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Download This PDF File Jurnal CMES Volume VII Nomor 2 Edisi Juli - Desember 2014 Jurusan Sastra Arab Bekerjasama dengan PSTT FSSR UNS HIKAYAT ALFU LAILAH WA LAILAH: ANALISIS STRUKTUR NARATIF Sangidu Guru Besar Sastra Arab Modern Fakultas Ilmu Budaya UGM Yogyakarta [email protected] Abstract The stories of the Arabian Nights were written by many people over the course of hundreds of years. The core of original stories came out of Persia and India in the early eighth century. They were translated into Arabic and given the name Alfu Laylah wa laylah or The Thousand Nights and One Night. This set of stories was few in number and fell far short of living up to the number in its title. The Arabian Nights stand near the top of the list of literary works that have influenced western literature. The first stories from the Nights to reach Europe did so around the 12th century. Chaucer's Horse, for example, is evidently The Enchanted Horse from the Arabian Nights. The real influence began, however, Galland's translation brought the full set of the tales to Europe in the early 1700's. The application of narrative structure to alfu lailah wa can be conducted by focusing on the study of the plot which makes up series of events. The analysis is made on the experiences undergone by King Syahriar and his wife, Syahrazad from the beginning to the end of the story. The result of the analysis shows that generally the narrative structure of the story can be divided into three parts, namely prologue, body, and epilogue. In the body of the story, there are many stories of which narrative structures are different among them. Beside that, the Arabian Night's Entertainments stand out as one of the stellar achievements in literature. Hundreds of people contributed to their form and substances over the hundreds of years of their development. The result has entertained and influenced readers for generations. Keywords: Alfu Lailah wa Lailah (the Arabian Nights), King Syahriar, Syahrazad, Dinazade, narrative structure analysis. ملخص كانت حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة كتبها كثَت من الناس على مدار مئات السنُت. وجاء أصل احلكايات اﻷصلية من بﻻد فارس واذلند يف أوائل القرن الثامن، مث ترمجت إىل اللغة العربية حتت عنوان ألف ليلة وليلة، وكان عدد القصص ىف الكتاب قليل ﻻ يرتقى إىل العدد ادلذكور ىف العنوان. كادت حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة حتتل قمة اﻷعمال اﻷدبية الىت أثرت اﻷدب الغريب. أول حكاية من حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة وصلت إىل مجيع أضلاء أوربا حوايل القرن الثاىن عشر. على سبيل ادلثال حصان تشوسر فهو بوضوح احلصان ادلسحور ىف ألف ليلة وليلة. وبدأ التأثَت احلقيقي عندما أحضرت ترمجة غاﻻن ىف رلموعة كاملة من احلكايات إىل أوربا ىف أوائل 1000. 112 Jurnal CMES Volume VII Nomor 2 Edisi Juli - Desember 2014 Jurusan Sastra Arab Bekerjasama dengan PSTT FSSR UNS وميكن إجراء تطبيق البنية السردية ىف حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة من خﻻل الًتكيز على دراسة حبكة احلكايات اليت تشكل سلسلة من اﻷحداث. ويتم حتليل القصة على التجارب اليت مر هبا ادللك شهريار وزوجتو شهرزاد من بداية القصة إىل هنايتها. وأوصلت نتيجة التحليل إىل أن البنية السردية للقصة تنقسم إىل ثﻻثة أجزاء، وىي مقدمة، وجسد القصة، وخادتة. يف جسد القصة، ىناك العديد من القصص البنية السردية فيما بينها سلتلفة. باﻹضافة إىل أن التسليات ىف حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة تربز كواحدة من اﻹصلازات ادلمتازة ىف العمل اﻷديب. وقد سامهت مئات من الناس ىف تشكيل القصص ومضموهنا خﻻل مئات السنُت من التطوير. وقد سلَّت وأثرت أجياﻻ كثَتة من القراء. الكلمات الدليلية: حكايات ألف ليلة وليلة، ادللك شهريار، شهرزاد، دينازاد، حتليل البنية السردية. 