Kogi-NEWMAP, Lokoja, Kogi State June, 2020

Federal Republic of Nigeria Public Disclosure Authorized

THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)

Final Report of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

Public Disclosure Authorized Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Intervention Project, Kogi State

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized State Project Management Unit (SPMU), Kogi-NEWMAP, Lokoja, Kogi State

June, 2020

Table of Contents Pages Title page i Table of contents ii List of Tables vi List of Figures viii List of Plates ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations x Executive Summary xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Project Background 1 1.1 Description of the Proposed Intervention 2 1.2 Rationale for NEWMAP Intervention 3 1.3 Rationale for the ESMP 4 1.4 Objective and Scope of the Consultancy Services 5 1.5 Technical Approach and Methodology 7

CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8 2.1 Federal and Kogi State Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 8 2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects at Greater Lokoja Waterworks 9 2.2.1 International Conventions and Agreements 11 2.3 Institutional Framework 14

CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 16 3.0 Introduction 16 3.1 Location 16 3.1.1 Kogi State 16 3.1.2 Proposed Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Intervention Site 17 3.2. Relief and Drainage 19 3.2.1 Relief 19 3.2.2 Drainage 20 3.3 Climate 21 3.3.1 Rainfall 21 3.3.2 Temperature 22 3.3.3 Relative Humidity 22 3.3.4 Wind Speed and Direction 23 3.4 Geology 24 3.5 Environmental Air Quality Assessment 24 3.5.1 Ambient Air Quality 24 3.5.2 Particulate Matter Concentration 27 3.5.3 Ambient Noise Level 29

3.6. Soil Quality 30 3.7. Hydrology of the Area 33 3.8 Biological Environment 35 3.8.1 Vegetation Component 35 3.8.2 Wildlife and Biodiversity 36

CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION 39 4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics 39 4.1.1 Data Collection Methodology 39 4.2.1 Population Characteristics of the Project Area 41 4.1.3 History and Socio-Political Characteristics of the Project Site 42 4.1.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents 43 4.1.5 Key Infrastructures within Project Community 46 4.1.6 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area 47 4.1.7 Source of Energy 48 4.1.8 Source of Water 50 4.1.9 Peoples‟ Concerns on the Proposed Project Activities (PCPPAs) 51 4.2 Analysis of Existing Grievance Redress Mechanism 51 4.2.1 Appraisal of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in the Project Area 55 4.3 Consultations with Relevant Stakeholders and Project Affected Persons 57 4.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders 57 4.3.2 Identified Stakeholders Group 57 4.3.3 Stakeholders Awareness/Perception on the NEWMAP Intervention 57 4.3.4 Stakeholders‟ Expectations during the Project‟s Construction and Operation Phases 57 4.3.5 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders 58 4.3.6 Willingness of Stakeholders to Provide Local Support for the Project 60 4.4 Analysis of the status of GBV/SEA in the project community and related issues 61 4.5 COVID 19 Awareness and Prevention During ESMP Field Work 63

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 64 5.1 Impact Assessment Methodology 64 5.1.1 Impact Identification 64 5.1.2 Impact Prediction 64 5.1.3 Impact Evaluation 65 5.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 66 5.2.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts 66 5.2.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts 66 5.3 Potential Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 67

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5.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase: Potential Negative Social Impacts 67 5.3.2 Construction Phase: Potential Negative Environmental Impacts 68 5.3.3 Construction Phase: Potential Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts 72 5.3.4 Operations and Maintenance Phase: Potential Negative Environmental and Social Impacts 74 5.4 Analysis of Alternatives 79 5.4.1 No-Action Alternative 79 5.4.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives 79 5.4.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Options 80

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 82 6.1 Description of the Proposed Mitigation Measures 82 6.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase Measures 82 6.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures 83 6.1.3 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures 83 6.1.4 Monitoring of Mitigation Measures during Project Implementation 83 6.1.5 Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase 84 6.1.6 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase 93 6.1.7 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post – Construction/ Operation Phase 103 6.2 Institutional Arrangements, Responsibilities and Accountabilities 107 6.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase 107 6.2.2 Community Health and Safety Management Plan 108 6.3 Worker‟s Training and Orientation Plans on COVID-19 108 6.3.1 Workers Training and Precautions 108 6.3.2 Minimize Chance of Exposure 109 6.3.3 Managing Access and Spread 109 6.3.4 Daily Routine Management for Workers 109 6.3.5 Personal Care 110 6.4 Institutional Arrangements, Responsibilities and Accountabilities 110 6.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase 110 6.4.1.1 Key Agencies 110 6.4.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies 111 6.4.1.3 Project Reporting and Follow-Up 111 6.4.2 Construction Phase 111 6.4.2.1 Major Actors / Key Agencies during Construction Phase 111 6.4.2.2 Role of Concerned Agencies 112 6.4.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up 112 6.4.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 113 6.4.3.1 Key Agencies 113 6.4.3.2 Major Actors / Key Agencies During Operational and Maintenance Phase 113 6.4.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Actions for the ESMP at the Local Level 114

6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 114 6.6 Labour Influx, Child Labour and Gender Based Violence (GBV) 117 6.6.1 Labour Influx 117 6.6.2 Child Labour 119 6.6.3 Gender Based Violence (GBV) 119 6.6.4 GBV Risk Management Mechanisms 119 6.6.5 Stakeholder/Citizen Engagement 120 6.6.6 Envisaged Benefits 121 6.7 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach 121 6.8 Training Programmes 122 6.9 Implementation Schedule 123 6.10 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis 125 6.11 ESMP Disclosures 125

CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 126 7.1 Summary 126 7.2 Conclusion 127 7.3 Recommendation 127

References 128 Annexure 129

List of Tables Pages Table 2.1: Significant Federal/Kogi State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines 8 Table 2.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable to Kogi-NEWMAP Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion 10 Table 2.3: International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site in Kogi State 12 Table 2.4: Gap Analysis of National Legislations, Policies and Regulations and the World Bank Policies 13

Table 3.1: Greater Lokoja Greater Waterworks Gully Site Ambient Air Results 26 Table 3.2: Particulate Matter Constituents within Proposed Project Area 28 Table 3.3: Noise Level Pattern of Proposed Project Area 29 Table 3.4: Physio-chemical and microbial characteristics of soil samples from the Study Area 31 Table 3.5: Characteristics of insitu parameters analysed in Surface, Groundwater and Treated Water Samples from the Study Area 33 Table 3.6: Chemical Analysis of Surface, Groundwater and Treated Water samples from the Study Area 34 Table 3.7: Flora species in the Project Area 35 Table 3.8: Fauna species in the Project Area 36

Table 4.1: Outline of Questionnaire Administration and Public Consultation 40 Table 4.2: Estimation of Population Size for Kogi State and Ajaokuta LGA 41 Table 4.3: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents 44 Table 4.4: Housing Characteristics in the Project Area 48 Table 4.5: Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis of existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in project Area 55 Table 4.6: Summary of Issues Raised at FGDs with Women groups in Ganaja and Greater Lokoja Waterworks Female Staff 58 Table 4.7: Summary of IDI with the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Facility Manager 59

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix 65 Table 5.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utility 71 Table 5.3: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Pre-Construction Phase 75 Table 5.4: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 75 Table 5.5: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 76

Table 5.6: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Socio- Economic Impacts during Construction Phase 77

Table 5.7: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Public Health Impacts during the Construction Phase 77 Table 5.8: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for Operation Phase 78 Table 5.9: Appraisal of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 81

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre- Construction Phase 84 Table 6.2: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase 94 Table 6.3: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post– Construction/Operation Phase 104 Table 6.4: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan 123 Table 6.5: ESMP Implementation Schedule 124 Table 6.6: Cost Estimate of ESMP Implementation and Monitoring 125

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List of Figures Pages Fig. 1.1: General engineering drawing of the proposed gully erosion intervention at Greater Lokoja Waterworks 3 Fig. 3.1: Map of Kogi State showing the LGA of the Proposed Project Area 17 Fig. 3.2: Image map of the proposed Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site 18 Fig. 3.3: Contour Map of the Proposed Project Area 19 Fig. 3.4: Elevation of the Proposed Project Area 20 Fig. 3.5: Drainage Pattern within the Proposed Project Area 21 Fig. 3.6: Monthly climate nature of Lokoja city depicting average rainfall and mean temperature 22 Fig. 3.7: Mean Relative Humidity Pattern of Lokoja 23 Fig. 3.8: Average monthly wind speed of the project area 23 Fig. 3.9: Wind Rose of the Study Area 24 Fig. 3.10: Air quality and noise sampling locations map 27 Fig. 3.11: Spatial Locations of Particulate Matter Measurement 29 Fig. 3.12: Spatial Location of Ambient Noise Level Measurement 30 Fig 3.13: Soil Sampling Locations Map 31

Fig. 4.1: Household Energy Sources for lighting at the Project Area 49 Fig. 4.2: Household Energy Source for cooking at the Project Area 49 Fig 4.3: Sources of household water at the project area 51

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List of Plates Pages Plate 3.1: Greater Lokoja Water Works Gully Erosion Site 18 Plate 3.2: Ambient air quality measurement in the Study Area 25 Plate 3.3: Collection of surface water sample from the River Niger 33

Plate 4.1: A Field Assistant Engaging a Staff Member of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks on the details of the Project 41 Plate 4.2: An elevated electric transformer within the facility of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks 47 Plate 4.3: Common building types indicating the different building materials for the construction 48 Plate 4.4: A domestic gas station within the project, a source of energy for cooking in the area. 50 Plate 4.5: Pictographs of Meeting with Greater Lokoja Waterworks Staff Members on the details of the public consultation on the gully erosion. 60 Plate 4.6: Consultation with Greater Lokoja Waterworks female staff 60

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDS - Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome ARAR - Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements BAT - Best Available Technology BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBO - Community Based Organizations CITES - Convention on the Prevention of the international trade in Endangered Species COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand CSOs - Civil Society Organizations DO - Dissolved Oxygen EA - Environmental Assessment KSME - Kogi State Ministry of Environment ESS - Environmental and Social Specialists EHS - Environmental, Health and Safety EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EO - Environmental Officer ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EMS - Environmental Management System ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FI - Financial Intermediary FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU - Federal Project Management Unit FRN - Federal Republic of Nigeria FRSC - Federal Road Safety Commission GBV - Gender Based Violence GHGs - Greenhouse Gases GPS - Global Positioning System GRA - Government Reserved Area

H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide HIV - Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus HND - Higher National Diploma HSE - Health, Safety and Environment IDI - In-Depth Interviews ITCZ - Inter Tropical Continental Zone IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature KII - Key Informant Interviews ISO - International Standard Organization LGA - Local Government Area

MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies M & E - Monitoring and Evaluation MoU - Memorandum of Understanding MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet NAP - National Agricultural Policy ND - Not Detected NEWMAP - Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NEP - National Policy of the Environment NESREA - National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NIWA - Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority NPC - National Population Commission NS - Not Specified NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OND - Ordinary National Diploma OP - Operational Policies PAP - Project Affected Persons PEM - Project Environmental Management PMU - Project Management Unit POI - Point of Interest PPE - Personal Protective Equipment PVC - Poly vinyl chloride RAP - Resettlement Action Plan SEA - Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SLM - Sustainable Land Management SSO - Social Safeguards Officer SOP - Standard Operation Procedures SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU - State Project Management Unit STD - Sexually Transmitted Diseases TC - Tropical Continental TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TM - Tropical Maritime ToR - Terms of Reference TSS - Total Suspended Solids VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds WHO - World Health Organization

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES 1 Project Background We live in a world that is ravaged by series of environmental challenges. One of these challenges is land degradation which manifests as soil erosion. Occurrence of soil erosion as an environmental malaise has been attributed at the global platform to latitudinal location and climate factors. Specifically, causative factors leading to severe soil erosion have been said to be local-specific. Nigeria, as a tropical country, is vastly susceptible to soil erosion with evidence manifesting both sheet (surficial) and gully erosions. Unpredictable tropical climatic regimes coupled with climate change manifestations and human activities such as acute deforestation, excessive cultivation of topsoilz, poor construction of water drainages are well recognised factors in the country. The consequences of these factors have been loss of livelihood, destruction of farmlands, properties and several other socioeconomic damages. Water quality, seepage of pollutant from non-point sources via erosion events, transportation of minerals from industrial wastes, usage of gully sites as waste dump sites, which could run through overland flow into nearby water bodies are other environmental issues connected to the web of challenges that are connected to gully erosion. These issues are not completely dissimilar to the events around some parts of Kogi State owing to the natural geology, proximity to international river system (Niger River), land use and soil management. Appraisals of the current erosion challenges in Nigeria have shown that international cooperation that transcend local administrative networks have becomes inevitable. It is this reality that gave birth to the initiation of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The Kogi State component of this project is utilizing the funds to address the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site in Lokoja. The size of the project instigated the need to assess the environment and social impacts of the proposed rehabilitation project which triggers the need for a comprehensive Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

ES 2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The proposed remediation works at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site involves a series of engineering and civil works, particularly proper wastewater and runoff channelling from the Waterworks and the surrounding communities that formed the immediate watershed. The proposed intervention will include the following measures: 1. Assessment of the drainage features within the catchment area to determine the nature and extent of possible reconstruction; 2. Proper management and rechannelling of the open water off the wastewater out wash chamber of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks which majorly led to the gully formation; 3. Addressing the impact of the expanding gully on the adjoining public water facilities such as the swimming pool with cracks and weakened walls; 4. Reclaiming and civil rechannelling of the gully head. This is necessary to prevent further head-cutting and expansion of the gully and to ensure adequate stability of the already weakened soil at the areas surrounding the gully heads; 5. Reconstructing the weakened walls and fences of the Intake House with trapezoidal channel across the River Niger for reinforcement against waterbed weakening upon the structure;

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6. Reinforcing the gully along the direction of water and sediment discharge into the River Niger through the usage of boulders; 7. Construction of water resistant and gully-proof embankments to stabilise and prevent gradual sheet erosion in the immediate term and gully formation in the long term; 8. Reinforcing the gully source with high strength mechanical steel pipe for proper discharge of treated wastewater from the Waterworks; 9. Stabilisation of perimeter fence of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks with high strength Wire Fence to resolve possible encroachment of erosion into the facilities; 10. Reinforcing the gully bed areas around the point of discharge; 11. Erection of shoreline line protection measure with the use of boulders to reduce impact of flooding and expansion of the River Niger banks during the flood season.

ES 3 Rationale for the NEWMAP Intervention The Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Project is very active with an average annual water level of 60.1505m, the wet season maximum water level could rise as high as 64.081m while the minimum water level during the dry season could reduce to 56.221m as stated in the Engineering Drawing of the Project. This shows a high influence of water level computed from the contiguous River Niger. However, two causes can be attributed to the occurrence of the ravine erosion. First, the runoff downslope from the nearby Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road which drains towards the River Niger usually develops into huge flash flood during rainy season and gradually creeps the bare soil surface. The gradual and continuous washing away of the erodible soil at the banks of river Niger eventually leads to gully erosion. Second, the regular discharge of treated wastewater from the Greater Lokoja Waterworks passes through the gully channel into the River Niger. The consistency of this activity further intensified the exposed soil, which initially started as sheet erosion, to develop into a devastating gully erosion. The engineering designs showed that the gully has a curvilinear feature with a total chainage length of 120 metres, with elevation that rises as high as 58 metres and gully bed elevation of 57.73 metres with 3.5% local slope as shown in the longitudinal profile of the gully. The dimensions though vary from the gully head (upper watershed) to the mouth at the base of the River Niger (lower watershed).

The gully history is entirely recent. It could be related to climate change and the highwater level along the River Niger which further led to large scale flood around the lower Niger basin in 2012. In addition to this is the establishment of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks as far back as 1950s. The facility has been abandoned with low- scale microscopic rehabilitation measures. Measures have also been put in place to rehabilitate the facility and upgrade its coverage capacity. One of the need steps towards the rehabilitation of the facility is to address the gully erosion that has threatened the facility that was designed and expanded to provide potable water for domestic and other multipurpose user in the entire Lokoja city and its constituent‟s settlements. This will help to reduce farm losses from crop farmers and also address the destruction of lands at the base of the River Niger which is cultivated all-year round. It will also help reduce losses from aquaculture practitioners who use the banks of River Niger for fishing while also saving the use of fishponds. The associated project such as drainage rehabilitation and constructions will help address seasonally- destructive flash floods that are experienced in the upper watershed by the Lokoja- Ajaokuta Road. This intervention project by the Kogi State NEWMAP will not only

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ameliorate and address the gully erosion but also preserve the integrity of the Great Lokoja Waterworks and improve its sustainability. ES 4 Rationale for the ESMP The main objective of this ESMP is to outline an effective and workable management process in which all possible environmental and social impacts likely to arise from the diverse project activities are identified and addressed. The main objective is also to design appropriate mitigation measures during the different phases of the project with a view to ensuring sustainability and protecting human and environmental health. Generally, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process, including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the project in concordance with the Terms of Reference of the ESMP.

ES 5 Scope of the Work The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion sub- project(s) in Ganaja town Ajaokuta Local Government Area of Kogi State. The tasks of the consultant include the following: a) To describe the biophysical and social environment of the project area including the existing status of the sub-watershed (upper/lower) and gullies; b) To identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; c) To assess the GBV risks on the civil works project, proffer project-level measures to address GBV risks, consider other ongoing efforts to prevent and respond to GBV and how the project will complement/use them; d) To understand the types of GBV that are present in the community which may be exacerbated by the project and how the community currently deals with GBV incidences; e) To identification of the groups of individuals that are most vulnerable to harm; f) Mapping of services and safe spaces available to survivors of GBV and spaces where GBV is currently reported; identify measures to mitigate project risks; g) To draw on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, the appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); h) To develop a plan for mitigating the environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; i) To assess the extent of labour influx that the project will generate and impacts on the people and community at large; j) To identify the feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce all potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; k) To develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; l) To identify the feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; m) To identify the monitoring objectives and specify the types of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above; n) To provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action,

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financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; o) To define the technical assistance programs that could strengthen the environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; p) To provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and q) To provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. r) To register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at the Federal and State levels; s) To disclose the finalized ESMP at the National, State, LGA and Community levels; and t) To subject the disclosed ESMP and RAP to the Technical Review Exercise and other regulatory requirements that will culminate into the issuance of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and the Certificate.

ES 6 Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks National Policy & Legal Regulatory Requirements  National Policy on the Environment 1989 revised 1991  National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005  Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)  The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991  National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999)  National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991  National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act (NESREA Act) 2007  Land use act 1978 Modified 1990  Endangered Species Act 1985  FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA Procedural guidelines 1995  S.1.15 National Environmental Protection (The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations) 1991  Public Health Law  Workmen Component Act 1987 Revised 2010

Kogi State Policy & Regulatory Instruments  Kogi State Ministry of Environment  Kogi State Environmental Protection Board  Kogi State Sanitation & Water Management Board  Kogi State Town Planning & Land Development

ES 7 World Bank Safeguards Policies Applicable to NEWMAP Project at Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Rehabilitation Site Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggered by Applicability to project due How Project Address by Greater to Policy Requirements NEWMAP Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site Yes No Yes No Environmental [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works under the project ESMF prepared for Assessment including excavation / NEWMAP and site-specific expansion and construction of mitigation measures (OP/BP 4.01) drainage channel to reduce the developed in the ESMP. peak flow rates will have adverse effect on the environment. Natural Habitats [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] The activities outlined NA (OP/BP 4.04) intervention and detailed biophysical environment of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks do not require the conversion of areas of natural habitats. Also, the project is not within a biodiversity reserve area. Pest Management [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] There is no likelihood use of NA (OP 4.09) pesticide during the project implementation and operation. Physical Cultural [ x ] [ ] [ X [ ] Civil works, including ESMF prepared for Resources (OP/BP ] excavations channelization will NEWMAP and site-specific be most unlikely to avoid all mitigation measures for 4.11) cultural heritage sites as well Chance find of cultural as presently unknown sites that heritage developed in the can be expected to be found in ESMP. any area rich in cultural and historical values. Involuntary [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] The activities under the project A resettlement policy Resettlement will require the acquisition of framework (RPF) has been land (some with economic prepared for NEWMAP. (OP/BP 4.12) trees and farms) surrounding Due to the potential impacts intervention area. This will to economic trees and lead to economic and farmland located around the potentially physical intervention sites, standalone displacement. RAP(s) will be prepared, and measures implemented before project implementation Indigenous [ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] The people in the area are by NA Peoples (OP/BP the World Bank policy not considered as indigenous 4.36) peoples.

Forests (OP/BP [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works may extend to ESMF prepared for 4.10) swamp floodplain vegetation NEWMAP and site-specific area along the intervention / mitigation measures design set back especially at developed in the ESMP the lower watershed around the bank of Niger River. Safety of Dams [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] The proposed project does not NA involve the design, construction or rehabilitation

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(OP/BP 4.37) of any dam of whatever kind.

Projects in [ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] The proposed project area is NA Disputed Areas not known for any dispute (local, national, international) (OP/BP 7.60) of whatever magnitude.

Project on [ x ] [ ] [ X [ ] The project is at the bank of ESMF prepared for International ] River Niger; however, the NEWMAP and site-specific project will not cause any mitigation measures Waterways pollution whatsoever to the developed in the ESMP (OP/BP 7.50) river. Also, water will not be directly sourced from the River Niger. The source of water during project activities will be from Greater Lokoja Waterworks.

ES 8 International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site in Kogi State International Applicable Applicable to Applicability areas Addressing conventions, agreements to Greater procedure and protocols NEWMAP Lokoja Waterworks gully Site Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will ESMF prepared convention for the extend to the forest for NEWMAP protection of the Ozone area. There will be and site-specific Layer and the Montreal reduction in tree mitigation protocol for Control of taxonomy and measures Substances that deplete biomass leading to developed in the the ozone layer. reduction in carbon ESMP. Provision sink and release of of vegetation ODS gasses. measures following construction of the engineering measures. Basel convention on the [ ] [x] [ ] [ x ] ESMF and ESMP do NA prevention of trans- not identify the use boundary movement of and or generation of hazardous wastes and hazardous wastes in their disposal. the project lifecycle. Convention on the [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] No endangered NA prevention of the species(s) of any international trade in kind was identified endangered species in the project area. (CITES). Convention on [ x ] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works may ESMF prepared Biodiversity. extend to forest area. for NEWMAP This will disturb and site-specific biodiversity in the mitigation area. measures developed in the

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ESMP. Bioremediation measures incorporated into the design of project. Convention on climate [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities ESMF prepared change. will result in both for NEWMAP systemic and and site-specific cumulative mitigation environmental measures change thereby developed in the contributing to ESMP. sustained increase in Bioremediation temperature. measures incorporated into the design of project Convention on [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities Bioremediation Desertification. may result in measures deforestation. incorporated into the design of project. Convention on Persistent [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant NA Organic Pollutants. will be used for activities design for the proposed project during it lifecycle. World Health [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities ESMF prepared Organization (WHO) may be injurious to for NEWMAP Health and Safety man and the and site-specific Component of EIA, 1987. environment mitigation measures developed in the ESMP.

ES 9 Institutional Framework The structure of NEWMAP requires inter-ministerial, inter-departmental and inter- agency collaboration as well as collaboration with non-governmental organisations. To this end, its functionality involves a series of federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society organisations. NEWMAP is designed to ensure equitable flow of data and information at all levels in order to capture all areas of concern to relevant ministries and agencies of government and non-governmental institutions. Ministries such as planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forestry, transport, power, emergency response, climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation are involved from the LGAs to the federal level of government. The investments for Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site in Kogi State is being made through the Kogi-NEWMAP. However, the Kogi State Government has the primary responsibility for land management and allocations of the project site using the Land Act through the Kogi State Town Planning & Land Development. At the national level, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEn) is the lead implementing agency for the NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit

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(FPMU) supervised by a Federal Coordinator hosted by the FMEnv is responsible for the entire Federal NEWMAP management. The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Kogi State Ministry of Environment (KSME) is responsible for the coordination in Kogi State. Thus, the office is directly responsible for coordinating activities of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site intervention, including the implementation out of the provisions of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the integration of environmental issues into the different NEWMAP sub-projects. The social safeguards officer on the other hand is responsible for the integration and mainstreaming of socio-cultural issues into the project including the issue of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). The Kogi-NEWMAP Environmental Officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the local community level, which is the representative of the people, there is the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Site Monitoring Committee. This committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during the different phases of project execution including all the stated civil works and the community-based guidelines for the entire project.

ES 10 Biophysical Environment The Greater Lokoja Waterworks is located at Ganaja in Ajaokuta LGA of Kogi State. Ganaja village is very close to Lokoja, the state capital. Greater Lokoja Waterworks is the main water scheme supplying water to the state capital, but the facility is seriously under the threat of collapse as a result of the gully erosion. Specifically, the gully site is located at the bank of River Niger and extends from inside the waterworks to the River Niger. It has collapsed the dye embankment protecting the water works complex from the River Niger Flood. The gully is about 10-15 m wide and is as deep as 20-25 feet (ft). The gully is very active with sediment yield of about 1.5-2.0 tons per season. The principal drainage system at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully area is the River Niger with extensive riverbed floodplain that is used for the all year- round agricultural activities. The area falls within the climatic environment experiencing rainy season between April and October with annual rainfall and temperature of 1668mm and 30oC respectively. Due to its proximity of the River Niger, the area enjoys an ample of average humidity which ranges between 65% and 85% throughout the year. But the month of May to November have higher relative humidity which ranges from 71.8% to 83.3%. The geology of Kogi State comprises two main rock types, namely, the basement complex rocks of the Precambrian age in the western half extending slightly eastward beyond the lower Niger Valley and the Sedimentary rocks in the eastern half.

With respect to air quality, concentrations of noxious gases within and around the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site are relatively low and are within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits, with the exception of NO2 in a few locations with higher values than the FMEnv limit (0.06 ppm) for NO2. This could be attributed to the occasional vehicular movement at the time of sampling. Air particulate quality within proposed Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site is within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limit of 250µg/m3 for suspended particulate matter. The ambient noise level recorded average minimum value of 50.1 dBA and an average maximum value of 61.62 dBA. The noise level was below the FMEnv permissible limit of 90 dBA for 8-hour exposure. The result of the soil

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analysis shows that the soil is made up of varying percentage compositions of sand, silt and clay. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the soil samples. Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, V and Mg were not detected in the soil samples while Zn and Cu were recorded in trace amounts, below the permissible limits for unpolluted soil. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the surface and ground water samples. V, As, Co, Pb, Cr and Cu were not detected in the water samples. The fauna of the study area are not IUCN threat status classified.

ES 11 Socio-Economic Characteristics There are more male (56.4%) respondents than female (43.6%). Age distribution of respondents shows 18-45 years (76.9%), 46-65 years (12.8%), while those above 66 years of age account for 10.6%. Married respondents account for 46.2% while single and widowed/separated represent 43.6% 5.2% respectively. The Nigeria Bureau of Statistics 2019 estimated population for Ajaokuta LGA is 148,387 people. Major ethnic groups in the area are the Igala (59%), the Ebira (20.5%), and the Okun (12.8). An average household size of 4 people is recorded as the highest percentage (61.5%) in the area while an average household size of 7 and 11 account for 25.9% and 12.6% respectively. People earning between N50,000 to N60,000 represent 40.3%. Others are those earning between N10,000 to N30,000 (4.4%) and N60,000 to N70,000 (55.3%). Most of the respondents (69.1%) claimed that they disposed their solid waste using the community refuse dumpsite. The most prevalent ailments in the project area according to the respondents include Malaria, Typhoid fever (60.1), Rashes (13.9.), Water-borne diseases (9.7), Cough (5.9), Rheumatism (5.8), sexually transmitted diseases (4.6). Most of the diseases are however treated by people visiting the nearby hospitals/clinics at severe or mild stage (59%), purchase of drugs from nearby chemists/drug store (17.9%) and the use of traditional/herbal means (7.7%). 5.2% claimed they use a combination of orthodox and traditional medicines to manage their health conditions. 61.5% of the respondents claimed that their standard of living has improved within the last three years despite the gully erosion, 15.4% claimed it remained unchanged while 10.3% claimed their standard of living has got worse. Vital social and physical infrastructures which might be affected by the project activities are mostly located within the Greater Lokoja Waterworks. These infrastructures are water production facilities particularly the Generator House and Pumping Station II. All the respondents are fully aware of the project. Their sources of information include the traditional media (TV and radio) (64.7%), meetings (10.3%) and through combined modes (30%).

ES 12 Consultations: Stakeholders, Expectations of the Project The communities‟ expectations during construction and operation phases are as follows: i. Minimal to zero disturbance of the smooth operation and functioning of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks; ii. Full engagement of qualified and skilled youths from the community to ensure inclusiveness and local ownership of the project during the different phases of the civil works of the project; iii. Respect for the norms, traditions and values by the different cadres of workers; iv. Ensure safety of road users along the main Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road as well as the local road leading to the gully erosion site to avoid accidents that might directly or indirectly related to the construction works;

v. Damage to any existing social and physical infrastructures of the community should not only be replaced but restored to optimum functioning level; and vi. Silted drainages from the upland should be dredged to divert the storm water from the upland from going through the water works facility drains into River Niger, thereby, reducing the volume of water passing through the water work facility channel into the Niger River.

ES 13 Stakeholders‟ Concerns on the Proposed Project Activities (CCPPAs) On the background to the full community support for the commencement of the full project activities, there are concerns expressed concerning the three phases of the project. The Ganaja community expect these issues to be addressed to ensure smooth initiation and completion of the project. The concerns were properly documented in the ESMP and mitigation measures provided for those with impacts in the management plan.

During the construction phase, the community expect: . Peaceful interaction with members of the community . Issues of environmental pollution (air, water, soil and noise) should be addressed in completion . Observe all customs and traditions and avoid any sacrilegious attitude . Engagement of abled youths as skilled and unskilled labourers in the project . Discovery of any artefacts or sacred item to the appropriate authorities including community leaders During the operation and maintenance phase of the project, the community expressed that the following should be maintained by the concerned authority: . Effective monitoring of the project to avoid reversal and re-emergence of the gully; . Ensure cleaning of drainage periodically to avoid clogging of from silt; . Safety measures to be installed and maintained at required spots; and . Any other support that can improve the overall nature of the environment better than previous.

ES 14 Willingness of Community to Provide Local Support for the project The community expressed their readiness to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor. Specifically, they expressed the following: i. Qualified youths of the community who can be engaged by the Contractor of the project are prepared to offer services with respect to the level of professionalism required to support the project; ii. Culinary services will be available for workers and visitors alike by the women; and iii. Migrant workers from the different of the country can have access to proximate accommodation as the need arise.

ES 14 Summary of Impacts of the project Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Mitigation of gully activities;  Restoration of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land;  Reducing disaster risks in the project area;  Improved environment and aesthetics of the area;

Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Safety of lives and properties;

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 Safeguarding public infrastructures;  Amplified value for structural and landed properties;  Employment opportunities;

Negative social Impacts  Loss of Land and Source of Livelihoods;  Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood;  Proposed project induced adverse developments;  Immigration of newcomers;  Loss of livelihood by women;  Impact of cultural beliefs; and  Increase in crime and insecurity issues.

Negative Environmental Impacts  Impact on air quality;  Impacts on flora and fauna;  Impacts on Water and Water Resources;  Impact on biodiversity;  Soil, land excavation and camp sites construction;  Noise;  Disruption to communication and transportation routes;  Disruption of public utility;  Disruption of access to public facilities;  Occupational health and safety issues;  Impact on agriculture, settlements and community facilities;  Solid wastes; and  Sanitation issues.

This ESMP will ensure that the negative impacts are reduced to the purest minimum while the beneficial impacts are boosted.

ES 15 Analysis of Alternatives Three standards were set for the analysis of project alternatives, these are: General Safeguard of Environment and Human Health (General protection mechanisms); Short-Term Usefulness; and Long-Term Effectiveness and Permanence. The result of these analyses produce: No Action, Delayed Action and Right Away Action. Analysis was based on three activities [Biological works only, Civil works only and The Civil works / Biological & the construction of Hard Structures (Technological Option)]. It was concluded that, a combination of the Civil and Biological works (Technological Option) will provide long-term effectiveness that will address the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully erosion malaise.

ES 16 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures were prepared for all the identified potential impacts. Pre-Construction: Proper awareness/sensitization of the host community on the project and involvement of community during preparation and implementation. Construction: The expected activities during constructions include: Excavation, Channelization, Concretisation, and Filling; Lining, Gabion drop structures and Re- vegetation.

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Some of the recommended mitigation measures include; a distance gap of 30 metres between heavy duty machinery and filling material from the gully channel; avoidance of vibration induced machines; lowering of overhand before using excavator with a boom of at least 25 meters, limiting of civil work to dry season where applicable, tree planting, proper handling of waste, spraying of water to prevent dust, use of PPE, where possible, construction activities should be limited to day time, ensuring that all regulations on wild animals and their related habitats are strictly adhered to, prioritizing GBV/SEA, HIV/AIDS and STD awareness programme and placing speed limits signboards at strategic locations. COVID-19 regulations / protocols including social distancing, use of facemask and handwashing should be strictly adhered to. Also, the Contractor and Consultants are expected to hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected local communities in the project area.

