Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies Volume 7: Issue 2 The World of Patrick Gordon Aberdeen University Press JOURNAL OF IRISH AND SCOTTISH STUDIES Volume 7, Issue 2 Spring 2014 The World of Patrick Gordon Published by Aberdeen University Press in association with The Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies ISSN 1753-2396 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies General Editor: Cairns Craig Issue Editor: Paul Dukes Associate Editor: Michael Brown Editorial Advisory Board: Fran Brearton, Queen’s University, Belfast Eleanor Bell, University of Strathclyde Ewen Cameron, University of Edinburgh Sean Connolly, Queen’s University, Belfast Patrick Crotty, University of Aberdeen David Dickson, Trinity College, Dublin T. M. Devine, University of Edinburgh David Dumville, University of Aberdeen Aaron Kelly, University of Edinburgh Edna Longley, Queen’s University, Belfast Shane Alcobia-Murphy, University of Aberdeen Ian Campbell Ross, Trinity College, Dublin Graham Walker, Queen’s University, Belfast International Advisory Board: Don Akenson, Queen’s University, Kingston Tom Brooking, University of Otago Keith Dixon, Université Lumière Lyon 2 Marjorie Howes, Boston College H. Gustav Klaus, University of Rostock Peter Kuch, University of Otago Graeme Morton, University of Guelph Brad Patterson, Victoria University, Wellington Matthew Wickman, Brigham Young David Wilson, University of Toronto The Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies is a peer reviewed journal published twice yearly in autumn and spring by Aberdeen University Press in association with the Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies. An electronic reviews section is available on the RIISS website at: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/riiss/issjournal.shtml Editorial correspondence, including manuscripts for submission, should be addressed to The Editors, Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies, Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies, Humanity Manse, 19 College Bounds, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UG or emailed to: [email protected] Subscription information can be found on www.abdn.ac.uk/riiss/publications Cover image: Portrait of Patrick Gordon from Museum of History, Moscow. CONTENTS Editorial v Patrick Gordon and the Westernization of Russia 1 Elena Alekseeva Scottish and Irish Soldiers in Early Seventeenth-Century Russia 21 Chester S.L. Dunning Patrick Gordon and the Jesuit College at Braunsberg 41 Tom McInally The Best-Connected Man in Muscovy? Patrick Gordon’s 59 Evidence Regarding News and Communications in Muscovy in the Seventeenth Century Daniel C. Waugh Patrick Gordon and his Family Circle: Some Additional Letters 123 Paul Dukes (ed. and intro) Notes on Contributors 153 EDITORIAL This special issue of Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies, ‘The World of Patrick Gordon’, may be seen as a sequel to Volume 3: Issue 2, 2010 of the same journal, ‘The Patrick Gordon Diary and Its Context’. The aim is to provide further background to the publication of the Diary of Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries, 1635 – 1699, the fi fth of six volumes coming out in 2014. The fi rst three contributions were given as papers at the seminar on ‘Cultural Diffusion and Catholicism in Early Modern Russia and Northern Europe’, held on the occasion of the launch of Volume IV of the Diary on 29 November 2013. Elena Alekseeva from the Academy of Sciences in Ekaterinburg, Russia, fi nally making it to Aberdeen after inclement weather foiled a previous attempt, began her presentation with a photograph of a bust of Patrick Gordon to be found at a pub in the centre of the city bearing his name and inscribed with the words allegedly addressed to him by Peter the Great: ‘I gave you a handful of earth, and you gave me Russia.’ This was the point of departure for wide-ranging observations on theories of military revolution, diffusion and modernization. Chester Dunning, a recent welcome Fullbright visitor from Texas A&M University, most appropriately for a meeting held under the auspices of the Research Institute of Irish & Scottish Studies, spoke of both Scottish and Irish Soldiers with newly dis- covered material and special reference to the ancestors of the celebrated writer Lermontov. And Tom McInally provided an illuminating analysis of Gordon’s Catholicism, reading in a convincing manner between some of the Diary’s early lines. At a late stage in the preparation of this number of JISS, Daniel Waugh from the University of Washington sent for comment a thorough survey of Gordon’s evidence concerning news and communications during the years that he was in Muscovy. It immediately seemed appropriate to add this paper to the others. Finally, some letters concerning Gordon and his family circle, most of which are not be found in the Diary, previously published in a long defunct journal, have been republished. title