1. Pengantar telah menjadi inspirasi bagi para novelis, Artikel ini pada mulanya berbentuk musikus, penyair, artis, pelukis, pemahat, power point yang disajikan dengan judul dan lain-lain. The Night Thousand and One: Narrative Namun, ada beberapa faktor yang Structure Analysis pada International merendahkan nilai cerita 1001 malam ini, Seminar on Middle East yang terutama diterbitkannya edisi-edisi yang diselenggarakan oleh Universitas Gadjah bahasanya fulgar dan bahkan seksual, Mada bekerjasama dengan Kagama dan sehingga menjadi tidak layak untuk dibaca Kementerian Luar Negeri Repblik oleh kalangan umum. Lebih parah lagi, ada Indonesia pada tanggal, 25-26 Maret 2008. beberapa karya seni rendahan yang Selanjutnya, power point dalam bahasa dikaitkan dengan cerita 1001 malam, Arab disajikan pada an-Nadwatu ‗l- padahal cerita tersebut jelas berbeda. ‘Ilmiyyatu ‗d-Dauliyyah ‘ani ‗s-Sardiyyah Menurut para ahli sastra dan folklor, yang diselenggarakan oleh Pusat Studi cerita 1001 malam sangat mencerminkan Narratif Universitas Terusan Suez, Ismailia mentalitas Arab pada masa kejayaan, dan Mesir pada tahun 2011. secara ilmiah dapat dianggap sebagai Hikayat Alfu Lailah wa Lailah contoh bagi cerita rakyat, folkstory. Di (selanjutnya disebut Alfu Lailah wa Eropa dan Amerika serta negara-negara Lailah), dalam bahasa Inggris biasa disebut lain, folkstory dapat dianalisis dan The Arabian Nights atau The Thousand ditentukan nilai-nilai sejarah, sosial, dan and One Nights. Cerita itu begitu terkenal psikologisnya (Anonim, t.t.). dan dianggap sebagai salah satu karya Cerita 1001 malam telah sastra dunia garda depan (Al-Kitābul- mempengaruhi pemikiran di Eropa berkat `Adhīm, Avant Garde). Karya ini telah kontak antara peradaban Arab dengan diterjemahkan ke dalam berbagai bahasa peradaban Eropa sebelum era modern. Para dan mengalami cetak ulang berpuluh-puluh peneliti sempat menginvestigasi pengaruh kali. Karya ini terdiri atas dua jilid, ditulis cerita 1001 malam di Eropa melalui cerita dengan huruf Arab dan terdiri atas 1545 rakyat dan hayalan yang terdapat dalam halaman (Anonim, t.t.). peradaban Bizantium dan Latin. Namun, Cerita 1001 malam sangat penting yang penting adalah banyaknya terjemahan dalam dunia kesastraan Arab sehingga dan kajian yang menyebar luas di Eropa mendapatkan perhatian dan tanggapan bagi saat bangsa Eropa mulai memiliki rasa para ahli dan spesialis di Eropa, Timur, penasaran untuk mengenal bangsa Timur. Mesir, dan lain-lain. Bahkan cerita tersebut 113 Jurnal CMES Volume VII Nomor 2 Edisi Juli - Desember 2014 Jurusan Sastra Arab Bekerjasama dengan PSTT FSSR UNS Antoine Galland menerbitkan Beirut tahun 1962. Contoh-contoh tadi terjemahan dalam bahasa Prancis untuk menunjukkan adanya perhatian dari para cerita 1001 malam antara tahun 1704- ahli sastra Arab untuk mengkaji 1001 1717, kemudian menyusul banyak malam. Edisi terbitan Dāru „sy-Sya`ab terjemahan pada abad ke-19 dan para yang diedit oleh Rusydi Shaleh merupakan