Operation: Maintenance operations should be designed according to environmental safety guidelines, periodic checks on ambient environmental quality particularly air and provision of speed limits signboards.

ES 17 Occupational Health and Safety/Community Health and Safety Management Plan Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) The OHS plan will address issues such as:

 The proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  Analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  Provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  Training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the plantation, nurseries, and mills;  Physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  Training related to job-specific risks and activities, including:  Electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  Mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  Lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision); machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  Hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  Workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines); Sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk); and

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 Power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk) provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well- stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries.

Community Health and Safety Management Plan This plan provides that:  Construction activities can draw significant numbers of unmarried (single) men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including HIV/AIDS, thus the project contractor is expected to recruit most of the construction workers from the immediate area to minimize the number of single men migrating for work;  Project contractor shall ensure that adequate training and enforcement of code of conduct to curtail workers‟ participation in sensitive activities such as sex trade, drugs and alcoholism;  The project contractor is expected to conduct sensitization across the frontiers of Ganaja community with the clans and villages therein regarding the potential impact of the project and the workers‟ code of conduct;  The project contractor shall conduct community training and awareness programmes to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain; and  The project contractor will work closely with Kogi State Ministry of Health promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and to monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety as connected to the proposed intervention project in Ganaja community.

ES18 Worker‟s Training and Orientation Plans on COVID-19 The details of the workers training plans follows the comprehensive details as mprovided by:  World Health Organisation - WHO https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public  United States Centre for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- nCoV/index.html  Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/report/

Workers Training and Precautions  Train all staff and workers in the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, how it is spread, how to protect themselves and the need to be tested if they have symptoms. Allow questions and answers to dispel any myths.  Use existing grievance procedures to encourage reporting of co-workers if they show outward symptoms, such as ongoing and severe coughing with fever, and do not

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voluntarily submit to testing.  Supply face masks and other relevant PPE to all project workers at the entrance to the project site. Any persons with signs of respiratory illness that is not accompanied by fever should be mandated to wear a face mask.  Provide hand-wash facilities, hand soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer and mandate their use on entry and exit of the project site and during breaks, via the use of simple signs with images in local languages.  Train all workers in respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette and hand hygiene using demonstrations and participatory methods.  Train cleaning staff in effective cleaning procedures and disposal of rubbish

Minimize Chance of Exposure  Any worker showing symptoms of respiratory illness (fever + cold or cough) and has potentially been exposed to COVID-19 should be immediately removed from the site and tested for the virus at the nearest local hospital.  Close co-workers and those sharing accommodations with such a worker should also be removed from the site, isolated and tested for to ascertain their COVID-19 status.  Project management must liaise with Kogi State COVID-19 Task Force on testing facilities for modalities on testing and proper case and contagion management.  Persons under investigation for COVID-19 should not return to work at the project site until cleared by test results.  If a worker is found to have COVID-19, wages should continue to be paid during the worker‟s convalescence (whether at home or in a hospital).  If project workers live at home, any worker with a family member who has a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19 should be quarantined from the project site for 14 days.

Managing Access and Spread  Should a case of COVID-19 be confirmed in a worker on the project site, visitors should be restricted from the site and worker groups should be isolated from each other as much as possible.

Daily Routine Management for Workers  Consider ways to minimize/control movement in and out of construction areas/site.  If workers are accommodated on site require them to minimize contact with people outside the construction area/site or prohibit them from leaving the area/site for the duration of their contract.  Implement procedures to confirm workers are fit for work before they start work, paying special to workers with underlying health issues or who may be otherwise at risk.  Check and record temperatures of workers and other people entering the construction area/site or require self-reporting prior to or on entering.  Provide daily briefings to workers prior to commencing work, focusing on COVID-19 specific considerations including cough etiquette, hand hygiene and distancing

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measures.  Require workers to self-monitor for possible symptoms (fever, cough) and to report to their supervisor if they have symptoms or are feeling unwell.  Prevent a worker from an affected area or who has been in contact with an infected person from entering the construction area/site for 14 days.  Preventing a sick worker from entering the construction area/site, referring them to local health facilities if necessary or requiring them to isolate at home for 14 days.

Personal Care 1. Hand hygiene and hand-washing practices:  If hands are not visibly dirty, the preferred method is to perform hand hygiene with an alcohol-based hand rub (hand sanitizer) for 20−30 seconds using the appropriate technique. When hands are visibly dirty, they should be washed with soap and water for 40−60 seconds using the appropriate technique.  Functional hand hygiene facilities should be present for all workers at vantage points around the construction areas. A corresponding mobile hand-washing facilities with secured wastewater collector. In addition, functional hand hygiene facilities should be available for all visitors, site assessors and others.

2. Social distancing:  Workers should stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms‟ length) from other workers, visitors and others on and off work site.  Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other daily preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

Social Integration and Participation The proposed social integration and participation approaches include; consultations, collaboration, collecting, recording, and reporting on inputs from stakeholders.

ES 19 Training Programmes: S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Duration Person 1 Personnel requires SPMU Training In-depth consideration of the Environmental 2 days appreciation of WB, PC, Environmental mitigation measures provided Science seminar Federal/State environmental Safeguards Specialist, by the ESMP. Satellite Image Specialist policies and standards, as Project Engineer, Social interpretation of the Greater (ESMP, Remote well as, an application of Safeguards Specialist, Lokoja Waterworks Sensing & GIS) these policies and standards Livelihood Officer and watershed imagery for critical in implementing the World other associated support assessment of changes Bank support for Greater staff from the Ministry. overtime Lokoja Waterworks Gully The estimated number of erosion intervention. participants is Ten (10) persons 2 Training on GBV/SEA, Community GBV/SEA, Labour Influx and GBV/SEA 1-day Labour Influx Issues and Greater Lokoja Social Livelihoods specialist, Social workshop other Social Safeguards and Waterworks Gully site Livelihood Livelihood Issues as they monitoring committee Specialist. affect Greater Lokoja members and PAPs. The Environmental Waterworks gully estimated number of specialist intervention. participants is Twenty-

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Five (25) persons.

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3 NEWMAP institutional Community General environmental Environmental 1-day arrangements as it affect Greater Lokoja awareness; seminars that will science workshop Greater Lokoja Waterworks Waterworks Gully site include ecological and social specialist gully intervention site monitoring committee science principles, as it members and PAPs, affects the Greater Lokoja Contractors and their Waterworks Gully site. staff. The estimated Understanding Environmental number of participants is Checklist for monitoring Fifty (50) persons. contractor‟s compliance to the mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP.

ES 20 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The Kogi State NEWMAP has established a Grievance Redress Framework (Annex) after the sequel to the World Bank‟s approach to GRM and FPMU guidelines. The framework has five levels of addressing grievances (Level 1; Community Level of Grievance Redress, Level 2; Local Government/ Community Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC), Level 3; State Grievance Redress Committee (SGRC), Level 4; National Grievance Redress Committee (NGRC) and Level 5; is the Courts). It should be noted that grievances should followed the level sequence based on the demands and outcomes of the issues at hand. However, when the parties involved in grievances have utilised the provisions of the first four levels they can then utilised the Law Courts (Level 5).

ES 21 Labour Influx and Child Labour The project may face the problem of an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issue. This may be because skilled labourers might not be available in as required within the community of the project site. The project will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers‟ sexual relations with minors and the potential consequential pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, COVID-19, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, inadequate resettlement and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks if and or when they occur at all, require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Hence, the project will include mitigation measures such as: (a) evaluating living conditions of workers‟ camps and ensuring suitable living conditions; (b) establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for execution; (c) ensuring suitable location for these camps; (d) taking countermeasures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and, (e) devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, and proper gender balancing.

ES 22 Gender Based Violence / Sexual Exploitation and Abuse The stakeholders claimed that GBV/SEA is rare in the area. This is not unexpected as cases of GBV are often denied publicly by under-reporting, However, a literature review of the issue shows that GBV is prevalent in the project area and might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. To avoid attachment of the same to the proposed project, a GBV workshop was conducted to sensitize the SPMU, Contractors and consultants‟ staff on the key principle and

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specific requirements to address GBV/SEA have been included in the bidding documents („pre-qualification‟ and „employers‟ requirements‟). Also, the SPMU has a qualified GBV/SEA specialist who is to manage any GBV/SEA case that might arise in connection with the project activities. Hence, specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project will include: i) GBV/SEA assessment of project; ii) mandatory contractors‟ code of conduct on sexual harassment; iii) appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in NEWMAP-AF; iv) community and workers‟ sensitization on GBV/SEA; v) provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; vi) provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; vii) contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target; viii) Inclusion in the focal NGO‟s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project; ix) Building and improving SPMUs, Ganaja community and other relevant stakeholders‟ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities; x) Strict adherence to “Reporting and Response Protocol" provided in this ESMP to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents; xi) Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services; and xii) Strengthening consultations and operationalising GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms.

ES 23 Stakeholder / Citizen‟s Engagement The Kogi State NEWMAP has been implementing its Citizen/Stakeholders Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project. Major milestones covered in the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully intervention include: - identification of Project stakeholders; - summary of past consultation efforts from baseline study and GIS mapping; - establishment of site committee - Stakeholders engagements during ESMP data collection Other planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities include; • stakeholder engagement during consultancy services; • stakeholder engagement during construction; • stakeholder engagement during operations; • resources for stakeholder engagement; • monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and • Formation of the site monitoring committees for Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site.

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ES 24 ESMP Implementation Schedule:

Mitigation measures Mitigation Timeline (Monthly)

for: nd th 1st 2 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th 22th 23th 24th 1. Pre-construction phase i. Land Acquisition ii. Community sensitivity of the project 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts 2. Biological impacts

3. Socioeconomic impacts including Labour Influx, Child Labour etc 4. Public health including GBV/SEA 3. Operation and maintenance phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic & transportation, and health and safety

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ES 25 ESMP Cost Analysis: S/N ESMP Activities (Monitoring) Cost Cost Estimate Estimate ($) (N) 1 Pre-construction Phase 5,830 2,273,700

2 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 3,160 1,232,400 Biological Impacts 625 243,750 Socioeconomic Impacts 4,190 1,634,100 Public Health Impacts 1,230 479,700 Sub-Total 9,205 3,589,950 3 Operation Phase 2,695 1,051,050 Total for Construction Impact Mitigation Monitoring 17,730 6,914,700 4 Institutional Capacity Reinforcement Programme Kogi State NEWMAP including the purchase of satellite 3,650 1,423,500 imageries Community 4,350 1,696,500 Total for Institutional Capacity 8,000 3,120,000 Total for Mitigation Monitoring 25,730 10,034,700 10% Contingency 2,573 1,003,470 Grand Total 28,303 11,038,170 Foreign Exchange Rate Used: 390 Naira to 1 United States (U.S.) Dollar

ES 26 ESMP Recommendation  Conversion of the space between Greater Lokoja Waterworks fence and the River Niger from its present agricultural use into recreational use for sightseeing by the staff and visitors of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks;  Implementation of RAP before commencement of the project.  Capacity building of the project site committee members, PAP and other stakeholders to ensure effective and efficient contribution;  Complete compliance to the mitigation measures in the ESMP at all stages of project implementation by all actors in project delivery; and  Adequate awareness creation in the area of water harvesting as this will reduce surface run-off especially during the rainy season thereby preventing flooding and subsequent erosion.

ES 27 ESMP Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and the host LGA offices as well as at the World Bank website. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities, impacts, anticipated and proposed environmental management actions as well as to obtain the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Project Background Human being lives in a world that is ravaged by series of environmental challenges. One of the most ubiquitous of these environmental challenges is severe soil erosion, a form of land degradation. Occurrence of this environmental malaise has been attributed at the global level to factors relating to many countries‟ latitudinal location and climate. Specifically, however causative factors leading to severe soil erosion are local-specific. Nigeria, a typical tropical country, is currently battling this problem which ranges in dimension, typology and frequency from north to south. Over 6,000 km2 of the country has been affected in various degrees out of which 56.67% (3,400km2) of this is vastly susceptible with evidence manifesting as both sheet (surficial) and gully erosions. Manifestation of erosion in Nigeria can be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic factors and drivers. Highly unpredictable tropical climatic regimes coupled with climate change and human activities such as acute deforestation, excessive cultivation of top soil, poor road and drainage channels construction are well recognised factors. The incidences of gully erosion in Nigeria have led to the destruction of essential social and physical infrastructure, destruction of private properties, and even led to poor crop yield that has further led to the escalation of poverty in some agrarian communities. The cost of these devastation have been estimated at over $100 million annually. This estimate, however, is based on physically-assessed properties. The psychological cost, family sustenance cost, and other sociological costs remain largely un-weighed. Related impact include increased pollution, sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging of waterways, decline in fishing and related aquatic resources. Water quality, seepage of pollutant from non- point sources via erosion events, transportation of minerals from industrial wastes, usage of gully sites as waste dump sites, which could run through streamflow into nearby water bodies are other environmental issues connected to the web of challenges connected to gully erosion. These issues are not completely dissimilar to the events around some parts of Kogi State owing to the state natural geology, proximity to international river system (Niger River), land use and soil management.

Appraisals of the current erosion challenges in Nigeria has shown that international cooperation that transcend local administrative networks is inevitable. This is due to the enormous scale it presents. It is to this end that, the Federal Government of Nigeria has sought the financial instrument support of the World Bank in order to tackle the worsening problem of erosion using the global best practices adopting the finest constructional technology and upgrading the lives of the residents of the watershed. With the completion of the first phase of the partnership, Kogi State joined seven other states as part of the second-generation of subnational partners in the project. The project is titled “The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)” which requires the establishment of the state component

known as Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Sequel to this development is the need for the identification of prioritised gully and flood sites for watershed-based rehabilitation.

One of these sites is the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site in Ganaja, Lokoja. The gully is threatening the most significant water works in Kogi State (Greater Lokoja Water Works) This step has further compelled the appraisal of the potential impacts of the proposed intervention project at the watershed level as far as the gully erosion site is concerned. It has also instigated the need to assess the environment and social impacts of the proposed rehabilitation project, which consequently triggers the need for a comprehensive Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

It against this backdrop that this report documents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site in Ganaja, Ajaokuta Local Government Area of Kogi State. The proposed project is under the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). The assessment is both site-specific and watershed-based, consisting of a documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken prior, during and after the implementation of the project. The overarching goal of this assessment is to eradicate all the undesirable environmental and social impacts of the gully erosion, and or reduce them to acceptable levels. It also includes the provision for the actions needed to implement these proposals and an appraisal of the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the entire watershed of the proposed project site.

1.1 Description of the Proposed Intervention  The proposed remediation works at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site involves a series of engineering and civil works, particularly proper wastewater and runoff channelling from the Waterworks and the surrounding communities that formed the immediate watershed (Fig. 1.1). Measures involving gully head stabilisation to prevent further expansion and growth and reduce the impact of swift flowing runoff will form a vital part of the civil solution. The proposed intervention will include the following measures:  Assessment of the drainage features within the catchment area to determine the nature and extent of possible reconstruction;  Proper management and rechanneling of the open water off the waste water out wash chamber of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks which majorly led to the gully formation;  Addressing the impact of the expanding gully on the adjoining public water facilities such as the swimming pool with cracks and weakened walls;

 Reclaiming and civil rechanneling of the gully head. This is necessary to prevent further head-cutting and expansion of the gully and to ensure adequate stability of the already weakened soil at the areas surrounding the gully heads;  Reconstructing the weakened walls and fences of the Intake House with trapezoidal channel across the River Niger for reinforcement against waterbed weakening upon the structure;  Reinforcing the gully along the direction of water and sediment discharge into the River Niger through the usage of boulders;  Construction of water resistant and gully-proof embankments to stabilise and prevent gradual sheet erosion in the immediate term and gully formation in the long term;  Reinforcing the gully source with high strength mechanical steel pipe for proper discharge of treated wastewater from the Waterworks;  Stabilisation of perimeter fence of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks with high strength Wire Fence to resolve possible encroachment of erosion into the facilities;  Reinforcing the gully bed areas around the point of discharge;  Erection of shoreline line protection measure with the use of boulders to reduce impact of flooding and expansion of the River Niger banks during the flood season.

Fig. 1.1: General Engineering Drawing of the Proposed Gully Erosion Intervention at Greater Lokoja Waterworks

1.2 Rationale for NEWMAP Intervention

The Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Project is very active with an average annual water level of 60.1505m, the wet season maximum water level could rise as high as 64.081 m. while the minimum water level during the dry season could reduce to 56.221 m as stated in the Engineering Drawing of the Project. This shows a high influence of water level computed from the contiguous Niger River. However, two causes can be attributed to the occurrence of the ravine erosion. First is the runoff downslope from the nearby Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road which drains towards the River Niger and usually develops into huge flash flood during the rainy season gradually creeps the bare soil surface. The gradual and continuous washing away of the erodible soil at the banks of River Niger eventually leads to gully erosion. The second factor is the, regular discharge of treated wastewater from the Greater Lokoja Waterworks which passes through the gully channel into the River Niger. The consistency of this activity further intensifies the exposed soil which initially started as sheet erosion only to develop a devastating gully erosion. The engineering designs showed that the gully has a curvilinear feature with a total chainage length of 120 metres, with elevation that rises as high as 58 metres and gully bed elevation of 57.73 metres with 3.5% local slope as shown in the longitudinal profile of the gully. The dimensions though vary from the gully head (upper watershed) to the mouth at the base of the River Niger (lower watershed).

The gully history is entirely recent, it could be related to climate change and the highwater level along the River Niger leading to a large-scale flood around the lower Niger basin in 2012. Even though the Greater Lokoja Waterworks was established as far back as far back as 1950, the facility has been abandoned with low-scale microscopic rehabilitation measures taken to maintain it. Measures have, however, been put in place to rehabilitate the facility and upgrade its coverage capacity. One of the need steps towards the rehabilitation of the facility is to address the gully erosion that has threatened the facility which was designed and expanded to provide potable water for domestic and other multipurpose uses in the entire Lokoja city and its constituent settlements. This facility was also design to help reduce farm losses from crop farmers and destruction of lands at the base of the River Niger which is cultivated all-year round. In addition, is that the facility will also help reduce losses experience by aquaculture practitioners who use the banks of the River Niger for fishing and as fish ponds. The associated project such as drainage rehabilitation and constructions will help address seasonally-destructive flash floods that are experienced in the upper watershed by the Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road. This intervention project by the Kogi State NEWMAP will not only ameliorate and address the gully erosion but will also preserve the integrity of the Great Lokoja Waterworks and improve its sustainability.

1.3 Rationale for the ESMP The main objective of this ESMP is to outline an effective and workable management process in which all possible environmental and social impacts likely to arise from the diverse project activities are identified and addressed. The ESMP is also to design

appropriate mitigation measures be carried out during the different phases of the project with a view to ensuring sustainability and protect human and environmental health. Generally, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process, including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the project in concordance with the Terms of Reference of the ESMP.

Other definite objectives of the ESMP are to:  Ensure the project is carried out in accordance with contemporary sustainable development tenets;  Provide a structure/strategy for the integration of social and environmental consideration at all stages of the project planning, design, execution and operation of various sub-projects;  Ensure an overall positive social and environmental impacts of sub-projects and avoid/minimize, and manage any potential adverse impacts;  Establish clear procedures and methodologies for incorporating environmental management requirements including stakeholder engagement in the implementation of the project and all sub projects;  Provide guidelines for roles and responsibilities, and outline the reporting procedures for managing and monitoring the environmental and social concerns of the proposed projects;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMP;  Comply with regulatory and policy requirements (local and international) that are applicable to the programme and sub projects;  Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (rehabilitation, extensions of or new constructions, livelihood adaptation, etc.), whether positive or negative, and propose measures and plans to reduce or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project;  Identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project;  Identify modalities for estimating and budgeting the costs for the implementation of the environmental Management Plan for the projects; and  Ascertain the agencies responsible for the implementation of the project‟s Environmental Management Plans.

1.4 Objective and Scope of the Consultancy Services The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion sub- project(s) in Ganaja town Ajaokuta Local Government Area of Kogi State.

The tasks of the Consultant include the following:

a) To describe the biophysical and social environment of the project area including the existing status of the sub-watershed (upper/lower) and gullies; b) To identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; c) To assess the GBV risks on the civil works project, proffer project-level measures to address GBV risks, consider other ongoing efforts to prevent and respond to GBV and how the project will complement/use them; d) To understand the types of GBV that are present in the community which may be exacerbated by the project and how the community currently deals with GBV incidences; e) To identification of the groups of individuals that are most vulnerable to harm; f) Mapping of services and safe spaces available to survivors of GBV and spaces where GBV is currently reported; identify measures to mitigate project risks; g) To draw on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, the appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); h) To develop a plan for mitigating the environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; i) To assess the extent of labour influx that the project will generate and impacts on the people and community at large; j) To identify the feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce all potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; k) To develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; l) To identify the feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; m) To identify the monitoring objectives and specify the types of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above; n) To provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; o) To define the technical assistance programs that could strengthen the environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; p) To provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and q) To provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

q) To register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at the Federal and State levels; r) To disclose the finalized ESMP at the National, State, LGA and Community levels; and s) To subject the disclosed ESMP and RAP to the Technical Review Exercise and other regulatory requirements that will culminate into the issuance of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and the Certificate.

This ESMP report, together with a separate report providing a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully rehabilitation project site will be used by the NEWMAP in Kogi State.

1.5 Technical Approach and Methodology A reconnaissance survey designed to understand the project area, examine the immediate gully site and extended view of the entire watershed, identify key features, establish relationship with the staff of Greater Lokoja Water Works and the immediate community affected by the gully erosion intervention engineering design was carried out. This was followed by actual field data collection.

Also, vital documents that guide the comprehensive environmental and social assessment of the study were consulted. This includes the existing World Bank safeguard policies, The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework and the Nigerian Environmental Assessment guidelines and procedures. Other essential documents utilised include NEWMAP ESMF, PAD and other relevant NEWMAP documents at both the federal and state levels. A review of these documents further strengthened the approach adopted for the study. Similarly, relevant published researches were sourced to form the basis for literature review. The methodology adopted entails field studies and essentially public consultations.

Field studies were specifically conducted to collect environmental baseline data concerning physic-chemical parameters of water, soil, air quality, flora and fauna using both direct and indirect measurements. Direct measurements used entails in situ data collection and interpretation while the indirect approach was used to collect data involving further laboratory analysis and literature search.

For regularity and consistency with set objectives, spatial efficiency and coherency were ensured during sampling. In all, there are ten (10) sample locations for ambient air quality /noise level and soil {top soil 0-15 cm depth and sub-soil 15-30 cm}; Two (2) surface water, One (1) ground water and One (1) treated water. Focus Group Discussion (FGD), In-depth Interview (IDIs), administration of structured questionnaire based on random sampling techniques were the approaches adopted for socio-economic study and appraisal data collection from stakeholders across the proposed project area. The youth-group, the women and the aged were specifically considered for FGD owing to their peculiarities. Also, highly valued social issues

regarding GBV/SEA and labour Influx were also examined critically and requisite data were collected and analysed as vital components of the ESMP.

CHAPTER TWO

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2.1 Federal / Kogi State Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks Projects of environmental concerns such as those within the scope of NEWMAP are expected to meet requirements laid by governmental administrative frameworks from the federal to the state levels. Federal policy, legal and administrative machineries are presented succinctly. These are enlisted in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Significant Federal/Kogi State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines S/N Policy Instrument Year Summary of extant Provision 1 National Policy on the 1989 revised  This describes both the overarching framework and Environment 1991 strategies for sustainable environmental development in Nigeria;  It details processes for restoring, maintaining and enhancing the ecosystem and ecological processes essential for the preservation of biological diversity in the country. 2 National Erosion and Flood 2005  This focuses the need to reduce erosion in the country Control Policy by following the procedures stated in the policy.  These guidelines are to expedite the operation of the stated activities stated and provide positive environment for policy implementation. Guidelines, Standards and Regulations S/N Legal/Regulatory Instrument Year Summary of extant Provision 1 Environmental Impact 1992  This provides guidelines for regulating the activities of Assessment Act No. 86, (FMEnv) development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria;  The EIA Act also specifies the least content of an EIA and a list of projects that require mandatory EIAs depending on their nature including this project. 2 The National Guidelines and 1991  These represent the basic instrument for monitoring and Standards for Environmental controlling pollution in Nigeria; Pollution Control in Nigeria  These guidelines and standards state the specific measures for pollution control. 3 National Guidelines on (1999)  This establishes the requirements for an Environmental Environmental Management Management System (EMS) in all Systems organizations/facilities in Nigeria 4 National Air Quality Standard 1991  This defines the permissible levels of air pollutants that Decree No. 59 of should not be exceeded in order to protect public health and other bio-organisms including wildlife. 5 The National Environmental 2007  This makes provision for solid waste management and 8

Standards and Regulations its administration; Enforcement Agency Act  It also sets sanctions for acts which run contrary to (NESREA Act) proper waste disposal procedures and practices. 6 Land Use Act 1978  This is the primary legal platform for land acquisition Modified land in the country. 1990  The Act vests all lands in the territory of each state in the country in the Governor of the State and provides that such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act;  This implies that acts that could result in the pollution of the land, air, and waters of Nigeria negate this decree, and is therefore unacceptable. 7 Endangered Species Act 1985  This provides for conservation and management of wild life in Nigeria and the protection of some of her endangered species from extinction as a result of over exploitation. 8 FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA Procedural 1995  These guidelines indicate the steps to be followed in the guidelines EIA process via the project life cycle. 9 S115 National Environmental 1991  This controls the collection, treatment, and disposal of Protection (The Management of solid and hazardous waste for municipal and industrial Solid and Hazardous Wastes sources and provide the full list of chemicals and Regulations) chemical wastes according to toxicity categories. 10 S19 National Environmental 1991  This gives imposed restrictions on the release of toxic Protection (The NEP (Pollution substances to the environment; Abatement in Industries and  It also details requirements of stipulated monitoring of Facilities Generating Waste) pollution to ensure that permissible limits are not Regulations) exceeded during and after the project. 11 S18 National Environmental 1991  This makes provision a mandatory for industrial Protection (National Effluents facilities to install anti-pollution equipment. Limitations Regulation)  It also makes provision for further effluent treatment, set maximum limit of effluent parameters tolerable for discharge, and states fines for breach. 12 Public Health Law  This makes legal provision for public health matters. 13 Environmental Sanitation Edits,  This deal with the general environmental health and Law and Enforcements sanitation. Implementation and enforcement in the state. 14 Workmen Component Act 1987 Revised  This makes substantial provisions for occupational 2010 health and safety measures which are sufficient for adaptation into for this study. Kogi State Policy & Regulatory Instruments 1 Kogi State Ministry of  This Ministry is saddled with responsibility for Environment environmental management including degradation prevention and pollution reduction 2 Kogi State Environmental  This arm of government is responsible for Protection Board environmental protection, proper waste management and disposal. 3 Kogi State Sanitation & Water  This is board is saddled with overall environmental Management Board sanitation and water management with special focus on potable water. 4 Kogi State Town Planning &  This agency is charged with the responsibility for land Land Development use allocation, gazette management and acquisitions and public land acquisition projects.

2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects at Greater Lokoja Waterworks This proposed project and others within the brackets of the World Bank is placed under the guidance of the World Bank Safeguard Policies as the keystones of the

Bank‟s support for poverty reduction and sustainable environmental protection. The vital objective of the safeguard policies is to avert and lessen undue harms to people and their immediate environment in the development process and projects in which the Bank is involved. The safeguard policies thus provide these guidelines for project identification, document and report preparation, and project implementation. Table 2.2 provides the World Bank safeguard policies that are relevant to NEWMAP projects and the Greater Lokoja Waterworks project site in particular.

Table 2.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable to Kogi-NEWMAP Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion S/N Environmental Applicability to Applicability to project due to How this Project will and Social Greater Lokoja Address Policy Standards Waterworks Requirements Gully Site Yes No 1 Assessment [ x ] [ ] Civil works under the project  Existing ESMF document and involves excavation and contributes immensely to Management drainage channels construction this; and of to channel the flood rates and  and site-specific mitigation Environmental control gully expansion. Such measures included in this and Social will adversely affect the ESMP Risks and environment. Impacts (ESS 1) 2 Labour and [ x ] [ ] Series of intervention activities This ESMP provides Working will require the employment of mitigation measures against: Conditions skilled and unskilled labour. It  Labour influx; (ESS 2) will also require the influx of  Employment of child labour from neighbouring labourers; and towns in Kogi State and other  GBV/SEA. states in the country. Also, expatriates outside Nigeria might be hired by contractors and consultants 3 Resource [ x ] [ ] The activities under this This ESMP developed Efficiency and intervention project may lead to mitigation measures against all Pollution land, water and air pollution. forms of environmental Prevention pollution and ensure careful and use of both tangible and Management intangible resources. (ESS 3) 4 Community [ x ] [ ] The project area is located This ESMP provides apt Health and within residential area. In mitigation measures against, Safety (ESS 4) essence, project activities will health and safety issues, traffic increase the community‟s issues and also developed exposure to health, safety and Code of Conduct to prevent security risks and impacts. GBV/SEA and Violence Against Children 5 Land [ x ] [ ] The activities under the project A RPF has been prepared for Acquisition, will require the acquisition of NEWMAP. Due to the Restrictions on land (some with economic trees potential impacts to economic Land Use and and farms) surrounding trees and farmland located Involuntary intervention area. This will lead around the intervention site, Resettlement to economic and possibly standalone A(RAP) will be (ESS 5) physical displacement. prepared and findings effected prior to project execution 6 Biodiversity [ x ] [ ] Civil works may extend to Provisions of ESMF for Conservation forest area. This will disturb NEWMAP based on site and biodiversity in the area. specific mitigation measures Sustainable However, the project is not developed in the ESMP should Management within a biodiversity reserve be applied. Bioremediation of Living area. measures incorporated into the Natural design of project should Resources engage this aspect. (ESS 6)

7 Indigenous [ ] [ x ] The people in the area are by N/A Peoples/Sub- the World Bank guidelines not Saharan considered as indigenous African peoples/sub-saharan African Historically historically underserved Underserved communities. Traditional Local Communities (ESS 7) 8 Cultural [ x ] [ ] Civil works under the project, Provisions of ESMF prepared Heritage (ESS including excavations will most for NEWMAP and site 8) likely not be able to avoid all specific mitigation measures cultural heritage sites as well as for antiquities and chance find presently unknown sites that of cultural heritage developed can be expected to be found in in the ESMP should be this area rich of cultural and executed. historical values 9 Financial [ ] [ x ] There are no financial N/A Intermediaries intermediaries in this area (ESS 9) 10 Stakeholder [ x ] [ ] The project activities will This ESMP outlined Engagement require stakeholder engagement stakeholder engagement and and and information disclosure all procedure for information Information through the project cycle disclosure Disclosure (ESS 10)

N/A = not applicable

NB: Where there is a gap of conflict between the National Law and World Bank safeguard policies, the higher standard shall prevail which in this case is the World Bank Policies

2.2.1 International Conventions and Agreements Nigeria has subscribed to series of international regulations, protocols, treaties, conventions and agreements aimed at addressing or completely halting environmental degradation which may affect people, their health and their livelihood. A number of these conventions and agreements which are specifically connected to the NEWMAP projects in general and the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site in Kogi State in particular, are reviewed in Table 2.3 with a view to examining their specific components of concern and the appropriate procedure required to address them. Also, the observed gaps in these international instruments and measures to address them have been tabled in Table 2.4.

Table 2.3: International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site in Kogi State International Applicable Applicable to Applicability areas Addressing conventions, to Greater Lokoja procedure agreements and NEWMAP Waterworks protocols gully Site Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will ESMF prepared for convention for the extend to the forest NEWMAP and protection of the Ozone area. There will be site-specific Layer and the Montreal reduction in tree mitigation protocol for Control of taxonomy and biomass measures Substances that deplete leading to reduction in developed in the the ozone layer. carbon sink and ESMP. Provision release of ODS gasses. of vegetation measures following construction of the engineering measures. Basel convention on the [ ] [x] [ ] [ x ] ESMF and ESMP do NA prevention of trans- not identify the use boundary movement of and or generation of hazardous wastes and hazardous wastes in their disposal. the project lifecycle. Convention on the [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] No endangered NA prevention of the species(s) of any kind international trade in was identified in the endangered species project area. (CITES). Convention on [ x ] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works may ESMF prepared for Biodiversity. extend to forest area. NEWMAP and This will disturb site-specific biodiversity in the mitigation area. measures developed in the ESMP. Bioremediation measures incorporated into the design of project. Convention on climate [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities ESMF prepared for change. will result in both NEWMAP and systemic and site-specific cumulative mitigation environmental change measures thereby contributing to developed in the sustained increase in ESMP. temperature. Bioremediation measures incorporated into the design of project Convention on [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities Bioremediation Desertification. may result in measures deforestation. incorporated into the design of project.

