n.106 ransom aid 192, 199, 234, 242–3 Clerk, Richard 45 and Jean de Vendôme 134, 169n.45, 227 Clermont, Jaques de 239n.53 and John Stuart Darnley 198–9 Clermont, Jean de see Bourbon, duke of and Raoul de Gaucourt 219–20 Clifford, Lord 77 Charny, Geoffroy de108 , 119–20 Clyfton, John 174n.82, 213 on agreements between masters and Cocherel 133 prisoners 146–7 codes of conduct on honour 34 for ransoming prisoners 3–4 on increasing price of ransoms 157n.148 in war 4 law of arms 22, 24 see also law of arms on places of imprisonment 119–20 codes of honour 27 on taking the word of prisoners 107, Coëtivy, Olivier de 170, 259 108 amount of ransom 130 Chartres, vidame of see Vendôme, Jean de documents of ransom 42–3 chasse 104–5 grants 174n.82 Chasteignier, Jeanne de 179, 249 and trade 174, 176, 180–1 Château-Gaillard 46 Commarques, Bos de 113 Châteaugontier 168 Commarques, Jean de 113 Châteauneuf brothers 209–10, 222 Commons of England 207–8, 242, 250 Châteauvillain, Guillaume, lord of 36, 37, 137, ‘compagnies à butin’ 240–1 139, 140–1, 143 compagnies d’aventure 111 competition between brothers 254–5 companions 239–43, 255 289

Index

Compiègne 38, 217, 254 Curry, Anne 29, 81, 105, 158 Coniers, Hugues 146 Cusack, Thomas 138 connections, and value of prisoners 135–6 custom 22, 23n.18 Contamine, Philippe 4, 13, 14, 52, 15–16, 96, ‘custom of the household’ 204 129, 142, 148, 149, 150, 262 customary aids 184–5, 191–2, 200–1 contracts 261 ransom aids 184–92, for acquisition of prisoners 55 royal taxation 192–200 between master and prisoner 107–9 Cuvelier 48, 234–5 between masters and keepers of prisoners 124 between men of unequal status 261 Dageny, Sir John 55 brothers-in-arms 244 Dammartin, Guillaume de 44, 103, 109, 113 law of 39–45, 51, 259 Dampierre, Lady 25 of recruitment see indentures of war see also Châtillon, Hugues de, lord of for royal rights on ransoms 149 Dampierre transfer of prisoners 111–12 Danié, Gobault 199 Cooley, Thomas 143, 157–8 Danville 93 Coquerel, Gilet and Jaquotin 157 Dardys, Edmund 254 Cornwall, Sir John 115 Darnley, John Stuart 66, 70–1, 198–9 and the capture of Ghillebert de Lannoy David II 56–7, 114 101, 112 Delachenal, R. 63 and the count of Vendôme 67, 77, 154 Derval 133 and Raoul de Gaucourt and Jean Des Ages, Guillaume 34, 114–15, 121, 139n.59, d’Estouteville 156 140 Conwy castle 73, 76n.125 Des Bordes, Guillaume 122, 156, 219n.88 Cotentin 96–7 Des Loges, Jean 155 counter-rolls 96, 158, 260 Des Prés, Jean 41n.113 on les marz 141–2, 143 Des Qesnes, Jean (alias Karados) 72n.101, sales of prisoners 145 73n.106 scales of ransoms 149 Descroix, Jean 152 counterfeit money 84, 164, 251–2 Devereux, John 238 courage 211 Dijon 117 Courant, Bertrand 110 Dinan, Jacques de, lord of Montafilant32 , Court of the Requests of Paris 72–3 134–5 Courtenay, Richard, Bishop of Norwich 76–7 dishonouring 35–7 Courtois, Jean (Sicily Herald) 161 Ditcham, Brain 65 Courtrai 102 Dol 44 Courtravel, Fouquet de 211 Don, Robert 177 courts of chivalry 26–7, 28 Dormie, Jean 60n.40 Cousinot, Guillaume II de 34, 38, 69n.82, Dorset, Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter and 174n.82, 182–3, 184–5, 200, 236 Earl of 33 Coustave, Robert de, lord of Bien-Assis 195 Douglas, Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas 55–6, Crassey, Pierre de 45 59, 60–1, 78 Cravant 70, 81, 102 Draper, G.I.A.D. 2 Crécy 102, 214 Drest, Robert 211 Cressingham, Peter 236 Drincham 236 Cresswell, John 238 Dring, Sir Thomas 213, 216, 226 Cressy, John 6 droit de gage (security right) 19n.3 criminalisation, of prisoners of war 91–7 droit des armes see law of arms Crispyn, Guillaume 73n.106 Du Bois, Huguenin 204–5 Croissant, Order of 245n.87 Du Bu, Jean 41n.113 Cromwell, Ralph 83 Du Châtel, Jean 35, 106–7, 108 Cros, Jean, bishop of Limoges 225 Du Châtel, Tanguy 46, 154 155 Croÿ, Antoine, lord of 112–13 dauphin borrows money from 66 Croÿ, Victor, Bâtard of 46 and Thomas Beaufort 68, 151, 156 currencies 87, 127n.3 and Thomas Rempston 166 see also money Du Clou, Jean and Clavin 221 290

