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A Grammar of Akuntsú 21-06-15 A GRAMMAR OF AKUNTSÚ, A TUPÍAN LANGUAGE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2014 By Carolina Coelho Aragon Dissertation Committee: Lyle Campbell, Chairperson Kenneth Rehg William O’Grady Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral Christine Beaule © Copyright 2014, Carolina Coelho Aragon ii This work is dedicated to Akuntsú people babawɾo oanoa pi jã ete Thank you! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Aiga, Konibú, Pupák, Aramira, Enotej and Ururu (in memoriam) for welcoming me to their community, for sharing their language and culture with me and for inviting to be part of their world. I must acknowledge my gratitude to many people who supported the writing of this grammar over the years. In the United States, Dr. Lyle Campbell has guided this dissertation to its conclusion, and without his invaluable comments, suggestions, time and patience, this work wouldn't have been completed. I am very grateful for his support and encouragement since I have arrived in the United States; my thanks and respect always! I deeply thank Dr. Kenneth Rehg and Dr. William O’Grady for their comments and advice on this dissertation. I also thank Dr. Leo Wetzel, who served as an unofficial committee member until procedures make it necessary to change the composition of the committee. Many thanks for the continuous support of faculty and staff from the Linguistics Department at the University of Hawai'i, especially to Dr. Patricia Donegan, Dr. Robert Blust and Dr. Victoria Anderson. I thank Anna Belew for editing this manuscript. I also wish to thank the Linguistics Department at the University of Utah, where I started my PhD. In Brazil, this grammar would not be possible without the permission and support of the staffs of the Coordination of Isolated and Recent Contact Indians (from National Indian Foundation), who allowed me the opportunity of being in contact with the Akuntsú people, and of doing fieldwork linguistics. I am also compelled to acknowledge my gratitude to the Laboratory of Indigenous Language at the University of Brasília, iv especially to Dr. Aryon Rodrigues (in memoriam), who in addition to teaching me about linguistics, taught me about ethics and much more things that go beyond the textbooks, and to Dr. Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral for her cooperation on this dissertation and her guidance through Indigenous languages and cultures. The fieldwork for this study was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation, Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme, the Lewis and Clark Fund for exploration and field research, the Endangered Language Fund, and the UHM Linguistics Department Endowment Fund. I am grateful for their support. I deeply thank my family and friends for being part of my life, and for always being there for me. Finally, my special thanks to Felipe, for the unconditional love. Thank you for the encouragement of my happiness. v ABSTRACT This dissertation presents a description of the main aspects of Akuntsú grammar, as spoken by five monolingual people who live in the Southeast region of Rondônia state, Brazil. Akuntsú people have until recently been an isolated indigenous group, now the only survivors of genocide. Akuntsú is a critically endangered language. This study presents an analysis of the phonology and morphosyntax of the language. It takes a functional approach to describing the structures of the language and the function that each grammatical component serves. This study is based on fieldwork research carried out since 2004, where the analyses were grounded on several texts. This dissertation introduces aspects of the Akuntsú people and culture in chapter 1; In chapter 2, I describe Akuntsú phonology and relevant aspects of phonological processes found in this language; grammatical categories and word-structures are introduced in chapter 3; nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, ideophones, particles and interjections are discussed in chapter 4, 5, 6 and 7; and simple clause types in chapter 8. Typologically, Akuntsú has been revealed interesting phonological and morphological traits. The stop consonants in Akuntsú have unusual surface representations, such as a voiceless-voiced consonant cluster, which alternate intervocalically and under stress assignment; the morpheme used in the related Makuráp, Tuparí and Mekéns languages (members of the Tuparían subfamily) identified as a genitive classifier to signal possession of animals is, in Akuntsú, replaced by kinship terms, as though possessed animals were now treated as sons or daughters. This lost of the genitive classifier shows that the drastic social changes they have suffered in being vi reduced to five members is indeed reflected in a particular linguistic construction. Aside from these linguistic traits, languages spoken in Rondônia state in Brazil, such as Akuntsú, have importance, both for their linguistic diversity and for their location in a region, which is claimed to be the main area of the Tupían homeland. The description of Akuntsú, makes it possible to further contribute to linguistic science, especially to the study of historical linguistics in the area. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................ xiv List of Maps .................................................................................................................. xvi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... xvii List of Abbreviations and symbols ............................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 01 1.1 Goals .................................................................................................................... 01 1.2 Background information ...................................................................................... 01 1.2.1 Previous literatures ...................................................................................... 03 1.2.2 Historical context and history of contact ..................................................... 04 1.2.3 Current situation .......................................................................................... 09 1.2.4 Current and traditional geographic location ................................................ 10 1.2.5 Material culture ........................................................................................... 15 1.2.6 Language status ........................................................................................... 18 1.3 Genetic affiliation and grammatical overview ..................................................... 18 1.3.1 Akuntsú in the Tuparían subfamily ............................................................. 18 1.3.2 A survey of Akuntsú typological features ................................................... 20 1.4 Methodology and presentation ............................................................................. 21 1.4.1 Notes on fieldwork with monolinguals ....................................................... 22 1.4.2 Methodology and documentation design .................................................... 29 1.4.3 The presentation of this dissertation ........................................................... 33 CHAPTER 2 PHONOLOGY ................................................................................................ 35 2.2 Segmental Phonology ........................................................................................... 36 2.2.1 Vowels ......................................................................................................... 38 2.2.1.1 Vocalic description and contrast ....................................................... 40 2.2.1.2 Nasality in vowels ............................................................................. 45 2.2.1.3 Laryngealized (creaky) vowels .......................................................... 49 2.2.1.4 Vowel length ..................................................................................... 55 2.2.1.5 Vowels and glides .............................................................................. 60 2.2.1.6 Phonetic diphthongs .......................................................................... 62 2.2.1.7 Speech rate, length and stress ............................................................ 66 2.2.2 Consonants .................................................................................................. 67 viii 2.2.2.1 Stops .................................................................................................. 68 2.2.2.1.1 The feature voice ................................................................... 68 2.2.2.1.2 Neutralization of the feature [±voice] ................................... 70 2.2.2.1.3 Unreleased stops ...................................................................
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