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Aleksandr Nikoláevitch Afanássiev E O Conto Popular Russo

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Aleksandr Nikoláevitch Afanássiev E O Conto Popular Russo UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA E CULTURA RUSSA FLAVIA CRISTINA MOINO CAROLINSKI Aleksandr Nikoláevitch Afanássiev e o conto popular russo São Paulo 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA E CULTURA RUSSA Aleksandr Nikoláevitch Afanássiev e o conto popular russo Flavia Cristina Moino Carolinski Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura e Cultura Russa do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Arlete Orlando Cavaliere São Paulo 2008 Agradecimentos À minha orientadora Profa. Dra. Arlete O. Cavaliere por sempre ter acreditado e incentivado meu trabalho. Aos Profs. Drs. Bruno Barreto Gomide e Elena N. Vássina por toda a pronta atenção dispensada durante o processo do trabalho. Aos Profs. Drs. Boris Schnaiderman e Serguei Nekliúdov pela generosidade com que me ajudaram a esclarecer diversos pontos da pesquisa. À amiga e professora Tatiana Larkina pela paciência e permanente apoio. A todos os meus amigos queridos que foram atormentados pelas minhas dúvidas eternas. Ao meu superespecial marido que, com carinho e inteligência, acompanhou atentamente cada passo deste trabalho. 3 Resumo A coletânea Contos populares russos, lançada de 1855 a 1863 em oito volumes, foi resultado do cuidadoso trabalho de Aleksandr N. Afanássiev (1826-1871), responsável pela reunião e publicação de cerca de 600 textos presentes nessa obra, que ganhou destaque por ser a primeira coletânea de contos populares russos de caráter científico, tornando-se assim um importante material de estudo, além de apresentar a poesia e o humor inerentes aos contos. Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de apresentar a trajetória desse pesquisador, que se dedicou não somente ao conto mas também a outras manifestações folclóricas, assim como traçar a evolução da presença do conto popular na vida literária e científica russa, fato que proporcionou o surgimento de diversos estudos folclorísticos, e apresentar alguns traços recorrentes do conto de magia. Para tanto, as pesquisas de Vladímir Propp, que muito se dedicou à cultura popular, em especial ao conto de magia, foram de extrema importância. Esta dissertação apresenta ainda a tradução de onze contos de magia, cujo critério de seleção foi a presença das diferentes representações do personagem folclórico Baba- Iagá, e um breve estudo dos seus traços de acordo com as teorias proppianas. Palavras-Chave: Conto popular russo (skázka), conto de magia, folclore, folclorística, Rússia século XIX, Aleksandr N. Afanássiev, Propp, Baba-Iagá, bogatýr, piétch, bánia. 4 Abstract The collection Russian folktales, brought out from 1855 to 1863 in eight volumes, was the result of the careful work by Aleksandr N. Afanássiev (1826-1871), responsible for the gathering and publishing of around 600 texts in this work. Afanássiev´s work was the first Russian folktales collection with a scientific approach, it became a fundamental study material, besides presenting the tales inherent poetry and humour. This dissertation has the objective to introduce Afanássiev´s path, who devoted himself not only to the tale but also to other folklorist expressions, as well as to outline the evolution of the folktale presence in the literary and scientific Russian life, making possible the appearance of many folklorist studies. Another purpose of this work is to present some recurring traits from the tales of magic. For this intention, Vladimir Propp´s works, who dedicated a lot of his time to the popular culture, and in particular, to the tales of magic, were extremely important to us. This dissertation also presents the translation into Portuguese of eleven tales of magic, in which the selection criteria was the presence of different representations of the folktale character Baba-Iagá, of which a short assessment is made of its traits, in accordance with Propp´s theories. Key Words Russian folktale (skázka), tale of magic, folklore, folkloristic, Russian XIX century, Aleksandr N. Afanássiev, Propp, Baba-Iagá, bogatýr, piétch, bánia. 5 Sumário Apresentação .................................................................................................................. 08 Sobre as edições de Contos populares russos ........................................................ 13 Parte I Capítulo I As primeiras manifestações literárias russas e o início do interesse pelo folclore ............................................................................................................ 18 O estudo científico do folclore ............................................................................... 24 Capítulo II Aleksandr N. Afanássiev: vida e atividade científica .................................. 30 Os primeiros anos ................................................................................................... 30 Da universidade à produção científica ................................................................... 33 Os últimos anos ...................................................................................................... 59 Capítulo III O conto popular russo (skázka) .................................................................. 63 Sobre a classificação .............................................................................................. 66 Traços gerais .......................................................................................................... 68 O estudo do conto de magia ................................................................................... 73 A imagem da Baba-Iagá e seu entorno ................................................................... 79 Outras observações sobre a Baba-Iagá.................................................................... 84 Parte II Sobre a tradução ................................................................................................................. 89 Numeração dos contos traduzidos .......................................................................... 90 Contos traduzidos 1. A Baba-Iagá e o menino audacioso .................................................................... 93 2. Ivachko e a bruxa IV .......................................................................................... 96 3. Os bogatyrí Medviédko, Ussýnia, Gorýnia e Dubýnia ...................................... 98 4. Ivan-tsarévitche e Biélyi Poliánin .................................................................... 105 5. Conto sobre o jovem valente, as maçãs da juventude e a água da vida II ........ 111 6. Conto sobre o jovem valente, as maçãs da juventude e a água da vida III ...... 115 7. O tsar-urso ........................................................................................................ 121 8. O leite de animal selvagem .............................................................................. 126 6 9. A pena de Finíst, o falcão brilhante ................................................................. 133 10. A tsarevna-rã .................................................................................................. 140 11. Vassilíssa, a bela ............................................................................................. 144 Referências Bibliográficas ........................................................................................ 151 Glossário ........................................................................................................................ 158 Anexo .............................................................................................................................. 166 7 Apresentação À noite eu escuto os contos e completo assim as lacunas de minha formação. Que encanto são esses contos. Cada um é um poema. Púchkin1. Os contos populares russos (naródnye rússkie skázki) representam uma importante parte do variado e rico conjunto que conhecemos como arte popular russa, ou seja, do folclore russo. As manifestações populares russas abrangem as mais diversas expressões artísticas nos mais diferentes períodos. Desse repertório, podemos citar as épicas bilinas com seus hercúleos bogatyrí (Ilya Múromiets, Aliocha Popóvitch e Dobrýnia Nikítitch); os contos populares; as lendas nas quais figuram Cristo e seus apóstolos; as canções históricas que contam episódios da vida de importantes personagens da história russa como Ivan, o Terrível, Boris Godunóv, Pugatchióv; as canções populares líricas das quais o amor, o casamento, a natureza, a vida cotidiana dos trabalhadores, camponeses e cossacos, o recrutamento militar são alguns dos temas; o teatro de marionetes com o conhecido personagem Petruchka; as charadas; os provérbios; as anedotas etc. Um traço de destaque no universo da cultura popular é a oralidade. Contos, lendas, anedotas entre outros eram passados de geração para geração pelo boca a boca. Havia contadores que se especializavam em determinado gênero, tornando-se conhecidos pela sua maestria em expressar as histórias. Porém, um fator determinante para que essas manifestações sobrevivessem até os nossos dias foi o trabalho de importantes pesquisadores que se dispuseram a registrar e recolher esse tipo de material, imortalizando-o. Tal registro muito motivou o estudo das manifestações populares, a princípio condenadas
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