Index

Du Fons, Pierre 46–7 enslavement of prisoners 2 Du Guesclin, Bertrand 63, 64, 101, 135, 136, Entwistle, Bertram, baron of Briquebec 234–5, 238n.51 151n.118, 173, 174n.82 Du Guesclin, Olivier Escalat, Pierre d’ 154 amount of ransom 135 escapes 122–5 appeals from king to help pay ransom 197–8 Esneval, Robert d’ 72n.101, 73n.106 expenses of imprisonment 141, 142 Esse 238 and law of arms case 24, 157n.148 estates general/provincial 193–7, 200 location of prison 119 Poitou 195–200, 201–2 and payment of ransoms of his men 234–5 Estfeld, William 171–2 transfer of funds for ransom 166 Estouteville, Charles d’ 73n.106 Du Mont Landry, Robinet 141 Estouteville, Guillaume d’ 73n.106 Du Pan, Pierre 225n.120 Estouteville, Jean d’ 67, 72–5, 73n.106 Du Parc, Alain 238n.51 exchange of prisoners 156 Du Vergier, Olivier 50n.161 value as prisoner 128 duels 35, 106–7 Estouteville, Louis, lord of 155–6 Duiguethen, Bernard 189 Eu 238 Dunbabin, Jean 3, 260 Eu, count of see Artois, Charles d’ Dunbar, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Moray 59, 60 Eudin, Enguerran d’ 241–2 Duncan, Earl of Fife 57 ‘evident necessity’ 186 Dunois, Jean de, Bâtard of Orléans Evreux 154 and captivity of Jean d’Angoulême 68 Evreux, Aubert d’ 73n.106 duel between Painter and Jean Du Châtel Ewes, Robert de 100n.7 35, 106 exchange of prisoners 228, 257, 262–3 efforts to free brothers 253 in 17th century 263 and heralds kept in captivity 47–8 as substitute for ransom 150–1, 153–8 and Osborn Mondefort 150, 239n.54 execution of prisoners 3, 29, 38–9 purchase of English prisoner 152 as retaliation 46–8 and Thomas Beaufort’s ransom 151 Dupont-Ferrier, G. 192 Falaise 123 Duquesne, Thomassin 209 family 230, 246, 255, 263 Durham ordinances 30 parents and sons 250–3 on capture 103, 104, 110 in same military company 234 Durtal 211 siblings 253–5 Dyke, Hugh 171–2 wives 209n.32, 213, 246–50 Dynter, Edmond de 33 Farringdon, Sir William 236 Fastolf, Sir John 5, 106, 141, 153, 230 Eaucourt, Jean d’ 211 ‘Favière’ 96 economy, effect of ransoming on2 fealty Edward III 14, 56–7, 61 oaths of Normans in English territories 82 assistance to prisoners 203, 224 see also word of honour buying prisoners 147–8 Felton, Thomas 156 and Guillaume de Motes 206, 214 and wife 248 indenture package 99–100 Ferrara (Italy) 187 and the Mint 164–5 Ferrers, Sir Henry 236 petitions 206, 248 Ferrour, Philip 94n.57 and ransoming of David II 57 Fetot, Arnaud 46 and rebates 156 fetters 49, 75–6, 116, 117–18, 120, 246, 247–8 and value of French coins 163 feudalism 184 Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince, Prince Fierbois 50 of Wales 61, 103, 113 Fitzhugh, Henry 39 Elizabeth (wife of John Knyvet) 231 FitzRalph, Robert 236 Elmham, Sir William 236 Flavy, Guillaume de 133 Emeville, Guyonnet d’ 73n.106 Flete, Simon 149, 212 enquiries, petitions and 214–16 Flisc, Marcellin 122 Enrique II 64–5 Fogg, Sir Thomas 99, 100n.7, 207 291

Index

Foix, Gaston Fébus, count of 41n.110, 43 Ghent 203n.3 Foix, Jean de, Earl of Kendall 130n.13, 173, Ghistelles, Louis de 215–16 174n.82, 175–6 Gillingham, John 1 Forest, Guillaume de 122 Girard, Jean 164n.21 Formigny 102, 213 Girart, Raoul 164 Forrester, Sir Adam 60 Gireseme, Sinador de 5, 131 Foucault, Aubert de 195 Gisors 239 Foucault, Jean 194, 195 Given-Wilson, Chris 9, 11, 14, 57, 60, 102, Fourteneiz, Enguerrand de 73n.106 121–2, 147–8, 223 Franco-Scottish ordinances 29, 103n.24, 104–5 Glasdale, William 111 French civil war 47 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of 73–4, 189 Fresnay, Gilbert de 247 Godebec, William 5, 91 Fresnay-le-Vicomte 239 Godefroy, Perrot 138 Fribourg, Conrad de, count of Neuchâtel 221 gold (coinage) 162–4, 167 Fribourg, Jean de 220–1 see also currencies; money Friedman, Yvonne 2 Golden Fleece (order of chivalry) 36–7, 222 friends/friendship 222, 229–32, 255 see also Jason and the Golden Fleece and companions 239, 245 Gommegnies, John, lord 236 Froggenhale, Richard 142 Good Parliament of 1376 207 Froissart, Jean 25, 27 Goodman, Anthony 232 on captains paying ransoms of their men Goodrich, Joan 249 233, 234–5 Gough, Matthew 6, 154, 195 on Charles V and Franco-Castilian alliance 64 Gournay 238 on the profits of ransoming 98–9 Gournay, Matthew 99, 100n.7, 207, 235 on the pursuit of the enemy 104 Gouron, André 23n.18 on rescued prisoners 108 Gower, John 100–1 on retaliation 45–6 Graham, Sir William 60 on Soubise 63 Grailly, Jean de, captal de Buch 25, 63–4, 119, valuing prisoners 129 129, 137, 210n.36 on varlets of prisoners 38 Graincourt, Regnault de 73n.110 on wife of Hugues de Châtillon 250, Grancey, Eude, lord of 250–1 functions of prisoners, and ransom value 131–3 grants of petitions 216–22, 226–7 Futon, John 69 amounts 222–6 Fylson, John 177 Grasse (man at siege of Meaux) 75n.121 Grassin, Guyot 203–4 Galehault, Gadifer 46 Gray, Sir Thomas 99 Galles, Raoul de 73n.106 Great Peace of Brétigny/Calais 14n.57 Gamaches, Guillaume and Philippe 254 Greece Garin, Jean de 39 prisoners of war in 1n.1 Garnier, Guillaume 230 tombstone of knights in 243 Garnier, Jehannin 252 Greineville, Guillaume 73n.110 Gascon Rolls 172 Gressart, Perrinet 41n.113, 156, 218n.77, 235 gates (city), as prisons 119–20 Gribauval, Enguerran de 133 Gaucourt, Raoul de 67, 72–5, 219–20 Grotius, Hugo 262 compensation for imprisonment 199 guarding prisoners 29, 115–18, 123–5 exchange of prisoners 155–6 ‘Guascoin, Turel’ 167 king’s appeal for funds on behalf of 198–9 Guerre, état et société à la fin du Moyen Age value as prisoner 128 (Contamine) 15 Gaunt, John of 6n.22, 25, 54, 55, 203–4 guerrilla warfare 11, 87–91, 97 Gauseville, Pierre de 73n.106 Guichard, Pierre 170 Gautier, Pierre 167 Guillem, Regnault 46–7, 233 Gauvard, Claude 47, 229–30 Guise 199 Geltner, Guy 118 Gencian, Henri 25–6, 27–8, 37, 124–5, 136 Hale, Richard 174n.82 George, Earl of Angus 59 Haliburton, Walter de 57n.25 Gerrard, William 116 Hambye 91, 238 292

