Carotae-Crepidetum Rhoeadifoliae Hejný Et Grüll in Hejný Et Al

Cent. Eur. J. Biol. • 8(8) • 2013 • 799-812 DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0185-2

Central European Journal of Biology

The role of rock mining for maintaining Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný et Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979 – a new to Poland plant association

Research Article

Sylwia Nowak, Arkadiusz Nowak*

Department of Biosystematics, Laboratory of Geobotany & Plant Conservation, Opole University, 45-052 Opole, Poland Received 03 December 2012; Accepted 20 March 2013

Abstract: This work presents the Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae plant association, which is new to Poland. The association has been observed in industrial reclamation areas in the vicinity of carbonate mineral excavation sites in the central part of the Opole region. In the vast majority of cases, plots of this association developed in reclaimed areas. The majority of diagnostic species for the association was found within surveyed plots, including Verbascum thapsus, V. densiflorum and Bryum argenteum. Taxa characteristic of the alliance were also constantly present, i.e. Daucus carota, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Echium vulgare and Erysimum hieracifolium. This association belongs to the rarest syntaxa in Poland included in the Dauco-Melilotion alliance of ruderal communities with a predominance of hemicryptophytes, therophytes and perennials. The main diagnostic species - Crepis rhoeadifolia, belongs to very rare elements of Polish flora. It has been observed only in the southern part of the country in approx. 20 sites. Crepis rhoeadifolia had not been observed in Silesia for approx. 40 years, which is why it was considered to be an extinct taxon in this region. Rediscovering of the species allowed for diagnosing the Dauco-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae association. This association is an example of a pioneer phytocenosis of, most likely, anthropogenic origin in Silesia.

Keywords: Crepis foetida • Asteraceae • Plant community • Rare species • Vegetation ecology • Opole Silesia • SW Poland © Versita Sp. z o.o.

1. Introduction Mineral excavations, both disused and currently exploited ones, are convenient habitats for numerous 1.1 Mineral excavations and post-mining plant species [e.g. 3,4]. Quarry flora and vegetation reclamation areas as a focal point of was researched in the United States, [5,6] showing, floristic studies among others, a range of rare and vanishing species The Silesian region is of exceptional importance (=sozophytes sensu Nowak A. [7]) at national scale. In for rock mining. This is caused by a variety of rock Germany, rare and receding species were observed in masses of differing age presenting nearly the entire quarries by Mückschel [8] and other authors. In Silesia, history of the Earth’s crust development from the research concerning mineral excavations has been Precambrian Era. In the vast majority of cases, rock conducted with moderate intensity. Such research materials are excavated by means of strip mining. was performed by Stojanowska [9], Badora et al. [10], The so-called Opole District of Carbonate Mineral Kompała-Bąba & Błońska [11], as well as by Nowak A. Excavation established in 1976 is an example of [12,13] and Kasowska [14,15] and others. intensive excavation of carbonate minerals, leaving behind numerous strip excavation sites [1] and is 1.2 Crepis rhoeadifolia M. Bieb. [=Crepis based on Triassic and Cretaceous formations. The foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (M. Bieb.) district includes 16 geologically documented deposits Čelak] in Poland with several dozen quarries, out of which approx. 70% Crepis rhoeadifolia is easy to distinguish from other are now disused [2]. species of its genus. It has outer involucral bracts

* E-mail: [email protected] 799 The role of rock mining for maintaining Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný et Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979 – a new to Poland plant association