Convention on [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant NA Persistent Organic will be used for Pollutants. activities design for the proposed project during it lifecycle. World Health [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities ESMF prepared for Organization (WHO) may be injurious to NEWMAP and Health and Safety man and the site-specific Component of EIA, environment mitigation 1987. measures developed in the ESMP.

Table 2.4: Gap Analysis of National Legislations, Policies and Regulations and the World Bank Policies Category Nigerian Law World Bank ESS 5 Measures to Filling the Gaps

Minimization No requirement to consider all Involuntary resettlement should be Design of footprints of of resettlement options of project design in avoided where feasible, or minimized, project-related activities, will order to minimize the need for exploring all viable alternative project be undertaken so as to resettlement or displacement designs minimize resettlement. Information It is lawful to revoke or PAPs are required to be meaningfully PAPs shall be meaningfully and acquire land by the governor consulted and participate in the consulted and engaged in the Consultation after issuance of notice. No resettlement process resettlement process consultation is required. Timing of The law is silent on timing of This requires that compensation Compensation and Compensation payment implementation will take precedence resettlement implementation before construction or displacement to take place before construction or displacement Livelihood Makes no proscription on It requires that vulnerable PAPs have to Livelihood restoration restoration livelihood restoration be rehabilitated measures will be put in place measures for vulnerable PAPs Grievance The land use and allocation This requires that a grievance redress A grievance redress Process committee appointed by the mechanism be set early constituting the committee (GRC) shall be Governor is vexed with all representative of PAPs and, prefers established early and existing disputes/grievances and local redress mechanism. The law court local redress process shall be compensation matters is the last resort when available considered to address issues mechanism or outcome is unsatisfactory of project induced grievances. to PAP PAPs or their representatives shall be members of the GRC. Community Compensation in cash to the Land for land compensation or any Land for land compensation land with community, chief or leader of other in-kind compensation agreed to or any other in-kind customary the community for the benefit with the community compensation agreed to with right of the community the community Agricultural Entitled to alternative Land for land compensation Land for land compensation land agricultural land1 Fallow land No compensation Land for land compensation Land for land compensation

Statutory and Cash compensation equal to Recommends land-for-land Recommends land-for-land customary the rent paid by the occupier compensation or other form of compensation or other form of right Land during the year in which the compensation at full replacement cost. compensation at full Owners right of occupancy was replacement cost. revoked Land Tenants They are entitled to Are entitled to some form of Land tenants entitled to some compensation based upon the compensation whatever the legal form of compensation amount of rights they hold recognition of their occupancy. whatever the legal recognition upon land. of their occupancy. Squatters These are not entitled to These are to be provided with Squatters to be provided

compensation for land, but are resettlement assistance in addition to resettlement assistance in entitled to compensation for compensation for affected assets; but no addition to compensation for crops. compensation for land affected assets; but no compensation for land Owners of Cash compensation based on Owners of “Non-permanent” Buildings Owners of “Non-permanent” “Non- market value of the building are entitled to in-kind compensation or Buildings are entitled to in- permanent” (that means depreciation is cash compensation at full replacement kind compensation or cash Buildings allowed) cost including labour and relocation compensation at full expenses, prior to displacement. replacement cost including labour and relocation expenses, prior to displacement. Owners of Resettlement in any other Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash They are entitled to in-kind “Permanent” place by way of reasonable compensation at full replacement cost compensation or cash buildings, alternative accommodation or including labour and relocation compensation at full installations Cash Compensation based on expenses, prior to displacement. replacement cost including market value. labour and relocation expenses, prior to displacement. Nigerian Land Use Act 1978, (2004 LFN)

2.3 Institutional Framework The structure of NEWMAP requires inter-ministerial, inter-departmental and inter- agency collaboration as well as collaboration with non-governmental organisations. This is because virtually all relevant governmental and non-governmental structures are enshrined in its operations and delivery of projects to ensure sustainability, safety and avert all drawbacks on the populace. Therefore, its functionality involves a series of federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society organisations. It is designed to ensure equitable flow of data and information at all levels in order to capture all areas of concern to relevant ministry and agency of government and non-governmental institutions. Irrespective of hierarchy, information exchange is fundamental in addressing the least and last dot within the various components and aspects of the environment being considered. Hence, ministries such as planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forestry, transport, power, emergency response, climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation are involved from the LGAs to the federal structure of government.

The investments for Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site in Kogi State is being made through the Kogi-NEWMAP. However, the Kogi State government has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site using the instrumentality of the Land Act through the Kogi State Town Planning & Land Development. At the national level, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for the NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) supervised by a Federal Coordinator and hosted by the FMEnv is responsible for the entire Federal NEWMAP management. The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Kogi State Ministry of Environment (KSME) is responsible for the coordination in Kogi State, thus, the office is directly responsible for coordinating activities of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site intervention, including the

carrying out of the provisions of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the integration of environmental issues into the different NEWMAP sub-projects. The social safeguards officer on the other hand is responsible for the integration and mainstreaming of socio-cultural issues into the project including the issue of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). The Kogi-NEWMAP Environmental Officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of this Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. The Greater Lokoja Waterworks Site Monitoring Committee will serve as the committee at the community level. This committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during the different phases of project execution including all the stated civil works and the community- based guidelines for the entire project.

CHAPTER THREE DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.0 Introduction This section described the characteristics of the existing biophysical environment of the project area. The data were extracted from both primary and secondary sources. The primary extracted includes a one-season field sampling obtained through the environmental baseline survey conducted in May, 2020 covering the different biophysical components of the environment. The measured parameters include; air quality and noise, surface and groundwater sampling, land use and soil. Secondary data sources (desktop studies/literature review) include review of published literature, maps and textbooks related to the proposed project area. The biophysical environment baseline information pertinent to the proposed intervention project area includes: a. Location b. Relief and drainage; c. Climate; d. Geology; e. Air Quality and Noise; f. Soil g. Hydrology of the Area; h. Vegetation; and i. Wildlife and biodiversity

3.2 Location 3.1.1 Kogi State Kogi State is one of the states in the North-Central zone of Nigeria with a total landmass of approximately 29,833km2. The state lies geographically within latitude 6032‟57.7”N to 8043‟56.8”N over the equator and 5019‟26.8”E to 7051‟43.1”E of the Greenwich Meridian (Fig. 3.1). The State is bordered in the north by the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Niger, Nasarawa State; to the west by Kwara, Ekiti, Ondo and Edo States; to the south by Delta and Anambra States; and to the east by Anambra, Enugu and Benue States respectively. Kogi State has a population of 3,314,043 (NPC 2006 census). It is popularly known as the Confluence State because of the meeting of River Niger and River Benue. Lokoja, the state capital was the first administrative capital of modern-day Nigeria. The predominant ethnic groups in Kogi State are Igala, Ebira and the Okun. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Some of the noticeable produces are coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cashews, groundnuts, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon. The State is also rich in mineral resources such as coal, limestone, iron and tin. The State is home to the largest iron and steel industry in Nigeria known as Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and one of the largest cement factories in Africa, the Obajana Cement Factory. Residential districts in Kogi State are of varying density, and the city has various suburbs such as Felele, Adankolo, Otokiti and Ganaja.

Fig. 3.1: Map of Kogi State showing the LGA of the Proposed Project Area

3.1.2 Proposed Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Intervention Site The Greater Lokoja Waterworks is located at Ganaja in Ajaokuta LGA of Kogi State. Ganaja village is very close to Lokoja, the state capital. Greater Lokoja Waterworks is the main water scheme supplying water to the state capital but this facility is seriously under the threat of collapse as a result of the gully erosion. Specifically, the gully site is located at the bank of River Niger and extends from inside the waterworks to the River Niger. It has collapsed the dye embankment protecting the water works complex from the River Niger Flood. The gully is about 10-15m wide and is as deep as 20-25 feet (ft). The gully is very active with sediment yield of about 1.5-2.0 tons per season. It is more aggressive during the rainy season with water level rising between 8-10m. Fig. 3.2 reveals the gully scar of Greater Lokoja Water Work and the current state of the gully was shown in Plate 3.1.

Fig. 3.2: Image map of the proposed Greater Lokoja Waterwork Gully Erosion Site

Plate 3.1: Greater Lokoja Waterwork Gully Erosion Site

3.2. Relief and Drainage 3.2.1 Relief For an area located within the lower limits of the River Niger, relief is typically defined by the water body. Hence, the land rises gently from the river forming the watershed and influencing the relief and vice versa. The mean elevation at the base of the River Niger is about 40 m and rises to 60 m above sea level along the Lokoja- Ajaokuta Road (Fig. 3.3). This shows that the relief is mainly a gentle slope plain with localized steepness close to the road, which is expected for road works construction. The rising of the land towards nearby hills significantly controls the pattern relief ruggedness and to a great extent the hydrology of the area. The elevation of the project area is shown in Fig. 3.4.

Fig. 3.3: Contour Map of the Proposed Project Area

Fig. 3.4: Elevation of the Proposed Project Area

3.2.2 Drainage The principal drainage system at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully is the River Niger with extensive river bed floodplain that are used for the all year-round agricultural activities. Aside the River Niger drainage system, there are several tributaries that drain into the River Niger with extensive floodplain. Amongst them is the Ganaja stream as seen in Fig. 3.5 which is the second closest to the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site and drains into the River Niger. It also becomes active during the rainy season with high volume of discharge. The floodplain of this stream is used intensively for cereal farming all year round.

Fig. 3.5: Drainage Pattern within the Proposed Project Area

3.3 Climate The climate of Kogi State is generally described as monsoonal in character and expressed as contract between a dry season and a wet season. These two regimes of the climate are very dependent on the two prevailing air masses blowing over the country at different times of the year; the dry north-easterly air mass of Saharan origin, and the humid maritime air mass blowing from over the Atlantic. Overall, elements that define climate include rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and each of these are described in the following subsections.

3.3.1 Rainfall Rainfall is the main governing climatic element of Lokoja. The rainfall regime is principally controlled by the two major air-masses: the moist tropical maritime (TM) with its associated westerlies and the dry tropical continental air mass (TC) with its associated easterlies. As indicated in Fig. 3.6, rainfall between the month of April and October accounts for over 90% of the total rainfall of the area with annual volume of 1,668 mm. During the rainy season, the wettest months are between July and September depicting double maxima. This area thus experiences 7-8 months of rainfall, which consequently increases the propensity of the area to overland runoff. This eventually leads to flooding and gully erosion.

31 250

30 200

29 150

28 100

Rainfall(mm) Temperature (0C) Temperature 28

27 50

26 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Rainfall Temperature Fig. 3.6: Monthly Climate Nature of Lokoja City Depicting Average Rainfall and Mean Temperature

3.3.2 Temperature Temperature of Lokoja mirrors that of a tropical area which is high and relatively stable though with indications of seasonal fluctuations. The temperature is usually higher during the dry season and lower during the wet season. The average temperature of the area ranges from 31o C during the dry season to as low as to 28o C in the wet season (refer to Fig. 3.6). Usually, average temperature rises from November to peak in March and fluctuates all through the wet season before rising again towards the end of the year (as shown in Fig. 3.6). The area indicates low temperature in June and October.

3.3.3 Relative Humidity The relative humidity (RH) is generally at its maximum around dawn between 05.00 and 07.00 hours and generally at its lowest in the afternoon between 15.00 and 16.00 hours. Due to its proximity of the River Niger, the area enjoys ample of average humidity ranges between 55% and 85% through the year but the months of May to November have higher relative humidity which ranges from 71.8% to 83.3% (Fig. 3.7). Instantaneous RH could rise as high 90% depending on other weather factors and meteorological events such as rainfall. This RH trend corresponds with that of rainfall.

30 Relative humidity(%) 20

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month Fig. 3.7: Mean Relative Humidity Pattern of Lokoja

3.3.4 Wind Speed and Direction Strong winds in Lokoja are particularly south south-western (SSW) in direction showcasing the influence of the north-east trade which usually heads south-westerly towards the Atlantic Ocean. Mild winds are mostly southwards parallel with the direction of flow of the Niger River. In summary, the wind direction indicates the influence of the air mass and the River Niger over the area. This shows that wind pattern varies with seasons rising from the onset of the wet season and falls during the dry season (Fig. 3.8). The wind rose for the project area is depicted in Fig. 3.9.

10 9 9 8.3 8.6 8.3 8 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 7 6.8 6.5 6.8 6 6.1 5 4 3

WIND SPEED WIND (KM/HR) 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MONTHS Fig. 3.8: Average Monthly Wind Speed of the Project Area

Fig. 3.9: Wind Rose of the Study Area

3.4 Geology The geology of Kogi State comprises two main rock types, namely, the basement complex rocks of the Precambrian age in the western half extending slightly eastwards beyond the lower Niger Valley and the sedimentary rocks in the eastern half. The various sedimentary rock groups extend along the banks of the River Niger and River Benue and Southeast wards through Enugu and Anambra States, to join the Udi Plateau (Ajibade and Woakes, in Kogbe 1980). Generally, the Precambrian rocks of Nigeria are grouped into three principal subdivisions. These are the ancient magmatite complex, the low-grade schists and the plutonic series together with the affiliated minor rocks which bear the imprints of Liberian (in 2700 Ma), Eburnean (in 2000 Ma), and Pan African (in 650 Ma) tectonic events.

In view of the geological structure of Kogi State, there are abundant of about 29 mineral resources in commercial quantities. These include coal, dolomite, feldspar, bauxite, iron ore, tar, limestone, gold, etc. One of the coal-rich areas is the Okaba district of Ankpa LGA which is rich in coal with reserves of 99 million tons. It similarly has limestone with over 15 million tons annual capacity (Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel report 2014).

3.5 Environmental Air Quality Assessment 3.5.1 Ambient Air Quality A pre-calibrated air quality meter (GrayWolf AdvanceSense TM) and the GrayWolf Particle Counter were used to measure the in-situ air quality parameters within and around the project site (Plate 3.1). The parameters measured included Nitrogen

dioxide (NO2), Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), Nitrogen (II) Oxide (NO), Total Volatile Organic Carbon (TVOC), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Air temperature, Humidity and Particulate Matter (PM 0.3-10). Ambient noise levels in the study area were also determined using an Extech Integrated Sound Meter. A total of ten (10) sampling locations plus one control point were surveyed for the in situ air quality and noise level monitoring in the study area (Fig. 3.10). The sampling locations were randomly selected to cover the area of influence of the gully site and the locations of potential sensitive receptors. A control point was established at a location of over 2 km away from the gully site. At each of the sampling locations, in situ measurement was taken within 10-minutes log-time and the results were recorded in minimum, maximum and average values (Table 3.1). The results of the particulate matters measured at each of the sampling locations are provided in Table 3.2.

Plate 3.2: Ambient air quality measurement in the Study Area

Table 3.1: Greater Lokoja Greater Waterworks Gully Site Ambient Air Results

Locatio NO2 HCl NO TVOC CO2 SO2 CO T RH n (ppm) (ppm) (ppm (ppm) (%) (ppm (ppm (°C) (%) ) ) ) L1 Ave 0.049 0.245 ND 0.207 0.01 ND 1.8 31.1 69.3 Min 0.027 0.111 ND 0.195 0.01 ND 1.8 30.8 68 Max 0.064 0.316 ND 0.216 0.01 ND 1.9 31.7 71.4 L2 Ave 0.037 0.245 ND 0.187 0.015 ND 1.6 32.6 66.3 Min 0.012 0.186 ND 0.180 0.01 ND 1.5 31.8 61 Max 0.056 0.400 ND 0.192 0.02 ND 1.8 33.8 73.6 L3 Ave 0.024 0.265 ND 0.132 0.01 ND 1.4 33 56.7 Min 0.012 0.196 ND 0.128 0.01 ND 1.3 32 54.7 Max 0.050 0.380 ND 0.140 0.01 ND 1.4 33.9 60.4 L4 Ave 0.042 0.271 ND 0.124 0.01 0.01 1.1 31.6 57.1 4 8 Min 0.006 0.153 ND 0.122 0.01 ND 1.0 31 55.5 Max 0.098 0.391 ND 0.125 0.01 0.05 1.3 32.3 58.3 L5 Ave 0.042 0.231 ND 0.119 0.02 ND 1.0 31.4 58.8 2 2 Min 0.014 0.152 ND 0.116 0.01 ND 0.9 30.6 57.3 Max 0.050 0.410 ND 0.122 0.03 ND 1.2 32.2 60.6 L6 Ave 0.019 0.225 ND 0.119 0.01 0.05 1.0 31.6 61 Min 0.011 0.157 ND 0.116 0.01 0.06 1.0 30.9 58.3 Max 0.051 0.302 ND 0.122 0.01 0.12 1.1 32.1 63.1 L7 Ave 0.028 0.285 ND 0.158 0.01 ND 3.2 31.6 59.3 Min 0.004 0.198 ND 0.116 0.00 ND 2.3 30.6 56.7 Max 0.048 0.334 ND 0.195 0.02 ND 4.2 32.6 60.5 L8 Ave 0.031 0.313 ND 0.187 0.01 ND 1.5 32.1 59.2 Min 0.026 0.168 ND 0.119 0.01 ND 2.1 31.4 58.4 Max 0.070 0.476 ND 0.237 0.01 ND 3.3 32.6 61.5 L9 Ave 0.042 0.205 ND 0.109 0.01 0.04 0.9 31.1 61.1 Min 0.020 0.164 ND 0.107 0.01 0.03 0.8 30.8 60.5 Max 0.060 0.299 ND 0.110 0.01 0.09 0.9 31.3 61.1 L10 Ave 0.017 0.340 ND 0.162 0.02 ND 4.2 31.8 59.8 Min 0.004 0.220 ND 0.113 0.01 ND 3.1 31.6 58.3 Max 0.028 0.479 ND 0.213 0.03 ND 4.7 32.1 61.4 Control Ave 0.038 0.229 ND 0.178 0.01 ND 1.7 32.2 63.7 Min 0.004 0.123 ND 0.167 0.01 ND 1.5 31.7 60 Max 0.051 0.295 ND 0.189 0.01 ND 1.8 32.9 66.9 FMEnv 0.06 NS NS 160 NS 0.1 10 NS NS limit Source: Field Survey, 2020 NS = Not Specified; ND = Not Detected

Fig. 3.10: Air Quality and Noise Sampling Locations Map

The air quality result shows that the concentrations of noxious gases within and around the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site are relatively low and are within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits, with the exception of NO2 in a few locations with higher values than the FMEnv limit (0.06 ppm) for NO2. This could be attributed to the occasional vehicular movement at the time of sampling. The measured NO2 values ranged from 0.004 ppm to 0.098 ppm. HCI has a minimum of 0.111 ppm to 0.476 ppm. NO was below the detection limit of 0.1 ppm in all the locations sampled. SO2 concentrations were also below the detection limit of 0.01 ppm at most of the sampling locations; SO2 values were obtained only at 3 locations with a range of 0.05 ppm to 0.09 ppm, which was below the FMEnv limit of 0.1 ppm. The Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) revealed a minimum value of 0.107 ppm (L9) and a maximum value of 0.237 ppm which was below the FMEnv limit of 0.6 ppm.. The carbon monoxide (CO) ranged between 0.8 ppm and 4.7 ppm, and fall below the FMEnv limit of 10 ppm. The average temperature ranged from 31.1 oC to 32.2oC while the average Relative Humidity ranged between 56.7% and 69.3%indicating relative mild weather condition. . 3.5.2 Particulate Matter Concentration The Particulate Matter (PM) constituents within the immediate surroundings of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site was measured at ten (10) locations randomly, plus a control point outside the proposed project area (Fig. 3.11). As indicated in

Table 3.2, the result shows that the average values of PM0.3 ranges between 0.05 and 3 3 0.50 µg/m , PM0.5 ranges between 0.04 and 0.20 µg/m PM1.0 varies between 0.17 and 3 3 2.21 µg/m , PM2.5 lies within 0.61 and 24.93 µg/m while PM5.0 and PM10 exhibits a

range between 0.22 and 56.24 µg/m3 and 0.01 and 28.26 µg/m3 respectively. The high values recorded at some of the locations such as P6, P7 and P8 could be due to dust emission at the time of sampling. However, the measured values fall within the FMEnv limit of 250µg/m3 for suspended particulate matter.

Table 3.2: Particulate Matter Constituents within Proposed Project Area Location Measurement PM0.3 PM0.5 PM1.0 PM2.5 PM5.0 PM10 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3 ) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) P1 Ave 0.07 0.04 0.22 0.78 0.55 0.23 Min 0.06 0.04 0.20 0.64 0.33 0.13 Max 0.07 0.04 0.26 0.95 1.10 0.65 P2 Ave 0.06 0.04 0.21 0.80 0.49 0.21 Min 0.06 0.04 0.18 0.72 0.17 0.13 Max 0.06 0.04 0.22 0.92 0.83 0.79 P3 Ave 0.06 0.04 0.21 0.78 0.48 0.16 Min 0.06 0.04 0.19 0.72 0.28 0.13 Max 0.07 0.04 0.22 0.86 0.72 0.39 P4 Ave 0.07 0.04 0.21 0.80 0.51 0.23 Min 0.07 0.04 0.20 0.70 0.39 0.13 Max 0.07 0.05 0.24 0.90 0.72 0.39 P5 Ave 0.07 0.04 0.22 0.74 0.61 0.10 Min 0.07 0.04 0.19 0.66 0.50 0.13 Max 0.07 0.04 0.25 0.82 0.88 0.13 P6 Ave 0.13 0.06 0.31 1.76 3.53 2.65 Min 0.06 0.04 0.20 0.72 0.28 0.26 Max 0.50 0.14 0.85 7.31 21.14 17.53 P7 Ave 0.10 0.06 0.38 2.99 7.38 5.23 Min 0.07 0.04 0.20 0.69 0.44 0.13 Max 0.17 0.09 0.75 7.49 20.97 15.31 P8 Ave 0.12 0.12 0.89 8.90 22.07 14.36 Min 0.07 0.04 0.27 1.48 3.37 2.22 Max 0.21 0.20 2.21 24.93 56.24 28.26 P9 Ave 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.76 0.86 0.24 Min 0.05 0.04 0.17 0.67 0.33 0.01 Max 0.05 0.04 0.22 0.92 1.55 1.18 P10 Ave 0.07 0.09 0.82 6.63 14.80 8.70 Min 0.06 0.05 0.40 2.75 4.97 3.40 Max 0.09 0.14 1.50 13.65 32.84 22.50 Control Ave 0.06 0.04 0.21 0.75 0.43 0.07 Min 0.06 0.04 0.20 0.61 0.22 0.01 Max 0.07 0.04 0.22 0.92 0.66 0.13 Source: Field Survey, 2020

Fig. 3.11: Spatial Locations of Particulate Matter Measurement

3.5.3 Ambient Noise Level The ambient noise level recorded in the proposed project area as depicted in Table 3.3 below shows an average minimum value of 50.1 dBA and an average maximum value of 61.62 dBA. The noise level was below the FMEnv permissible limit of 90 dBA for 8-hour exposure. Thus, the ambient noise level shows that the proposed project area is devoid of noisy activities that may be detrimental to human and environmental health. The noise sampling locations map is depicted in Fig. 3.12

Table 3.3: Noise Level Pattern of Proposed Project Area Location Longitude Latitude Min (dBA) Max (dBA) N1 6.748 7.7324 39.5 41.4 N2 6.7491 7.7325 33.8 59.3 N3 6.7498 7.7334 49.9 52.1 N4 6.7471 7.7343 46.3 64.2 N5 6.7476 7.7316 46.4 65.4 N6 6.7466 7.7334 42.9 69.4 N7 6.744 7.734 68.2 71.1 N8 6.7435 7.7313 65.2 69.4 N9 6.746 7.732 42.3 55.2 N10 6.7443 7.7355 66.5 68.7 Control 6.6331 7.4191 33.5 42.2 Average 50.1 61.62 SD 11.6 9.1 Source: Field Survey, May, 2020; SD = Standard deviation

Fig. 3.12: Spatial Location of Ambient Noise Level Measurement

3.6. Soil Quality The soil of the proposed gully intervention area is hydromorphic in nature, which is a mixture of coarse alluvial and colluvial deposits of the River Niger. The soil experienced 8-10 months of wetness. The soil is clayey sandy, with deeply weathered and appeared grey to reddish in colour, sticky and permeable. The predominant soil types in this area are coarse textured, ranging from loamy to sandy loam in the surface horizons and from sandy loam to coarse clay in the subsurface horizon. In view of this, four soil sampling locations inclusive of the control point were established in the Study Area (Fig. 3.13). At each of the sampling locations, both top soil (0 – 15cm) and sub soil (15 – 30 cm) were collected. Appropriate quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) measures were implemented during the sampling activities. The QA/QC measures included regular cleaning of the soil auger after each sampling event to avoid cross-contamination. Table 3.4 presents the physico-chemical and microbial characteristics of soil samples from the study area.

Fig 3.13: Soil Sampling Locations Map

Table 3.4: Physio-chemical and Microbial Characteristics of Soil Samples from the Study Area Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Control Point Alloway Parameter Top Subsoil Top Subsoil Top Subsoil Top Subsoil 1991 soil soil soil soil (limits for naturally occurring level Moisture 9.01 13.33 22.9 16.2 8.5 12.2 17.2 22.1 NS Content (%) Sand (%) 44.2 45.5 48.56 52.6 37.5 42.1 42.1 44.9 NS Silt (%) 36.3 47.2 34.01 38.4 49.35 50.6 38.1 49.2 NS Clay (%) 19.5 7.3 17.43 9.0 13.15 7.3 19.8 5.9 NS pH 6.2 6.1 6.12 6.21 6.34 6.11 7.5 6.82 4.5 – 9.0 E.C (μScm-1) 267.8 126 133 252 125.2 189 215 222.1 NS Ca (mg/kg) 6.18 5.21 8.16 5.12 7.23 4.12 7.2 7.9 NS Mg (mg/kg) 1.11 2.12 1.76 1.42 0.71 0.62 2.31 2.67 NS K (mg/kg) 5.61 4.68 7.02 7.65 6.76 6.03 9.9 3.48 NS Na (mg/kg) 12.6 13.0 22.0 18.5 15.0 12.4 13.0 17.8 NS 2 SO4 - 0.18 0.24 0.34 0.14 0.11 0.43 0.67 0.22 NS (mg/kg) 3 PO4 - 0.21 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.23 0.28 0.09 0.27 NS (mg/kg) NO3- 0.75 0.45 0.67 0.56 0.55 0.22 0.23 0.45 NS (mg/kg) Cl- (mg/kg) 2.10 1.40 1.00 1.20 0.83 0.50 1.20 1.00 NS TOC 0.39 0.26 0.89 0.12 0.45 0.16 0.26 0.48 NS (mg/kg)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Control Point Alloway Parameter Top Subsoil Top Subsoil Top Subsoil Top Subsoil 1991 soil soil soil soil (limits for naturally occurring level Iron, Fe 86.7 98.3 154.0 132.0 165.2 128.9 176.0 197.8 NS (mg/kg) Lead, Pb 2.00 1.35 ND 0.94 1.75 1.22 2.33 2.00 20 (mg/kg) Cadmium, ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.3 Cd (mg/kg) Chromium, ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS Cr (mg/kg) Copper, Cu 1.80 1.66 4.80 5.76 8.67 9.00 5.70 6.28 500 (mg/kg) Vanadium, ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS V (mg/kg) Mercury, Hg ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.1 (mg/kg) Arsenic, As ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS (mg/kg) Zinc, Zn 4.00 4.20 3.00 6.00 7.82 6.00 10.40 9.88 50 (mg/kg) Nickel, Ni ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 50 (mg/kg) TPH 1.20 ND ND 1.18 2.00 1.60 2.23 ND 50 (mg/kg) Total 1.0 x 2.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 104 2.5 x 1.5 x 104 1.6 x 1.0 x NS heterotrophic 104 104 104 104 104 104 bacterial (cfu/g) Total 1.0 x 1.0 x 2.0 x 2.5 x 102 1.0 x 1.0 x 102 2.0 x 1.0 x NS heterotrophic 102 102 102 102 102 102 fungi (cfu/g) Hydrocarbon ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS utilizing bacteria (cfu/g) Hydrocarbon ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS utilizing fungi (cfu/g) Source: Laboratory Analysis, May 2020 NS= Not Specified The result of the soil analysis shows that the soil is made up of varying percentage compositions of sand, silt and clay. The pH values ranges between 6.1 and 7.50 (slightly acidic to alkaline) during the time of study. The measured pH values are within the values of 4.5 to 9.0 for optimal plant growth. The total hydrocarbon content was low, even below the FMEnv limit of 50 mg/kg for mineral oil in soil. 2- 3- - 3 Exchangeable anions detected in the analysis are SO4 , PO4 , Cl and NO . The 2 3- concentration of SO4 - varies from 0.11 mg/kg to 0.67 mg/kg, PO4 ranges from 0.12 - mg/kg to 0.28 mg/kg, while NO3 varies from 0.22 mg/kg to 0.75 mg/kg. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the soil samples. Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, V and Mg were not detected in the soil samples while Zn and Cu were recorded in trace amounts, below the permissible limits for unpolluted soil.

3.7. Hydrology of the Area The River Niger is an important river system in Nigeria with River Benue‟s confluence at Lokoja at an average flow rate of 137.9 km3/year (JICA, 1993). Two samples were taken from the major surface water (River Niger) at the upper and lower stream of the gully section (Plate 3.3). Historical data was also used to describe the water level of the River Niger during the rainy and dry season. The rainy season water level fluctuates between 8-10 m above the sea level as seen from the water-mark of the water in-take structure while the dry season water level ranges from 3-5 m. Similarly, due to the topographic characteristics of the area, the wetland pattern dominates the hydrological component of the area as seen in Ganaja wetland area. Table 3.5 provides the results of the in situ measurements conducted on the surface and ground water samples for parameters with short holding time while Table 3.6 further elaborates other chemical characteristics of the surface and groundwater samples from the project area.

Plate 3.3: Collection of Surface Water Sample from the River Niger

Table 3.5: Characteristics of in Situ Parameters analysed in Surface, Groundwater and Treated Water Samples from the Study Area Sample Res. Cond. TDS Sal. Temp pH DO (mg/L) (KΩ) (µS) (mg/L) (ppt) (oC) Upstream 10.4 96.8 63.6 0.04 30.5 7.65 6.38

Downstream 13.1 76.6 50.1 0.04 30.1 7.24 5.59

Treated 11.5 87.1 57.2 0.04 29.3 7.21 6.03 Water Groundwater 8.74 114.6 75.5 0.05 29.3 7.11 5.86

Source: Field Survey 2020

The values for Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) for the upper and downstream are 63.6 mg/l and 50.1 mg/l. while for the treated water and groundwater are 57.2 mg/l and 75.5 mg/l respectively. These values are far below the WHO (1991) limits of 1000 mg/. Electrical Conductivity values are 96.8 μS/cm and 76.6 μS/cm for the upstream and downstream respectively. The value for treated and groundwater are 87.1 μS/cm and 114.6 μS/cm, which is also below the WHO (1991) limits of 1400 μS/cm. The temperature for the samples collected are 30.50 C (upstream), 30.10 C (downstream), and 29.30 C for treated and groundwater in the proposed project area. The pH value for the surface water ranges between 7.65 and 7.24, which indicates alkalinity and falling within the WHO and FMEnv permissive limits of 6.5 to 8.5 of natural waters (Hems, 1985). Both the surface and groundwater have 0.04 ppt of salinity with a low level of resistivity of 10.4 KΩ (upstream), 13.1 KΩ (downstream), 11.5 KΩ (treated water) and 8.74 KΩ (groundwater).