Index

Hammes 73, 138 sons as 252 Hamon, Simon 114 wives as 246–50 Handford, John 41, 45, 139, 143n.88, 152, 153 ‘Hotspur’ see Percy, Henry ‘Hotspur’ Harcourt, Jacques de, baron of Montgomery houses, as prisons 120 190n.30 Houy, James 174 Harfleur 33, 72–7, 128, 138, 146, 198 Humbleton Hill 58–61 Harling, Robert 39–40 Hungerford, Margaret, Lady 165, 170–1 Harpenden, Sir John 207 Hungerford, Walter I Lord 134, 152, 168, 170 Harper, Geoffrey 243 Hungerford, Walter II Lord 134–5, 170 Hastings, John, Earl of Pembroke 62–3, 130n.13, 165, 232 indentures of war 52–3, 100, 158 Hattin, battle of 2, 3 Edward III 99–100, Haut-Limousin 194 John of Gaunt 203–4 Hays, Denys 12, 27 Ingham, Oliver 214 Hazars, Sir Pierre de 60n.40 Inglose, Henry 153 Heilly, Sir Jacques de 60n.40 interrogation of prisoners 30 Henneman, John H.B. 185–6, 200 ius armorum see law of arms Henry IV 55–6, 58–61 and Edmund White 174 Jacob, William 177 grants to petitions 225 Jaillet, Pierre 41 Percy’s case against 78 James of Scotland, Prince (future James I) 61 Henry V 14n.57, 17, 190 Jargeau 34, 38, 139 exchange of prisoners 155 Jason and the Golden Fleece story 247 Mantes ordinances 30 Jean, count of Nevers see John the Fearless and negotiations for surrender 236 Jean I, count of Armagnac 41n.110, 130n.13, and Normandy 33, 80–4 170, 187 and prisoners 67, 71–8, 79 Jean III, count of Armagnac 54, 201 rules of capture 103–4 Jean II le Bon 14 Henry VI ordinances of war 239–40 grant of petitions 212–13, 226 ransom 148, 162, 163–4n.19, 165, 166, 185 grant for Pierre Rousseau 139n.64 ransom aid 185–6, 200 grant to Jean de Foix 175 Joan of Arc 26, 47, 54, 237 and Sir John Knyvet 213, 231 capture of 110 licences to trade 179 Jodrell, Jean 6n.22 heralds 33, 43, 47–8 John of Bohemia 10n.45 Berry 133 John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy Chester 139 assistance to prisoners 223 Sicily 161 assisting captains pay ransom for their men used as intermediaries 139, 161 234 Herbi, Jean 139 battle plan for taking prisoners 104–5, 258 Herdson, William 94–5 and Boucicaut 220 Heusson 121 capture at Nicopolis 48, 186 Hilton, Richard 164n.21 compensation for capture 215–16 Histoire de Charles VI (Juvénal des Ursins) 38 exchange of prisoners 154 Holland, John, Earl of Huntingdon 66–7, household members 222, 224 130n.13, 154, 156, 207, 212 loan for ransom 170 Holme, John 177 murder of 53, 65 honour 31–9, 51 pressure on merchants to pay his ransom codes of 27 172 knightly 28, 31–2 John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 6n.22, 25, 54, perceived attack on Henry V’s 76–7 55, 203–4 Horable, Lady 209, 248–9 John II see Jean II le Bon hostages 44–5, 139–40, 169 joint-ownership of a prisoner 24 brothers as 254 Jones, Michael K. 10, 14, 121, 129, 150, 152, 153, brothers-in-arms as 244 205, 225, 228n.133 for companions 243 Jouet, René 90 293