between 1-1.5 mm wide and lanceolate, c. 2/3 as long as 1999); Kaliszany - quarry (Kucharczyk M. 1997), doubtful inner, with mostly or entirely glandular hairs. Receptacle site; FE50: (Piotrowski K. 1897), doubtful site; FE52: without scales. Marginal achenes 5-7 mm, the inner Dorotka (Kucharczyk M. 1997); Sulejów (Kucharczyk 12-16 mm with long beak. The plant is 20-50 cm high M. 1997), doubtful site; FE62: Nowe (Kucharczyk M. with a rhizome and a very unpleasant smell. The stalk is 1997); Biedrzychów (Kucharczyk M. 1996), doubtful branched, with leaves, covered with rigid glandular hairs site; FE71: Ożarów (Piotrowski K. 1897), doubtful at the top, together with petioles and petiole covers. The site; FE73: Opoczka Mała (Kucharczyk M. 1996); pappus strongly protrudes from the cover. It blossoms in Opoka (Kucharczyk M. 1999); Nowiny (Kucharczyk July and in August [16,17]. Dry grasslands and slopes in M. 1997); Piotrowice (Kucharczyk M. 1996), doubtful eastern Poland are the habitat of Crepis rhoeadifolia. It is site; GD00: Mielnik at Bug river (Sychowa M. 1972); mostly included in communities of the Dauco-Melilotion GE36: Dorohusk by Chełm (Fijałkowski D. 1968, LBL); alliance which is abundant in the Dauco-Crepidetum GE52: Krasnystaw (Fijałkowski D. 1970); GE62: Izbica rhoeadifoliae, as well as in Sisymbrio and found, usually (Fijałkowski D. 1951); GE78: Czumów by Hrubieszów in limestone and warm areas [18,19]. (Fijałkowski DE. 1958); GF01: Florianka by Zwierzyniec Crepis rhoeadifolia M. Bieb. belongs to the (Fijałkowski D. 1965, LBL); GF05: Grodek (Fijałkowski Astraceae family and represents the Pontic-Pannonian D. 1970); GF11: Józefów (Fijałkowski D. 1956, LBL); sub-element in Poland [20]. The general distribution Górecko Kościelne (Fijałkowski D. 1958, LBL); GF12: of this taxon encompasses the area of South-Eastern Hamernia (Fijałkowski D. 1958). Europe (from South-Eastern Russia to the Balkans) and extends to the west across the Danube area, Karynthia, 1.4 Distribution of historical and current sites South-East Styria to Upper Austria, the Czech Republic in the Opole Province and Silesia. Further to the north, only anthropogenic In Opole Silesia, Crepis rhoeadifolia was observed sites are known. Outside Europe, Crepis rhoeadifolia very rarely in disused quarries, rendzina fields, in occurs in the Caucasus, South Caucasus, Asia Minor, roadside areas, in the vicinity of limestone quarries North Persia and Syria, over to the Black Sea coast, near Gogolin [25,26], near Górażdże [26], in Kamień Anatolia and the Caspian Sea [19,21-23]. Śl. and in Tarnów Opolski [26-29]. After the year 1945, In Poland, the species was very rarely observed in the taxon was observed only in 1969 in old quarries in western Volhynia, in the Lublin region, the Małopolska Szymiszów and Gogolin [30]. As no information had Upland, Opole and Cieszyn Silesia. The north-western been available about the occurrence of this species in limits of the species’ range are situated in Poland Silesia for over 40 years, it was considered to be extinct [17,24]. According to the database of vascular plant in the region [31]. The plant is regarded vulnerable in distribution in Poland, Crepis rhoeadifolia occupies 23 the Czech Republic [32]. In Germany, it is considered as squares of the size of 10x10 km, while 16 occurrences an extinct species in Saxony and vulnerable in Bavaria are regarded as certain sites, and only 14 sites are and Baden-Würtenberg [33]. In the year 2012, Crepis regarded as natural countrywide. rhoeadifolia was rediscovered south of Nakło (CF06), between Nakło and Otmice (CF06), in Tarnów Opolski 1.3 List of Crepis rhoeadifolia sites in Poland (CF06), west of Kamionek (CF16) and in Górażdże according to the ATPOL data base known (CF16; Figure 1). till 2000 CF06: Tarnów Opolski (Michalak S. 1965); CF16: Gogolin (Kobierski L. 1974); CF17: Szymiszów 2. Experimental Procedures (Kobierski L. 1974); DC73: Kulin by Włocławek, doubtful site (Kobendza R, 1918); FD09: Rozwadów-Sarnaki Field studies were conducted on the potential (Głowacki Z. 1985); FE13: Puławy (Siemionow A. 1887, occuppancy area of Crepis rhoeadifolia in Silesia, LBL; Berdau F. year not known, LBL); FE23: Kazimierz mainly within the limestone outcrops in central part of (Fijałkowski D. 1959); Męćmierz (Kucharczyk M. 1996); Opole Silesia, including natural and man-made habitats. Podgórz (Przychodzeń 1979, LBL; Kucharczyk M. 1984), Altogether 21 limestone excavation were investigated Podgórz (Kucharczyk M. 1996); Dobre (Fijałkowski D. within the area delimited by Opole, Krapkowice, Gogolin, 1959, 1961, LBL; Kucharczyk M. 1984, 1985); FE28: Góra św. Anny, Strzelce Opolskie and Izbicko (Table 1). Długie by Lublin, (Fijałkowski D. 1948, 1949, LBL); Sites were studied with respect to habitat conditions and Rudnik by Lublin (Izdebski K. 1957, LBL; Fijałkowski species composition of vegetation patches. The plot D. 1968); FE42: Podole (Kucharczyk M. 1997); Raj size used to sample vegetation was set in such a way (Kucharczyk M. 1999); Raj–Sadłowice I (Kucharczyk M. as to represent full floristic composition. It varied from 20