Table 3.6: Chemical Analysis of Surface, Groundwater and Treated Water samples from the Study Area Surface water S/N Parameter WHO Limit FMEnv Limit SW-1 SW-2 TW GW 1 Turbidity (NTU) 5 NS 1.7 2.8 1.6 3.4 2 Sodium (Na (mg/L) NS 200 6.5 6.6 7.3 11.3 3 Potassium (k+) (mg/L) NS 150 3.4 5.6 7.2 11.2 4 Calcium (Ca) (mg/L) 75-200 NS 15.1 22.4 26.6 25.5

5 Sulphate (SO42) (mg/L) 150-400 250 4.8 6.9 6.3 9.2

6 Nitrate(NO3-) (mg/L) 50 10 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.05 7 Lead (Pb) (mg/L) NIL Nil ND ND ND ND 8 Iron (Fe) (mg/L) 1 0.03 0.01 0.01 0 0.02 9 Mercury (Hg) (mg/L) NIL 0.002 ND ND ND ND 10 Chromium (Cr) (mg/L) NIL 0.1 ND ND ND ND 11 THC (mg/L) 0.05 0.05 ND ND ND ND 12 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND ND 13 Manganese(Mn)(mg/L) 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND ND oc 14 BOD5 @ 20 – 25 mg/l NS 50 2.8 5.6 5.5 4.5 15 Phosphate (mg/L) 50 50 0.51 0.25 0.36 0.87 16 Vanadium (mg/L) NS 0.01 ND ND ND ND 17 Nickel (mg/L) NS NS ND ND ND ND 18 Zinc (mg/L) 5 0 0 0 0.01 0.03 19 Arsenic (mg/L) 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND 20 Cobalt (mg/L) NIL ND ND ND ND ND Total coliform Count NIL NIL 21 (cfu/ml) ND ND ND ND Total Fungal Count NIL NIL 22 (spore/ml) ND ND ND ND 23 Total yeast count (cfu/ml) NIL NIL ND ND ND ND 24 Magnesium (mg/L) NS 0.1 ND ND ND ND 25 COD (mg/L) 90 8.5 5.9 5.1 4.8 4.2 Source: Laboratory Analysis, May 2020; ND=Not Detected NS=Not Specified,

TW=Treated Water, GW =Groundwater, SW = Surface Water WHO: World Health Organisation; FMEnv: Federal Ministry of Environment

Overall, analysis of the chemical components of the sampled waters represents the allomorphic phase of sediment modification (phase of ion exchange with clays, micas and feldspars) marked by mineral replacement such as quartz, clay or feldspars by carbonates, feldspars by clays, aragonite and calcite, (Nwajide and Hoque, 1984.) 2 Mg + and Ca2+, and K+ are most probably lithogenic. Table 3.6 shows the physio- chemical analysis of the surface and groundwater within proposed project area. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the surface and ground water samples. V, As, Co, Pb, Cr and Cu were not detected in the samples.

3.8 Biological Environment 3.8.1 Vegetation Component The biological environment comprises flora and fauna. Table 3.7 shows the flora component within the proposed project environment. However, the proposed area is highly built-up with secondary vegetation while along the River Niger bank, there are a number of identified flora species but they are not threatened.

Table 3.7: Flora Species in the Project Area Abundance Common status in S/N Family Botanical Name Habitat Name Biodiversity Lokoja Colocasia Not Herb Arrocillo 1 Araceae Esculenta Threatened + Christmas Not Shrub 2 Euphobiaceae Manihot Esculenta bush Threatened + Not Shrub 3 Euphobiaceae Recinus cuminis Threatened + Not Shrub 4 Euphobiaceae Phyllanthus amarus Threatened + Not Shrub 5 Euphobiaceae Jatropha Curcas Threatened - Desmodium Not 6 Leguminosae salicifolium Herb Threatened - Penthacletra Not 7 Leguminosae macrophylla Herb Threatened + Not 8 Leguminosae Parkia biglobosa Herb Threatened + Calopogonium Not 9 Leguminosae mucunodie Herb Threatened + Not Pseudostem Banana 10 Musaceae Musa sapientum Threatened + Not Pseudostem Plantain 11 Musaceae Musa spp. Threatened + Not 12 Nyetaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa Threatened - Borasus Not Climber Fodder 13 Palmae aethoipicum Threatened -

Eleais guinearisis Oil palm Not Tree 14 Palmae Iacq tree Threatened + Centrosema Silk Not Tree 15 Papilionaceae pubescens cotton Threatened + Not Climber Fodder 16 Papilionceae Crotalaria retusa Threatened + Not Arrocillo 17 Poaceae Panicum laxum Herb Threatened + Pennisetum Not Tree Bamboo 18 Poaceae violaceum Threatened + Signal Not Herb 19 Poaceae Zea may grass Threatened + Secharum Ruzi Not Herb 20 Poaceae officinale grass Threatened + Imperata Not 21 Poaceae cylindrical Herb Threatened + Pennisetum Not 22 Poaceae Purpureum Herb Threatened + Pennisetum Not 23 Poaceae pedicellatum Herb Threatened + Anthephora Not 24 Lamiaceae ampullace Threatened + Telfairia Wild Not Creeper 25 Cucurbitaceae occidentalis cucumber Threatened + Source: Field Survey, May, 2020 3.8.2 Wildlife and Biodiversity A study of the fauna was based on observation, and interviews with the community members especially the local hunters. Sound recording, sighting and track monitoring were other methods employed for identifying and tracking the birds and animals that live within and around the proposed project area. Table 3.8 presents the types of animals around the proposed project area. The wild life found in the state are dominated by birds (such as crows, black kites, ravens, crows, hornbills, doves and weaver birds), reptiles (including snakes and lizards) and mammals (including rats, rodents, squirrels, grass cutters, small deer, antelopes and monkeys. The fauna of the study area are not IUCN threat status classified.

Table 3.8: Fauna Species in the Project Area S/N Local Names Species Family Group Status 1. Bush fowl Francolinus Phasianidae Aves Not bicalcaratus evaluated 2. African Barn Owl Tyto alba Tytonidae Aves Least concern 3. Little African Apus affinis Apodidae Aves Least Swift concern 4. African Palm Cypsivurus parvus Apodidae Aves Not Swift evaluated 5. Green fruit Pigeon Treron australis Columbidae Aves Least concern 6. Village weaver Ploceus cucullatus Ploceidae Aves Least

S/N Local Names Species Family Group Status concern 7. Cattle egret Ardeola ibis Ardeidae Aves Least concern 8. Black Kite Muluus migrans Accipitridae Aves Least concern 9. African green Treton calvus Columbidae Aves Least pigeon concern 10. Black ant Lasius niger Formicidae Insecta Not evaluated 11. Soldier ant Strongylognathus Formicidae Insecta Least alboini concern 12. Termite Trinervitermes Termitidae Insecta Least trinervoides concern 13. Dragon fly Acanthaeschna Aeishnidae Insecta Least victoria concern 14. Giant African Sphodromantis Mnatidae Insecta Not mantis viridis evaluated 15. Red patch Chlosyne Rosita Nymphalidae Insecta Not butterfly evaluated 16. White patch Chiomara asychis Hesperiidae Insecta Not butterfly evaluated 17. Moth Chrysiridia Uraniidae Insecta Not rhipheus evaluated 18. Africa cotton Dysdercus fasciatus Pyrrhocoridae Insecta Not stainer evaluated 19. Snail Achatina achatina Achatinidae Mollusca Not Listed 20. Land Slug Limax maximus Limacidae Mollusca Not evaluated 21. Toad Bufo bufo Bufonidae Amphibia Least concern 22. Tree frog Litoria caerulea Hylidae Amphibia Least concern 23. Sebe Naja melanoleuca Viperidae Reptilia Not evaluated 24. Monitor lizard Varanus albigularis Varanidae Reptilia Not evaluated 25. African yellow bat Scotophilus dinganii Vespertilionidae Mammal Least concern 26. Striped ground Xerus erythropus Sciuridae Mammal Least squirrel concern 27. Grasscutter Thryonomys Thryonomyidae Mammal Least swinderrianus concern 28. African tree Heliosciurus Sciuridae Mammal/ Least squirrel gambianus Rodent concern 29. African giant rat Crecetomys Nesomyidae Mammal/ Least gambianus Rodent concern 30. Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata Hystricidae Mammal/ Least Rodent concern

S/N Local Names Species Family Group Status 31. African giant Archispirostreptus Spirostretidae Arthropoda Not millipede gigas evaluated 32. Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Acanthodrilidae Annelida Not evaluated 33. Spider Araneidae Arachnida Not evaluated

CHAPTER FOUR

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics This chapter discusses themes and topics concerning the socioeconomic characteristics of the project community. The themes include but not limited to population characteristics, community structures, community health facility, employment, distribution of income, goods and services, health, and site accessibility. Specifically, the chapter entails the following: . Socio-Economic Assessment: This concerns an assessment and analysis of existing socioeconomic activities particularly livelihood sustenance, income, gender, demographic profile, status of available health facilities, present community structures around the gully erosion, community concerns on the gully erosion, and others; . Gender Based Violence/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA): This concerns an assessment and appraisal of the status of GBV/SEA in the project community, related issues and linkage with the success of the ESMP; . Grievance Redress Mechanism: This has to do with an analysis of the existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area and the linkage with the ESMP; . Public Consultation: This relates to the opinions of stakeholders within the watershed, presented following layered consultations with project affected persons (PAPs), women and community/opinion leaders in the concerned community. However, except for meetings with the staff of Greater Lokoja Waterworks, no other town hall meeting was held owing to the Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID-19). Rather, PAPs, community members, women group and opinion leaders were met in small groups with strict compliance to social distancing and other COVID-19 protocols; and . Other relevant topics: as deemed essential to the vital socioeconomics of the residents and PAPs of the project community.

4.1.1 Data Collection Methodology The methodology adopted for the task of assessment of the socioeconomic characterisation of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks entails questionnaire administration to households. A set of questions that addressed the themes mentioned in the paragraph above with multiple-choice options were provided (see Appendix 1). Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) with key member of staff of Greater Lokoja Waterworks were conducted. In all, a mixture of data gathering methods were further engaged to acquire additional data on the socioeconomic traits of the entire watershed. These include: o A review of secondary data including published literature and online materials; o A reconnaissance survey to identify all connected communities to the project as well those that will be directly or indirectly affected by the project to expand the network of engagement of the proposed project;

o FGD and IDIs with identified stakeholders on the impact of the proposed project on the livelihoods and general socioeconomics of the proposed project; and o Field observations by the specialist on socioeconomics for apt assessment and appraisal. To administer the questionnaire a simple random sampling technique was adopted. The questionnaires were administered systematically to ensure that the required number of questionnaires were returned by the respondents. Estimation of the population to be sampled was based on the previous National Population and Housing Census conducted in 2006 by the National Population Commission of Nigeria. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered and all were returned in situ by the field assistants who coordinated the exercise. Table 4.1 shows the basic outline of stakeholders‟ engagement and questionnaire administration. The criteria defined specific to the proposed project area is shown as follows:  Sufficient representation from the relevant social groups;  Addition of groups and persons with varying socio-economic status;  Engagement of persons with access to relevant information such as culture and history;  Proof of diverse types of livelihood activities; and  Inclusion of all gender to ensure gender balance and extraction of gender-based information as well as issues of violence, rape and sexual exploitation.

Table 4.1: Outline of Questionnaire Administration and Public Consultation Groups of Stakeholders Sampled Number of FGD IDI Meeting with Questionnaire Staff of Greater Administered Lokoja Waterworks Direct Project Affected Persons 69 2 1 1 (PAPs) Key Stakeholders 11 2 2 Other members of the community 20 Total 100 4 3 1

Plate 4.1 shows a field assistant of socioeconomic data collection by engaging one of the senior staff members of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks in the details of the project and the impact of the gully on their facilities.

Plate 4.1: A field assistant engaging a staff member of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks on the details of the project and the impact of the expanding gully on their facilities as well as day-to-day activities of the Waterworks with respect to the proposed project and its associated civil works.

A sample of the questionnaire, the details of the meetings held, attendance for contacts details of the attendees have been fully documented and added as part of the Annexure section of this ESMP report.

4.2.1 Population Characteristics of the Project Area The population value of Ajaokuta LGA was adopted as the closest for Ganaja community. The available population data for and the projected values are presented in Table 4.2. Using the 1991 and 2006 figures, the annual population growth rates were computed to arrive at 2.89% and 1.49% for Kogi State and Ajaokuta LGA respectively. These rates were also used to project for the years 2019 and 2025 which were sufficient periods to capture the project initiation and execution phases. By 2025, the estimated population figures for Kogi State will be roughly 5.7 million while that of Ajaokuta LGA will be 0.162 million. However, the proximity of Ganaja community to Lokoja the capital city could upsurge this value owing to the immigration from other parts of the country.

Table 4.2: Estimation of Population Size for Kogi State and Ajaokuta LGA Year Total 1991 2,147,756 2006 3,314,043 Kogi State 2019 4,799,647 2025 5,694,404 1991 97,904 2006 122,432 Ajaokuta LGA 2019 148,387 2025 162,157 Source: National Bureau Statistics (2010)

4.1.3 History and Socio-Political Characteristics of the Project Site • History of the Community of the Project Site The background history of Ganaja town located in the northern axis of Ajaokuta district is implicated in the history of the emergence and development of Ajaokuta, according to oral history which the latest cosmopolitan nature of the area cannot override. Generally, diverse historical accounts agree that Ganaja Township is an Igalaland. Igala is a vital ethnic group in Kogi State. The first ruler of the kingdom (referred to as Ata) was a woman named Ebule-Jonu who was succeeded by her brother Agana-Poje, Agana-Poje was succeeded by his son, Idoko as Ata. Idoko had two children christened Atiyele om’Idoko (Atiyele the son of Idoko) and Ayegba om’Idoko (Ayegba the son of Idoko). Upon critical decision to separate from his father, Atiyele – the first son journeyed eastward to found a new kingdom known as Akpa. Later upon the demise of his father Ayegba emerged as the Ata. He recorded enormous victories in many battles which led to the expansion of the kingdom, conquering the Jukuns, northern Igbo, parts of the Benin (1515-1516). The kingdom also engaged in slave trade, exports of choral beads, medicine, horses, and fighting skills to the coastal axis along the River Niger. Idah is the ancestral home of the Igala and it houses the seat of the paramount ruler respectfully referred to as Attah Igala.

The Igala people are culturally rich. They believe in the Supreme Being (known as Ọjọ). Culturally, they hold their dead relatives in high esteem and often refer to the dead as the essential force behind their existence, control crop-yields, human fertility, peace and progress in their society. Ikpakachi (gods of the river in every community) is also part of their tradition. The Ikpakachi is a tradition where water from a community river is given to a new born for guardian throughout the baby‟s life time (Adujojo, 2013). Natural resource of water is therefore highly valuable in Igalaland. Furthermore, the Igala people believed in the existence of a variety of spirits in rivers, trees, land, rocks and mountains (Achoba, 2017). It was gathered that pregnant women are forbidden from wandering at night around the riverine community to avoid being possessed by wicked marine spirit.

In Igalaland, different communities have peculiar festivals. The common festivals celebrated include Ibegwu (marks at the beginning of the period of harvesting yams annually), Ocho (a major Igala – festival), Oganyiganyi, and Egbe. It should be noted that these traditions and festivals are still practiced in the interior communities including Ganaja despite its proximity to Lokoja the capital city.

 Social-Cultural Organization Despite the influence of modern system of governance throughout the Kogi State and Ganaja in particular, the predominant sociocultural system has not been wiped out as it ensures continuous linkage of traditional cultural system and social governance in the area. The smallest unit of social governance in the community is the family under the leadership of the father who stands always as the family head. The extended family 43

has the oldest male retaining the position as the custodian of family values and resolution of matters. The extension of the position at the village level is fully recognized with coronation at the palace of the Attah of the village head known as Omadachi. Equally, each village has its respective youth council whose responsibility is to coordinate activities of the youths and ensure a peaceful coexistence amongst the youth leader is fondly referred to as Ochiokolobia.

At the clan level, each clan has its head known as Gago. The Gagos have delegated authority to perform diverse executive and judicial functions as royalties for their respective clans as recognized by the Attah. The next higher sociocultural level is the traditional ruling council. Notably, there are nine traditional ruling councils (known as Igala-Mela) including Idah the capital. Each of these nine councils is headed by a district officer (known as Onuh) whose appointment follows the traditional system, which is fully supervised by the overall head of the kingdom (Attah). Ibaji, Ankpa, Ajaka, Ugwolawo, Bassa, Anyigba, Dekina, Omalla, Olamaboro are the nine traditional ruling council. Part of the district council excutives include the provincial chiefs (Am'onu) in charge of religious rites, grooves, shrines, sacred objects and festivals in their respective domains with cooperative assistance of district heads (Am'onu-ane). The traditional prime minister of the Igala kingdom is the Ach'adu who also doubles as the chief executive in charge of the administrative affairs of the kingdom.

The overall head is the Attah who is the supreme leader charged with executive and judicial administrative powers over the kingdom. The Attah is in charge of all the major Igala sacred objects, festivals, shrines, and other cultural activities such as chieftaincy titles and the granting of full recognition to the lower administrative officers. Issues are settled at the Ogbede which is the Attah‟s court. The court is managed by Ogbe on the directives of the king. Other identified royal officers are the Royal servants (Amedibo) and the Amonoji (the King‟s eunuchs).

4.1.4 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents The vital socioeconomic traits of the residents and the PAPs within the project community are described in this section. As shown in Table Table 4.3 below, the details elucidated include gender, age distribution, marital status, ethnic group, religion, level of literacy with spoken languages, occupation, household size, residential status with length of stay in the area, income level, remittances received from elsewhere, gully impact in the community, waste management, impact of gully on the standard of living and level of awareness of the project. The description of these variables with respect to the proposed civil activities and the ESMP alleviation measures were highlighted. The importance of these appraisal is to examine the human dimension of the project and to attach the same to the best approaches in resolving and designing the most appropriate mitigation measures for capacity building and other measures towards the delivery of the project‟s activities.

Table 4.3: Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents S/N Socio- Socio-Economic Findings Economic Ganaja/Greater Lokoja Waterworks Indicators and Parameters 1 Gender Males and female respondents represent 56.4% and 43.6% respectively. 2 Age As indicated, respondents‟ age groups are 18-45 years (76.9%), 46-65 years (12.8%), and above 66years account for 10.6%. These age groups values show that there is the possibility of high youth population around the project community; the high percent of youth from the survey is expected of an urban area. Therefore, there is a potential workforce at the project community that could recruited during project implementation phase. 3 Marital Status Married respondents account for 46.2% while single and widowed/separated represent 43.6% 5.2% respectively. It could therefore be envisaged that majority of the people around the project have high sense of commitment and integrity to protect, hence, troubles associated with youths may not be an issue to the implementation of the project. 3 Ethnic group Respondents‟ major ethnic groups are Igala (59%), Ebira (20.5%), Okun (12.8). As indicated, other ethnics groups are Bassa, Ibo, and Yoruba from southwest; and they jointly account for 7.7% of the sample population. This further attest to the ethnic plurality of the project area. 4 Religion Two religions indicated by the respondents are Christianity (56.4%) and Islam (43.6%). Based on this, religious festivals celebrated at the project community are Christmas, New Year, Easter, Eid-d Mubarak and Eid-Maloud. Although there is silence on traditional practices as revealed by the respondents but there are predominant traditional practices that require the knowledge of incoming labourers and other workers which must be taken seriously and any breach of these could constitute sacrilege and disrespect for local customs and traditions. 5 Literacy High literacy level is one of the hallmarks of a city/state. Almost level/Language( all the sampled population have formal education. As indicated, s) spoken respondent‟s education levels are tertiary education (such as college of education, polytechnic etc) represent 43.6%, secondary school certificate holder (30.8%), University graduate (17.9%), while University postgraduate and those that have no formal education are 5.1% and 2.6% respectively. Several higher institutions of learning located at Lokoja are Kogi State Polytechnic, Federal University-Lokoja, and Home Economic Centre among others. This high literacy levels could be exploit for easy of communication that could facilitate mutual understandings. 6 Occupation Respondents occupations include: employed salary (private sector)

28.2%, civil servants and traders account for 17.9% each, daily labourer (including commercial motor cycle operators)-7.7% and artisans (5.1%). These shows a diversity in the livelihood activities of the project area and it is not unexpected of an urban area. Meanwhile, about 12.8% claimed they are unemployed. This level of unemployment around the project site should also be noted by the contractors to forestall uneasy calm during implementation. 7 Size of Average household size of 4 recorded the highest percentage Household (61.5%) in the area while average household size of 7 and 11 account for 25.9% and 12.6% respectively. Therefore, the average household size expected of the project area is to range between 4 and 11 including the two parents while the larger household size is expected for either a compound family or polygamous typology. 8 Residential Of the surveyed population, 76.9% indicated they are permanent Status/Length residents of the Greater Lokoja while back home (returnees) and of residence non-permanent residents account for 20.5% and 2.6% respectively. Furthermore, respondents that have lived between 3 to 5 years represent 38.5%. Oher living durations are 0 to 2 years (25.6%), above 10 years (23.1%), and 6 to 9 years (12.8%). The relatively short during duration of people around the site shows it is an emerging area. 9 Income Level Of those that indicated monthly income, those earning between N50,000 to N60,000 represent 40.3%. Others are those earning between N10,000 to N30,000 (4.4%) and N60,000 to N70,000 (55.3%). Daily labourers, artisans, farmers found it difficult estimating their monthly incomes due to lack of financial records. However, the proposed project is not designed to impoverish the people that are expected to be affected by the intervention including the River bank (coastal) farmers within the span/section of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks. 10 Remittance Receiving remittances from a family is a measure of household from family dependency. 35.9% claimed they receive money from family living members who live elsewhere while 64.1% indicated the contrary. elsewhere However, none of the respondents could estimate the amount they received as remittance in a month; perhaps they do nott receive from family members on a monthly basis. 11 Impact of gully 33.3% of the respondents noted that they have been negatively in the impacted by the expanding gully incident in the area while 66.7% community responded otherwise. Out of those affected, 28.2% stated that the expanding gully has resulted in damages to public infrastructures while 5.1% stated that their farmlands have been destroyed. However, the expanding gully has damaged security fencing infrastructure set up by the Greater Lokoja Waterworks, and if not controlled it will expand to destroy other proximate water infrastructure within its threshold. Despite the records of devastation of the gully, all respondents concurred that the gully erosion intervention project will reverse

the trend of destruction and it will result in positive change to the current nature of the gully outline and improve the entire environment. 12 Health Status The most prevalent ailments in the project area according to the respondents include Malaria, Typhoid fever (60.1), Rashes (13.9.), Water-borne diseases (9.7), Cough (5.9), Rheumatism (5.8), sexually transmitted diseases (4.6). Notably some of these diseases are related to the usage of nearby water – the River Niger while some are connected with the change in seasons. Most of the diseases are however treated by visiting the nearby hospitals/clinics at severe or mild stage (59%), purchase of drugs from nearby chemists/drug store (17.9%) and the use of traditional/herbal means (7.7%) and 5.2% claimed they use combined means to manage their health conditions. However, all the respondents affirmed their health issues are not related to the gully. 13 Waste Most of the respondents (69.1%) claimed that they disposed their Management solid waste using the community refuse dumpsite. Others use waste collector (through the government-approved Private Support Programme PSP), waste burning, disposal at the backyard constitute 10.3% and 20.7% respectively. 14 Change in the Notably, 61.5% of the respondents claimed that their standard of Standard of living has improved within the last three years despite the gully Living of the erosion, 15.4% claimed it remained unchanged while 10.3% Project affirmed claimed it got worse. This is therefore to show that few Affected people relied on the adverse changes that the proposed project civil Persons works might have on land-based activities such as crop cultivation. 15 Awareness of Sampled respondents claimed that they are fully aware of the the Proposed project and the pre-project activities such as the ESMP data Project gathering exercise. It was further added that series of meetings have been convened especially during the engineering drawing preparations and other consultations. About 23.1% however declined full knowledge of the project but partial as at the last they heard or were informed about the project. Sources of information about the project include the traditional media (TV and radio) (64.7%), meetings (10.3%) and through combined modes (30%). Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

4.1.5 Key Infrastructures within Project Community Vital social and physical infrastructures which might be affected by the project activities are located within the Greater Lokoja Waterworks. The facility is water production plant consisting of the Generator House, Pumping Station II. Other infrastructure includes the shallow and narrow drainage channels beside these facilities, the electricity infrastructure especially the elevated transformer. The electric transformer (Plate 4.2) was elevated to prevent electric shocks during flooding which is a seasonal climatic phenomena in the area. There are other private

buildings including the NNPC Petrol Station situated at the entrance of the road leading to the gully.

Plate 4.2: An Elevated Electric Transformer within the Facility of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

4.1.6 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area One of the variables used to measure the standard of living of the people in the project area include; features/type of building a household occupies among other parameters/determinants. At Greater-Lokoja, building types and features are characterized by modern technology both in terms of nature of structure and roofing materials. In terms of structure, it comprises the most bungalows and relatively maximum of two-storey buildings (Plate 4.3). As indicated by the sampled population, the building characteristics of the study area is shown in Table 4.4. The material for the buildings wall is cemented blocks while roofing materials composition are Aluminum (59%), Asbestos (25.7%), and corrugated Zinc (15.4%). Household living in 2 to 3 and 1 to 2 bedrooms flat represent 56.4% and 30.8% respectively; this is considered a relatively standard living accommodation for a household. As shown in the Table 4.3, the most common toilet facility at the community is the water closet (100%). 66.7% of the respondents indicated that they live in rented apartments while those living in owned accommodation and occupied rent-free constitute 15.4% and 17.9% respectively. Other housing features in the project area is shown in the Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Housing Characteristics in the Project Area Construction materials – walls % Toilet facility % Cement blocks 100 Water closet 100 Total 100 Total 100 Construction material – roofing Tenure of housing Aluminium / Roof Tiles 59 Owned 15.4 Corrugated Zinc 15.4 Rented 66.7 Asbestos 25.7 Occupied rent free 17.9 Total 100 Total 100 Number of rooms Construction material – floor 1 – 2 30.8 Concretes 38.5 3 – 4 56.4 Concrete and tiles 38.5 Others 12.8 Tiles 23 Total 100 Total 100 Other Structures on plot Tenure of land Shops 41.8 Owned 17.9 Animal pen 14.3 Non owner of land 82.1 Warehouse 18.2 Total 100 Kiosks 10.3 Others 15.4 Total 100 Source: Field survey, May 2020

Plate 4.3: Common Building Types Indicating the Different Building Materials used in the Project Area Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

4.1.7 Source of Energy In the study area, various household energy for lighting are available and used. As shown in Fig. 4.1, the common energy source for household lighting come from the national grid through the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) -74.4% while those that claimed their primary source of household energy for lighting are power generating set and torchlight which represent 15.4% and 2.6% respectively. Generally, in Nigeria single source of energy for lightening is not common in most households. In other words, energy-mix is mostly practiced by households. People source for household energy from various means including solar and battery (inverter) when there is power supply shortage from the national grid.

Torchlight

Generator Source energyof

PHCN

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Proportion (%) Fig. 4.1: Household Energy Sources for Lighting at the Project Area Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

Similarly, the people‟s source of energy for cooking varies greatly from one place or a household to another. As indicated, sources of energy for cooking ranked as number one by sampled population as shown in Fig. 4.2; they are gas (56.4%), Kerosene (29.4%), electricity (7.4%), and firewood (6.8%). Gas is therefore, a common energy source for cooking at the study area, this may be as a result of the mega gas station located within the community (Plate 4.4). However, several households indicated that they combine or use more than one energy source for cooking.

Gas

Electricity

Kerosene ENERGY COOKING FOR ENERGY

Fire Wood

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 PROPORTION (%) Fig. 4.2: Household Energy Source for Cooking at the Project Area Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

Plate 4.4: A Domestic Gas Station within the Project Area, a Source of Energy for Cooking in the Area Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

4.1.8 Source of Water Fig. 4.3 shows the sources of water for household in the project area. As indicated, common sources of water for drinking are the borehole/water pump (41%), community tap (30.8%), vendor (7.7%), and piped water outside dwelling (5.1%). Similarly, borehole ranked highest among other sources of water for cooking and washing. At the study community, inadequate, irregular water supply, and none expansion of existing distribution pipes from the water corporation may have encourage people to sink boreholes in their compound. In most Nigerian cities, almost every building has its own personal borehole for water provisions. Again, these individual buildings often run water pipes outside dwelling for other community members benefit. Pipeline layouts from the Greater Lokoja Waterworks were observed during the fieldwork supplying water directly to homes within the community.

Other

Well

Water vendor

Piped water outside dwelling WaterSources

Community tap

Borehole/Water pump

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Drinking Cooking Washing Proportion (%)

Fig 4.3: Sources of Household Water at the Project Area Source: Fieldwork, May 2020

4.1.9 Peoples‟ Concerns on the Proposed Project Activities (PCPPAs) On the background knowledge about the full community support for the commencement of the full project activities, there are concerns expressed by the people about the three phases of the project. The Ganaja community expect these issues to be addressed to ensure smooth initiation and completion of the project. During the construction phase, the community expect the following: . Peaceful interaction with members of the community; . Issues of environmental pollution (air, water, soil and noise) should be addressed in completion; . Observe all customs and traditions and avoid any sacrilegious attitude; . Engagement of abled youths as skilled and unskilled labourers in the project; . Discovery of any artefacts or sacred item to the appropriate authorities including community leaders; During the operation and maintenance phase of the project, the people expect the following should be maintained by the concerned authority; . Effective monitoring of the project to avoid reversal and re-emergence of the gully; . Ensure cleaning of drainage periodically to avoid clogging of from silt; . Safety measures to be installed and maintained at required spots; and . Any other support that can improve the overall nature of the environment better than previous.

4.2 Analysis of Existing Grievance Redress Mechanism Conflict, irrespective of its magnitude is usually inevitable in human communities and social interactions. Mechanisms for the resolution of such is also vital so as to forestall any escalation and ensure peaceful coexistence. In the project community 52

and Kogi State in general, there are grievance redress mechanisms which exist in the form of formal and informal structures. In the following section, these are discussed and appraised with a view to showcasing the means of resolving such as matters might arise.

 Informal Systems The informal system of dispute resolution includes the following:  Family level conflict resolution: A family is the social knit of people from the same parental origin. Matters are usually handled by the immediate family head who is the father and is the prime custodian of household values. The father is thus responsible for resolving issues within the family and if the escalates beyond the capacity of the family head it is referred to as the village head. All matters regarding the family can be presented without any prejudice.  Traditional rulers and community/Quarters heads: Disconcerted matters at the interpersonal/family level are often referred to the traditional rulers within the community. Such matters usually involve the village head known as Omadachi and clan head (Gago). At this matters can be resolved amicably and swiftly as they have powers of adjudication as delegated by the king. Matters can be extended to District head (Onuh) if it remains unsolved at the previous levels.  Religious leaders: The cosmopolitan nature of Ganaja community is also reflected in the religious practices. Matters could be taken to the religious leaders if it is deemed so. This is because of the esteem attached to the leaders across the religious spectrum of Traditional, Christianity and Islam. Unresolved matters are therefore, either subjected to the judgement of the overall king or pursued at the formal mechanism level.

 Formal Systems The formal system of dispute resolution in and around the project area consists of the following: o Kogi State Ministry of Environment: This ministry is the sole legally authorized executive body of government in charge of all issues concerning the entirety of the environment in Kogi State. The Ministry is responsible for ensuring safe environment and cleanliness, flood and erosion control, forest depletion and degradation, reduction of environmental and atmospheric pollution through assignment of measures, certification of environmentally fit activities and also contributes to the national measures of climate change and its adaptation mitigation. o Kogi State Ministry of Justice: This Ministry coordinates issues regarding matters and cases in judicial enterprise and jurisprudence. It chiefly coordinates the activities of judges of the law courts and documents their judgements for references. Issues handled by the Kogi State Ministry of Justice cover the entire spectrum of activities in the proposed project. The composition and division of this Ministry comprises the following: . Civil Division;

. Criminal Division; . Customary Court Division; . Family Court Division; and the . Election Petition Tribunal. With the exception of the Election Petition Tribunal and the Family Court which exclusively handles election matters and issues regarding the family respectively, any of the mentioned court divisions can handled cases concerning the proposed project. o National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA): NESREA is the Federal Agency charged with the responsibility of protecting and development of the entire environment of Nigeria. It was established in 2007 by an Act of Parliament to “ensure a cleaner and healthier environment for all Nigerians”. As stated on its website, this Agency is further empowered to handle biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria‟s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including the coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders inside and outside Nigeria, particularly on matters of administration and enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, policies and guidelines as backed by the law establishing it. It also engages in dispute resolution concerning the environment. Currently, there is no NESREA Office is Kogi State hence enquiries are either directed to North central regional office or headquarters in FCT Abuja. As regards the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Rehabilitation Project, some of the functions of NESREA include: - Management and liaison with, stakeholders, within the gully erosion site on issues of environmental standards, regulations and enforcement; - Enforcement and compliance with existing laws, guidelines, policies and standards on all environmental matters on the project site; - Conduct autonomous environmental audit and establish data bank on regulatory and enforcement mechanisms of environmental standards relating to all construction activities and other bioengineering works; - Ensure that the project which is funded by The World Bank adhere to regulations in terms of environmental safety and protection; and - Create public consciousness, awareness and provide environmental education on sustainable environmental management practices about the civil works to be carried on the gully erosion watershed and other activities in Ganaja Township. o Public Complaints Commission (PCC): The PCC also known as the “Nigerian Ombudsman” was authorised to check administrative excesses in terms non- adherence to procedures policies or violation of the law establishing the commission. Thus, the PCC is fully empowered by the constitution of the Federal Government and Kogi State in particular to handles matters, and complaints lodged by aggrieved citizens or residents. Issues of administrative injustice or poor service delivery by either public or private sector business and operations are handled by the PCC. The commission provides the service to ensure that full and appropriate restoration or

remedy is made. The services of the commission are rendered cost-free irrespective of the nationality of the complainant. There are offices throughout the States of the Federation and the FCT Abuja with five zonal offices that serve as zonal coordination centres. As a result, there is a functional office of the PCC in Kogi State. o National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): The NHRC serves as an extra- judicial mechanism for the respect and enjoyment of human rights in Nigeria. It also provides avenues for public enlightenment, research, and dialogue in order to raise awareness on human rights issues in the country. Some of the mandates of the NHRC include to: . Deal with all matters relating to the promotion and protection of human rights as guaranteed by the Constitution if the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, The African Charter on Human and people‟s Rights and other international and regional instruments on human rights to which Nigeria is a party; . Monitor and investigate all cases of human rights violation in Nigeria and make appropriate recommendation to the Federal Government for the prosecution and such other actions as it may deem expedient in each circumstance; . Assist victims of human rights violations and seek appropriate redress and remedies on their behalf; . Undertake studies on all matters pertaining to human rights and assist the Federal, State and local Governments, where it considers it appropriate to do so, in the formulation of appropriate policies on the guarantee of human rights; . Publish and submit from time to time to the President, the national Assembly, the judiciary, State and Local Governments, reports on the state of human rights promotion and protection in Nigeria; . Organize local and international seminars, workshops and conferences on human right issues for public enlightenment; . Liaise and cooperate, in such a manner as it considers appropriate, with local and international organizations on human rights for the purpose of promotion and protection of human rights; . Undertake research and Education Programmes and such other programmes for promoting and protecting human rights and coordinate any such programme on behalf of the Federal, State and Local Government on its own initiatives or when so requested by the respective governments concerning enactment of legislation o human rights. o The Nigeria Police: The police force is an agency of the executive arm of the Federal Government of Nigeria that is primarily concerned with the maintenance of law and sustenance of order in the country. Unlike the military, the Nigeria Police investigate

and prosecute cases in the law courts based on its details. Notably, this Federal Agency plays a vital role in crime prevention and safeguarding non-violent coexistence among Nigerians throughout the country including the project area. o The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC): The NSCDC is a paramilitary institution established in May 1967 in Nigeria. The agency is commissioned to provide measures against threat and any form of attack or disaster against the nation and its entire citizenry. The primary function of the NSCDC is to protect lives and properties in conjunction with the Nigeria Police.