Index

Journelle, Guillaume de 227 Lannoy, Macé de 239n.54 Juvénal des Ursins, Jean 38, 46, 251 l’Aragonais, François 41n.113 Lattre, Boquet de 224, 233–4 Keen, Maurice 19–21, 30, 54, 129, 244 Launac 41n.110, 102, 187, Kelyng, Walter 45 Laurent (in company of Bâtard of Thien) 46 Kempton, William 114 Laval 157 Kergoët, Guillaume 225n.120 Laval, André de, lord of Lohéac 113, 150 Kerlouet, Jean de 234 law of arms 4, 20–8, 29, 43, 51, 83, 157 killing prisoners see execution of prisoners and the law of contract 43–4 King, Andy 13n.53 and royal ordinances of war 29–31 kings see individual rulers; princes law of contract 39–45, 259 Kirkeby, Thomas 173, 174n.82, 235 see also contracts Knolles, Robert 53, 99–100 law of war and peace, The (Grotius) 262 Knyvet, Sir John 213, 231 Le Bègue, Guillaume 143 Kyriel, Sir Thomas 163, 173 ‘Le Bestot, Despert’ 246 Le Bigourdais, Pierre 89 La Baume, Bâtard of 43, 123 Le Clerc, Etienne 212 La Bovesserie, Robin de 44, 143 Le Crotoy 164 La Buissière 70 Le Fauconnier, Robinet 240 La Chapelle, Mérigon de 50–1 Le Forestier, Olivier 155, 254 La Charité-sur-Loire 68 Le Forestier, Pierre 124, 155, 254 La Fayette, Gilbert de 152 Le Gros, Henriet 140, 141, 143, 144 La Ferté 168 Le Houdent, Guillaume 144n.91, 224 La Guierche 168 Le Jouvencel 24, 109, 125 La Haie, Jean de 6 on captains paying ransoms of their men 234–5 La Hire (Etienne de Vigneulles) 35, 89n.41, guarding prisoners 115, 116, 117 198–9 on royal ordinances of war 28 La Marche, Antoine de 220–1 rules of capture 105–6, 110 La Marche, Bâtard of 35 word of a noble 32 La Marche, Olivier de 108 Le Maire, Martin 139n.60 La Mote, Jean de 176n.94 Le Mans 69, 110, 125 La Palu, François de, lord of Varambon 25, 37, Le Porc, Pierre 97 124–5, 136 Le Puiset 47, 118 La Pole, John de 38 Le Rousselet, Jean 10, 17, 216 La Pole, William de, Earl of Suffolk34 , 38, 77, Le Verrat, Pierre 124 91–2, 151, 152, 254 Leclerc, Gilles 215–16, 223–4 La Rivière, Pierre de 211–12 L’Écluse 102 La Roche, Jean de 248 Legouppil, John 152 La Roche-sur-Yon 238 Leheux, Guillaume 5, 90–1, 95, 138 La Rochelle 38, 62–3, 164, 198 Leland, John 134 La Trémoille, Georges de 137, 218n.77, 235 Léry, vicomte of 215 La Trémoille, Georges de, baron of Sully and Les demandes pour la jouste, la tournoi et la Craon 188n.23 guerre (Charny) 22, 24, 107, 109–10, 146–7, La Viesville, Guillaume de 224 157n.148 La Viesville, Pierre de 251n.120 ‘les marz’ 24, 141–5, 149, 159, 260–1 Labé, Jean 124 lèse-majesté 8 Lacre, Robert 189 Lesparre, Florimont de 156n.145, 209 Laigle 93 and wife 248 Lalande, Jean de, seigneur de La Brède 174n.82 Letrais, Robin and Estiennette 249 l’Allemant, Baudet 50 letters of obligation 41, 43, 44 Lancaster, Duke of see John of Gaunt letters of protection 82 lands, and levels of ransom 129 letters of remission 92, 134, 230, 252 Langlois, Colin 164, Charles V 178 Langworth, Elias 174n.82 Charles VII 206, 213 Languedoc 199 and licence to trade 179 Lannoy, Ghillebert de 101, 112, 117n.105 lex talionis 45–8, 51, 261 294