800 S. Nowak, A. Nowak

Figure 1. Distribution of Crepis rhoeadifolia M. Bieb. in Poland. to 25 m2 depending on plant density and homogeneity including 24 plots of Dauco-Crepidetum from Czech of vegetation cover. For each vegetation plot all vascular republic (Figure 2). To find differences between the plants were recorded according to the Braun-Blanquet vegetation patches, all relevés were analyzed using the cover-abundance scale. The 7-degree scale was used detrended correspondence (DCA) functions of the Canoco [34]. Syntaxa were classified according to Chytrý [35] software package [37]. The nomenclature of the species and Jarolímek et al. [36]. are listed in Table 1 according to Mirek et al. [38]. Material In order to find out differences in species composition collected was deposited in the herbarium of the Division of the vegetation patches with Crepis rhoeadifolia on the of Geobotany and Plant Conservation of Opole University north-western edge of its geographical range, relevés (OPUN). collected during our research were compared with 88 relevés of different communities from Dauco-Melilotion alliance gathered within the limestone excavations in 3. Results Opole Silesia between 2005-2010. These plots belong to seven associations: Buniadetum orientalis Fijałkowski 3.1 General distribution and structure of Dauco ex Lániková in Chytrý 2009, Rudbeckio laciniatae- carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae in Solidaginetum canadensis Tüxen et Raabe ex Anioł- Poland Kwiatkowska 1974, Melilotetum albo-officinalis Sissingh The Dauco-Crepidetum association has not been 1950, Berteroetum incanae Sissingh et Tideman ex reported from Poland so far, despite the fact that sites of Sissingh 1950, Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum farfarae the main diagnostic species have been known for over Tüxen 1931, Tanaceto vulgaris-Artemisietum vulgaris 100 years. The rareness of the characteristic species Sissingh 1950 and Artemisio vulgaris-Echinopsetum and its regressive tendencies in Poland were certainly sphaerocephali Eliáš 1979. To conduct the ordination the reason for the failure to distinguish this unique analyses, we have tested the gradient length of the data association in Poland. The patches of the association using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and which have been found in Silesia are situated in historical subsequently chose the unimodal techniques. The 8 Crepis rhoeadifolia areas, i.e. in the region of carbonate relevés gathered in the present study were pooled with outcrops in the area of Górażdże, Kamień Śląski, Nakło the 112 relevés of other Dauco-Melilotion communities and Kamionek.

801 The role of rock mining for maintaining Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný et Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979 – a new to Poland plant association

Successive number of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C

day 20 26 26 25 20 20 26 25 O

Date: month 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 N

year 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 S

East longitude 503334 503338 503339 503339 503339 503335 503305 503334 T

North latitude 180715 180717 180715 180715 180716 180716 180558 180429 A

Altitude (m) 195 189 204 224 188 186 205 192 N

Cover of shrub layer (%) - - - - - 1 - - C

Cover of herb layer (%) 50 50 50 45 30 40 45 35 Y

Cover of moss layer (%) 10 10 10 1 15 15 5 1

Relevé area (m2) 20 20 20 20 20 25 20 20

pH rel.

Locality G N/O TO N G K TO TO 1−8

Number of species 20 29 29 20 29 26 32 18

Ch, D*Ass. Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae

Bryum argenteum* d 1 1 1 + 2 2 1 + V

Crepis rhoeadifolia 1 1 1 + 1 2 + + V

Verbascum thapsus + 1 . . 1 . . . II

Sporadic species: Verbascum densiflorum2(1).

Ch, D*All. Dauco carotae-Melilotion

Daucus carota 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 . V

Echium vulgare* 1 + 1 + + + . 1 V

Melilotus alba 1 1 + . + . + . IV

Erysimum hieraciifolium . 1 + + . . 1 . III

Melilotus officinalis + + . 1 1 . . . III

Sporadic species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia 4; Medicago sativa 8; Oenothera biennis 6.

Ch,D*O. Onopordetalia acanthii

Medicago lupulina* 1 1 2 3 + . + . IV

Sonchus oleraceus* 1 + + . + . . + IV

Arenaria serpyllifolia* 1 1 1 . . . 1 . III

Cichorium intybus . + . + + + . . III

Euphorbia cyparissias* . . . . + 1 1 . II

Convolvulus arvensis* . . . . + + + . II

Torilis japonica* . . 1 . . . + . II

Poa angustifolia* . . + . . . . 1 II

Sporadic species: Reseda lutea 2.