4.2.1 Appraisal of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in the Project Area Vital elements and constituents of the available grievance redress mechanisms were assessed in terms of the strengths and weaknesses. These are presently succinctly in Table 4.5 below.

Table 4.5: Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis of existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in Project Area 1 Dispute Resolution Strengths Weaknesses Systems Formal 1 Kogi State Ministry of The Kogi State Ministry of Environment and The office of The Kogi State Ministry Environment other agencies and parastatals under it are well of Environment is located in Lokoja, positioned to receive, document, explore, the State Capital. Aggrieved persons investigate and arbitrate on environmental can easily locate the office located at management issues in the state. Okene-Kabba Road Lokoja to lodge their complaints. 2 Kogi State Ministry of The Kogi State Ministry of Justice covers the, There is constant legal burden on the Justice (Courts) High Courts, Magistrate Courts and Customary courts which make formal legal Courts each with its own rules. The formal law processes in courts unappealing, court system meets the majority of the technical cumbersome, technical, time- requirements for the resolution of potential consuming and expensive. Reliance project-related grievances. on the court for the resolution of all disputes will likely cause long delays in the project. 3 National Environmental This agency, which is the regulatory arm of the Lack of State office in Kogi State Standards and Federal Ministry of Environment, has 6 presents a herculean task for reporting Regulations Zonal Headquarters and 22 State Offices which and resolution. Although the Enforcement Agency accept environmental complaints from the public proximity of the head office in FCT (NESREA) and investigates same. The proximity of Lokoja Abuja can be utilised, the expected to FCT Abuja makes it easy to access the rapidity in resolution of any complaint headquarters without going through the elongated might turned out slow and regressive. process of referrals. 4 Public Complaints The PCC has offices in all thirty-six States of the The roles, powers, and jurisdiction of Commission (PCC) country and FCT Abuja with five (5) zonal the PCC is strange to many people. offices in each state of the federation. The Kogi The commission is also defectively State Office is located at Opposite SSG Office staffed with men and women of beside Township Stadium Complex Lokoja. honesty. Funding is equally a major issue as it hampers the smooth operations of the People‟s Ombudsman. 5 The Nigeria Police The Nigeria Police is an agency of the executive The main challenge with the police is arm of the Federal government of Nigeria that the perception of the populace about

maintain law and order in the country. The police their roles in crime fighting and have offices in all parts of Kogi State. They are promotion of security and restoration widespread and well structured. The of peace. The attachment to organizational structure of the Police Force in government officials is often Kogi State is represented as shown below: interpreted as skewed loyalty and o Zonal Headquarters there is gross distrust and unfair o State Commands Headquarters treatment in which only the rich (the o Divisional Police Headquarters haves) that usually get police attention o Police Station to matters reported. o Police Post o Village Police Post. By this structure, the Police operational crime- fighting and peace-keeping function is felt by and accessible to the populace all over the state. Division C Police Station is located within Ganaja community and serves to maintain peace and combat crime within the community.

6 Nigeria Security and As a supporting agency to the Nigeria Police, the The NSCDC is not as equipped as the Civil Defence Corps NSCDC supports in maintenance of law and Nigeria Police hence their role is (NSCDC) order at the local community level. Across complimentary to the police. Conflict Nigeria, there are eight (8) zones of the NSCDC of jurisdiction is another drawback of with the Kogi State Command as part of the Zone the NSCDC. Other challenges include H. the organogram of the defence corps takes the funding, frequency of personnel following shape: training and re-training. . Zonal Command . State Commands . Divisional Offices . NSCDC Posts

7 National Human Rights The NHRC provides avenues for public The major weakness of the NHRC is Commission (NHRC) enlightenment, research, and dialogue in order to its accessibility and reach to people raise awareness on Human Rights issues. It residing in distant locations. presently has State offices in all the 36 states of the country and the FCT. The Kogi State Office is located in Lokoja close to the SSG‟s office by Township Stadium. Informal 8 Family level Resolution of issues at the family is highly The major drawback of resolution of connected to kin and bloodline which makes issues within family lines usually issues within family members particularly emerge at the extended/compound immediate relatives easy. family structure and issues depending on the gravity might not get resolved due to perceived favouritism. 9 Traditional rulers and Respect for norms, customs and values drives the Lack of legal backing for acceptance community/Quarters swift resolution of matters. However, in a of resolution proposals remains a huge heads: cosmopolitan environment such as Ganaja lacuna for this highly revered Township, issues pertaining to land might not get institution. resolved easily irrespective of the level of traditional ruler involved. This might persist despite the observed level of coordination previously identified. 10 Religious leaders The residents have huge regard for decisions at There is no legal backing that supports the religious institutions as religious leaders are the resolution mechanism established custodians of divine messages and hope for the by the religious institutions. Lack of people. In some instance, their functions and cohesion of ideologies and beliefs is a strong weakness of the religious

strengths overlap with the traditional rulers as institutions. some of them perform dual roles. Complaints get addressed swiftly times and on times especially for aggrieved parties from similar religious setting.

4.3 Consultations with Relevant Stakeholders and Project Affected Persons 4.3.1 Identification of Stakeholders As a vital component of the ESMP report, the ESMP Consultant visited the project for series of public engagement for two days (19th to 20th of May 2020). The interaction provided detailed insights into the perception of the gully by the various stakeholders who participated in the engagements.

4.3.2 Identified Stakeholders Group Chief stakeholders are the staff members of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks who are directly affected by the gully in their daily operations. As employees of a vital parastatals of the Kogi State Government, both formal and informal engagement methods were used to gather the staff members to provide vital details and key perceptions on the gully erosion site. Some of them are residents of Ganaja community, thus, they provide dual opinions as community residents and staff of the vital government infrastructure affected by the gully. Details of the consultations including gender-sensitive discussions with women (Table 4.6), and IDI with the facility manager of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks (Table 4.7) are presented succinctly in the next subsections. Plates 4.5 and 4.6 showcase the public consultation images with the vital stakeholders of the proposed project.

4.3.3 Stakeholders Awareness/Perception on the NEWMAP Intervention Prior to the commencement of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks ESMP consultancy service activities, Kogi-State NEWMAP has carried out several awareness campaigns and sensitization activities on the proposed intervention within the community and among the Greater Lokoja Waterworks staff. The people across the demographic strata within the community and the Greater Lokoja Waterworks staff are very much aware of the project. Also, the Site Monitoring Committee has been put in place. Therefore, with respect to awareness, the people are much aware of the project. The perception of the people / beneficiaries about the project was positive and they are eager for the project to commence. The ESMP stakeholders‟ engagement further strengthened the people‟s awareness and positive perception of proposed intervention project by Kogi-state NEWMAP.

4.3.4 Stakeholders‟ Expectations during the Project‟s Construction and Operation Phases The communities‟ expectations during construction and operation phases are as follows: i. Minimal to zero disturbance of the smooth operation and functioning of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks;

ii. Full engagement of qualified and skilled youths from the community to ensure inclusiveness and local ownership of the project during the different phases of the civil works of the project; iii. Respect for the norms, traditions and values by the different cadres of workers; iv. Ensure safety of road users along the main Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road as well as the local road leading to the gully erosion site to avoid accidents that might directly or indirectly related to the construction works; v. Damage to any existing social and physical infrastructures of the community should not only be replaced but restored to optimum functioning level; and vi. Silted drainages from the upland should be dredged to divert the storm water from the upland from going through the water works facility drains into River Niger, thereby, reducing the volume of water passing through the water work facility channel into the Niger River.

4.3.5 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders Table 4.6: Summary of Issues Raised at FGDs with Women groups in Ganaja and Greater Lokoja Waterworks Female Staff Date of Consultation 19/05/2020 Venue: Greater Lokoja Waterworks Conference hall

Name/Identity of Stakeholders Community Women / Greater Lokoja Waterworks Female Staff

Language of engagement English Items/Questions Stakeholders comments and views

 Are there issues of concerns to women  The women claimed there were no discrimination against women at at the water works? the facility. They further noted that they were not limited by gender in the running of the facility. There were women in every units including those that many people perceived as exclusively dominated by men such as power, chemical, and water intake. They also emphasised that the administrative unit of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks was  What are your views on female dominated by women. Therefore, there were no concerns about composition at the water works work women in the functioning and daily operations of the facility. force?  The proportion is 70% (male) and 30% (female)  Any issue of gender-based

violence/sexual exploitation and abuse within the community / waterworks  It was reported that whereas such issue may have happened in the facility? past, but no gender-based violence issues reported in the community as well as within the Greater Lokoja Waterworks plant in the recent

years.  Do women have limit of administration?  It was expressed that there were no limit to what position or capacity women could occupy. It was further noted that the managing director often delegate female staff to meetings/function he could not attend due to one reason or another. However, females are exempted from running night shift. At the community level, women actively participated in community development association activities as well  Female staff concerns for the as in local politics. proposed project.

 They desired to be respected. This is key since the contractors would virtually be working within the water works premises through the construction phase and many of the staff would live within the community. Other concerns mentioned are: i. No sexual harassment; ii. No loitering (No entertainment of visitors within the premises) iii. No smoking; and iv. No alcohol taking; Table 4.7: Summary of IDI with the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Facility Manager Date of Consultation 19/05/2020 Venue: Greater Lokoja Waterworks Name of Stakeholders Greater Lokoja Waterworks Facility Manager (Mr Umar Audu) Language English Items/Questions Key Informants comments and views  Duration at the Greater Lokoja  As a staff, the facility manager joined the water works in 2002 (about Waterworks 18 years ago).

 His account on the development of the  On the cause of the gully, he noted two things: gully 1. An existing small deep/erosion created by the River Niger; 2. Nature of the soil;

3. Inappropriate installation of the sediment dislodged and

backwashed water pipes from the operations/productions. In other words, pipes discharging dislodged and backwashed waters were not extended enough to the river bank. It was terminated far away from the river bank, hence, the gradual development of the gully erosion to the present stage. It was further added that drains/ storm water from the community (upland) pass through the same channel to the river. Based on these, it could be deduced that the gully was caused by three major factors, however, the most prominent was the discharge water from the

 His awareness of the proposed Greater Lokoja Waterworks operations due to daily (twice daily) intervention project or continuous flush out from the water production.

 He had been informed about the proposed project. However, he had not been privileged to see the new construction design (engineering  Greater Lokoja Waterworks drawing). Perhaps, he could have an important input as someone that relationship with the community had been in the system for close to two decades.

 There is a cordial relationship between the Greater Lokoja  What could be done to stop another Waterworks and the community. A number of people from the (future) gully erosion development even community are presently employed by the water works. after the intervention?

 Silted drainages from the upland should be dredged to divert the

community and storm water from the upland from going through the  Cultural issues in the or around the water works facility drains into River Niger, in order to reduce the community volume of water passing through the water work facility channel into the Niger River.

 Based on his experience as someone who had been working at the facility since 2002, he noted that to the best of his knowledge, there were no cultural issue of concern around the community. No shrine  What about people farming by the by the river bank (project area) or in the community and no restriction River banks within the stretched of the whatsoever on human activities. However, the community abhorred Greater Lokoja Waterworks facility violence and criminal activities. Presently, the state government has placed an embargo on masquerade festivals/activities in the community and in the state capital at large. It is a peaceful community, meanwhile, people are encouraged to be  His suggestion on the proposed law abiding. projection that is beneficial to the  The people farming by the River bank at the stretch of the study community. facility were permitted by the authority of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks. They could be asked to vacate the area during construction and no objections of whatsoever would be raised by the farmers since they are there based on permission and understanding. The farmers main produce are vegetables.

 He noted that “At the moment, a lot of people from the community are coming here looking for jobs”. During constructions, labourers could be recruited from the community. According to him, this will help alleviate poverty and joblessness in many households around the community.

Plate 4.5: Pictographs of Meeting with Greater Lokoja Waterworks Staff Members on the Details of the Public Consultation on the Gully Erosion

Plate 4.6: Consultation with Greater Lokoja Waterworks Female Staff

4.3.6 Willingness of Stakeholders to Provide Local Support for the Project The community expressed their readiness to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor. Specifically, the community expressed that: i. Qualified youths of the community who can be engaged by the Contractor of the project are prepared to offer services with respect to the level of professionalism required to support the project; ii. Culinary services will be available for workers and visitors alike by the women; and iii. Migrant workers from the different part of the country can have access to proximate accommodation as the need arise.

4.4 Analysis of the Status of the GBV/SEA in the Project Community and Related Issues Mainstreaming gender issues into environmental development projects is at the fore of global developments, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. It is essential therefore to ensure that sensitive gender concerns, particularly the female is fully integrated into any development projects. This is because equal participation of all gender orientations break inequality barriers, ensure

inclusiveness, and boost full engagement of all concerned within social, economic, and political spheres. As noted in “Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity,” the World Bank‟s Inter Agency Standing Committee defines GBV as “an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females” (Klugman et al. 2014). GBV affects both males and females even though unequally as womenfolk are much more susceptible because violence evokes physical abuse and damage in which women are mostly victims. In some societies, there are some existing customs, traditions with gender-based inequitable duties, performance and acts. Arango et al. (2014) established the fact that, GBV could be extended to include the following:  Intimate partner violence;  Non-partner sexual assault;  Female genital mutilation;  Sexual exploitation and abuse;  Child abuse; and  Child marriage; Some surreptitiously adopted approaches to gender discrimination and abuse against the women and girl child, will include but not limited to the following:  Widowhood discrimination and secluded practices;  Female disengagement from selected sociocultural and economic activity;  Shielding the female folks from reaching career peaks by through deliberately or localized policy; and  Exclusion of women from participating in leadership recruitment exercise across board.

Where such practices are rife, aggregated violence against women will intensify the outcome in which women are often prevented from participating in some cultural events and even completely alienated from enjoying some family benefits. Thus, experiencing gender violence impedes individuals from contributing to or benefiting from development initiatives by limiting their choices and ability to act (UN General Assembly 2006).

As shown in the public consultations, questionnaire administration and other series of engagements in the Ganaja community concerning the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Intervention Project, incidents of GBV/SEA are rare in the area. This is not unexpected as cases of GBV are often denied publicly by under-reporting, and where such cases are reported the victims suffer societal stigmatization hence there is the absence of institutional support for case-based reporting. Hence there must be strengthening of reporting mechanisms and protection services for victims at the community level (Odimegwu & Okemgbo, 2003). At the global scale, one (1) in three (3) women has suffered gender based abuse during their lifespan (Duru et al., 2018). In the same vein, Nwabunike and Tenkorang (2015) affirmed that two-thirds of

Nigerian women have experienced domestic violence with specific ethnic differences when closely examined. According to the National Demographic and Health Survey 2008 in Nigeria, the percentage of women who have experienced violence was around 30% in 2008. The percentage is higher in the urban areas (30.2%) than in rural areas (26.3%).

In 2018, National Bureau Statistics (NBS) published a Statistical Report on Women and Men in Nigeria. The report indicated that rape incidence in Nigeria against women was 63.04% in 2015, it increased to 72.13% in 2016 and decreased in 2017 to 69.33%. To argue the intensity of these issues, diverse approaches have been investigated in the literature that connect sociocultural values to versions of GBV in Kogi State and north-central Nigeria. Culturally, the male is seen as superior to the female and this knowledge is passed down to younger generations. Therefore, this gender order spirals into marriage suggesting women must take permission from men, particularly husbands to get medical treatment, and before they engage in social activities with fellow women and colleagues. It becomes obvious that surreptitiously, women are culturally passive, forced to be humble, submit and generally inferior with less decision making power (Oduenyi et al., 2017). This is a clear-cut gender dichotomy which often triggers GBV often typified in marriages. Although, it might not have been indicated, there is a clear culturally-induced gender dichotomy which relegates the women (Oduenyi et al., 2015; George, 2015).

Oduenyi et al (2017) reported that the common types of GBV in Kogi State include intimate partner violence (IPV), rape, female genital mutilation (FGM), economic violence, and psychological violence. The occurrence of these series of abuses and violence against women were driven by economic factors where many men cannot cater for their family needs, religious beliefs and culture in which the male dominates the female. George (2015) shared a similar view on this phenomenon in Kogi State by stating the factors responsible for lethal violence against women to include possession of witchcraft power. Though these have been reported at various medical centres in the State, Oduenyi et al. (2017) argued that over 60% were not reported due to stigmatisation, cultural barriers and the confidence that such matters will be settled at the family level. A recent measure that has been advocated is the use of „Sex Offenders Register‟ where names and details of offenders can be published and made available to the public for knowledge and carefulness.

It can be concluded from the above analysis that GBV is prevalent in the project area to avoid attachment of the same to the proposed project, measures to mitigate the risk and if possible, prevent any manifestation of cases of GBV/SEA are to be addressed.

4.5 COVID 19 Awareness and Prevention During ESMP Field Work In view of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID 19), large gatherings are discouraged. The public consultation for the proposed intervention within the project area was therefore divided into focus group meetings with the stakeholders. However, the

following COVID 19 awareness and prevention activities were carried out during ESMP Field Work.  Social distances,  Mandatory use of nose mask  Handwash and sanitisation before and after meetings.

CHAPTER FIVE

ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 Impact Assessment Methodology Manifold methods were employed in measuring the impact of the active gully erosion at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks site as expected for every socio-environmental assessment of this magnitude. Checklists, matrix, public consultation, professional experience and field-based judgments were also used. The tools birthed three phases of impact assessment which include: a) Impact Identification: to itemise and enumerate the impacts connected with each phase of the project activities; b) Impact Prediction: to forecast and project the nature, magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts as regards the phases of the project; and c) Impact Evaluation: to appraise the significance of the impacts.

5.1.1 Impact Identification A checklist based on exhaustive consideration of the immediate environment, normal baseline information and the essential project activities were used to develop a set of lists of the potential impacts of the project. Project impact identification involved the following:  The source (origin) and/or the cause of the problem (project activity and or environment aspect);  The receptor of the impact (socio-environment component i.e. existing ecological and socioeconomic condition of the project environment);  The way and manner in which the effect is diffused from the source to the receptor (pathway and pulse); and  The potential consequences (environmental impact).

5.1.2 Impact Prediction Impact prediction entails a collage of processes that connect the project activities to the environment. Identified impacts were characterised based on the nature, duration, and reversibility of the possible impacts, and involved the following prediction spectral:  Beneficial Impacts: these are impact that have positive and useful effects;  Adverse Impacts: these are impact that have negative and unpleasant effects;  Direct Impacts: these are first-order evidential impacts and are directly related to the proposed project and can be connected to the actions that trigger them;  Indirect Impacts: these are second-order impacts that occur later in time or further away from the impact source;  Cumulative Impacts: these typically occur from the incremental impact of an action when combined with impacts from project-related events that have been commenced recently or would be activated in the near future;

 Reversible Impacts: these are impact over which the components involved have the capability of recovery following the disturbances caused by the impact based on resilience traceable to it;  Irreversible Impacts: these are impact whose effects are such that the environmental component cannot be returned to its original state even after adequate mitigation measures are applied, having frail resilience capacity;  Residual Impacts: these are impact whose effects remain after mitigation measures have been applied often requiring a review to deal with;  Short Term Impacts: these are impact whose effects remain over a short period of time and are confiscated after the utility of requisite alleviation measures;  Long Term Impacts: These are impact whose effects remain over a protracted period way beyond the utility of mitigation measures.

5.1.3 Impact Evaluation This is the third stage in the assessment procedure involved the evaluation of project- based concerns, issues and impacts. Based on its applicability on the project, the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) was used. The RAM approach involved an analysis of risks of the impact by determination of the consequence and or severity alongside the probability of occurrence. The severity of the impact was ascertained using the Consequence Severity Table while the Likelihood Ranking Table was used to estimate the probability of an impact. Table 5.1 details the RAM which was used to determine the risk level and the related significance of the impact. Tables 5.3 to 5.3 presents that outcome of impact identification, characterisation and evaluation for the Greater Lokoja Waterworks project.

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix Probability Attributes Certain Impacts that can reasonably be expected to occur during the project Likely Impacts that are likely to occur during the project Possible Impacts that might occur sometime during the project Unlikely Impacts that can reasonably be expected NOT to occur during the project Rare Impacts that are unlikely to occur except in exceptional circumstances

Severity Attributes Negligible No detectable environmental and socio-economic impact Marginal Minimum environmental and socio-economic impact. Localized reversible habitat loss or minimal long-term effects on habitat species or media/public health and safety Critical Significant environmental and socio-economic harm. Significant widespread and persistent changes in species, habitat and media (e.g. widespread habitat degradation/public health and safety) Catastrophic Detrimental environmental and socio-economic impact. Loss of a significant portion of a valued species or effective ecosystem function on a landscape scale/injury and death is possible

Severity Probability Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Certain Likely Possible Unlikely Rare

Low Impact Rating Medium  Low Risk: No response plans will be needed for these risks High  Medium Risk: Actions may be required to control acceptable risk  High Risk: Adequate action and management attention are required to control risk. Extreme There is need for some response planning for these risks  Extreme Risk: Significant additional action and high priority management attention will be required to control risk. There is need for an in-depth response plans for these risks.

5.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 5.2.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts  Mitigation of gully activities: Usual environmental issues that accompany gully erosion which includes flooding and river sedimentation will be minimised and flood water will be channelled through the drainage channels that will be constructed. Destruction of crops cultivated along the bank/floodplain of the Niger River will be reduced to the minimum possible extent. Consequent upon these activities, the gully erosion activities and further expansion will be controlled and the aesthetics of the project area will be restored.  Restoration of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land: the gully degraded lands by inhibiting land development will be addressed such that the land will be enhanced for agricultural activities. As much as possible the productivity of the land will be enhanced to reflect the pre-gully scenario.  Reducing disaster risks in the project area: The gully eroded land presents a huge risk to lives and properties. The facilities of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks particularly the perimeter fencing stands the risk of damages while farmlands could be washed away into the River Niger. All these environmental risks will be addressed by the project.  Improved environment and aesthetics of the area: Environmental aesthetics including the landscape, scenery and the view of the Rivers Niger and Benue from the perspective of the gully eroded area will be improved by the project. This is because botanical cosmetic trees for land degradation control will be planted to perform the dual role of erosion control and land beautification.

5.2.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts The overarching purpose of any environmental and social oriental project is to improve both the environment and social wellbeing of the people. This is usually directed using the instrumentality of the socioeconomic profile of the people and their nexus with the environment. It can be examined therefore that the civil works at the

Greater Lokoja Waterworks will reduce the harrowing experiences of the people especially those of the members of staff of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks and the peasant farmers cultivating the area to the barest minimum. The positive social impacts of the project are listed as follows:  Safety of lives and properties: The civil works within the web of project related activities will restore the eroded land and secure assets that are annually affected by flooding in the area. Also, the high-water flow off the Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road will be addressed with the construction of drainage channels to link the River Niger. Overall, the proposed project will ensure the safety of lives and properties within the watershed.  Safeguarding public infrastructures: Public facilities including infrastructures within the Greater Lokoja Waterworks and those within the larger community such as electricity distribution poles, transformer, drainage of the Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road and several others are threatened by the high floodwaters which, if not controlled, could lead to damages and expand the gully if left unaddressed. With the proposed development, these public facilities will be salvaged and people will be able to use these vital infrastructures without the disruptions caused by the gully and associated localised flooding.  Amplified value for structural and landed properties: The entire watershed will experience an increased valuation as the flooding has led to reduced interest in initiation of civil projects in the area due to concerns about the proneness of the area to flooding. Therefore, land utilisation opportunities will increase and abandoned projects will be revived. Farmers will also be encouraged to engage in the expansion of cultivation since the rehabilitation is holistic.  Employment opportunities: This will be a direct benefit to qualified and abled youths and professionals within the area. Construction workers, artisans, iron benders and other professionals will be sought within the community and Kogi State in general. Also, non-skilled workers including food vendors will be engaged. The project is expected to create over 100 direct and indirect jobs for new job seekers during the construction phase of the project for at least 24 months. Prior to the full employment some of the employed professionals will be trained with respect to the civil works pattern expected. Thus it will enhance their future employability or as standalone employers of labour. Some women will also be employed as sanitation managers within the project thus gender balance will be ensured during the project.

5.3 Potential Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities These negative impacts are outlined on the basis of their occurrence during pre- construction, construction and operation phases in order to proffer the suitable mitigation measures for each of the project phases as expected in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

5.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase: Potential Negative Social Impacts  Loss of Land and Source of Livelihoods: The proposed development will affect some activities along the gully and along the drainage channels to be constructed. The 69

designs outlined in the engineering design require some land procurement and expropriation measures. Farmlands and some pieces of land will be used as the construction buffer. To address this, a full or abbreviated resettlement action plan A(RAP) is required as defined by the World Bank ESS 5. This documents will address issues of resettlement of land and landed properties with all the compensation and acquisition modes.  Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood: Usually, a project in this fold is tied with heightened expectations. Such expectation is tied to peoples‟ expectations of better infrastructure provision to communities, possible rise in economic activities including agriculture, aquaculture, and food vending, provision of employment opportunities offered by the project, and many more. Residents may, however, develop certain excessive expectations of these which may not be captured as part of the project deliverables consequently leading to disappointments.  Proposed Project Induced Development: Within the entire watershed, the extent of proposed civil works could also raise the hope of total infrastructure development such that there may arise a perception that all projects in the area will be developed. This level of expectation could pose a deleterious impact on the project and could be worsened by an ineffectual project management framework. 5.3.2 Construction Phase: Potential Negative Environmental Impacts Series of activities during the construction phase will significantly affect the environment in more ways than one. Heavy trucks will be used to move sand and other essential construction materials on site, heavy duty equipment will be used that will obstruct normal traffic, activities will be intense en route the construction site and more. The following are the key negative environmental impacts of the project.  Impacts on Air Quality The ambient air quality will be adversely altered during the construction phase of the project as heavy-duty vehicles and dust particles from burrow pit where construction sand will source and the main construction site will be affected. The possible negative

impacts will be in the form of air quality parameters such as PM10 and NO2 / NOx and other emissions from plant and machinery, vehicles and other emission-generating gadgets will alter the natural air quality of the proposed project area. The impact of air pollution might also affect water production activities within the abutting Greater Lokoja Waterworks site particularly open water operations hence air quality assessment may be significant.

With the possible length of construction phase stated for two years (24 months), half of this is expected to be fully dedicated to civil works in which dust, airborne suspended fine particles will be released. Thus, this will affect some receptors which are highly sensitive to this adverse impact. Hence, prior to mitigation, the impact of dust on these receptors is considered to be major while the impact of potential emissions from different project-based sources will be considered significant. It is therefore vital to ensure that adequate steps are taken to abate the effects of these observed imprints.

During the operation phase however, the negative air quality impacts predicted could be associated to the following: i. Process emissions (NOx and CO); ii. Cumulative process emissions (NOx and CO); and iii. Greenhouse Gases (GHGs).

 Impacts on Flora and Fauna Owing to the nature of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks and the entire area within the watershed, it is inevitable that the proposed project will affect plants, animals and other biological life regardless of their size and living footprints. Micro-organisms that burrow in the soil and large animals that depend on grasses, herbs, ferns and shrubs will be displaced during land clearance. Birds and large animals that have built their habitats on trees within the area will not be spared as they will be displaced from their natural habitat. Crawling and climbing animals will also be displaced. During the construction phase, the ecosystem functions including the natural food chain will be severely affected.

 Impacts on Water and Water Resources The Greater Lokoja Waterworks is situated within an area of water utility. The proper functioning of the waterworks, particularly facilities located at the fenced area by the gully. More so, the River Niger that exist few metres away from the gully scar is hydrologically connected to the natural drainage system of the area. This shows that during construction, civil works involving excavations of earth materials might release suspended particles into the River Niger which if released in quantities beyond limits could pose deleterious effect on the natural chemical constituents of the river. This could be further diffused from high to low concentration affecting water organisms. It could also affect aquaculture, fishing and river bank activities. In addition, this could affect the swimming pool that is located just few metres away from the main gully. Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants, construction materials involving wet concrete and cement and powdery substances from the construction works as well as the possibility of poor waste management could contaminate the River Niger. Besides, there is the possibility of groundwater contamination from construction activities and the nearby freshwater would constitute direct, secondary impact. In terms of duration of impact, this ranges from short term to medium and long term if not properly handled and treated within the time of occurrence.

 Impact on Biodiversity The construction phase of the project will significantly affect the natural biodiversity of not only the project site but also the lower watershed where heavy-duty vehicles will ply and other related activities. Forested areas with native trees and tall grasses, which serves as, and the microclimatic factors will be removed and replaced with regrowth and shrubs at the bank of the River Niger. Consequently, the natural functioning of biodiversity including natural habitat within the local ecosystem will be completely disrupted with some even totally removed and some partly affected. Migratory routes of birds and animals will be affected. Large animals that rely on

food from the natural chain will be totally affected. Owing to the nature of the replenishment of biodiversity, the impact might be moderate but loss of habitat will be total. However, measures must be taken to curtail the impact to the barest minimum.

 Soil, Land Excavation and Camp Sites Construction The proposed project activities will involve land clearance, excavations, soil removals and infilling with concrete materials and cemented constructions. These will have impacts on the pristine soil characteristics such as locational soil profile, soil habitat for microorganisms, possible water table near the River Niger, soil water and nutrients and other natural surficial soil traits in many ways. First, the topsoil removal will alter the natural drainage and surface run-off regime in situ, especially during water flow in the rainy season. Second, soil fertility at the point may be affected if the nature of work is complete removal and replacement with concrete. The soil becomes less useful for cultivation. Therefore, soil destabilisation will be inescapable in this instance. However, if this is not properly managed, it will further potentially lead to soil erosion during heavy rainfall and sedimentation in downstream water bodies. The cumulative impacts of these will be negative, direct and indirect as some of the changes in situ will be permanent lasting beyond the project phase, notably however, the scale of the impacts will be at a local level. The magnitude of the impacts is therefore considered to be high.

Considering the nature of the project site with respect to the Greater Lokoja Waterworks and the River Niger, the sensitivity of the receptor is also considered to be high. This is also dictated by the immediate use of the soil for agriculture and related activities such as fish ponds, fishing etc. Prior to mitigation, the significance of the impacts is therefore considered to be high. A related concern to this is the location of project depot. The working camp and administrative workings of the project should be located with the consideration of use transfer after the completion of the project. To this end, plans that will consider the delicate nature of the soil should be key in site selection such that post-project clean-up would be seamless. The significance of the impacts is accordingly considered to be moderate prior to mitigation.

 Noise Noise as an environmental issue does not pose any overt merit that can be attached to the construction phase of the project. Series of activities identifiable with the project that instantaneously generate high octave sounds that could pose deleterious effect to the environment in general including human health. The project duration, which is 24 months, active hours of 0700–1800 Monday to Saturday with active movement of trucks and heavy-duty equipment permissible/acceptable human noise levels will be temporarily exceeded within the working zone. Therefore, noise abatement measures including adequate work scheduling must be taken into consideration. The negative noise impacts during construction are therefore considered to be of significance at the nearest receptors.