vii Warm thanks are due to Jon Cameron, the Administrator of Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies (RIISS), for seeing this collection through to completion, to Michael Brown, Acting Director of RIISS, for his thorough preliminary reading, and to him and Cairns Craig, Director of RIISS, for their continued support of the publication of Patrick Gordon’s Diary so magnifi cently edited by Dmitry Fedosov, to which this special number of the journal adds further context and understanding. Paul Dukes, Guest Editor. Patrick Gordon and the Westernization of Russia1 Elena Alekseeva On the border of Europe and Asia, in the Urals city of Ekaterinburg in front of the pub called ‘Gordon’s’ stands a monument to Patrick Gordon (1635 – 1699).2 Of course, the famous Scot had never been to the city (founded nearly a quarter of a century after his death), but the fact is very symbolic. Europe and Asia were fused in Gordon's fate. More than that, the development of the Urals region as a mining centre of Russia and its weapons arsenal began at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries due to the needs of the Russian army. That was the army, in the creation of which General Gordon played a very important role. At the pedestal of the monument its sculptor engraved the phrase: ‘I gave you a handful of earth and you gave me Russia’ signed ‘Peter the Great’. Thus, Peter’s last words to Gordon which the tsar allegedly said at the general’s tomb, and referred merely to the state’s southern borders, were extended to the whole of Russia. 1 The article was prepared within the framework of the research project ‘The Waves of Westernization in Russia (XVII – beginning of the XXth century.)’, supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities, grant № 13-01-00114. 2 The sculptor of the statue is Alexander Selnitsky. 2 Elena Alekseeva Stone or bronze fi gures of Vladimir Lenin are still standing in all Russian cities. Modern young architects produce new urban sculptures, but monuments dedicated to the historical fi gures of the Petrine epoch are extremely rare. The number of monuments to Peter I in Russia exceeds thirty, yet only a handful of his followers were honoured in the same way.3 All the more remarkable is the fact that Patrick Gordon’s bust was set in Ekaterinburg. Explaining the pub's name, its owners say that Peter Ivanovich was a famous doctor in his regiment and treated any ailment with a cup of whisky, for which he earned the nickname ‘Dr. Scotch’. Thus, after three hundred years, the person of Patrick Gordon still acquires legendary details and the Russians continue to romanticize his image as an ‘incorruptible and stern warrior’, ‘severe and calm’, ‘cheerful, honest’ and as a ‘Glorious General’ created by the Soviet writer Alexei Tolstoy in his famous novel Peter I. Along with historical legends and fi ctionalized images of Patrick Gordon, an extensive historiography as well as publications of his diaries exist.4 Gordon himself gave a kind of indulgence to all those interested in his fate or person. He wrote in the beginning of his diary: ‘leaving to others, if any shall take paines to read it, the free censure of any thing here done’.5 We are intending to use the given opportunity and approach the activity and deeds of this great man keeping in mind the major changes that took place in Europe and Russia in the second half of the seventeenth century. These changes are associated with the birth of the modern world and the process of modernization which came to life in Russia under the strong 3 Svod petrovskikh pamyatnikov Rossii i Evropy // http://spp.lfond.spb.ru/russia/ types/search?fi lter=99 2013 4 Among them: Aleksandr Brikner, Patrik Gordon i yego dnevnik (Sankt-Peterburg, 1878); Kirill Stankov 'Patrik Gordon i partiya yakobitov v Rossii v kontse XVII v.' in Voprosy istorii, 10 (2011), 108 – 121; Yekaterina Boltunova, Gvardiya Petra Velikogo kak voyennaya korporatsiya (Moskva, 2011); A. F. Steuart, Scottish Infl uences in Russian History from the end of the 16th to the Beginning of the 19th Centuries (Cambridge, 1972); Paul Dukes, ‘Scottish Soldiers in Muscovy’ in Paul Dukes and others, Scots in Russia (Edinburgh, 1987), 9 – 23; M. Cornwall and M. Frame (eds) Scotland and the Slavs: Cultures in Contact, 1500 – 2000 (Newtonville, St.-Petersburg, 2001); Patrick Gordon, Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries, J. Robertson (ed.)(Aberdeen, 1859); Patrick Gordon, ‘Dnevnik Gordona vo vremya prebyvaniya yego v Rossii’ in Russkaya starina (1916), Kn. III; Patrick Gordon, ‘Dnevnik generala Patrika Gordona, vedennyy im vo vremya yego prebyvaniya v Rossii 1661 – 1678 gg’ in Istoriya Rossii i doma Romanovykh v memuarakh sovremennikov XVII – XX vv. Moskoviya i Evropa (Moskva, 2000); Patrick Gordon 'Dnevnik' 1635—1659 (Moskva, 2000); Patrick Gordon 'Dnevnik' 1659—1667 (Moskva, 2003); Patrick Gordon 'Dnevnik' 1677— 1678 (Moskva, 2005); Patrick Gordon 'Dnevnik' 1684—1689 (Moskva, 2009); etc.