Index

licences to trade 134, 172–7, 228 masters with the enemy 177–81 defined 19–20 wives of prisoners 249 guaranteeing prisoner’s safekeeping 108–9, Liger, Claude 23n.18 259 Lillebourne, William 60 treatment by Henry V 77–8 Limoges 25, 195 see also treatment of prisoners Limousin 95, 198 Mathan, Jean de 91–2, 142 L’Isle, Gasse de 182n.122 Mattéoni, Olivier 227n.127 loans 170–2, 229 Maud (wife of Bourchier) 209 Lointren, Gilet de 93, 135 Mautby (Mautbye), John 153 Longchamp, Brunet de 73n.106 Mayenne 91 Longe, Thomas 179 Meaux 75, 77 Lopez de Ayala 63 medical attention for prisoners 140, 144 Louis, Dauphin (future Louis XI) 200 mêlée 105–6 Louis, duke of Orléans 204 Melun 46, 179 Louis IX 186 Melun, Jean de 36 Louis XI 200 Menon, lord of 34, 115, 121, 139n.59, 140 Louis XIV 263 Menteith (Monteith?), Earl of 57n.25 Louvain, Nicolas de 45–6, 249 Menzies, David see Maignies Louviers 154 Merbury, John 238–9 Louvre 118–19 Merbury, Richard 93–4 Lower, Hannequin 116 merchants loyalty, and petitions for assistance 210–14 and money-changing 164 Lucy, Thomas de 57n.25 and money-lending 170–2 Lunel, Marie de 164n.21 and money transfer 166–7 Lusignan 123, 238 partnerships with prisoners 176–7 Lussac 25 prisoners as 177–81 Luxembourg, Pierre de, lord of Enghien 161n.3 and speculation in prisoners 146, 158 Luxembourg, Waléran de, count of Saint-Pol mercy 21, 26 130n.13, 254 messengers 139 Lyon 187, 199 Meuillon, Guillaume de 138n.57 Meulan 46 Macdonald, A.J. 59 Meung-sur-Loire 239 MacDowell, Douglas 57n.25 Meausc 46, 75 Macé, Jean 238n.51 military society 245–6 McFarlane, Bruce 244 Milly, L’Étandard de 83 Maddern, Philippa 230 Miracles of Sainte-Catherine-de Fierbois 50 Maddok, Hugh 212–13, 216 Mirouer aux Dames (Bouton) 247 Magna Carta 185 Misanz, Raymond de 209–10, 222 Maignelais, Jean (Tristan) 170 Moleyns, Robert lord Maignies (Menzies?), David 53 amount of ransom 130, 134–5, 139 Mailly, Bâtard de 136 expenses in captivity 140, 143 Mailly, Colard de 136 loans for ransom 170, 171, maintenance fees of prisoners 137–45 Molpré, Louis de 107n.43 ‘les marz’ 24, 141–5, 159 Molyneux, Nicolas de 244 Malet, John 109, 110 Monbrasean, Pierre de 73n.110 Mantes ordinances 30, 104 money 48–51 Marchant, André 131, 251–2 see also currencies Marchegay, Pierre 42–3 money-changing 162–5 Marck 217 money-lending 170–2 Mareuil, lord of 6n.22 money transfer 165–9 Margaret, Lady Hungerford 165 Monluc, Blaise de 129 Marguerite d’Anjou 92 Mons-en-Vimeu 228n.132 Martel, Jean 252 Mont-Saint-Michel 45, 91, 177, 243 Martigny, Pierre de 179–80 Montagu, Thomas, Earl of Salisbury 124, 210 Martin, Jean 95, 170 Montagu, William I, Earl of Salisbury 10n.45 295

Index

Montagu, William II, Earl of Salisbury 113 see also valuing prisoners Montbrun, Jean de 195 Nocé, Borgne de 94–5, 96 Montbrun, Pierre de, bishop of Nogent 154 Limoges 195 non-combatants 6–7, 7n.30, 87, 89n.39 Montendre, Guillaume de 210n.36 non-nobles 26, 28 Montereau 53 capture of 37–8 Montferrand, Bertrand, lord of 173 grants of petitions 218, 226–7 Montferrand, Pierre de (Soudan de la Trau), and heralds as intermediaries 161 lord of Lesparre 173 nobles surrendering to 34 Montfort, Aubert de 156 prisoners of Henry V 72–7 Montgomery, Sir John 60 and ransom aids 186–92 Montguyon 238 service to the crown 210–11 Montivilliers 146 standardisation of ransoms 149, 159–5, 260–1 Montléon, Renaud de 209, 224–5, 248–9 Norbury, Henry 173 Montmor, Jacques and Morelet 64 Norbury, John 44, 131, 152–3 Montmorency, lord of 206 Nori, Simone d’Antonio 165, 171 Montpipeau 145–6 Normandy 238 Montpont 25 under English occupation 80–97 Montvilliers 238 Northumberland, Earl of see Percy Henry, Earl More, John 10, 209n.32 of Northumberland Moret, Jean 123 Mornay, Marguerite de 247 oath-taking see word of honour Mortagnes 93 oaths see surrendering Mortain 235 obligation, letters of 41, 43, 44 Mortymer, John 225 Oiselar, Guillaume d’ 233–4 Mosdale, John 58 Okeley, John 46 Motes, Guillaume de 206 Oldhall, William 47 Mundeford, Osbert 150, 239 ordinances of war 28–31, 51, 125–6, 158, 261 Muslim world 2–3 Durham 30, 103, 104, 110 Mussidan, lord of 206 Franco-Scottish 29, 103n.24, 104–5 Jean II le Bon 239–40 Nabulsi, K. 87 Mantes 30, 104 Nájera (Spain) 61, 136 Orléans, siege of 47, 117–18 Nantouillet, Boort de 241 Orléans, Bâtard de see Dunois, Jean de Narbonne, Aimery de, 62n.51 Orléans, Charles, duke of 65 negotiations 263 captivity of 14, 67, 124 with the enemy 160–2 daily expenses in captivity 138 treaties of surrender 235–9 and Dunois 253 Nevale, Charles de 149 exchange of prisoners 152 Nevers, count of see John the Fearless grant to Guillaume de Tournebu 214 Neville, Jean de 55 and loan for ransom of brother 129 Neville, John, Lord 179 loans for ransom 170 Neville, William, lord Fauconberg 173, 174–5, ransom amount 130n.13 177, 224, 242, 243–4 and safe-conducts 122 Neville’s Cross 56–7 value of Romorantin 171 Newgate Prison 119n.117 Orléans, Jean d’, count of Angoulême 67n.72 Newhall, R.A. 83, 88 and Dunois 253 Nicopolis 48, 217, 220 hostage in England 68, 129, 151–2, 153 nobles and loan for ransom 170 conditions of imprisonment 121–2 and transfer of payment 166 grants of petitions 218–22 Orléans, Louis, duke of 204 honour 31–9 Orlye, Henry d’ 252 money-lending 170–2 Ormond, John 174n.82, 178, 180, 254 ransom aids 187–92, 200–1 Ouselles, Richard 156 and transfer of prisoners 113–15 Owen of Wales 62, 64