Ch,D*SCl. Artemisienea vulgaris

Achillea millefolium* + + 1 . + . + + IV

Chenopodium album* . . . + . . + + II

Cirsium vulgare . . . . + . + . II

Melandrium album . . . . + . + . II

Sporadic species: Arctium lappa 6; Malva sylvestris 6; Galeopsis pubescens 7.

Table 1. Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný er Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979.

Explanations: G - Górażdże; N/O - between Nakło and Otmice; TO - Tarnów Opolski; N - to the S from Nakło; K - to the W from Kamionek.

802 S. Nowak, A. Nowak

ChCl. Artemisietea vulgaris

Poa compressa + 1 + . + + + . IV

Artemisia vulgaris + . + . + . + 1 IV

Cirsium arvense + . + . + . + . III

Tussilago farfara . . 1 . . . + 1 II

Solidago canadensis . . . . . 1 + + II

Rubus caesius c .... + + + II

Erigeron annuus . 1 . . . + . . II

Sporadic species: Erigeron acris 6(1); Impatiens parviflora3.

Accompanying species

Conyza canadensis 1 . + . + . 2 + IV

Crepis biennis . 1 + 1 + . . 2 III

Crepis tectorum 1 + . . + 2 . . III

Astragalus glycyphyllos . + . + + . . + II

Polygonum aviculare . . 1 . . . 2 + II

Lotus corniculatus 1 + . + . . . II

Plantago lanceolata + . + . + . . . II

Polygonum persicaria 1 . + . . . + . II

Chaenorhinum minus . 1 + . . + . . II

Echinochloa crus-galli . . . 1 + . + . II

Astragalus cicer + + . . + . . . II

Plantago major . . + + . . + . II

Calamagrostis epigejos . + . . . + . . II

Vicia tenuifolia . + . + . . . . II

Fragaria vesca . + . . . + . . II

Mentha arvensis . . + . . . + . II

Anagallis arvensis . . . + + . . . II

Setaria pumila . . . + + . . . II

Geranium dissectum . . . . + + . . II

Sporadic species: Acinos arvensis 2; Agrostis stolonifera 3; Brachypodium pinnatum 3; Bromus tectorum 3; Cerastium holosteoides 7; Clinopodium vulgare 6; Galeopsis ladanum 6; Hypericum perforatum 6; Koeleria glauca 7; Lolium perenne 4; Medicago falcata 6; Oxalis fontana 7; Papaver rhoeas 4; Petrorhagia prolifera 2; Pinus sylvestris b 6; Rumex acetosa 2; Salix purpurea c 3; Senecio viscosus 8(1); Setaria viridis 6; Silene vulgaris 7; Stellaria media 7; Tragopogon pratensis 4; Trifolium pratense 8.

continuedTable 1. Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný er Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979.

Explanations: G - Górażdże; N/O - between Nakło and Otmice; TO - Tarnów Opolski; N - to the S from Nakło; K - to the W from Kamionek.

The species structure of the association is presented However, no Carduus acanthoides specimens have in the analytical and synoptic tables (Tables 1,2). The been observed, which are considered to be diagnostic main diagnostic taxon, i.e. Crepis rhoeadifolia, is present for the association in the Czech Republic. Characteristic in each patch that has been found. Its share ranges taxa of the alliance, i.e. Daucus carota, Melilotus alba, M. from 1 to 25% of the relevé ares. Of the other diagnostic officinalis, Echium vulgare and Erysimum hieracifolium, species listed in Chytrý’s study [35], Verbascum thapsus, occur in the patches under investigation with relatively V. densiflorum and Bryum argenteum were observed in high constancy and cover. the examined vegetation plots. The latter, as a pioneer The structure of communities with the participation of species, has been observed in very open and loose Crepis rhoeadifolia in Opole Silesia is typical of ruderal Dauco-Crepidetum phytocenoses with high constancy. phytocenoses from the Dauco-Melilotion alliance. These

803 The role of rock mining for maintaining Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný et Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979 – a new to Poland plant association

Figure 2. The DCA ordination for all samples of Dauco-Melilotion communities including plots of Dauco-Crepidetum from Poland and Czech republic (N=120).