 Disruption to Communication and Transportation Routes

The consideration of possible disruption of communication and transportation routes is inevitable owing to the fact that the area is dominated by road transport, which will be kept busy and the low usage of water transport within the River Niger. Construction activities along the Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road for drainage channels inward the road to the Greater Lokoja Waterworks, the road leading to the water facility and other associated constructions will affect normal traffic pattern. Normal road traffic may be slowed down or diverted during construction works thereby impacting travel time plans and road-based service will be altered. Hence, from the time of construction till its completion, the overall impact upon the community would be characterized by obstruction of road accessibility apart from altered flow of road traffic flow. The impact on vehicular movement will generally be reflected in the form of an increase in trip time and other costs associated with delays. This will further result in minor inconveniences for the road users. The disruption to communication routes during construction are therefore considered to be of significance.

 Disruption to Public Utility This is inevitable owing to the gravity of work to be done and the number of public utilities such as electricity and water resources facility that might be affected. The Greater Lokoja Waterworks itself could be slightly disrupted. So, nearby electrical lines and cables would be affected as electricity supplies to customers could be affected during the construction phase of the project. The levels of the likely impacts that will arise from the disruption damage to this and other public utility in the project site are summarized in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utility Utility Nature of Impact Severity

Waterworks Interruption of functional Localised but severe public Facilities facilities inconvenience

Personal injury Possible serious injury to operator

Cost of repair/delay to works Mild/major production loss. Short public inconvenience

Medium Voltage Interruption of supply Severe production loss and public Electricity inconvenience Cables Personal injury Probable death of or serious injury to operator Cost of repair/delay to works Severe

Low Voltage Interruption of Supply Localised but severe public Electricity inconvenience Cables Personal Injury Possible serious injury to operator

Cost of repair/delay to works Minor production loss. Short public inconvenience

 Disruption of Access to Public Facilities Besides the general disruption to communications, civil works at the gully affected area might result in the temporary loss of access to other areas as work progresses past individual property entrances. This will be most severe when affected residence are crossing roads and in front of public buildings and emergency service centers as the case maybe. A major example would be the public access to the school and the church buildings which are few metres away from the gully channel.

 Occupational Health and Safety Civil works involving heavy-duty equipment, plant, machinery and concretise constructions are filled with occupational uncertainties in terms of injury of varying degrees. This calls for sufficient safety measures in situ. Some job specifications such as iron benders, iron welding, lifting of heavy objects, closeness of electrical materials such as heavy duty generators, crane and others require specified safety outfits such as coverall, safety booths, safety helmets, etc. noise from the operated vehicles and plants require specific safety from injurious exposure to such. To this end safety measures must be put in place for all categories of staff, visitors and administrators including assessors from relevant agencies of government saddled with observation and oversight functions. Irrespective of the phase of the construction works, safety measure on the job must be fully observed to avert loss damages and high intense injuries and even to avert loss of human lives.

 Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community Facilities Some benefits of the proposed project are accrued to the immediate community, particularly those rending foods for in situ staff, employment of locals in different capacity and others. However, some adverse effects on the community could stem from the attitude of employed staff. Some of these behaviours could be alcohol abuse and general engagement in unwholesome acts such as abuse of local women. The spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 is also possible. Apart from these, land clearance will affect cultivated lands, which could lead to the displacement of farmers; though the impact may not be high as the area is under temporary cultivation.

 Solid Waste Construction waste that will be generated from excavation, earthworks and concretes will form a vital part of solid wastes in the area. Other solid wastes that will be generated include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone debris. If these wastes are not properly disposed and managed, they constitute a threat to the lives of the member‟s staff of Greater Lokoja Waterworks and the environment in general.

 Sanitation Issues Some of the significant health concerns associated with the project‟s activities include shortage of facilities like toilets, catering facilities for construction workers and water.

Measures must be put in place to ensure that proper sanitary are introduced and sustained. This is to safeguard operational activities of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks. In other words, sanitation must be taken very seriously.

5.3.3 Construction Phase: Potential Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts The project, specifically within the cordoned area of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks and generally the area, is located within a residential area with a mixture of religious and few commercial activities. In fact, the local populace consists of civil servants, few traders, and artisans. There are chances of considerable negative impacts that will be due to the constructions works of the proposed project. These are: 1. Immigration of New Comers Apart from the people within the community, new comers from other parts of Kogi State and other parts of Nigeria will be employed to work in the project site. The possibility of negative social behaviours such as expansion of sex immorality, drug and alcohol abuse, insecurity, banditry, theft, STD, HIV/AIDS, spread of COVID-19 and many others cannot be ruled out. There is a high tendency some or many of these abuses will become rampant.

2. Impact on Ambient Air and Traffic The potential air emissions from the construction machineries will be moderate and they may have significant impacts on the ambient air quality. In other words, the extent of traffic that is likely to be generated during the construction phase will be a source of concern. Movement of heavy-duty machinery, trucks, lorries and other construction works might have harmful impact on the ambient air quality that will definitely affect road users. The Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road and the connecting roads within the Ganaja area will be affected at this phase of the project.

3. Loss of Livelihood by Women Some issues raised by women who are petty traders and food vendors along Lokoja- Ajaokuta road showed that women would be adversely affected by the proposed intervention project, especially through the loss of their road site kioks and shops. This will happen during the construction phase. In essence, their sources of livelihoods will be adversely affected.

4. Impact on Cultural Beliefs The influx of workers from other parts of Kogi State and Nigeria at large will require personal adjustments and adaptations to norms, values and the belief system of the residents and people of the proposed project. Traditional norms and values including festivals and various religious beliefs must be respected. Issues regarding women and children must be kept as sacrosanct as possible while forbidden acts and taboo must be avoided. To ensure this, a cooperative mechanism must be developed to ensure that these cultural values are mainstreamed into the workforce core values with the local community. If this issue is not coordinated and maintained, some workers could flout these cultural beliefs. Also, The Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site project is not expected to cause any damage to historical, archaeological and cultural sites in the community. Nonetheless, the Kogi State NEWMAP will have to consult widely in

order to monitor the operations of the contractors throughout the works period to ensure that no archaeologically or culturally valuable areas and valuables are destroyed.

5. Increase in Crime and Insecurity Issues The urban ncharacter of the host community makes the flow of people easy, driven by the major road – Lokoja-Ajaokuta Road. Inflow of people who might flout some of the local security issues could build up cases of crime and security issues. Adequate sensitization and other localised measures could reduce this significantly.

5.3.4 Operations and Maintenance Phase: Potential Negative Environmental and Social Impacts During this phase, activities will include; regular inspection, de-siltation and clearance of the drains and manholes, training of operators, maintenance of equipment used, sanitation and waste management system, maintenance of vegetation and aquaculture activities around the drainage channel, market gardening around the drainage channels area, increased vehicular traffic in the area and increase in commercial activities, emergence of unplanned land uses, increased housing and facility density, increased business attractions among several others will surface. These activities could trigger issues such as air quality diminishing, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues among others.

1. Air Quality An increase in vehicular traffic in the project area might increase the rise in dust and other air-borne particles, which might have negative impact on the visibility and general environmental outlook of the area. Residents of the community might feel this occurrence and such disturbances might also be observed from hospital records within the area. It therefore becomes imperative to put a viable structure in place to check the air quality of the project during this phase of the project.

2. Noise and Vibration This is a likely phenomenon. It can be related to increase in traffic and air quality issues. Since the Lokoja Ajaokuta Road connects other roads in the community to other parts of Ajaokuta LGA and Lokoja city and by extension to other parts of Kogi and Nigeria, intensified vehicular operations will likely compound the pre-project decibels. However, this may not be beyond residential permissible threshold of 90 ɖB(A) for an 8-hour working period as regulated by FMEnv.

3. Water Quality Issues Runoff from roadway, community solid wastes, agricultural wastes and lubricants oil and grease used in equipment maintenance could drive an increase in water quality issues within the site and the watershed. It is vital therefore to certify that water quality measures such as pH level, turbidity, water colour and other physical measures are examined on a timely basis at the time of the project and monitored.

4. Traffic and Transportation

Developed road infrastructure usually attract increased utility. Thus, this is expected during the operation phase of the project. It should be noted that the attraction for increased vehicular density should not also be unexpected, thus, proper public safety measures against road vehicular accidents associated with this must be ensured and implemented during this phase of the project.

Table 5.3: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Pre-Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental and Social Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Impact Category

Severity

Probability

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long term Short term Beneficial Adverse Residual 1 Land acquisition Conflict from the members of the X X X X X Possible Catastrophic Extreme for the community to vacate areas allocated for intervention the project especially the drainage project channel sites.

2 Public Awareness Pessimistic Community perception can X X X X Possible Marginal Medium disrupt the proposed project activities

Table 5.4: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Project Potential Environmental and Social Impact Qualification Risk Impact Category

Activities Impact

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long term Short term Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Excavation, Channel Bank Failure X X X X Possible Marginal Medium channelization, concretisation, filling, lining, gabion drop structures and re-vegetation 2 Rock material might cave in during X X X X Possible Marginal Medium channel and baffled chute construction. 3 Mudflow X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

4 Soil impacts on activities such as X X X X Possible Marginal Medium excavating, grading, levelling, compacting etc. 5 In situ waste management X X X X Possible Negligible Low 6 Channelization of flood waters X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 7 Topographic alterations and other civil X X X X Likely Marginal Medium works for remediation purposes 8 Air Quality Issues (Dust) X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 9 Water Quality Concerns X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 10 Air Quality (Noise) X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 11 Increased Siltation and runoff X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

Table 5.5: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental and Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Social Impact Category

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long term Short term Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Clearing of Forest Impact on flora and fauna X X X X Certain Marginal Medium

2 Impact on Wildlife X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

Table 5.6: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Socio-Economic Impacts during Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental and Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Social Impact Category

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long term Short term Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Mobility of machineries Traffic and transportation X X X X Certain Marginal Medium and materials Impact 2 Accidents and Road Crashes X X X X Possible Critical High 3 Employment Opportunities X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

4 Human displacement X X X X Possible Critical Extreme 5 Aesthetics X X X X Possible Negligible Low 6 Shrines and Cultural sites X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

Table 5.7: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Public Health Impacts during the Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental and Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Social Impact Category

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long term Short term Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Sexual Activities HIV/AIDS and STDs X X X X Possible Critical High 2 Human Interactions COVID-19 X X X X Possible Critical High 3 Domestic Water Usage Water-borne diseases X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 4 Increase mosquito vector Malaria Issues X X X X Likely Critical High breeding sites

Table 5.8: Characterisation and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for Operation Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental and Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Social Impact Category

e e

Direct

Indirect

Adverse Severity

Residual

Beneficial

Reversible

Long term

Cumulativ

Irreversibl

Short term Probability 1 General maintenance operations Generation of waste, spill of oil X X X X Possible Marginal Medium from equipment, loss of  Regular inspection vegetation.  Desilting and clearance of drains, manholes,  Desilting drainage channels,  Repair of damaged engineering structure,  Cleaning of drainage channel to prevent mosquitoes,  Training of operators,  Maintenance of equipment used,  Sanitation and waste management system 2 Air quality Poor visibility, Increase air X X X X Possible Marginal Medium pollution level / dust 3 Noise and vibration Noise and vibration from X X X X Possible Marginal Medium machinery 4 Water quality Spill from equipment could X X X X Possible Marginal Medium pollute surface and ground water 5 Traffic and transport Obstruction to free flow of X X X X Possible Marginal Medium traffic during maintenance. 6 Health and Safety Health and safety Issues X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

7 Sand Mining in rehabilitated Increase soil erosion, create X X X X Possible Marginal Medium channel. gully and cause land degradation.

5.4 Analysis of Alternatives Every project requiring an environmental study in the fold of ESMP must be guided by scientifically crafted project alternatives. Thus, Project alternatives refer to a comparison of possible actions and modes taken and changes to be considered regarding the implementation of the proposed project at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site. Weighing the strengths of these alternatives to select the most appropriate in terms of addressing the key issues also become a vital step in the ESMP. The choice will be centred on the fundamentals of achieving the threshold of the set criteria concerning all the considered environmental and social variables that are vital to the project (i.e. Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARAR)).

5.4.1 No-Action Alternative The assumption behind this alternative is based on the impression that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully site. In other words, the prevailing gully erosion area will be left untouched and unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction work carried out on the site. Consequently, the gully erosion events will be left to continue without any attempt to tackle the environmental issue. Accordingly, the current conditions at the gully site and the entire watershed will worsen and this will result in the destruction of the facilities at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks, farmlands, roads, infrastructures, public facilities, and others. With the no-action alternative, the gully will expand as the soil will become much more eroded, farmlands will be destroyed, farmers will lose their crops, status of lives and properties will remain unsafe or worsened and the erosion and flooding related destruction will remain unaddressed. Other environmental and socially unfavourable impacts such as exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, destruction of the topsoil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and the River Niger will be polluted by chemical elements washed off the gully into the water body. In summary, there will be no obvious improvement on the gully situation while the entire area will get worse as no advantage can be attached to this alternative. As a result of these effects, the no-action alternative is strongly not endorsed for this project.

5.4.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives Delayed-Action: The delayed-action alternative advocates a deferred option which will result into further damages and degradation of the watershed and increase the cost of rehabilitation in the long run. The consequence of this alternative is that inflation will increase project costing and the integration of other economic factors may further cause huge changes in the accrued cost of materials, thereby increasing the financial burden of the entire project. Apart from high project cost, there are no definite advantage identifiable with this alternative in the short-term such that incurred damages may eliminate the gains from long-standing effects. This alternative is therefore, desirable and not recommended for the project. 82

Right-Away Action: As the name suggest, it means get-go and get it done! It suggests that immediate action would be taken to address the damages posed by the current status of the gully. This action suggests prompt and speedy attention to address the issues and to consolidate on the accrued benefits from both the short-term and long-term effectiveness. The influence of inflation and other economic forces will have minimal or not influence the cost of materials. Accordingly, it will make the anticipated financial burden of the rehabilitation a convincing assessment. This alternative together with other alternatives is recommended.

5.4.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Options Civil Works: This entails constructions and all other civil and engineering works as well as enhancements associated with the project. Civil works are expected to be intense spanning the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas which demands such level of activities.

Bioengineering: This action involves stable seeding and planting of vegetation as part of the gully stabilization measures following construction of the civil engineering measures. The procedure of combining natural vegetation with civil works birth the tag the name bioengineering. The approach involves the use of vegetation will stem runoff velocities, holds the soil together, provides habitat for wildlife and is visually pleasing. This approach is also less costly. However, it is imperative to select the appropriate species that are preferably indigenous, and at the least non-invasive so as to integrate vegetal symbiosis as constituent of the project.

Technological Options: For the anticipated rehabilitation of the gully induced damage at the gully site, all elements of the watershed, particularly the environmental and social components, will be considered. These will be captured as the relevant components of the natural and human environment at the risk of destruction including the soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities will be secured in the affected communities of concern.

However, the procedure for the restoration works and associated enhancements of gully site will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Consequently, construction works (civil works option), synchronized with bioengineering and technological methods will be adopted in restoring and enhancing the affected areas as envisioned in the NEWMAP, as described in Table 5.9 below. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly reduced in such a way that the benefits will offset the demerits.

The merits of the Civil Works, synchronized with bioengineering approach in the right-away alternative outweigh the No-Action alternative and it is, therefore, recommended. The three alternatives and technological options as enunciated are summarised in Table 5.9. As shown in the table, Civil Work synchronised with bioengineering technology in the right-away action alternative will provide the solution that the NEWMAP sought while the No-Action alternative will undoubtedly aggravate the problem being experienced in the area.

Table 5.9: Appraisal of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action Delayed Action Right Away Biological works Civil works alone The Civil works & Action alone Bioengineering (Biological & the construction of Hard Structures)

General This will not benefit This will not This will be the The remediation of The The rehabilitation of Safeguard of the concerned benefit the right step to the biological life implementation of degraded Environment stakeholders and concerned safeguard the forms will lead to this proposed environment coupled and Human community residents stakeholders environment and improvement of life, project will lead to with remediation of Health (General considering the and community human wellbeing properties and improvement of the biological life protection observed level of residents. The from further infrastructures will life. Infrastructures form will result into mechanisms) destruction the gully damage might degradation be secured, lives will be secured, better and an has had on the area. potentially saved, resources lives saved, improved life. Public Private properties become recovered, resources Infrastructures will be and public catastrophic and transportation recovered, secured, lives saved, infrastructures have the level of facilities enhanced transportation resources recovered, been severely human and and general facilities enhanced transportation affected and this has material losses restoration of and general facilities enhanced led to loss of landed may be well livelihood. It will restoration of and general properties, land beyond repair benefit the Project livelihood. It will restoration of degradation, loss of with economic Affected People and benefit the Project livelihood. It will agricultural fields loss of materials the residents. Affected People benefit the Project and produce, etc. worth millions and the residents. Affected People and Adopting this of naira. The the residents. alternative will not delay action benefit the project may lead to Affected People and restiveness in the environment in the area. Also general. delays in the mobilization of the contractor or by other administrative bureaucratic processes. Short-Term No-Action Delayed action This will be an The timeline for the The timeline for The timeline for the Usefulness alternative does not will contribute immediate biological works is the civil work is civil and biological add any specific nothing to short derivable benefits long term. long term. works are long term. input to the stated – term and a sustained Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, the criteria. usefulness. long-term benefit benefits derivable benefits derivable benefits derivable are will be achieved. can only be are still better than still better than optimized if a No-Action and biological or civil combined with civil Delayed-Action work alone. work. Even under a alternatives. With Delayed-Action biological works alternative the alone, the short- combination of the term civil work two will provide will not provide useful results. long-term effectiveness value that biological alternative adds to the final solution. Long-Term This option does not Already This alternative The biological Civil works alone The combination of Effectiveness meet the long-term incurred perfectly meets works alone will will provide a the Civil and and Permanence effectiveness and damages may both the long-term provide long-term long-term use for Biological works will permanence criteria. obliterate the and short-term effectiveness for the the watershed but provide long-term gains from effectiveness and watershed but may may not be effectiveness for the long-term permanence not be sustainable sustainable without watershed effectiveness criteria. without the civil the biological and the cost of works. works because of intervention the unforeseen may increase long-term effect of due to inflation. water erosion.

CHAPTER SIX

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

This chapter addresses the fundamentals of the environmental and social management plan in line with the identified adverse impacts with a view to building the framework for suitable mitigation measures. Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities that will ensure all the provisions are implemented under strict supervision are outlined. The respective cost analysis are detailed and tied to each mitigation measure. Each of these are carefully segmented and discussed as follows:  Description of proposed mitigation measures;  Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities;  Capacity building plan;  Public consultation plan;  Description of grievance redress mechanism  Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project  Specific ways that GBV risks are to be addressed in the project by identifying mitigation measures including development of a GBV Action plan with accountability and response from work  Costs of implementing the ESMP.

6.1 Description of the Proposed Mitigation Measures 6.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase Measures At the pre-construction phase, the mitigation measures are proffered to resolve the adverse effects of the project prior to the commencement of social civil works. Notably, this phase covers the preliminary works that pre-dates the construction and developmental works in the area. In effect, there are two critical issues that might be of cogent significance: land acquisition and community perception of the project. Each of these is discussed as follows: i. Land acquisition This is an essential component of the project involving lands along the catchment configuration and the drainage channels (if needed). This will address the legally binding right-of-way for civil works activities such as the large drains along the catchment configuration. A comprehensive land acquisition details is already being handled by the RAP report. Table 6.1 provides further details on this activity. ii. Community perception of the project A project of this nature is anticipated to gather various views in terms optimism of execution, pessimism and scepticism. However, the impact of the gully erosion on the Greater Lokoja Waterworks facility could stimulate a sense of strict optimism. This flip-flop perception could present a backlash against community support towards the project. Measures to address adverse community perception on the proposed project are enlisted in Table 6.1 below.

6.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures The expected activities at the various layers of the watershed: o Upper watershed: Excavation, channelization, concretisation, and filling; o Middle watershed: Channelization, concretisation, filling, lining, gabion drop structures and re-vegetation; o Lower watershed: Concretisation, lining, and re-vegetation

6.1.3 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures The expected activities during the operation phase include:  Maintenance and repairs;  Scheduled and unscheduled reliability tests for the renovated gully area, constructed drainage channels, maintenance and replacement of degraded/wearing/faulty/damaged sections and components;  Maintenance of cracks and potholes;  Drainage cleaning (where and when necessary);  Vegetation, cleaning and control through weeding of the shoulders;  Borrow pit reclamation.

6.1.4 Monitoring of Mitigation Measures during Project Implementation  Pre-Construction Phase The pre-construction phase of the project is the project initiation stage with series of ground works and documentation that will set the project‟s construction phase in tune. It guarantees the efficient running of the project with pre-project works. Table 6.1 provides the detail of monitoring activities for this phase of the project.  Construction Phase The high intense activities within the construction set the tone for the nature of impacts and the associated mitigation measures. As earlier mentioned, there are series of environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed project and the possible mitigation measures have been outlined. The missing maze is the monitoring which is required to track the progress of the mitigation measures. The details of these with respect the project implementation were stated in Table 6.2 for the construction phase of the project as well as the connected impacts.  Operation and Maintenance Phase Monitoring measures are essential at the operation and maintenance phase because these are key pivots that keep the project intact. Specific environmental and social monitoring details are stated in Table 6.3. The respective monitoring measures are attached to the explicit environmental and social issues identified with its associated mitigation measures.

6.1.5: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase Table 6.1 shows the ESMP for Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase. The Mitigation / Enhancement Measures and Mitigation responsibility (Implementation) are identified. The Monitoring indicators, Method of measurement, Frequency of measuring, Monitoring responsibility and the Cost of monitoring are properly documented.

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase S/N Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Mitigation Cost of Mitigation Indicators/ Measurement Sampling Frequency of Monitoring Cost of Monitoring Enhancement Measures Responsibility Parameters Method Location Monitoring Responsibility (Implementation) (Supervision)

USD$ NGN USD$ NGN Environmental Impacts A1  Mobilisation Noise and  Keep equipment Contractor 970 378,300  Noise Levels  In-Situ Constructio Daily Environmental 335 130,650  Site clearing vibration from the and machineries (Not to exceed Measurement n Site and Safeguards  Material use of heavy duty amply to reduce 90dB(A)  Complaint surroundin Officer (ESO), sourcing trucks vehicles noise levels  Records of Register g area Kogi  Staging area and equipment  Fix machineries Equipment NEWMAP-  Workers and heavy-duty Maintenance SPMU camp equipment with Kogi State  Burrow pit exhaust mufflers/ Ministry of site location silencers to Environment minimize noise (KSME) generation  Keep internal combustion engines low A2 Ambient air  Suppress dust Contractor 850 331,500  Suspended  In-Situ Constructio Daily ESO-Kogi 325 126,750 pollution from emissions by Particulates Measurement n Site and NEWMAP release of dusts appropriate (SPM), SO2, surroundin SPMU and gaseous methods such as NOx, CO, g area KSME emissions spraying water THC on soil  Vehicle  Ensure vehicles Exhaust are in good Measurements working  Records of condition. maintenance  Ensure exhaust for all fumes from machineries

vehicles conform and equipment to applicable National standards and specifications A3 Soil  Ensure fuel Contractor 1,100 429,000  Soil quality  In situ/ and Project site Monthly ESO-Kogi 325 117,750 contamination storage tanks are parameters Laboratory NEWMAP from accidental leak-proof, (especially analysis SPMU leakage/spillage of  checked daily & hydrocarbon KSME fuel, oil and installed in a contaminants)  Visual lubricants bonded area  Compliance observation  Establish with fuel procedures for storage storage & procedures handling of hazardous materials.  Implement emergency response plan as part of OHS Plan to deal with spillage

A4 Loss of soil  Avoid removal Contractor 870 339,300  % of Vegetal  Visual Constructio During ESO-Kogi 305 118,950 quality from de- of vegetation and Loss estimate n Site and site NEWMAP vegetation and trees to the  Revegetated surroundin clearing SPMU erosion extent possible areas g area and KSME  Protect all constructi vegetation not on required to be removed against damage  Re-vegetate exposed soil quickly A5 Impact on fish  Washing of Contractor 900 351,000  Records of fish  Complaint Constructio During ESO-Kogi 425 165,750 habitat and water Project plant and catch Register n Site and site NEWMAP quality vehicles in  Visual surroundin clearing SPMU  Reduced watercourses will monitoring g area and KSME primary not be  Probe constructi productivity in undertaken monitoring on

fisheries,  Avoid direct  Potential impacts (i.e. impact on fish habitat spawning and disturbance in bank-nesting the channel) or  degradation of increases in spawning suspended habitat sediments in the  Habitat loss, water in the fragmentation rivers especially and in the spawning degradation season leading to  Daily visual potential loss monitoring of of specie turbidity will be  restriction of undertaken at fish movement gully erosion and reduced while works are reproductive being undertaken success at that river  Only essential construction vehicles (as approved by the Company) will be allowed to enter rivers or streams and only with prior examination of the vehicles for fuel/lubricant leaks  The gully erosion contractor will prepare a plan to respond to an outbreak of pollution, including clean up and remediation for outbreak and

liaison with downstream users A6 Generation of  Comply with the Contractor 820 319,800  Contractors  Visual Constructio Weekly ESO-Kogi 365 142,350 vegetal wastes and Waste Compliance to observation n Site and NEWMAP other cleared Management WMP  Waste surroundin SPMU materials Plan  On-site Waste Tracking g area KSME  Promote waste management Report avoidance; techniques reduction; reuse and recycling as applicable  Ensure proper handling, and disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil, concrete, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.) 5,510 2,148,900 2,080 811,200 Biological Impacts A7 Impact on flora  Planting of trees Contractor 1,200 468,000  Area cleared  Visual Constructio Weekly Kogi State 800 312,000 and fauna and re-vegetation outside the observation n Site and NEWMAP- of affected area. gully surroundin SPMU; remediation g area Federal corridor. NEWMAP  Extent of area and Other cleared for relevant installation Ministries  Number of trees planted and area extent of lawns developed

A8 Impact on  Avoid protected Contractor 950 370,500  Number and  Visual Constructio Weekly Kogi State 900 351,000 Wildlife area in project extent of observation n Site and NEWMAP- implementation protected/conse surroundin SPMU; rved area g area Federal

developed NEWMAP  Number of and Other trees planted relevant Ministries Total 2,150 838,500 1,700 663,000 Socio-Economic Impacts A9  Sensitisation Loss of building,  Implementation  Kogi As documented in  RAP Prepared  Assessment by Impacted All issues FPMU As documented in  Mobilisation farmland as well of measures NEWMA the RAP report  Implementatio the Kogi communiti should be Kogi the RAP report  Site clearing as land-based outlined in the P SPMU; ns of the NEWMAP es settled NEWMAP  Material livelihood RAP which will  Kogi State requirements SPMU to before the SPMU; sourcing including outline the Town of the determine if start of Kogi State  Staging area economic trees mitigation Planning resettlement the objectives civil Town  Workers and crops measures and & Land instrument of the works Planning & camp compensation Developm resettlement Land where eligible. ent. instrument Development have been achieved. A10 Grievances and  Continuous  Social 1,050 409,500  Regular  Evidence of Impacted Througho FPMU 600 243,000 conflict arising community Safeguard consultations consultation, communiti ut project Kogi potentially from engagement/con Officers with e.g., minute of es implement NEWMAP members of the sultation (SSO) – stakeholders meetings ations SPMU; community asked  Establishment of Kogi and members pictures to vacate areas grievance NEWMA of the  Number of allocated for the redress P SPMU, communities complaints project mechanism GRCs  Implementatio received and (GRM) to n of GRM resolved. receive and address concerns

A11 Security issues  Engage Contractor 1,350 526,500  Regular  Log book Communit Monthly Supervision 500 195,000 that may lead to competent meetings with y/project Consultant stealing of security community site Kogi contractor personnel heads NEWMAP equipment  Provide adequate SPMU; mobilised to site training of security personnel.  Disclose site security arrangements to the Police and host communities

A12  Threat to  Involve local Contractor 1,250 487,500  Implementatio  Log book Communit Monthly Kogi 650 253,500 community community and Kogi As As ns of the  Assessment by y/project All issues NEWMAP As As culture due to opinion leaders in NEWMAP docu docume requirements the Kogi site regarding SPMU; docu documen labour influx the project SPMU mente nted in of the code of NEWMAP cultural Supervision ment ted in the  Impact on site of planning process d in the RAP conducts and SPMU to heritage Consultant ed in RAP cultural heritage  Develop an the report the cultural determine if should be the report  Impact on induction program RAP sensitization the objectives settled RAP intangible including a code report programs of the before the report cultural heritage of conduct for all  Regular resettlement start of (all the festivals) workers. meetings with instrument civil  Provide cultural community have been works sensitisation heads achieved. training to  RAP Prepared improve awareness of and sensitivity of workers to local cultures, traditions and lifestyles. (Implement the PCRMP)  Minimise the disruption as a result of the relocation and removal of sacred sites  Where possible, design or re- design Project components to avoid or minimise impacts to known physical cultural heritage resources based on input from cultural heritage specialists.  Avoidance of shrines determined to be 93

very important to the local community.  If shrines considered important to the local community cannot be avoided, consultation with the local community will occur to offer compensation for the loss of the cultural resource or to inquire about the possibility of relocating the resource.  Sensitise all workers on the restriction during the series of festivals  Educational, awareness-raising and information programmes, aimed at the general public, in particular construction workers from other communities  Identify and define the various elements of this intangible cultural heritage including festivals with the participation of

communities and relevant non- governmental organisations.  Consultation with chief priest and community elders on the required compensation;  Adopt a general policy of respect aimed at promoting the function of these intangible cultural heritages and at integrating the safeguarding of such heritage into project planning programmes.  The impact on cultural will be further examined through the RAP study A13 Exposure of  Implement site Contractor 1,200 468,000  Contractors  Routine Constructio Weekly ESO-Kogi 575 224,250 workers to specific OHS Plan: Compliance to Inspection n Site/ NEWMAP occupational  Ensure that staging Occupation  HSE Reports Campsite/ SPMU hazards areas for safety and Staging KSME contractor Health areas/ Supervision equipment are (OSH)/Health borrow pit Consultant adequately Safety and areas delineated and Environment cordoned off with (HSE) Plan reflective tapes  Compliance to and barriers use of PPEs  Any uncovered  HSE Statistics work pits should (FAC, LTI, have appropriate etc.) signage and  No of workers protection around trained

them  Workers should get a daily induction/toolbox before going on the site and a refresher of what happened on site a day before  Adequate safety signage on construction sites should be installed to alert community/drivers /pedestrians.  Lighting and/or reflective tapes and signage integrated in all worksites for safety at night  Appropriate security measures in place to prevent harassment or kidnapping (see OHS plan). A14 Conflict arising Employment of local Contractor 1,240 483,600  No. of local  Log book Constructio Weekly Kogi 575 224,250 from the poor labour should be labour used n Site during NEWMAP employment/enga maximized by Pre- SPMU gement of local ensuring the Constructi labour for site submission of on clearing statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition in the procurement document for the contractor. 6,090 2,375,100 2,900 1,131,00 0 Public Health Impacts / COVID 19

A15 Risk of diseases  Develop a site Contractor 1,350 526,500  Workers Using  Routine Project site Daily ESO-Kogi 400 156,000 arising from specific HSE PPE Inspection during NEWMAP indiscriminate plan  HSE Statistics  HSE Reports Pre- SPMU and waste disposal  Comply with the (FAC, LTI, Constructi SSO waste etc.) on KSME Risk of contacting management COVID 19 plan  Comply with NEWMAP COVID 19 guidelines and NCDC PROTOCOL Total 1,350 526,500 400 156,000

6.1.6 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase Table 6.2 shows the ESMP for Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase. The Mitigation / Enhancement Measures and Mitigation responsibility (Implementation) where identified. The Monitoring indicators, Method of measurement, Frequency of measuring, Monitoring responsibility and the Cost of monitoring are properly documented

Table 6.2: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase S/N Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Responsibility Cost of Mitigation Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of Monitoring Enhancement Measures (Implementation) Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring (Supervision) (USD$/NGN) (USD$) NGN (USD$) NGN Environmental Impacts

B1  Earthworks Noise and See A1 Possible 1,250 487,500 See A1 See A1 See A1 Critical See A1 See A1 375 146,250

including vibration from excavation and the use of grading motorized  Provision of vehicles and lateritic sub- equipment base and base course (150mm)  Side Drains  Culvert works  Utilization of borrow pits for B2 gully Drainage  Heavy duty Contractor 1,300 507,000  Distance of  Visual Constructi Every day, ESO-Kogi 425 165,750 reclamation Channel Failure machinery and heavy-duty observation on Site during the NEWMAP filling material machines from construction SPMU should be about 30m the channel phase Engineer – away from the during civil Kogi channel; works NEWMAP  Vibration induced SPMU machines should be  Overhead State Ministry avoided; position of of Works  Lower the overhand excavator with before using boom of at least excavator with a 25 meters. boom of at least 25 meters.  Vibration level of machinery during civil works.