296

Index

Painter, John 35, 106–7 Percy, Henry, Earl of Northumberland 59–60 Panassac, Galobie de 120, 124–5, 235 Percy, Henry ‘Hotspur’ 55–6, 58–61, 78 papal decree, for mercy 21 Percy, Thomas 35, 119, 238 Parentis, Robert 5, 131–2, 133 Pesteil, Guyot 132 Paris 31, 53 petitions for assistance from princes 205–10 Court of the Requests 72–3 by wives 248–9 Parker, G. 262 and enquiries 214–16 Parlement of Paris 20 grants of 216–26 on brothers-in-arms 245 and service to the crown 210–14 and Burley escape 249–50 Peyto, William 152, 153 Chauvigny case 187–92 Philip the Bold 48, 186, 204, 219n.88 Colard de Mailly case 136 Philip the Good and ‘deshonorement’ 36 assistance to prisoners 205, 219, 220–1 Edward de Reguegnes and Thomas Burgh assisting captains to pay ransom for their case 114 men 234 Fastolf and Sauvage case 5 and Etienne le Clerc 212 Guillaume des Ages and lord of Menon case exchange of prisoners 112, 228n.132 114–15 and Franquet d’Arras 26 Henri Gencian case 25–6 and Georges de la Trémoille 137 hostages of Bâtard of La Baume 43 and Jean Régnier 128, 135, 231 Jean Martin and Walter Bernard case 95 and loyalty 211, 212 and law of contract 43–5 and Macé de Rochebaron 253 Marchant/Sudré case 251 percentage of nobility in household 218 rules of acquisition of prisoners 53 purchase of prisoner 42 Sinador de Giresme case 5, 131 Philip VI 10n.45, 187 Stafford case 180 and Guillaume de Vi 214 storming of Le Mans 110 Phoebus, Gaston, count of Foix 41n.110, 43, 187 and Torsay dispute 253 Picardy 204 Villeneuve case 164 Pizan, Christine de 54, 247 parliament, English 207–8, 250 pledge-taking see word of honour parole see word of honour Poitiers 9, 11, 98, 102, 103, 109, 147–8 partnerships 241–2 Poitiers, Charles de, and wife 248 merchants and prisoners 176–7 Poitou 198 Parvanchières, count of 32 estates of 195–200, 201–2 Parys, Robert 131n.23 Polet, Jacob 216, 225–6 Paston, Margaret 153 politics Patay 102, 132, 134 of ransoming 14–16 pâtis (protection money) 93 and value of prisoners 136–7 patronage 206–8, 229 Pollard, Anthony 232 Pauniers, Pierre de 73n.110 Pont-Audemer 149–50 payments Pont-Audemer, vicomte of 120 coinage 87 Pont-Authou, vicomte of 198 of compensation to captors 54 Pont-d’Ouve 238 money-changing 162–5 Pont-Sainte-Maxence 246 money transfer 165–9 Pontoise 163 types of 40 Poolin, Pierre 89–90 exchange of prisoners 150–1, 153–8 Popham, Sir John 84 rebates 150, 152–3, 156 Postan, M.M. 175–6 see also currencies; money Power, Eileen 175 Peace of Brétigny-Calais 99 Preston, Christopher 76n.129 Pedro I ’the Cruel’ 61–2 princes 12 Péguillot, Jean 43 assistance to prisoners 203–5, 226–8 Pèlerin, Pierre 107n.43 grants 216, 222–6 Pembroke, Earl of see Hastings, John petitions and grants 205–16 Penthièvre, Jean, count of 166, 170 through their captains 233–4

297

Index

princes (cont.) relatives see family entitlement to prisoners 54–5 Rémon, Guillaume 141, 142 political use of ransom 14–16 Remonnet, Jean 50n.161 and royal ordinances of war 28–31 Rempston, Thomas 154, 170 royal taxation 192–200 amount of grant 224 see also individual rulers bank accounts 165, 166 prisoner of war money loaned to 171–2 defined 4–7, 19, 259–60 petition to Commons 208, 243 status of 120–2 sharing profits 111 prisons 118–22, 259, 263 Renakers, Edward see Reguegnes, Edward de costs of prisoners in captivity 137–41 Renneval, Raould de 241–2 Fleet 74 reputation 90 Newgate 119n.117 used to value prisoners 133–5 ‘prison courtoise’ (courteous prison) 113 Resc, Guillaume 42, 112 see also castles rescoux/non rescoux (rescued or not rescued) private ransoms 8–9, 21, 257–8, 262 provision 108–9, 258 and public ransoms 12–18 resistance fighters see guerrilla warfare private wars 7 restauro equorum 13, 100 process of ransoming 98 retaliation 45–8, 51, 261 captivity 115–25 Reyneville, Thibaut 73n.110 capturing prisoners 11, 102–11 Ricarville, Guillaume de 200 profits 98–101 Richard, Duke of York 92 transfer of prisoners 111–15 Richard I 185 see also valuing prisoners Richard II 30, 56n.18, 209–10 profits Richemont, Arthur count of 137 military society 245 Rieux, Pierre de 134, 225 of ransoming 98–101 Rigaudière, Albert 191 see also shares of profits/spoils; spoils of war rituals of surrender 72, 76n.130 Prosopographia Burgundica 217n.76 Rivet, Pierre 42, 112–13, 114 protection money (pâtis) 93 Robert, duke of Bar 170, 171 public interest, prisoners of 53, 78 Robert II, duke of Burgundy 204 public ransoms, and private ransoms 12–18 Rochebaron, Jean de 6 public war 3 Rochebaron, Macé de 253 pursuit of the enemy 104–5 Rochechouart, Guy de 152 Rochechouart, Jean de, lord of Mortemart Rafman, John 230 194 Rais, Gilles, lord of 152 Rodemack, Jean de 42, 112–13, 140, 143 ransom, origins of concept 1–3 Roffignac, Jean de 251–2 ransom aids 184–7 Rolin, Girard 157 Chauvigny 187–92 Rome (ancient) see also princes, assistance to prisoners law 23, 186 ransom culture 257 prisoners of war in 1n.1 ransom market 145–50 Romorantin 129, 151, 156, 171 Rapondi, Dino 48 Rostrenen, Pierre de 111 Ratford, Henry and Ellen 248 Rou, Pierre de 157n.146 Raynaud, Guillaume 34 Roucy, Hugues de 156n.145 rebates 150, 152–3, 156 Rouen 50, 86, 238 Redford, Henry 152 Rousseau, Pierre 139n.64, 224 Redman, Sir Matthew 207–8 ‘routes’ 239–40 Régnier, Jean 48–9, 50, 128–9, 132, 142 Rowe, B.J.H. 92 affect of connection to duke of Burgundy Rowryk, John 174 on ransom 135 royal taxation 192–200, 201–2 on friends 229, 230–1 Rucquoi, A. 62 wife as hostage 246 rulers see princes Reguegnes, Edward de 114 rules of acquisition of prisoners 52–5 Reidswire 58, 59 Rully, Sagremor de 199 298