are loose communities dominated by hemicryptophytes from Crepis rhoeadifolia, only Petrorhagia prolifera, such as Crepis tectorum, C. biennis, Medicago lupulina, which is considered to be an endangered taxon in Opole Plantago lanceolata, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Silesia, was observed out of plants of conservation Trifolium repens and Daucus carota. This similarity importance [31]. can be seen in the DCA diagram, which presents the Dauco-Melilotion community from Silesian quarry sites 3.2 Habitat requirements of Dauco carotae- (Figure 2). Dauco-Crepidetum patches are clustered in Crepidetum in Opole Silesia the central part of the diagram in between other samples. Phytocoenoses of the Dauco-Crepidetum association A relatively high dissimilarity gradient among all samples develop in Opole Silesia only in anthropogenic habitats. presented in the diagram attracts attention, which is also All 8 sites of the associations were found in carbonate characteristic of loose Dauco-Melilotion patches which mineral strip mining areas. In Górażdże and Kamionek, capture species from other classes, e.g. Stellarietea these are fragments of reclaimed slopes of a large mediae, Trifolio-Geranitetea and Festuco-Brometea. quarry that is still exploited. In Nakło, this is a wasteland High species diversity of communities is the reason for after reclamation of an old disused quarry, and in considerable dispersion of plots in the DCA analysis. Tarnów Opolski, it is a reclaimed spoil tip. In each case, The participation of therophytes, such as Chaenorhinum the substrate consists of alkaline soil formations (pH minus and Arenaria serpyllifolia, is relatively small in the from 8.1 to 8.6) characterised by a high content of stone patches under investigation, both in terms of quantity fraction (limestone). The Górażdże site is characterised and quality. Geophytes occur very rarely, e.g. Tussilago by a higher share of the sand fraction from areas farfara. For a typical ruderal community, no significant adjacent to the quarry. In each case, the soil layer is participation of alien plants was observed (excluding shallow, from approx. 30-40 cm, with characteristics archaeophytes - the older anthropophytes sensu Kornaś of a typical anthropogenic soil, with a high degree of [39-41]). Only Conyza canadensis, Erigeron annuus, dryness. Oxalis fontana and Solidago canadensis were noted. Dauco-Crepidetum phytocenoses develops in open This association is medium-rich in species. 18 to 32 taxa areas with minimum tree and shrub cover or completely were observed per plot, approx. 25 on average. Apart without. The association is quite clearly distinct from

804 S. Nowak, A. Nowak

Syntaxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of plots 8 10 15 4 13 18 15 9 4 Characteristic and distinctive species Ass. Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Crepis rhoeadifolia 100 100 ...... Verbascum thapsus 38 20 7 . . . 13 11 . Verbascum densiflorum 13 20 . . . 6 . . .

Ass. Melilotetum albo-officinalis Melilotus alba 63 40 93 50 31 6 7 . . Melilotus officinalis 50 20 80 . . 6 13 11 . Oenothera biennis 13 10 33 . . 11 . . 25

Ass. Berteroetum incanae Convolvulus arvensis 38 10 20 100 23 28 47 44 75 Berteroa incana . . . 100 . . . . 25 Conyza canadensis 63 40 27 75 23 11 13 22 25 Linaria vulgaris . 20 33 75 7 11 7 11 . Erigeron annuus 25 10 . 50 . 6 7 11 . Cardaria draba . . . 75 7 6 . . . Rumex thyrsiflorus . . . 50 . 6 . . . Digitaria sanguinalis . . . 50 . . . . .

Ass. Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum farfarae Tussilago farfara 38 40 20 . 100 . . 22 .

Ass. Tanaceto vulgaris-Artemisietum vulgaris Tanacetum vulgare . . 27 . 7 67 20 33 25

Ass. Artemisio vulgaris -Echinopsietum sphaerocephali Echinops sphaerocephalus . . 7 . . . 100 . . Melandrium album 25 10 13 50 . . 60 . 25

Ass. Rudbeckio laciniatae-Solidaginetum canadensis Solidago canadensis 38 . 13 . 15 17 . 100 . Solidago gigantea . . 7 . . . 13 89 . Rudbeckia laciniata ...... 67 .

Ass. Buniadetum orientalis Bunias orientalis . . 7 . . . 33 . 100

All. Dauco carotae-Melilotion Daucus carota 88 80 73 100 38 28 27 22 25 Echium vulgare 88 10 47 100 15 17 20 . . Erysimum hieraciifolium 50 ...... Ambrosia artemisiifolia 13 ...... Medicago sativa 13 ...... Picris hieracioides . 10 ......

O. Onopordetalia acanthii et Cl. Artemisietea vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris 63 70 87 100 54 100 67 78 50 Cichorium intybus 50 10 27 50 7 11 33 22 Carduus acanthoides . 40 20 75 . 28 27 11 25 Poa compressa 75 20 27 50 46 . . . Arctium lappa 13 . 13 . . 33 20 11

Table 2. Synthetic table of the associations of Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae in Poland (1) and the Czech Republic (2) and the associations of the Dauco carotae-Melilotion alliance in Opole Silesia.