B3 Ambient air See A2 See A2 1,450 565,500  Suspended See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 525 204,750 pollution from Particulates release of dusts Matter (SPM), and gaseous SO2, NOx, CO, emissions during THC construction  Vehicle Exhaust Measurements  Records of maintenance for all machineries and equipment B4 Increased  De-silting of drainage Contractor 1,300 507,000 Surface Water In-Situ Discharge During ESO-Kogi 300 234,000 Siltation and channel Quality (pH, Measurements point, construction NEWMAP runoff/flooding  Enlighten the TDS, TSS, midstream SPMU, populace on proper BOD, COD, and Engineer, disposal of domestic Turbidity) downstrea KSME waste m

 Enhance proper handling and disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.)  Construct temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens  Install sediment silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt into River Niger B5 Topographic  Construction works Contractor 1,200 468,000  Height of bank Routine Constructi During ESO-Kogi 400 156,000 alterations and should be done stabilisation to Inspection on Site construction NEWMAP slope instability according to local the local relief SPMU arising from relief and Engineer – excavation to hydrology;  Depth and area Kogi construct  Old drainage extent of NEWMAP drainages systems should be excavation. SPMU maintained and new State Ministry ones prioritized;  Number and of Works  Ensure that area extent of engineering designs cut and fill are designed with respect to local  Terraced areas topography. (extent)  Excavation / scooping should be top down and no down or base cutting with huge rock hanging B6 Loss of soil See A4 See A4 990 386,100 See A4 See A4 See A4 See A4 See A4 450 193,050 quality from de- vegetation and erosion B7 Generation of See A6 See A6 1,150 448,500 See A6 See A6 See A6 See A6 See A6 385 150,150 spoils and other construction 99

wastes Total 8,640 3,369,600 3,160 1,232,4 00 Biological Impacts B8 Impact on flora See A7 See A7 1,480 577,200 See A7 See A7 See A7 See A7 See A7 350 136,500 and fauna

B9 Impact on See A8 See A8 990 386,100 See A8 See A8 See A8 See A8 See A8 275 107,250 Wildlife 2,470 963,300 625 243,750 Socio-Economic Impacts B10  Earthworks  Risk of See A15 See A15 1,200 468,000 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 625 243,750 including diseases excavation and arising from grading indiscriminate  Side Drains waste disposal  Culvert works B11  Utilization of  GBV/SEA  Commitment / policy Contractor, Part of  No of Routine Priority During Supervision 450 175,500 borrow pits risks to cooperate with law ESO-Kogi construction workers Inspection Site Construction Consultant  Intimate enforcement agencies NEWMAP cost sensitized. Kogi Partner investigating SPMU, SSO,  Code of NEWMAP Violence perpetrators of gender- GRC, conduct SPMU (IPV) based violence; Procurement Kogi developed for ESO-Kogi  Public  Ensure a copy of the NEWMAP SPMU workers NEWMAP harassment code of conduct is  Code of SPMU  Harmful presented to all conduct Police widowhood workers and signed by signed by practices and each worker. Contractor women and  Ensure workers are and workers child trained on the content  Level of trafficking of the code of conduct awareness of in English and local workers to language local cultures  Provide cultural  Awareness of sensitisation training to grievance improve awareness of  Procedures. and sensitivity of  No of local workers to local workers cultures, traditions and  Presence of lifestyles. security  Prohibit child and personnel forced labour.  Establish and implement the GBV- GRM.  Engage competent security personnel

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 Developing a clear NEWMAP specific internal “Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents,  Strengthening operational processes of NEWMAP states project area on GBV/SEA,  Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services,  Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders,  Establishment of inter- ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above.

B12 Conflict arising See A15 See A15 1,250 487,500 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 Supervision 475 185,250 from the poor Consultant employment/ See A15 engagement of local labour for construction activities B13 Traffic Implement site specific Contractor in 990 386,100  Contractors  Routine Priority During ESO-Kogi 480 187,200 congestion and Transport Management conjunction with Compliance Inspection Site Construction NEWMAP increased risk of Plan (TMP) and OHS FRSC  Workers Using SPMU road traffic Plan Personal Federal Road accidents and Protective Safety injury Equipment- Commission Health Safety and

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Environment (PPE-HSE) Statistics/ Incident/acciden t report B14 Damage to See B12 See B12 400 156,000  See B12  See B12 Project During Supervision 260 101,400 shrines and site and its Construction Consultant, cultural sites surroundin ESO-Kogi g NEWMAP SPMU, SSO, Kogi State Ministry of Culture and Tourism

B15 Damage to and  Employ utility survey Contractor 1,500 585,000  Notify Utility  Notification Constructi During ESO-Kogi 250 97,500 disruption of maps to identify Service Register on area excavation NEWMAP services of existing underground Providers  Visual SPMU existing public facilities before Observation Engineer, Kogi utility cables and excavation works to NEWMAP pipes prevent / minimize SPMU damages and PC, Kogi disruption of services NEWMAP  Shut down service if SPMU necessary, should be as temporal as possible  Any disruption will be discussed with utility operators and the community beforehand. B16 Interference from  Engage members of SSO and ESO- 1,000 390,000  Regular  Log book Communit Monthly Kogi 325 126,750 local community communities in Kogi NEWMAP meetings with y/project NEWMAP causing stakeholder SPMU community site SPMU disruptions to consultation Contractor heads work throughout the Lifecyle of the project  Involve local community and opinion leaders in planning process  To minimize the number of foreign workers being brought to the site, the contractor will be required to hire

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skilled/unskilled labour from local people if they wish to be hired.

B17 Impacts on water  A12 A12 1,150 448,500  A12  A12 A12 A12 A12 300 117,000 supply /water quality

B18 Risk of flooding  Desilting of drainage Contractor 1,300 507,000  Record keeping  Log book Constructi During Supervision 200 78,000 channels on Site Construction Consultant,  Enlighten the ESO-Kogi populace on proper NEWMAP disposal of domestic SPMU, SSO, waste Kogi State  Enhance proper Ministry of handling and disposal Culture and of wastes (especially Tourism contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.) B19 Impact on  Provide alternative 1,700 663,000  Record keeping  Log book Constructi During Supervision 350 136,500 accessibility to route/access to public on Site Construction Consultant, public and private ESO-Kogi establishment establishments NEWMAP (Greater Lokoja  The Contractor SPMU, SSO, Waterworks) should liaise with the Kogi State Kogi State Ministry Ministry of of transport and Health where possible the federal government agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC)

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throughout the construction phase to ensure traffic during the construction period. The design of traffic management system should involve all the modes of road transport particularly motorcycles. B20 Impact on water  Suppress dust 1,700 507,000  Record keeping  Log book Constructi During Supervision 475 185,250 production and emissions by on Site Construction Consultant, supply activities appropriate methods ESO-Kogi such as spraying NEWMAP water on soil SPMU, SSO,  Ensure vehicles are Kogi State in good working Ministry of condition Culture and  Fit machineries and Tourism heavy-duty equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines Total 12,190 4,754,100 4,190 1,634,1 00 Public Health Impacts B21 Risks of diseases  Develop a site Contractor 1,450 565,500  Contractors  Routine Constructi During Site 200 78,000 such as specific HSE plan Compliance Inspection on Site Construction Engineer/Kogi HIV/AIDS, STDs  HIV/AIDS and STD  Workers Using  HSE Reports State awareness PPE  Record of NEWMAP; programme should be  HSE Statistics awareness KSMEPP; prioritized; (First Aid Case and theme Kogi State  Other activities (FAC), Loss carried out Ministry of should include Time Injury Health treating any sexually (LTI), etc) transmitted diseases, distributing condoms, and providing counselling, screening, and support services for employees;

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 Medical examinations on general health issues should be performed on new employees and repeated regularly throughout the term of employment;  Workers should be prohibited from patronising prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs.

B22 Community Implement a site Contractor 950 370,500  Contractors  Routine Constructi During Supervision 175 68,250 health & safety specific HSE plan Compliance Inspection on Site Construction Consultant risks  Workers Using  HSE Kogi PPE Reports NEWMAP  HSE Statistics SPMU; (FAC, LTI, etc) KSME B23 Safety risks  Develop and Contractor 870 339,300  Contractors  Routine Borrow pit During ESO-Kogi 235 91,650 associated with Implement a Compliance to Inspection Site Construction NEWMAP falls in poorly borrow pit borrow pit  HSE SPMU KSME managed borrow management and management Reports pits reclamation plan. plan  Adequate PPEs  Workers Using must be provided PPE and used by  Report of workers unreclaim  All borrow pits borrow pits must be reclaimed from  Any uncovered completion work pits should audit report have appropriate signage and protection around them B24 The potential risk  Adequate PPEs (life Contractor 950 370,500  Workers Using  Routine Rehabilita During Supervision 200 78,000 of drowning jackets, buoyancy aid PPE Inspection ted gully Construction Consultant and surf helmets)  HSE site ESO-Kogi must be provided and Reports NEWMAP used by workers SPMU KSME  All river should have appropriate signage and protection

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around them  Design and erect fences or barrier gate around the walking paths  Install warning signs and install lighting system around the project sites.  Develop a site specific HSE drowning plan B25 Uncontrolled sale  The HSE officer will Contractor 900 351,000  HSE  Routine Constructi During Kogi 150 58,500 of food and other ensure that only Statistics Inspection on Site Construction NEWMAP items to workers approved vendors are (FAC, LTI,  HSE SPMU; on the site allowed to sell food. etc) Reports KSME;  Access to the site Ministry of should be restricted to Health avoid sale of contraband on site  Implement a site specific HSE plan (section 12-Welfare) B26 Water-borne  Good sanitation Contractor 800 312,000  HSE  Routine Constructi During Kogi 210 81,900 diseases including hygienic Statistics Inspection on Site Construction NEWMAP water supply and (FAC, LTI,  HSE SPMU; proper waste disposal etc) Reports KSME; at its operation and Ministry of residential Health accommodations during the phase of the project. B27 Increased  Government Contractor 400 156,000  HSE Statistics  Routine Constructi During Kogi 30 11,700 mosquito vector programmes to (FAC, LTI, etc) Inspection on Site Construction NEWMAP breeding sites improve existing  HSE Reports SPMU; medical and health KSME; services in the local Ministry of communities should Health be supported as much as possible. This should include Mosquito control programmes such as the distribution of insecticide treated nets to affected community members.

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B28 Risk of COVID-  Social Distancing Contractor 400 156,000  Social  One (1) meter  At all time ESO Kogi 30 11,700 19  Compulsory use of Distancing apart during NEWMAP Facemask observed.  Number of construction. SPMU;  Continuous/Regular  Number of facemasks  At all time. KSME; handwash facemasks that warn.  At least 30 Ministry of are warn  Amount of minutes Health  Facemask water and interval available and in soap used to use wash hands  Soap and water available for handwash Total 6,720 2,620,800 1,230 479,700

6.1.7: Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post-Construction/Operation Phase

Table 6.3 shows the ESMP for Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase. The Mitigation / Enhancement Measures and Mitigation responsibility (Implementation) are identified. The Monitoring indicators, Method of measurement, Frequency of measuring, Monitoring responsibility and the Cost of monitoring are properly documented.

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Table 6.3: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post–Construction/Operation Phase S/N Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Enhancement Responsibility Cost of Mitigation Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of Monitoring Measures (Implementation) (USD$) NGN Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring (Supervision) (USD$) NGN Environmental Impacts C1  Maintenance and Increased air pollution See A2 See A2 1,250 487,500 See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 275 107,250 Repairs level / dust due to  Planned and increased vehicular unplanned integrity traffic after the checks for rehabilitated gully area rehabilitated gully area and maintenance and C2 replacement of Soil contamination See A3 See A3 1,150 448,500 See A3 See A3 See A3 See A3 See A3 225 87,750 wearing/faulty/dama from accidental ged components leakage/spillage of  Repairs of cracks fuel, oil and lubricants and potholes during rehabilitated  Cleaning of drains gully area maintenance where and when necessary  Cleaning and vegetation control along the shoulders  Borrow pit reclamation

C3 Contamination of  Implement the Waste Contractor 900 351,000 Surface  In-Situ / Discharge Monthly Kogi 325 126,750 surface water as a Management Plan Water Laboratory point, NEWMAP result of waste (WMP) Quality Measurement midstream SPMU; dumping in and around  Promote waste (pH, TDS, s & the river during avoidance; reduction; TSS, BOD, downstrea maintenance reuse and recycling as COD, m applicable Turbidity, THC, Heavy Metals) Total 3,300 1,287,000 825 321,750 Socio-Economic Impacts C4  Maintenance and Exacerbation of the  Conduct sensitization Contractor 750 292,500  Number Routine Project Daily Supervision 225 87,750 Repairs risk of transmission of and awareness of health inspection area Consultant,  scheduled and HIV/AIDS and other campaigns HSE officer campaign Ministry of unscheduled STIs due to potential  Supply health check s and Health, Kogi integrity checks for labour influx equipment toolbox NEWMAP bridges and culverts  Ensure compliance to meetings SPMU;  maintenance and workers‟ Code of  Number

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replacement of conduct as stated of health wearing/faulty/dama checks ged components  repairs of cracks and potholes C5  Cleaning of drains Risks of occupational  Implement the site Contractor 730 284,700 HSE Routine Road and Monthly Supervision 305 118,950 where and when and social accidents specific HSE plan Statistics Inspection drainage Consultant necessary and injuries in using  Build concrete or steel (FAC, LTI, Ministry of  Cleaning and the rehabilitated gully barriers to protect etc.) Work, Kogi vegetation control area pedestrians NEWMAP along the shoulders SPMU  Borrow pit reclamation

C6 Safety risks from See B17 See B17 620 241,800 See B17 See B17 See B17 See B17 See B17 220 85,800 abandoned borrow pits after construction C7 Traffic congestion and Ensure free flow of traffic Contractor 530 206,700 See B13 See B13 See B13 See B13 See B13 210 81,900 increased risk of road and traffic officials are traffic accidents and strategically positioned at injuries due to increase specific junctions to in traffic after gully provide safety guidelines area rehabilitation and ensure free flow of traffic within the project area. C8 Rehabilitated gully Develop plan for regular Contractor 850 331,500 Log book Visual Project Daily Kogi 175 68,250 area damage from use maintenance of inspection area NEWMAP rehabilitated gully area SPMU; C9 Sand Mining in  Ensure sand mining is Contractor 850 331,500 Visual 1. Number of Project Weekly Kogi State 175 68,250 rehabilitated channel not done in the sighting truck load of area NEWMA; rehabilitated channel during the sand evacuated KSME implementat from the ion channel. C1  Contamination of  Implement the Waste Contractor 870 339,300 Contractors Visual Project Weekly Kogi 335 130,650 0 surface water as a Management Plan (WMP) Compliance Observation area NEWMAP result of waste  Promote waste avoidance, to WMP Waste Tracking SPMU dumping in and Waste Report reduction; reuse and around the Handling stream/river recycling as applicable and  Waste dumping  Ensure proper handling, Disposal impact on the life and disposal of the span of the various types of solid rehabilitated area by municipal and household blocking access to wastes waterflow.  Fence off river/stream banks

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around bridge

Total 5,200 2,028,000 1,645 641,550

Public Health Impacts C1 Community Health and  Ensure water pollution Contractor 1,050 409,500 In situ Project Quarterly, Kogi State 225 87,750 1 Safety  No. of site and its throughout Relevant free environment. complaints surroundin the operation Ministries:  Use of PPEs about g phase of the Environment,  Health and Safety talk pollution due to project Transport, operations Works and  Number of Infrastructure workers with PPEs  Number of FRSC and police present in the area.  Number of safety talk and awareness conducted.

B2 Risk of COVID-19  Social Distancing Contractor 400 156,000  Social  One (1) meter  At all time ESO Kogi 8  Compulsory use of Distancing apart during NEWMAP Facemask observed.  Number of constructi SPMU;  Number of on. KSME;  Continuous/Regular facemasks facemasks handwash that are warn.  At all Ministry of warn  Amount of time. Health  Facemask water and  At least available soap used to 30 and in use wash hands minutes  Soap and interval water available for handwash

1,050 409,500 225 87,750

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6.2 Occupational Health and Safety/Community Health and Safety Management Plan 6.2.1 Occupational Health and Safety During construction and operation health and safety concerns are very vital. For this project, the key reference document is the World Bank Group‟s Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (April 2007) and the essential industry safety guidelines that are extended to project community‟s safety. This is available online at www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines. It will also comply with the National and State‟s safety regulations and requirements. A comprehensive workers intensive and site specific OHS plan is expected to be provided as part of the Contractor‟s ESMP (CESMP). As expected of the ESMP, health and safety measures incorporate all aspects of the project construction and operation including ancillary activities. The plan will address issues such as:  The proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  Analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  Provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  Training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the plantation, nurseries, and mills;  Physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  Training related to job-specific risks and activities, including:  Electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  Mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  Lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision); machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  Hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  Workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines);  Sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk); and  Power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk) provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well- stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries.

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6.2.2 Community Health and Safety Management Plan Issues and potential impacts regarding community health are addressed by the Community Health and Safety Plan. This is because human populations within the residential Ganaja community as well as those traversing the community to other parts of Kogi State are related to the health and safety issues requiring mitigation. Thus, the respective mitigation measures include:  Construction activities can draw significant numbers of unmarried (single) men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including HIV/AIDS, thus the project contractor is expected to recruit most of the construction workers from the immediate area to minimize the number of single men migrating for work;  Project contractor shall ensure that adequate training and enforcement of code of conduct to curtail workers‟ participation in sensitive activities such as sex trade, drugs and alcoholism;  The project contractor is expected to conduct sensitization across the frontiers of Ganaja community with the clans and villages therein regarding the potential impact of the project and the workers‟ code of conduct;  The project contractor shall conduct community training and awareness programmes to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain; and  The project contractor will work closely with Kogi State Ministry of Health promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and to monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety as connected to the proposed intervention project in Ganaja community. 6.3 Worker‟s Training and Orientation Plans on COVID-19 The details of the workers training plans for the consideration of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to take a spectrum steps including COVID-19 awareness training, precautionary steps, curtailing exposure to the virus, managing access and spread, daily routine activities, and personal care. A comprehensive details of the steps, actions and possible case management of the pandemic are supplied in the following web portals,  World Health Organisation - WHO https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public  United States Centre for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- nCoV/index.html  Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/report/

6.3.1 Workers Training and Precautions  Train all staff and workers in the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, how it is spread, how to protect themselves and the need to be tested if they have symptoms. Allow

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questions and answers to dispel any myths.  Use existing grievance procedures to encourage reporting of co-workers if they show outward symptoms, such as ongoing and severe coughing with fever, and do not voluntarily submit to testing  Supply face masks and other relevant PPE to all project workers at the entrance to the project site. Any persons with signs of respiratory illness that is not accompanied by fever should be mandated to wear a face mask  Provide hand-wash facilities, hand soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer and mandate their use on entry and exit of the project site and during breaks, via the use of simple signs with images in local languages  Train all workers in respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette and hand hygiene using demonstrations and participatory methods  Train cleaning staff in effective cleaning procedures and disposal of rubbish

6.3.2 Minimize Chance of Exposure  Any worker showing symptoms of respiratory illness (fever + cold or cough) and has potentially been exposed to COVID-19 should be immediately removed from the site and tested for the virus at the nearest local hospital.  Close co-workers and those sharing accommodations with such a worker should also be removed from the site, isolated and tested for to ascertain their COVID-19 status.  Project management must liaise with Kogi State COVID-19 Task Force on testing facilities for modalities on testing and proper case and contagion management.  Persons under investigation for COVID-19 should not return to work at the project site until cleared by test results.  If a worker is found to have COVID-19, wages should continue to be paid during the worker‟s convalescence (whether at home or in a hospital).  If project workers live at home, any worker with a family member who has a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19 should be quarantined from the project site for 14 days.

6.3.3 Managing Access and Spread  Should a case of COVID-19 be confirmed in a worker on the project site, visitors should be restricted from the site and worker groups should be isolated from each other as much as possible;

6.3.4 Daily Routine Management for Workers  Consider ways to minimize/control movement in and out of construction areas/site.  If workers are accommodated on site require them to minimize contact with people outside the construction area/site or prohibit them from leaving the area/site for the duration of their contract  Implement procedures to confirm workers are fit for work before they start work, paying special to workers with underlying health issues or who may be otherwise at risk.  Check and record temperatures of workers and other people entering the construction area/site or require self-reporting prior to or on entering.

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 Provide daily briefings to workers prior to commencing work, focusing on COVID-19 specific considerations including cough etiquette, hand hygiene and distancing measures.  Require workers to self-monitor for possible symptoms (fever, cough) and to report to their supervisor if they have symptoms or are feeling unwell.  Prevent a worker from an affected area or who has been in contact with an infected person from entering the construction area/site for 14 days.  Preventing a sick worker from entering the construction area/site, referring them to local health facilities if necessary or requiring them to isolate at home for 14 days.

6.3.5 Personal Care 1. Hand hygiene and hand-washing practices:  If hands are not visibly dirty, the preferred method is to perform hand hygiene with an alcohol-based hand rub (hand sanitizer) for 20−30 seconds using the appropriate technique. When hands are visibly dirty, they should be washed with soap and water for 40−60 seconds using the appropriate technique.  Functional hand hygiene facilities should be present for all workers at vantage points around the construction areas. A corresponding mobile hand-washing facilities with secured wastewater collector. In addition, functional hand hygiene facilities should be available for all visitors, site assessors and others.

6.4 Institutional Arrangements, Responsibilities and Accountabilities In implementing the details of the ESMP, specific roles and responsibilities of the project executor and respective institutional engagements are vital to the efficient execution of the stated environmental and social safeguard measures. These roles and responsibilities are outlined below with their monitoring and reporting cadres to provide adequate checks and balances and to ensure that cases of duty overlaps (if any) are addressed forthwith.

6.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase 6.4.1.1 Key Agencies The main governmental and non-governmental agencies charged with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction phase are: . The Consultants; . The Federal NEWMAP-PMU; . The Kogi NEWMAP-SPMU;

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. Kogi State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Health, Environment, Information, Land, Finance, Town Planning, and Agriculture); . Community Based Organisations; and . The Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site Committee 6.4.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies The significant duty for ESMP monitoring remains with the The Kogi NEWMAP- SPMU and the Ministries of Environment while the implementation of and reporting on the ESMP progress rest with the project Contractor. At the initial stage, ground works and preparatory meetings and consultations are being conducted with the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site Monitoring Committee, Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Management of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks as well as some members of the communities who will be directly or indirectly affected by the project activities. The contractor will liaise with the Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU on issues raised in order to reach an equilibrium prior to the response and execution of rectification proposals. This will boost the project‟s capacity to meet the World Bank standards on environmental and social safeguard issues. Efforts will also be put in place to ensure that the observed concerns are communicated to the concerned Kogi State Ministries Departments and Agencies for prompt action.

6.4.1.3 Project Reporting and Follow-Up The Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site Monitoring Committee via the Secretary will forward the details of the meetings held to the Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU. This is to enhance reporting, feedback and follow-up processes for the issues raised and to drive a swift response implementation. All issues raised shall be forwarded together with the contributions of the Kogi State NEWMAP, which is expected to have reviewed the comments within the scope of the project and their suitability to World Bank standards. Also, the Contractor must ensure that the observations, comments and notes are implemented rigorously as approved and the feedback conveyed to the Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU. This process should continue through a chain of reporting-feedback, follow-up and response mechanisms until the pre- construction phase is completed.

6.4.2 Construction Phase 6.4.2.1 Major Actors / Key Agencies during Construction Phase Given that the construction phase of the project is filled with intensive civil activities, various players in different categories are involved. For the proper implementation of the provisions of the ESMP, the key players include:  The Supervision Consulting Firm;  The Contractor;  Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU;  The Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Kogi State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works, Health, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry);  Federal Ministry of Environment and Agency (FMEnv), NESREA; and

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 World Bank (will provide guidance during support and Greater Lokoja Waterworks tasks). In addition to these key agencies, the Kogi State Government through the vital MDAs will perform general oversight functions in certifying that all the provisions of the ESMP are executed.

6.4.2.2 Role of Concerned Agencies It has been affirmed that the key responsibility for monitoring and reporting of the ESMP implementation rests with the site Supervision Consultant Firm and the Contractors. The Environmental and Social Specialists (ESS) of the Supervision Consultant and that of the Contractor will be responsible for periodic and systematic supervision and reporting on the ESMP execution. The supervision consultant firm and contractors will each have to engage a team of socio-environmental experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant, land and natural resources, etc.) to be headed by their ESS officer. These teams will ensure that sufficient capacity information delivery on ESMP implementation is fully delivered.

The implementation of this ESMP will be managed by the Kogi State NEWMAP- SPMU through the Environment Officer (EO) who will be primarily responsible for the daily inspection and monitoring of the ESMP implementation. The Kogi State Ministries of Works, Health, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry have responsibilities to monitor the ESMP implementation using the fundamentals of their respective internal mechanisms and regulations and policies as established by legal machineries guiding their procedures. However, these MDAs may embark on site visits vis-à-vis the representatives of the Federal NEWMAP-PMU. Also, the reports of these activities will be forwarded to the World Bank with full details and findings concerning the project.

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and NESREA will also send their corresponding EOs and officials observing the ESMP project under the Federal NEWMAP approved projects to monitor the level of execution of the provisions of the ESMP and the degree of compliance. At the local level, the Kogi State Ministry of Environment will also visit the project site regularly to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions of the ESMP.

6.4.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up Follow-up process is a continuous chain of reporting of the project activities with regard to the ESMP implementation. The Environmental and Social Specialists (ESS) of the Supervision Consultant/ Monitoring Firm must arrange, document and register incidents on weekly and monthly basis. The reports must be submitted to the Kogi State NEWMAP Project Coordinator (PC) for comments, observations, and recommendations (where necessary). Subsequently, the Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU should send feedback to the contractor through the supervision consultant firm or directly if urgent. The Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU ESS duty should include checking and reporting on the implementation of the follow-up action showing the

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inevitability of the office to the ESMP implementation and monitoring. The Contractor and Supervision consultant should submit monthly reports on the implementation of the ESMP to the Kogi State NEWMAP-SPMU. The ESS officers who will advise the project management unit should inspect and affirm its authenticity. Any incongruity on environmental issues will require the project coordinator to convene a Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to settle them.

6.4.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase The Kogi State NEWMAP and the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the proposed project to rehabilitate the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site have the responsibility to consider the stated monitoring measures. Also, they must inform other government agencies, especially the state Ministry of Environment for proper action where necessary at the operation and maintenance phases. The roles of the Kogi State NEWMAP and the Federal NEMWAP will come to an end at the project closure date. The relevant agencies will then continue to ensure ESMP compliance.

6.4.3.1 Key Agencies At the maintenance operational phase, the main governmental institutions which the Kogi State NEWMAP will co-operate with include:  The Kogi State Ministry of Environment;  The Kogi State Ministry of Health;  The Kogi State Ministry of Forestry;  The Kogi State Ministry of Transport;  The Kogi State Ministry of Works; and  The Nigerian Police. In addition to these, the local government administrative council (Ajaokuta LGA and Lokoja Municipal Council) will have roles in the general oversight functions of the ESMP implementation and in ESMP up-dating.

6.4.3.2 Major Actors / Key Agencies During Operational and Maintenance Phase The duties of the institutions that have roles to perform in the process of the operation of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully monitoring are stated as follows:  The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Kogi State Ministry of Health as well as that of Environment should conduct continuous visits to the site to check and confirm that the gully site is well managed and maintained. Monitoring activities should be conducted within the legal and administrative capacities of the concerned Ministries via their corresponding departments and agencies;  The Kogi State Department of Forestry should conduct constant inspections on compliance with afforestation and biodiversity plans. This should be in line with international standards;  The Ministry of Transport should check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area focussing on safety and vehicular controls;  The Ministry of Works should conduct normal checks on the nature of infrastructure provided within the duration of the project;

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 The Nigerian Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the least rate to avoid attachment of crime to the project activities. 6.4.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Actions for the ESMP at the Local Level At the local level, the NEWMAP ESMF vests the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Monitoring Committee. The Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site Monitoring Committee has already been constituted by the Kogi State NEWMAP and so the committee forms a critical mass source of information, community liaison and local engagements during the field activities for the preparation of this ESMP. The committee comprises several sub-committees including the women, youth, elders and environmental sub-committee.

Significantly, considering the importance of the Site Monitoring Committee members, it is essential to design and execute a suitable capacity building for them on environmental and social issues concerning the implementation of the ESMP. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Site Monitoring Committee and the Environmental sub-committee members are proposed owing to their importance in the implementation of the ESMP. The content of the training should include but not restricted to: (i) The role of community during the pre-construction, construction and post- construction phases of the project; (ii) Sustainable practices to ensure gully stabilization; (iii) Local level of ESMP Implementation; and (iv) Socio-economic issues including GBV/SEA, Labour Influx, Child Labour and Abuse etc.

6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) Owing to its global focus and importance to the ESMP, the World Bank approach to GRM will apply. This is premised on the fact that alternative conflict/dispute resolution and problem-solving mechanism abound at local levels. According to the NEWMAP, in November 2017, four stages of grievance resolution mechanism have been advocated; these are: Step 1: Assessment of Risks and Potential Grievances and Dispute; Step 2: Capacity Assessment Step 3: Action Plan Step 4: Follow-up and review

To operationalise the GRM effectively, grievances have to be classified according to their potential severity or difficulties. One of the most common ground for grievances is land compensation right and payment. This is likely to generate grievances more constantly than any other issues about the project. More complicated matters like RAP and implementation issues that may involve private sector entities and third-party agencies are likely to require the attention of the Kogi State NEWMAP SPMU. For the GRM to be effective as an all-embracing engagement instrument, it should essentially handle the grievances of women. Thus,

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Women inclusion in Grievance Redress Committee must be ensured. The representative of women will effortlessly be contacted by other women for the purpose of presenting their complaints. Grievance Procedures  Registration This is the first procedure for the establishment of any complaint in which the petitioner tables the issue. It will be documented by the social contact person, clarify the main information, register and acknowledge receipt of the same from the complainant within a period of two days. The details of the registration is expected among others to capture the following: o Name of the complainant; o Date of the grievance; o Category of the grievance; o Persons involved; o Impact on complainant‟s life; and o Proofs and witnesses.  Verification The verification process will ascertain among other things whether the matter has any relationship with the Project the level at which it is presented can handle it. Once a matter is established, it will be referred quickly to the next phase through the traditional method of resolution or to the law enforcement agencies. Part of investigation will also entail the assessment of the cost of loss or damage or risk involved in the complaint.  Processing The processing phase involves the weighing of options of the best approach to be adopted in resolving the grievance. All concerned parties will be summoned for the first resolution attempt as coordinated by the social contact personnel. The social personnel at a definite level then will choose where the case should go to for hearing and resolution if complainant decides to pursue the matter further. This decision making phase should be ascertained within five days from investigation periodic.  Implementation and case closing At this phase, the social contact personnel at the implementation level will refer the case to the responding specialist for implementation. This specialist may be the chairman of the GRC or the officers saddled with the responsibility of addressing such within the SPMU. Putting this in writing makes the appeal procedure swifter in case of displeasure on the part of the petitioner. And in the case of satisfaction, the document is transmitted for execution of decision. The outcome of the Grievance Redress process will therefore be communicated to the complainant and other all concerned parties. It should be noted however that the result of the process can vary. The appeal of the complainant may be turned down, compensation may be suggested, or the SPMU may simply apologise to the appellant.  Feedback

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All responses to the complainant in a grievance redress process that moves beyond the unit level must be communicated in writing and/or by verbal presentation to the complainant. This should include a follow-up on the corresponding authority where cases are referred to determine the status of the stated cases. Feedback on the outcome of each case should get to the complainant through the social contact person at all levels.  Guiding Principles Having a grievance redress measure connotes a readiness for plain fairness. This GRM has to be based on the following universal principles that guide fairness in all matters: i. Accessibility and social inclusion: The process has to be accessible to everybody who feels aggrieved and affected by the project components in anyway regardless of their age, gender or economic status within the communities. Vulnerable groups including women, children and the physically challenged should have opportunities to present their complaints without complications. ii. Simplicity: The filing of complaints and grievances will be kept simple and the process of redress will be easy to understand by stakeholders. Suggestions complaints and queries may be presented through different accessible channels. iii. Transparency: The system will encourage feedback of any kind (negative or positive) as long as it has bearing on the project. These feedbacks will be made available to all stakeholders to put them abreast of issues that may stall or enhance the sustenance of the project. It is important that representatives of the community be involved in the redress of grievances and everybody kept informed on any progress made on them. iv. Due process and impartiality: Every grievant will have the right to be present and be heard before a duly constituted body saddled with the responsibility of hearing and managing their complaints or grievances. The system will view and analyse all issues with transparent objectivity. This will enhance responsiveness of all parties concerned and build trust. The mechanism will be independent so that it will be perceived as fair by all. v. Quick action: Response to grievance and feedbacks will be prompt and direct to the grievant or the feedback provider. Grievances will be acknowledged at the point of uptake and the ensuing decisions will be communicated within 48 hours of reaching them. vi. People: It is important that all stakeholders, including project personnel be involved in the process of grievance redress. Grievant lodgers or feedback providers will assume full responsibility for their filings. Personnel that would be involved in grievance redress on the supply side have to have basic communications skills. Key persons on the redress team will need to acquire skills for mediation, conciliation and negotiation. Grievance redress policy will be sustained by the commitment of persons involved both on the demand and supply side. There is need for personnel who will be providing grievance redress services to have knowledge of the already disclosed policies guiding resettlement for NEWMAP. vii. Process: This GRM will have a predictable process that will operate in all the intervention sites and in all the components of the project. There will be specified 120

grievance uptake points where grievances/complaints will be lodged. The time frame for a response will be known to the grievant. Investigation and deliberations on the complaint will be open and communicated promptly. viii. Analysis: In grievance redress it is important for handlers to be clear on all the issues. A first step is an honest appraisal of whether the feedback is proactive or reactive. Facts have to be established against the interest and goal of grievant. Fact-finding is essential for meaningful and sustainable grievance/conflict redress. Grievances spring from differences in expectations, interests, knowledge or lack of it, needs and fears. Questions arise in the process that must be taken into account. Are the complainants digging in or unforgiving or are they unwilling to accept the outcomes? The handlers of grievance redress also need to evaluate the complaints against its relevance to the project and the project procedures. This will need to be done with reference to the RPF, ESMF and the RAP which are all existing reports and documents. This therefore requires an exhaustive knowledge of various policies and guidelines of the NEWMAP. Grievance handlers also need to know the category of grievance involved and treat accordingly. Grievances need to be characterised both for the sake of proper redress and for appraisal purposes.