Index

Rush, John 248 servants Rutherford, Sir Richard (and sons) 58 heralds as 161 prisoners’ 121–2 Sablé 157, 168 service to the crown 210–14, 222 Sadeler, Robert 39 shares of profits/spoils 16, 30–1, 110–11, 258–9 safe-conducts 41–2 and brothers-in-arms 245 and money-transfer 167–9 ‘compagnies à butin’ 240–1 non-combatants 7n.30 of French captains 54–5 in Normandy 85–7, 97 Le Jouvencel on 105–6 to trade 172–7, 228 ‘thirds’ 12–13, 30, 115 St.-Loo, John 99 Shrewsbury 56, 61 St. Cricq, Pierre-Amaud de 174n.82 Sibbald, John 67n.71, 67n.73 Saint-Denis, Jean de 178 siblings 253–5, 256 Saint-Denis, Monk of 47, 49, 71, 101, 118, 121 Sicily Herald 161 Saint-Germain, Waléran de 239 sieges 11 Saint-Ligier, Jean de 246 and captivity 118 Saint-Mars, Hue de 196, 197 treaties of surrender 235–9 Saint-Omer 116, 123, 224 Siete Partidas 36n.87 Saint-Pol, count of see Luxembourg, Waléran de Sigismund, Emperor 75 Saint-Riquier 228n.132 Sillie 168 Saint-Sauveur 123 silver 162 Saintonge 198 Skydmore, John 174 Saintré, Jehan de 242 social circle of the prisoners 229–32, 255–6 Sais, Sir Gregory 99, 100n.7, 207 captains and their men 232–5 Salisbury, Earl of see Montagu companions, partners, brothers-in-arms Salle, Antoine de la 242 239–45 Salle, Ralph 157n.148 family 246–55 salt, trade in 179 soldiers, and their captains 232–5 Sapynes, Hugues de 73n.106 Somerset, Earl (later Duke) of see Beaufort, Sarrebruch, Robert de, Damoiseau de John, Earl of Somerset Commercy 32 Somerset, John, Bastard of 152 Sarrey, Gilles de 199 Sort, Ramonet de 54 Saul, Nigel 100 Soubise 62, 63–5 Saulnier, Pierre 43 sovereign authorities see princes Saulx, Jean and Amé de 252 sovereignty 8–10 Sauvage, Denis 5 spies 85 Saux 227 Spikesworth, John 236 scales of ransom 149–50, 159–5, 223, 260–1 spoils of war 7, 28–9, 62–5 based on wages 262 see also shares of profits/spoils Scales, Thomas lord 130, 132, 173, 174n.82 Spore, Thomas 179 Schnerb, Bertrand 216 Spufford, P. 162n.8 Scot, Robert 76, 156n.145 Stafford, Thomas 140n.67, 180, 240 Scotland, and the Auld Alliance 65–71, 79 Stapilton, Brian 152 Scottish soldiers 31, 55–61 status, and value of prisoners 130–1 Auld Alliance and Charles VII 65–71 Sterre, John 83n.10 Séchelles, Agnès de 249–50 Steward, John (Scot-Angle) 32, 163 security 29, 115–18, 123–5 Steward, Thomas 32, 163 security right (‘droit de gage’) 19n.3 Stewart, Murdoch, 2nd Duke of Albany 59, 60 Seigneur, Jean 44, 143 Stille, John 5, 90, 138 seigneurial wars 7 Stowel, Robert 178 selling prisoners 23, 145–50 Strickland, Matthew 1–3, 4 Semains, Bernard de 214, 215 Strother, John del 209n.32, 232 Sengleton, Bernard 189 Stuart, John, Earl of Buchan 66–7, 154 see also Duigethen, Bernard Sudré, Jean 251–2 Senoches 93 Suffolk, Earl of (later Duke) see La Pole, Sens 122 William de 299