Explanations: 1- Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae (Poland), 2 - Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae (Czech Republic), 3 - Melilotetum albo-officinalis, 4 - Berteroetum incanae, 5 - Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum farfarae, 6 - Tanaceto vulgaris-Artemisietum vulgaris, 7 - Artemisio vulgaris -Echinopsietum sphaerocephali, 8 - Rudbeckio laciniatae-Solidaginetum canadensis, 9 - Buniadetum orientalis

805 The role of rock mining for maintaining Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný et Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979 – a new to Poland plant association

Cirsium vulgare 50 . 27 . . 22 13 . Reseda lutea 13 . 20 50 . . 13 . Rubus caesius c 38 . 7 . . . 20 33 Pastinaca sativa . . . 25 . 22 . 44 25 Ballota nigra . . . . . 22 40 11 25 Falcaria vulgaris ...... 27 . . Verbascum phlomoides . . 20 . . . . . Erigeron acris 13 ...... Galeopsis pubescens 13 ...... Malva sylvestris 13 ......

Accompanying species Achillea millefolium agg. 75 50 60 75 38 39 40 33 . Medicago lupulina 75 40 47 50 38 . 13 11 . Cirsium arvense 50 30 47 . 46 67 40 56 . Plantago lanceolata 38 50 40 50 15 . 27 22 . Crepis biennis 63 . 13 25 7 . 7 11 . Sonchus oleraceus 63 . 13 . 7 . . . . Arenaria serpyllifolia 50 30 20 ...... Elymus repens . 10 40 25 54 56 73 56 75 Taracaxum sect. Ruderalia . 60 53 75 54 44 27 33 . Poa pratensis s.l. . 40 27 . 23 17 33 33 25 Arrhenatherum elatius . 10 7 . 7 28 53 44 50 Urtica dioica . . 13 . 31 44 53 78 50 Capsella bursa-pastoris . 10 13 25 46 . . . 50 Lolium perenne 13 20 27 50 38 . 13 11 . Plantago major 38 10 33 25 23 . 13 11 . Chenopodium album 38 . 13 . 31 22 13 22 . Calamagrostis epigejos 25 40 7 . 15 . 13 22 . Hypericum perforatum 13 30 27 . . 6 27 22 . Lactuca serriola . . 27 25 15 . 40 11 50 Equisetum arvense . . 13 . 31 6 13 22 25 Mattricaria maritima subsp. inodora . 40 33 . 38 22 27 . . Dactylis glomerata . 30 7 . 31 50 47 33 . Trifolium repens . 30 27 . 31 6 . 11 . Agrostis stolonifera 13 10 13 . 23 . . 11 . Lotus corniculatus 38 30 13 . . . 7 . . Polygonum aviculare agg. 38 10 27 . . . 27 . . Euphorbia cyparissias 38 20 7 . . . 13 . . Bromus tectorum 13 10 7 25 . . . . . Bromus sterilis .. . 50 . 11 27 . 25 Galium aparine . . . . . 17 40 22 75 Rumex crispus . 10 13 . 7 11 . . . Vicia cracca . . 13 . 7 11 13 22 . Poa trivialis . . 13 . . 11 27 33 . Rumex obtusifolius . . 7 . 23 22 . 22 . Heracleum sphondylium . . . . . 28 13 44 . Poa annua . . 13 . 31 17 . . . Anthriscus sylvestris ...... 33 11 25 Arctium tomentosum . . 7 . . 28 33 . . Torilis japonica 25 . 7 . . . 13 . . Trifolium pratense 13 . 13 . 23 . . . . Silene vulgaris 13 10 27 ...... Centaurea stoebe . 10 13 25 . . . . .

continuedTable 2. Synthetic table of the associations of Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae in Poland (1) and the Czech Republic (2) and the associations of the Dauco carotae-Melilotion alliance in Opole Silesia.