orientalis mulai mengkajinya. Adapun edisi yang orisinal dan jauh dari kesalahan- edisi Arab yang diterbitkan, ada edisi kesalahan (Anonim, t.t.). Bulaq tahun 1251 H, edisi Beirut tahun Struktur cerita 1001 malam 1881, edisi The Jesuite Fathers, dan merupakan cerita berbingkai sambung kemudian banyak lagi pada abad ke-20. menyambung dan mengandung kurang Namun, semua edisi itu ditujukan hanya lebih 193 cerita yang bermacam-macam. untuk bisnis. Karena itulah terdapat banyak Sebagian cerita terdiri atas cerita salah cetak, salah nama, dan banyak terjemahan yang berasal dari cerita-cerita interpolasi (tambahan) yang tidak perlu. Persi, India, Romawi dan terhimpun dalam Semuanya dimaksudkan hanya untuk sebuah buku berbahasa Persi “Hazar melariskannya. Berikutnya terdapat salah Afsanah”. Sebagian lagi terdiri atas cerita urut dalam menyebut cerita, teutama cerita asli Arab. Cerita tersebut mengandung sekunder dan terdapat juga salah urutan cerita-cerita, baik cerita khayal seperti dalam malam-malamnya (Anonim, t.t.). cerita tentang jin, tentang binatang yang Dari sisi lain, edisi-edisi terbitan dapat berkata-kata seperti manusia, seperti Eropa merupakan edisi yang lebih bagus keledai, burung, ikan, sapi, kijang, dan dan otentik. Hal semacam ini sangat sebagainya maupun cerita yang berlatar disesali oleh para peminat folklor Arab. Di belakang sejarah, seperti cerita nabi Yusuf, samping kajian dan penelitian para ahli di cerita tentang penghuni gua, beberapa Eropa terhadap cerita 1001 malam, cerita tentang khalifah Harun ar-Rasyid, al- sejarahnya, terjemahannya, dan Makmun, Abu Nuwas, Yahya al-Barmaky interpolasinya (tambahannya); ada juga dan anaknya Ja‟far, Khatim Thai, dan lain beberapa upaya peneliti Arab yang sebagainya. Cerita-cerita lain yang sangat mengkaji cerita 1001 malam pada akhir terkenal adalah cerita Sinbad Pelaut, abad ke-20 sebagai karya seni yang Aladin dan Ali Baba serta para penyamun. mengandung nilai-nilai sastra, psikologi, Bahasa Arab yang digunakan adalah sosial, kultural, dan sejarah (Anonim, t.t.). bahasa Arab campuran antara bahasa Di antara upaya-upaya tersebut fushchā dan bahasa ‗āmiyyah dengan adalah disertasi Dr. Suhair al-Qalamawy banyak diselingi syair-syair (Anonim, t.t.). tentang cerita 1001 malam di Fakultas Struktur narasi Alfu Lailah wa Sastra Cairo University, padahal tema Lailah sangat menarik dan memukau semacam itu tidak disukai atau mudah sehingga membuat Raja Syahriyar betah diterima oleh universitas-universitas Arab mendengar cerita apa saja yang diceritakan karena kajian folklor sudah lama dikaji di oleh Syahrazad. Struktur narasi dalam Alfu unversitas-universitas besar Eropa seperti Lailah wa Lailah ini menjadi masalah yang Stokholn, sekitar 60 tahun lebih awal. Di cukup menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut. samping itu pula, telah terbit banyak kajian lain tentang 1001 malam dalam bahasa 2. Masalah Arab di antaranya; Qashashunā ‗sy- Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, Sya‘biy karya Dr. Fuad Husain Ali, dan maka masalah yang akan diteliti di dalam Wa Tilka ‗sh-Shafachāt, yang ditulis oleh penelitian ini adalah bagaimana struktur Hasan adz-Dzayyat. Dalam buku tersebut narasi Alfu Lailah wa Lailah sehingga Raja terdapat
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