Index

sureties, against bankruptcy 171 in Lancastrian Normandy 82 surrendering 106–11, see also criminalisation Swylyngdon (Swillington), Georges, 174n.82 treaties Symon, Jean 96 Arras 8, 28 Brétigny 148 Taillat, Béraud de 178 Calais-Brétigny 14, 99, 238 Taillement, Jean de 73n.110 of surrender 235–9 taking prisoner’s faith see word of honour Toledo 61–2 Talbot, John, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury Troyes 6, 8, 17, 65, 80, 81, 97, 237, 260 and Bourg de Bar 117–18 Westminster 14 capture of Pierre Boucier 93 treatment of prisoners 17, 25–6, 37–8, 51 and license to trade 179 killing 29, 38–9, 46–8 and Poton de Xaintrailles 153 and law of retaliation 48 prisoners not considered prisoners of war 95 medical attention 140, 144 and ransoms of personal retinue 232 and negotiation of ransom 136 storming of Le Mans 110 torture 49, 127 and Yvon Caradenec 180–1 Treaty Rolls 7n.30, 175 Talbot, John, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury 43, 174 and licences to trade 172–3, 175, 177 Tancarville 242 with the enemy 178–9 taxation 18, 200 on prisoners’ servants 121 royal 192–200, 201–2 Tree of Battles, The (Bovet) 8, 20–2, 52, on wool 175 125 see also customary aids Trémagon, Yvon de 208 Temple (Paris) 119 Tremedern, Jean de 112–13 Tesson, Raoul 241 Trenewyth, prisoner at Calais 156 Thibaut, Jean 168 Trivet, Sir Thomas 236 Thien, Bâtard of 46 Troyes, Treaty of 6, 8, 17, 65, 80, 81, 97, 237, ‘thirds’ 12–13, 30, 115, 258 260 Thirty Years War 263 Tuck, Anthony 206 Thomas, Antoine 193–4, 197 Turgeville, Jean 73n.106 Thouars, vicomte of see Amboise, Pierre II d’ Turnbull, John 58 Thury 238 Turnebois, Stephen 146 Tillay, Jean de 120 Turre (de la Tour?), de 133, 135 Timbal, Pierre-Clément 19n.3, 20, 240, 245, Twyford, Sir Robert 207 Toledo, treaty of 61–2 Tybutot, Thomassin de 73n.106 Torcy 236 Tyrrell, J. 194n.55, 196, 197 Torsay, Guillaume de, lord of Melleran 196, 249, 253–4 Umfraville, Gilbert 236n.36 Torsay, Jean de, lord of Lezay 196–7, 253–4 usage of arms 22, 23n.18 torture 49 usury see money-lending Toulongeon, Jean de 70–1, 132, 219 Toureille, Valérie 88–9 ‘Valeietz’, Jean 69 tournaments 3–4 Vallières (Vallières-la-Grande) 66 Tournebu, Guillaume de 214 Valmont, Michel 123–4 Tournebu, Pierre de 252 valuing prisoners 128–9, 259 Tournemine, Maurice 225n.120 added expenses 137–45 Tower of London 73, 76, 119, 164–5 by their connections 135–6 trade categories 148–9 licences to 134, 172–81, 228 lands 129 to raise funds 181–2 reputation 133–5 Trailly, John 103 status 130–1 transfer of prisoners 111–15 strategy and politics 136–7 transportation of money 167–9 and their functions 131–3 Trastamara, Enrique de 61 Varambon see La Palu travel expenses 138–9 Varèze, Jean de 179 treason and wife 249 300

Index

varlets vindictiveness, Henry V and prisoners 75–7 captured 38 violence at capture 109–11, 125 and transfer of prisoners 112–13 Voudenay, Thomas 167 Vaudémont, Antoine de 44 Vaul le comte, Jean de 212 wages 262 Vaux, Jean des 164n.21 Walker, Simon 232 Vendôme 106, 168 Wallace, William 57n.25 Vendôme, Jean de, vidame de Chartres 44, 134, Walles, John 144 152–3, 168–9, 199, 227 Walsingham, Thomas 33 Vendôme, Louis de Bourbon, count of 67, 154, warhorses 13, 100, 204 155 Wasaers, Herlyn de 73n.110 and John Cornwall 77 Wavrin, Jean de 146 ransom amount 130n.13 Welesby, Sir William 167 rights over John Holland 67, 156n.143 Wenyn, Raymon 209 Vere, Robert de 166 Westminster, treaty of 14 Véretz (Indre-et-Loire) 154 Weston, William 236 Vernancourt, Eustache de 252 White, Edmund 174, 176 Verneuil 81, 93, 102, 138, 155, 179, 253 Whittington, Richard 146 ‘aid fund’ 195–6, 201 Wigtown, John, Earl of 57n.25 Vernon 93 Willoughby, Robert 50 Vernon, Laurence 66–70, 152 Winter, John 110, 244 Vertus, Philippe, count of 66 wives 209–10, 213 Vi, Guillaume de 214 wool 175–6 Victor, Bâtard of Croÿ 46 Worcester, Richard Beauchamp, Earl of 77 Vienne, Guillaume de, lord of Bussy 221 word of honour 23–4, 29, 32–3 Vienne, Guillaume de, lord of Saint-Georges after capture 103, 106–9 36, 220–1 between classes 38–9, 51, 261 Vieville, Jaket de 73n.110 and petitions 216 Vigiles de la Mort de Charles VII (d’Auvergne) 118 Worsley, Sir Geoffrey 207 Vignes, Pierre de 66 Wright, Nicholas 21, 27 Vigneulles, Etienne de (La Hire) 35, 89n.41, Wrixworth, John 146, 224 106, 198–9 Wykeham, William 100n.7 Vigneulles, Philippe de 127 Wylby, Thomas 176 Vigotat, Guillaume 212 Wylde, John 167 Villaines (near Le Mans) 50 Villandrando, Rodrigo de 37, 188n.23, 235 Xaintrailles, Poton de 133, 153, 234, 242–3 Villeneuve, Jean de 163–4, 164n.21 Villiers, John 153 Yolande of Flanders 171 Villiers, Pierre de 145–6, York, Thomas 57n.25

301