806 S. Nowak, A. Nowak

Agrostis capillaris . . 7 . . 17 . 11 . Descurainia sophia . . 13 . . . 13 . 25 Setaria pumila 25 ...... 25 Senecio viscosus 13 . 7 . 7 .... Medicago falcata 13 . 13 ...... Alyssum alyssoides . 20 7 ...... Hypochoeris radicata . 20 7 ...... Aegopodium podagraria . . . . . 17 . 44 . Lamium album ...... 27 . 25 Calystegia sepium ...... 13 33 . Geranium pratense ...... 13 22 . Fallopia convolvulus . . . . . 11 7 . . Crepis tectorum 50 ...... Astragalus glycyphyllos 50 ...... Astragalus cicer 38 ...... Chaenorhinum minus 38 ...... Echinochloa crus-galli 38 ...... Polygonum persicaria 38 ...... Anagallis arvensis 25 ...... Fragaria vesca 25 ...... Fragaria vesca 25 ...... Mentha arvensis 25 ...... Poa angustifolia 25 ...... Vicia tenuifolia 25 ...... Ranunculus repens . . . . 31 . . . . Bromus inermis ...... 22 . Apera spica-venti . 20 ...... Inula conyza . 20 ...... Acinos arvensis 13 ...... Brachypodium pinnatum 13 ...... Cerastium holosteoides 13 ...... Clinopodium vulgare 13 ...... Galeopsis ladanum 13 ...... Impatiens parviflora 13 ...... Koeleria glauca 13 ...... Oxalis fontana 13 ...... Papaver rhoeas 13 ...... Petrorhagia prolifera 13 ...... Pinus sylvestris b 13 ...... Rumex acetosa 13 ...... Salix purpurea c 13 ...... Setaria viridis 13 ...... Stellaria media 13 ...... Tragopogon pratensis 13 ...... Securigera varia . 10 ......

Moss layer . Bryum argenteum d 100 100 13 50 7 11 27 . . Ceratodon purpureus d . 50 7 . 23 17 20 33 . Brachythecium rutabulum d . . . 25 . 6 7 56 50 Syntrichia ruralis d . 50 ......

807 The role of rock mining for maintaining Dauco carotae-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae Hejný et Grüll in Hejný et al. 1979 – a new to Poland plant association

other communities of the Dauco-Melilotion, which can fact that it is listed there as a permanent element of be clearly seen in the DCA diagram and in synoptic table communities belonging to the Dauco-Melilotion alliance (Table 2).The plots under cluster analysis located near [50]. Therefore, without any doubt, it needs to be each other in the central part of the diagram, are a group concluded that the existing sites of Crepis rhoeadifolia of samples with a similar species structure, developing and its association are synanthropic populations, in secondary sites with weaker human pressure. Such which exist owing to human activity. As a result, the sites are formed in mining ground reclamation areas. classification of Crepis rhoeadifolia as an endangered This is also clear, that plots of Dauco-Crepidetum from taxon and Dauco-Crepidetum as an endangered Poland fully overlap with samples of Dauco-Crepidetum syntaxon and undertaking conservation actions is rather from Czech republic (Figure 2). controversial. Legal protection of endangered species which suddenly appear in city centres or industrial areas in habitats which are different from their natural ones 4. Discussion and in different communities gives rise to both practical and theoretical problems [51]. Certainly, such actions 4.1 Biogeographical considerations and should be classified as biodiversity conservation rather synanthropisation status of Dauco- than nature conservation. Conservation literature more Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae in Poland and more often emphasises the importance of even From a biogeographical point of view, it is important to typical “garden” biocoenoses in biodiversity protection track species and plant communities occurring in sites [e.g. 52-54]. Undoubtedly, however, the thermophilous that are very distant from the existing places of species population of the Crepis rhoeadifolia species is a unique occurrence. Such sites show that there are possible element of Silesian flora, and the Dauco-Crepidetum methods (e.g. bird migrations) of expansion (e.g. association is a very important, peculiarity among Crassula aquatica) or for maintaining contacts within a Poland’s vegetation communities. Therefore, despite metapopulation, which is also of significant importance the controversial conservation status of the species, for endangerment assessment of a species [42]. It is as a unique and very rare type of pioneer vegetation currently difficult to decide whether the sites of Crepis it deserves peer observations. In case of finding some rhoeadifolia and its association have always been natural plots on semi-natural character, within the Festuco- in Opole Silesia, as suggested by Hegi [21]. Perhaps, Brometea swards, it seems to be reasonable to include taking into consideration detailed data concerning the such areas in legal protection system. Even on man- sites of these species’ occurrence towards the end made habitats, within the mineral excavations it is worth of the 19th century, Crepis rhoeadifolia was related to considering the special kind of reclamation with leaving ruderal communities in the Opole region. This could be the area for natural succession without implementation an example of ecological dispersion from grasslands in of any technical measures. The observations of the the south to ruderal communities in the northern area species and the association should be continued, at of the species’ range. This zone does not include only least in the context of potential expansion caused Polish sites, but also Czech ones (the area of Prague by various factors, e.g. climate warming. Postulates and Brno; [35]), where Crepis rhoeadifolia also occurs pertaining to this problem as regards the monitoring mostly in anthropogenic sites. Crepis rhoeadifolia of flora and communities have been put forward on may initially have occurred in Silesia in grasslands of numerous occasions and are regarded as an important the Mesobromion alliance, and only as a result of the aim of geobotanical studies [55-57]. shrinkage of the grassland area and the enlargement of ruderal habitats did it adapt to new habitat conditions. 4.2 The role of anthropogenic habitats for At present, Dauco-Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae regional plant cover undoubtedly occurs only in anthropogenic sites in The results of numerous studies clearly show that Silesia. Both in the area of the former occurrence of anthropogenic sites fulfil the role of taxa and syntaxa Crepis rhoeadifolia and in its vicinity, no specimens were refuges regarded as receding and rare in Silesia observed in Festuco-Brometea grasslands or other semi- [31,58,59]. Out of 846 endangered species in Silesia, natural phytocoenoses. A similar situation is currently 575 species were observed in anthropogenic habitats observed along the entire north-western borderline of (68%) [12,13]. Anthropogenic sites form favourable the species’ range, i.e. in Germany, Austria, Poland, the conditions for the occurrence of all endangered groups Czech Republic and in Slovakia [21,36,43-49]. Crepis of sozophyte flora. Both extremely rare and quickly rhoeadifolia is a diagnostic species of Festuco-Brometea receding taxa, as well as ones whose sites are still much further to the south, e.g. in Romania, despite the relatively numerous, can be observed here. In the