The Kogi State NEWMAP has put in place a Grievance Redress Framework (Annex 12) following the World Bank approach to GRM. The framework has five levels of addressing grievances (Level 1; Community Level of Grievance Redress, Level 2; Local Government/ Community Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC), Level 3; State Grievance Redress Committee (SGRC), Level 4; National Grievance Redress Committee (NGRC) and Level 5; the Courts). However, all grievances will first of all be addressed at the First Level. It will only move on to Second Level if the first level agreement was not accepted by the party involved and then to third then to the fourth under similar situation. If a party is not satisfied with the outcomes of Levels I, 2, 3, & 4 then the party can proceed to the Law Courts (the 5th Level).

6.6 Labour Influx, Child Labour and Gender Based Violence (GBV) 6.6.1 Labour Influx The project may face the problem of an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issue. This may be because skilled labourers might not be available as required within the community of the project site. The project will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers‟ sexual relations with minors and any consequential pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, inadequate resettlement and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks, if and when they occur at all, require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Hence, the project will include mitigation measures such as: (a) evaluating living conditions of workers‟ camps and ensuring suitable living conditions; (b) establishing and enforcing a

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mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for execution; (c) ensuring suitable location for these camps; (d) taking countermeasures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and, (e) devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, and proper gender balancing. The following guidelines dictate the principles that are vital to the proper assessment and management of the risks of adverse impacts on the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully erosion area that may result from temporary NEWMAP induced labour influx:  The Contractor and Consultants will have to hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from Ganaja and other communities within the project area. The SPMU will adopt and or implement all possible measures to avoid if not restrict labour influx into the project area.  The SPMU will evaluate and manage labour influx risk based on appropriate instruments such as those based on risks identified in the ESMP and the World Bank‟s sector-specific experience in Nigeria.  Depending on the risk factors and their levels, appropriate mitigation instruments need to be developed by the contractor including contractor ESMP, Site-specific Labour Influx Management Plan and/or a Workers‟ Camp Management Plan2,  Risk factors to the SPMU that should be considered, include, o Weak institutional capacity of the implementing agency; o Principal presence of contractors without strong worker management and health and safety policies; o Anticipated high volumes of labour influx; o Pre-existing social conflicts or tensions; o Weak local law enforcement; o Prevalence of gender-based violence and social norms towards it in the community (acceptance of gender-based violence); o Prevalence of transactional sex; o Local prevalence of child and forced labour; o Existing conflict situation between communities; o Absorption capacity of workers to the community (See http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/497851495202591233/Managing-Risk-of- Adverse-impact-from-project-labour-influx.pdf)  The SPMU will be required to incorporate social and environmental mitigation measures into the civil works contract and responsibilities for managing these adverse impacts. This will be a binding contractual obligation on the SPMU, the contractor and consultants with appropriate mechanisms for addressing non-compliance. The Supervising Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor‟s performance and adherence to the labour influx guidelines and that of its Sexual

2 A Labor Influx Management Plan addresses specific activities that will be undertaken to minimize the impact on the local community, including elements such as worker codes of conduct, training programs on HIV/AIDS, etc. A Workers‟ Camp Management Plan addresses specific aspects of the establishment and operation of workers‟ camps.

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Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations. This will be done by putting a protocol in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to project community.

This will allow the SPMU to enforce the implementation of mitigation measures, which are required to ensure the consultant‟s own compliance with Bank policy and standard requirements. While the Bank reviews and clears project-level safeguard instruments such as the ESIA/ESMP, it is the SPMU‟s responsibility to: (i) ensure the safeguard instruments are reflected in the contractor‟s ESMP (CESMP), and (ii) ensure the project is implemented in accordance with the CESMP, safeguard instruments and other relevant contractual provisions.

6.6.2 Child Labour The project may also face child labour and abuse especially from contractors. This may increase the rate of school dropouts. The child labour occasion specifically relates to either underage workers (below the age of 18 years) who should be in schools acquiring knowledge and skills or in the form of forced labour. The project will establish and enforce a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan which will prevent child and forced labour at all the phases of the project. The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor performance and adherence to child labour obligations. The Kogi State SPMU through the Social Livelihood Officer shall ensure total compliance to the NEWMAP child labour policy and ensure involvement of underage workers by individual and organizations (contractors and consultants) in the execution of the proposed project should be completely eliminated.

6.6.3 Gender Based Violence (GBV) Nigeria has either ratified or made commitment to the core international human rights treaties and as such has become a party to major regional human rights instruments which obliged States (countries) to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. Rape may violate several human rights obligations enshrined in the instruments ratified by Nigeria and is also a form of gender-based violence and a brutal manifestation of violence against women. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples‟ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the “Maputo Protocol”), Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender-based violence and discrimination.

6.6.4 GBV Risk Management Mechanisms A GBV workshop to sensitize the SPMU, contractors and consultants staff on the key principle and specific requirements to address GBV/SEA have been included in the bidding documents („pre-qualification‟ and „employers‟ requirements‟). Also, the SPMU has a qualified GBV/SEA specialist to manage any GBV/SEA case that might

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arise in connection with project activities. Hence, specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project will include: i) GBV/SEA assessment of project; ii) mandatory contractors‟ code of conduct on sexual harassment; iii) appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in NEWMAP-AF; iv) community and workers‟ sensitization on GBV/SEA; v) provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; vi) provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; vii) contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target.

The following ACTIONS are recommended for immediate implementation:  Inclusion in the focal NGO‟s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project;  Building and improving SPMUs, Ganaja community and other relevant stakeholders‟ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities;  Strict adherence to “Reporting and Response Protocol" provided in this ESMP to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents;  Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services; and  Strengthening consultations and operationalising GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms,

Overall, GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including; verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Furthermore, all risks related to labour influx will have to be mitigated by the participation of project beneficiaries/communities, and involvement of project contractors and contractors‟ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures. Analysis of the status of GBV/SEA in the project community has been discussed under socio-economics.

6.6.5 Stakeholder/Citizen Engagement This is vital to attaining the foremost objectives of any project implementation plus sustainable development. Participatory approaches in project planning and implementation enhances project strategy, ownership and sustainability and also authorize concerned beneficiaries.

The objectives for stakeholders‟ engagement and sensitisation include but not limited to the following measures; i. Create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance;

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ii. Develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent, stakeholders and PAPs in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into the project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project; iii. Inform and discuss about the nature and scale of possible adverse impacts of the rehabilitation work and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner; iv. Document the concerns raised by stakeholders and PAPs so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures; v. Sensitise other MDAs, local authorities, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) about the project and solicit their views and discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations; and vi. Reduce conflict between stakeholders, project proponents PAPs; and vii. Develop stakeholders‟ capacity in the areas of sustainable project management. These suggest a process to spell out the role of stakeholders in the project planning, implementation and monitoring. Involvement of stakeholders in monitoring service delivery, revenues, budget execution, procurement, contract awards, and reform policies can increase the level of transparency, improve efficiency of service delivery or budget execution, and reduce opportunities for corruption. Some mechanisms for stakeholders-led monitoring include public expenditure tracking surveys, social audits, or stakeholder report cards. Additional entry points for stakeholders‟ engagements in monitoring include collaboration with local CBOs/NGOs, communities, local academia, or think-tanks in gathering results data and conducting joint evaluations of project results after project completion (including in the preparation of project Implementation Completion Reports). Capacity building will be an integral part of the stakeholder‟s engagements.

6.6.6 Envisaged Benefits The envisaged benefits of Stakeholders engagement and sensitisation exercises include;  Provision of opportunities to foresee and/or resolve potential obstacles, constraints and conflicts;  Means to identify and address potential negative social and environmental impacts as envisaged by stakeholders;  Opportunities to generate social learning and innovations based on local field experiences;  Means of ensuring that project benefits are distributed equitably, and;  Strengthened working relations between stakeholders; Federal and State Governments, etc., and the World Bank.

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 Consultations Meaningful consultations can contribute enormously to advance the design, implementation, and sustainability of development interventions. The objectives of consultations include obtaining input for better decision-making about the design and execution schedules of a development programme/project, to contribute to improved results and sustainability, to adapt local and internal mechanisms to improve project plans. In this context, consultations can potentially give voice to the needs of different population groups, including the vulnerable and marginalised groups; improve risk management by identifying opportunities and risks from and to a project; and increase transparency, public understanding, and stakeholder involvement in development decision-making. Consultations with key stakeholders, including the project-affected persons and the civil society, are obligatory in development projects providing the expected project best practices. Consultation methods include town hall meetings, public hearings, professional meetings, focus group discussions, household surveys and interviews, electronic consultations, and advisory/expert groups. In addition, consultations can include informal structures at the local level, such as village councils, youth and women‟s groups. Good practice approaches to consultation, including closing the feedback cycle, need to be applied more analytically.  Collaboration Collaboration with stakeholders in the decision-making processes and events can make decisions more responsive to stakeholders‟ needs and improve the sustainability of program and project outcomes through increased ownership by stakeholders. Devices for collaboration include stakeholder/user membership in decision-making bodies, integrity pacts, participatory planning and budgeting, and stakeholders‟ juries.  Collecting, Recording, and Reporting on Inputs from Stakeholders Stakeholder feedback can be collected regularly on various scopes of public services provided such as effectiveness, inclusiveness, quality, delivery time, transaction costs, and targeting, as well as on resource operation or engagement processes. Tools can include satisfaction surveys, focus group discussions, hotlines, community scorecards, stakeholder report cards, or SMS/online feedback.

However, the Kogi State NEWMAP has been implementing its Citizen/Stakeholders Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project. Major milestones in the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully intervention include: - identification of Project stakeholders; - summary of past consultation efforts from baseline study and GIS mapping; - establishment of site committee - Stakeholders engagements during ESMP data collection

Other planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities include; • stakeholder engagement during consultancy services; • stakeholder engagement during construction; • stakeholder engagement during operations; • resources for stakeholder engagement;

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• monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and • Formation of the site monitoring committees for Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site.

6.8 Training Programmes The Kogi State NEWMAP is expected to develop, implement, and track training programmes at the SPMU and community levels. Table 6.4 explains the institutional capacity strengthening plan including the subjects, resource personnel and period of the capacity needs at the SPMU and community levels. Table 6.4: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Duration Cost Person (US $) 1 Personnel requires SPMU Training In-depth Environmental 2 days 3,650 appreciation of WB‟s, PC, Environmental consideration of the Science seminar Federal/State Safeguards Specialist, mitigation measures Specialist environmental policies Project Engineer, proffered by the (ESMP, and standards, as well Social Safeguards ESMP. Satellite Remote as, an application of Specialist, Livelihood Image interpretation Sensing & these policies and Officer and other of the Greater GIS) standards in associated support Lokoja Waterworks implementing the staff from the watershed imagery World Bank support Ministry. The for critical for Greater Lokoja estimated number of assessment of Waterworks Gully participants is Ten changes overtime erosion intervention. (10) persons 2 Training on Community GBV/SEA, Labour GBV/SEA 1-day 1,750 GBV/SEA, Labour Greater Lokoja Influx and Social specialist, workshop Influx Issues and other Waterworks Gully site Livelihoods Social Social Safeguards and monitoring committee Livelihood Livelihood Issues as it members and PAPs. Specialist. affect Greater Lokoja The estimated number Environmental Waterworks gully of participants is specialist intervention. Twenty-Five (25) persons. 3 NEWMAP Community General Environmental 1-day 2,600 institutional Greater Lokoja environmental science workshop arrangements as it Waterworks Gully site awareness; seminars specialist affect Greater Lokoja monitoring committee that will include Waterworks gully members and PAPs, ecological and intervention site Contractors and their social science staff. The estimated principles, as it number of participants affects the Greater is Fifty (50) persons. Lokoja Waterworks Gully site. Understanding Environmental Checklist for monitoring contractor‟s compliance to the mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP. Total 8,000

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6.9 Implementation Schedule The implementation schedule is a periodic and time-based outline of progress of the project indicating milestones to be achieved by the project. It is task-based with respect to all the mitigation measures stipulated in the ESMP. For each of the stated mitigation measures the respective monitoring tasks are expected to be suitably appended with specific time. For the Greater Lokoja Waterworks, Table 6.5 provide a snapshot of the designed implementation schedule with is related to the respective phases of the project as well as the period of time expected for the completion of tasks.

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Table 6.5: ESMP Implementation Schedule

Mitigation measures Mitigation Timeline (Monthly)

for: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th 22th 23th 24th 1. Pre-construction phase i. Land Acquisition ii. Community sensitivity of the project 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts 2. Biological impacts

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6.10 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis The total sum of the stated mitigation measures in Tables 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 covering pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project is presented in Table 6.6. The cost of mitigation and capacity building are also included to arrive at the total cost estimate for ESMP implementation and monitoring. The total sum for implementing the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Site ESMP is N 11,038,170.00 (Eleven Million, Thirty-Eight Thousand, One Hundred and Seventy Naira) only, at the exchange rate of N390 to the United States Dollar, it corresponds to USD 28,303 (Twenty-Eight Thousand, Three Hundred and Three).

Table 6.6: Cost Estimate of ESMP Implementation and Monitoring S/N ESMP Activities Cost Estimate ($) Cost Estimate (N) (Monitoring) 1 Pre-construction Phase 5,830 2,273,700

4 Institutional Capacity Reinforcement Programme Kogi State NEWMAP including the purchase of 3,650 1,423,500 satellite imageries Community 4,350 1,696,500 Total for Institutional Capacity 8,000 3,120,000

Total for Mitigation Monitoring 25,730 10,034,700 10% Contingency 2,573 1,003,470 Grand Total 28,303 11,038,170 Foreign Exchange Rate Used: 390 Naira to 1 United States (U.S.) Dollar

6.11 ESMP Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and the host LGA offices as well as at the World Bank website. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities, impacts, anticipated and proposed environmental management actions as well as to obtain the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment.

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CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Summary The Greater Lokoja Waterworks is located at Ganaja in Ajaokuta LGA of Kogi State. Ganaja village is very close to Lokoja, the state capital. Greater Lokoja Waterworks is the main water scheme supplying water to the state capital but is seriously under the threat of the gully erosion. Specifically, the gully site is located at the bank of the River Niger and extends from inside the waterworks to the River Niger. It has collapsed the dye embankment protecting the water works complex from the River Niger Flood. The gully is about 10-15 m wide and as deep as 20-25 feet (ft). The gully is very active with sediment yield of about 1.5-2.0 tons per season. The principal drainage system at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks gully area is the River Niger with extensive river bed floodplain that are used for the all year-round agricultural activities. The area also falls within the climatic environment experiencing rainy season between April and October with annual rainfall and temperature of 1668mm and 30oC respectively.

Due to its proximity of the River Niger, the area enjoys an ample of average humidity, which ranges between 65% and 85% throughout the year. But the month of May to November have higher relative humidity which ranges from 71.8% to 83.3%. The geology of Kogi State composes of two main rock types, namely, the basement complex rocks of the Precambrian age. With respect to air quality, concentrations of noxious gases within and around the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site are relatively low and are within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits, with the exception of NO2 in a few locations with higher values than the FMEnv limit. Air particulate quality within the proposed Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully site is within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limit of 250µg/m3 for suspended particulate matter. The noise level was below the FMEnv permissible limit of 90 dBA for 8-hour exposure. The result of the soil analysis shows that the soil is made up of varying percentage compositions of sand, silt and clay. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the soil samples. Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, V and Mg were not detected in the soil samples while Zn and Cu were recorded in trace amounts, below the permissible limits for unpolluted soil. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the surface and ground water samples. V, As, Co, Pb, Cr and Cu were not detected in the water samples. The flora and fauna of the study area are not IUCN threat status classified. NBS 2019 estimated population for Ajaokuta LGA is 148,387 people. Major ethnic groups in the area are Igala (59%), Ebira (20.5%), and Okun (12.8). An average household size of 4 recorded the highest percentage (61.5%) in the area while an average household size of 7 and 11 account for 25.9% and 12.6% respectively. People earning between N50,000 to N60,000 represent 40.3%. Others are those earning between N10,000 to N30,000 (4.4%) and N60,000 to N70,000 (55.3%). Most of the respondents (69.1%) claimed that they dispose their solid waste using the community refuse dumpsite. Vital social and physical infrastructures which might be affected by the project activities are mostly located within the Greater Lokoja Waterworks in form of water production facilities.

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7.2 Conclusion This document has provided a suitable set of measures and mitigation action plans driven to enhance the execution of a series of civil works at the Greater Lokoja Waterworks Gully Erosion Rehabilitation Site. The document is prepared to provide steps to keep to global best practices and curtail environmental and social impacts to the barest minimum. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) employs a series of methods to evaluate the vital biophysical and social baseline data and information of the proposed project site, identified the vulnerable environmental parameters for ambient air, water, soil and noise which may be positively and or negatively impacted upon at the different identified phases of the project development. It also presented the crucial mitigation measures for such identified impacts. Since the development objectives of the Kogi NEWMAP project is to rehabilitate the gully induced destruction and to curtail lingering gully vulnerability around the Greater Lokoja Waterworks environment, this ESMP, has also adequately provided the guidelines for achieving these objectives without compromising the all dimensions of human and environmental values within the entire watershed of the project area.

7.3 Recommendation The following recommendations are presented for the considerations of the Kogi State NEWMAP SPMU. The recommendations are suggested towards ensuring the improvement of decisions and filling of gaps identified by the ESMP study.  Conversion of the space between Greater Lokoja Waterworks fence and the River Niger from its present agricultural use into recreational use for sightseeing by the staff and visitors of the Greater Lokoja Waterworks;  Implementation of RAP before commencement of the project.  Capacity building of the project site committee members, PAP and other stakeholders to ensure effective and efficient contribution;  Complete compliance to the mitigation measures in the ESMP at all stages of project implementation by all actors in project delivery; and  Adequate awareness creation in the area of water harvesting as this will reduce surface run-off especially during the rainy season thereby preventing flooding and subsequent erosion.

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Achoba, Fidelis (2017). African Traditional Religion in Igalaland, Nigeria (c. 1000 – present); RJHIS 4 (1) 2017.

Atta Barkindo (2013). Our Bodies, Their Battle Ground Boko Haram and Gender Based Violence Against Christian Women and Children in North-eastern Nigeria since 1999. NPVRN Working Paper No. 1, Abuja-Nigeria For Open Doors International, Netherlands

Browne A. and Williams K.R (1993). Gender Intimacy and Lethal Violence: Trends from 1976 through 1987, Sage Publications Inc., Gender and Society, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 1993, http://www.jstor.org/stable/190025

Chioma Oduenyi, Joyce Igwebuike, Anuli Nwosu, and Emenike Azie (2017). Gender- Based Violence (GBV) Assessment and Service Mapping for MCSP- supported facilities in Kogi and Ebonyi States, Nigeria; Final Report –September, 2017.

Aderoju O. M, Guerner A. Dias & Anwasia (2016). Ancestral heritage of flood plain residence and solid waste disposal pattern in flood events in Kogi State, Nigeria; WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 203, 2016 WIT Press doi:10.2495/EID160041

Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action 2015

United Nations Population Fund (2016). Facilitator‟s Guide Reporting on Gender-Based in the Syria Crisis

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ANNEXURE ANNEX I: ESMP QUESTIONNAIRE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) QUESTIONNAIRE KOGI STATE NEWMAP GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS INTERVENTION PROJECT Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey. The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight on proposed NEWMAP intervention at GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS Gully Erosion Site in Kogi State. This provides you the opportunity to contribute to the environmental and social components of the project implementation.

NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.

SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed 4. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Retired (g) Civil Servant (h) Unemployed (i) Others specify…………………… 5. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non-Resident, Visiting 6. Ethnic Group: (a) Igala (b) Ebira (c) Fulani (d) Okun 7. Religion: (a) Christianity (b) Islam (c) Traditional 8. Relationship to Household Head (HH): (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify…... 9. Size of the HH …………………………… 10. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 11. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ……………. (Location/LGA/State) 12. Education: (a) NO formal education (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate 13. Are you in anyway affected by the GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS Gully Erosion (a) YES (b) NO 14. If question 13 is YES, how (a) Damage to farmland (b) Damage to building/property (c) loss of landed / Building property

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(d) Damage to household utensils/personal belonging (e) economic loss due to inability to access or operate means of livelihoods (f) Damage to Public Infrastructures (f) others specify……… 15. Does GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS Gully Erosion prevent children from going to school? (a) YES (b) NO 16. If question 15 is yes, how regular is the occurrence? (a) Often (b) frequently (c) rarely

SECTION B: Health Status 1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS Gully Erosion? (a) YES (b) NO 2. If yes, in what way? (a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria (e) Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify…………… 3. Does the prevalence / occurrence of the disease(s) become severe during erosion periods (a) YES (b) NO 4. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify…………………………. 5. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one. 6. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly? Ailment Ailment Whooping Cough Rheumatism Tuberculosis Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid fever Congestive health problem Malaria Pneumonia Sickle cell anaemia Sexually transmitted diseases Epilepsy

7. Do you think your health condition will be affected by the proposed intervention at GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS Gully Erosion site? (a) YES (b) NO 8. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify…………………………………… 9. Please suggest how this can be averted during construction and implementation ….……………………………………………………………………………………….

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SECTION C: Standard of Living / Socio-Economic Activities 1. Assets 1.1 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - Plastered mud c. Number of 1-2 Walls Cement blocks rooms 3-4 Other (specify) Other b. Construction material - Corrugated d. Other (specify)Animal Pen roofing roofingAluminium / structures on plot Granary Roofing tiles Asbestos Shops Tile Kiosks Other (specify) Other e. Construction material - Earthen (specify) floor Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of housing Owned Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify

2. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify………

2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) PHCN Generator Lantern Candle Palm Torchlight Wood Kerosene Gas Oil Battery Lamp

2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking? (a) Fire (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Gas (g) Crop Others Wood Coal Kerosene Electricity Animal Residue/saw dropping dust

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3.0 Sources of Water for drinking for for bathing and a. Well cooking washing b. Borehole/Water pump c. Community tap d. Piped water outside dwelling e. River f. Rain harvesting g. Water vendor h. Tanked water i. Other (specify)

4.0 Income State your main income per month N

4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 YES 2 NO

2. If yes, how much (per month) N

5. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? (a) Same (b) Better (c) Worse 6. Is the option in 5 propelled by the Gully Erosion problem (a) YES (b) NO 7. If 6 is YES, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation? (a) YES (b) NO 8. If 7 is YES specify how the project will improve the situation ………………………

SECTION D: Gender-Based Violence/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 1. Are there any provisions which restrict women‟s access to health and other social services? In particular, which: (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) require the consent of a male relative/husband for a married woman‟s medical examination or treatment or access to contraceptives or abortion, ( ) require parental consent in case of adolescents‟ access to contraceptives or abortion; ( ) allow medical practitioners to refuse provision of a legal medical service on grounds of conscientious objection ( ) prohibit certain medical services, or require that they be authorized by a physician, even where no medical procedure is required; in particular: ( ) IUDs (intrauterine devices) or hormonal contraceptives ( ) Emergency contraceptives, including the morning-after pill, ( ) Sterilization on request; ( ) Early abortion (in first trimester of pregnancy) at the pregnant woman‟s request ( ) Medically assisted reproduction (e.g., in vitro fertilization)

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2. Are the following acts criminalized? (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) transmission of HIV or other venereal diseases by women only ( ) female genital mutilation ( ) child marriage ( ) home births with an obstetrician or midwife ( ) abortion

3. Are the following acts criminalized? (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) adultery ( ) prostitution (If yes, who is criminally responsible – please circle the appropriate answer: the sex worker, the procurer and/or the customer) ( ) sexual orientation and gender identity (homosexuality, lesbianism, transgender, etc.) ( ) violations of modesty or indecent assault (e.g. not following dress code)

4. If yes, does it cover: (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases ( ) prevention of unwanted pregnancies ( ) promotion of a healthy lifestyle, including prevention of dietary disorders of teenage girls, including anorexia and bulimia ( ) psychological/psychiatric training on self-control of aggression, including sexual aggression 5. Are there any measures and programs undertaken in order to increase women‟s safety e.g. in public urban spaces, in public transportation, etc.? YES ( ) NO ( )

6. Are there specific training programs for medical and legal professionals on the issue of gender-based discrimination in the area of health and safety? YES ( ) NO ( )

7. Do they cover: (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) the issues connected with specific women‟s needs in area of health ( ) specific women‟s vulnerability to be victims of gender-based violence or specific crimes ( ) the nature of gender-based violence, ( ) its occurrences and symptoms ( ) methods of detection ( ) medical protocols ( ) influence of gender-based violence, in particular of sexual violence on the future behaviors of victims (post-traumatic stress symptoms etc.) 8. How do you ensure gender equity in the community? (a) Women are elected in public office (b) Females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) Quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community-based organizations (d) Others specify………………………………

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SECTION E: Resources/ Cultural Property 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause can be linked to GREATER LOKOJA WATERWORKS Gully Erosion? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Bad lands (e) environmental degradation (f) Degraded land (i) Destruction of infrastructures (j) Others (specify) ……………………………...

2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ……

3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) encroachment of land properties (j) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (k) Others (specify) …………………………..

4. Do you think the proposed intervention project will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area? (a) YES (b) NO

5. If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property ………………………… 6. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: ………………

SECTION F: Intervention Project Activities Impact Evaluation 1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) YES (b) NO 2. If yes, from which source (a) Community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify……………………………. 3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) YES (b) NO 4. If 3 is yes how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness? (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: …………………………… 5. How will the proposed intervention project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts (a)

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(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 6. Can you name some of the animals and other habitat at the gully erosion site that may be affected by the proposed intervention project? …………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What do you expect from the activities of NEWMAP intervention? (a) employment of Locals during construction (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify……………………..

8. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the intervention project in your area, please state clearly? ……………………...…………………………………………………………………

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ANNEX II: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS (ESS) This is gradually replacing the Ops)  ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts sets out the Borrower‟s responsibilities for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social risks and impacts associated with each stage of a project supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing (IPF), in order to achieve environmental and social outcomes consistent with the Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs).  ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions recognizes the importance of employment creation and income generation in the pursuit of poverty reduction and inclusive economic growth. Borrowers can promote sound worker-management relationships and enhance the development benefits of a project by treating workers in the project fairly and providing safe and healthy working conditions.  ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management recognizes that economic activity and urbanization often generate pollution to air, water, and land, and consume finite resources that may threaten people, ecosystem services and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels. This ESS sets out the requirements to address resource efficiency and pollution prevention and management throughout the project life-cycle.  ESS4: Community Health and Safety addresses the health, safety, and security risks and impacts on project-affected communities and the corresponding responsibility of Borrowers to avoid or minimize such risks and impacts, with particular attention to people who, because of their particular circumstances, may be vulnerable.  ESS5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement - involuntary resettlement should be avoided. Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, it will be minimized and appropriate measures to mitigate adverse impacts on displaced persons (and on host communities receiving displaced persons) will be carefully planned and implemented.  ESS7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities ensures that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, aspirations, identity, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. ESS7 is also meant to avoid adverse impacts of projects on Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for such impacts.  ESS8: Cultural Heritage recognizes that cultural heritage provides continuity in tangible and intangible forms between the past, present and future. ESS8 sets out measures designed to protect cultural heritage throughout the project life-cycle.  ESS9: Financial Intermediaries (FIs) recognizes that strong domestic capital and financial markets and access to finance are important for economic development, growth and poverty reduction. FIs are required to monitor and manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of their portfolio and FI subprojects, and monitor portfolio risk, as appropriate to the nature of intermediated financing. The way in which the FI will manage its portfolio will take various forms, depending on a number of considerations, including the capacity of the FI and the nature and scope of the funding to be provided by the FI.

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 ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure recognizes the importance of open and transparent engagement between the Borrower and project stakeholders as an essential element of good international practice. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation.

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ANNEX III: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS/CIVIL WORKS 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor‟s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general, these measures shall include but not be limited to: a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, 143

i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker scamps. j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long-distance transportation. k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed-off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed-off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.

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13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. c) Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. d) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. e) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. f) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. g) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.

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22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

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39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client‟s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner‟s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.

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54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor‟s HSE performance. 55. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • A description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor‟s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor‟s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as

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copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE‟s reports to the Client 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHSMP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • Occupational Health and Safety Basics • Occupational Health and Safety in water supply pipeline installation • Safety Practices in Borehole installation and Aquifer Abstraction • Electrical Safety Basics • Hazard Identification and Control • Hazard Communication Program • Accident Investigation • Asbestos Management • Safe work Procedures • Fall Protection • Noise Management Program • Workers Respiratory Program • Work place Violence Management • Fire Safety • Emergency Management; and • Social and cultural awareness 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact.

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ANNEX IV: EXAMPLE FORMAT: HSE REPORT Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.

Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects. Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor‟s Representative Example Format: HSE Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved: Employing Company: Type of Incident: Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor‟s Representative

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ANNEX V

GRIEVANCE REDRESS FRAMEWORK FOR KOGI STATE NEWMAP a. FIRST Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP Community Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP Members i. One Representative of the Eze (Community head) ii. One Representative of the Women group iii. One Representative of the Focal NGO iv. One Representative of Community Association (CA) v. Four Representative from Site Committee (SC) vi. Secretary Site Committee as Secretary vii. Chairman Site Committee as Coordinator

b. Second Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP Local Government/ Community Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC) Members viii. One Representative of the CAs ix. One Representative of the Host Communities King x. One Representative of the LGA (Technical Officer) xi. One Representative of the Ministry of Lands (NEWMAP Technical Committee Member from Lands) xii. Assist. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi NEWMAP) as Secretary xiii. Environmental Safeguard Officer (Kogi NEWMAP) xiv. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi NEWMAP) xv. Focal NGO as Coordinator c. Third Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP State Grievance Redress Committee (SGRC) Members i. One Representative of the Ecology Department (Ministry of Environment and Sustainability) ii. One Representative of the Ministry of Lands iii. One Representative of the Ministry of Justice iv. The Project Accountant (Kogi NEWMAP) v. Focal NGO vi. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi NEWMAP) as Secretary vii. Project Coordinator (Kogi NEWMAP) as Coordinator d. Fourth Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP National Grievance Redress Committee (NGRC) Members i. The Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment ii. Focal NGO iii. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi NEWMAP) iv. Social Livelihood Specialist (Federal NEWMAP) v. Two Representative of Project Affected Persons (PAPs)

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vi. Social Livelihood Officer (From Anambra and Enugu NEWMAP) as Secretary vii. Project Coordinator (Kogi NEWMAP) viii. Umbrella NGO as Coordinator e. Fifth Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP The Courts NOTE: All grievances will first of all be address as the First Level. It will only move on to Second Level if the first level agreement was not accepted by the party involved and then to third then to the fourth under similar situation.

If a party is not satisfied with the outcomes of Levels I, 2, 3 & 4, then He/she can take the case to the Law Courts (the Fifth Level).

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ANNEX VI: MEETING ATTENDANCE

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