808 S. Nowak, A. Nowak

patches under investigation, the occurrence of another plants in the sozophyte group. This process has been receding species apart from Crepis rhoeadifolia was observed for years. Crepis rhoeadifolia is considered observed - Petrorhagia prolifera. The phenomenon to be a grassland taxon of Festuco-Brometea [20]. of occurrence of rare taxa in anthropogenic sites Thus, this is a classical example of grassland species is common all over Silesia, both in the mountains spreading over anthropogenic ruderal sites. Grassland and lowlands. It is not completely certain whether species on the outskirts of their natural range may have the species found use unnatural habitats as their a tendency to enter syntaxa other than their native biotopes on a permanent basis. The example of Crepis ones - i.e. phytocenoses of the class Artemisietea rhoeadifolia shows that some of these species are not vulgaris. It is known that syntaxonomic affiliation, which ephemerophytes in unnatural habitats. Since the times is determined on the basis of literature data, mostly of German researchers [e.g. 26] until the present day, based on natural habitat research, is not retained in Crepis rhoeadifolia has occurred in the same man-made the process of sozophyte transfer to anthropogenic habitats. Therefore, because of evidence that supports habitats [12,13,65]. Other examples of the transfer of its occurrence in semi-natural habitats like Festuco- receding and rare taxa to ruderal communities are also Brometea swards [21], the species should be regarded known, such as Sisymbrietalia (e.g. Plantago arenaria) as a typical apophyte adjusted to anthropogenic sites. and Artemisietea vulgaris (e.g. Aconitum variegatum, Because the withdrawing of xerothermophilous swards Alyssum saxatile, Potentilla recta, Achillea ptarmica), within the Silesia [60], Crepis rhoeadifolia comes over Agropyretea intermedio-repentis (Allium angulosum) from their primary phytocoenoses to secondary ones and Onopordetalia acanthis (Dianthus armeria). This belonging to Artemisietea vulgaris class. A Similar situation confirms, on the one hand, the high instability situation is observed in Czech republic and Slovakia of phytocenotic systems in Silesia and, on the other [35,36]. hand, sozophyte resistance to selected stress factors Analysis of the number of sozophytes in the individual (e.g. Aconitum variegatum in mowed roadside areas). synecological groups in Silesia and the dominance The phenomenon of entering ruderal communities by of xerothermic grasslands has attracted attention. At endangered taxa should also have consequences present, they do not occupy a large surface area in the during evaluation of threat category of those species. region, but, of course, these phytocenoses do not belong The higher adaptation potential of the plant, the lower to the rarest ones, especially in the Silesian Upland endangerment category should be proposed. and the Sudety Foreland. Man-made habitats, mostly quarries, embankments, banks, slopes of roads and ditches, as well as spoil tips, are convenient locations for Acknowledgements grassland development and settlement of receding and rare species. Such processes were frequently observed Authors wish to thank Milan Chytrý from the Masaryk both in Poland and in other countries [8,61-64]. To a University, Brno for giving access to relevés of Dauco- certain degree, the abundance of grassland sozophytes Crepidetum rhoeadifoliae stored in Czech Vegetation in anthropogenic habitats is also connected with the Database. We are also grateful to two anonymous shrinkage of xerothermic grassland areas in Silesia reviewers of the manuscript for considerable [60] and, as a result, a high participation of grassland improvement of the paper.

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