Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

M. White, D. Cheal, G.W. Carr, R. Adair, K. Blood and D. Meagher

April 2018

Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 287

Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning PO Box 137 Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Phone (03) 9450 8600 Website: www.ari.vic.gov.au

Citation: White, M., Cheal, D., Carr, G. W., Adair, R., Blood, K. and Meagher, D. (2018). Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 287. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria.

Front cover photo: Ixia species such as I. maculata (Yellow Ixia) have escaped from gardens and are spreading in natural areas. (Photo: Kate Blood)

© The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2018

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Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

1Matt White, 2David Cheal, 3Geoff W. Carr, 4Robin Adair, 5Kate Blood and 6David Meagher

1 Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 2 Department of Applied Science, Federation University, Mt Helen, Victoria 3350 3 Ecology Australia, 88B Station Street, Fairfield, Victoria 3078 4 Australis Biological, PO Box 151, Bittern, Victoria 3918 5 Forest, Fire and Regions Group, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, PO Box 7, Beaufort, Victoria 3373 6 School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010

Date Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 287

Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg, Victoria

Acknowledgements

This advisory list update was funded by the Weeds and Pests on Public Land program, Biodiversity Division within the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. The update has been a deliverable of the Weeds at the Early Stage of Invasion1 (WESI) project (WESI project team Kate Blood and Bec James). The update has been coordinated by Matt White at Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research (ARIER), DELWP. The draft document was significantly improved by suggestions and discussions with Steve Sinclair (ARIER), Tim O’Brien (ARIER) and Nigel Ainsworth Principal Officer Invasive Plants at the Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources.

1 www2.delwp.vic.gov.au/early-invaders

ii Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Contents

Acknowledgements ii

1 Introduction 1

2 Purpose of the list 2

3 Limitations and cautions 3

4 Relationship to statutory lists and legislation 4

5 Composition of the list and assessment of species 5

6 Method used to rank species 7

7 Environmental weed risk ratings 11

8 Arrangement of the list 12

9 How to use the list 14

References 15

Appendix 1- Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 16

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria iii Tables

Table 1. Environmental weed attributes and categories...... 7 Table 2. Risk ratings for ranges of Risk Ranking Scores...... 11

Figures

Figure 1. The invasion curve illustrates the different management approaches and the benefit of investing in in control effort at different stages of the invasion process...... 2 Figure 2. Gazania linearis and Gazania rigens (and their hybrids) have become widespread across Victoria, and are often mistaken as indigenous wildflowers...... 4 Figure 3. A graphical representation of weed definitions used in this document...... 5 Figure 4. Limonium hyblaeum (Sicilian Sea Lavender) is smothering coastal areas in Victoria...... 6 Figure 5. The scoring approach for ranking environmental weeds based on risk...... 10 Figure 6. The moss Pseudoscleropodium purum (Neat Feather-moss) invades grasslands and grassy woodlands...... 11 Figure 7. Victoria’s weed biomes...... 12 Figure 8. Opuntia robusta (Wheel Cactus) is spreading in many parts of Victoria, including Terrick Terrick National Park, north of Bendigo...... 14

iv Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

1 Introduction

Environmental weeds are plants that invade native ecosystems and have the potential to adversely affect the survival of native flora or fauna or the functioning of ecosystems. They include species that have been introduced to Australia from other countries, as well as native species that have spread beyond their previous (natural) range. Environmental weeds are a threat to Australia’s biodiversity because they may displace native species, disrupt ecological processes such as fire and soil erosion patterns, and may alter the genetic composition of native plant populations (Carr et al. 1992; Carr 1993). Globally, invasive species (including environmental weeds) are recognised as a significant threat to biodiversity (Early et al. 2016), and their impacts are likely to be exacerbated by operating in concert with other emerging and ongoing threats such as climate change (Gonzales et al. 2010; Diez et al. 2012) and habitat degradation (Vicente et al. 2010; Catford 2012). There are at least 1235 environmental weed taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, hybrids) established in native vegetation in Victoria — almost double the number recognised 25 years ago by Carr (1993). Given the growing number of invasive plants, there is a need to usefully discriminate between the risks posed by individual weed species, such that, resources allocated to pest management can be deployed to best advantage. Preventing weeds from becoming established in a reserve, a region, an ecosystem or Victoria as a whole, is the highest priority (see Figure 1). This can be done by remaining alert for weeds and reporting and acting upon new occurrences. This report describes an objective ‘expert system’ for ranking environmental weed species with respect to management urgency, and presents the application of this method as an annotated list. Many more plant species than those currently recognised as environmental weeds have been introduced into Australia and Victoria, and a proportion of these are likely to escape their current confines such as gardens or aquariums, and become established in the wild. In the last 100 years, an average of about 20 new plant species have become naturalised in Australia each year (Dodd et al. 2015). Therefore, any advice concerning the status of weeds in Victoria must be considered dynamic. The advisory list is intended to provide regularly updated, ‘non-statutory’ advice to Victorian conservation managers. As such, we welcome and value feedback about the impacts of weeds in different ecosystems. The list consists of this explanatory document and the accompanying spreadsheet, an abridged version of which is supplied in Appendix one of this report. Detailed versions of the list with complete annotations are available online. This state-wide list replaces the five advisory lists of environmental weeds for different Victorian bioregions, published in the late 2000s (Adair et al. 2008a,b; 2009a,b,c).

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 1 2 Purpose of the list

This list is intended to provide general advice to conservation managers on the relative risks posed by different environmental weeds and the relative urgency of managing them across Victoria’s natural ecosystems. The environmental weeds documented in this list are ranked to indicate priority for control or management in native vegetation, based largely on the ‘stage’ of the invasion process for each species, the impact of the species on native ecosystems, and the species’ rate of spread.

Figure 1. The invasion curve illustrates the different management approaches and the benefit of investing in control effort at different stages of the invasion process. (Source: Victorian Government 2010)

It is important to note that the advisory list cannot be comprehensive, and unlisted species may also be problematic for native flora, fauna and ecosystems. Furthermore, different approaches for management and control may be appropriate for different species on the list. For example, declaring species as noxious weeds is not an appropriate or feasible approach for all species, particularly those that may be environmental weeds in some areas of bushland, but valuable in other contexts or places.

2 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

3 Limitations and cautions

The list is intended to assist in prioritising the eradication or ongoing control of weeds in native vegetation. It will be less applicable to weed control priorities in other contexts such as ecosystem restoration, horticulture and agriculture. Many weed management actions will be based on multi-species invasions and priorities will need to be adjusted to consider the multiple impacts of multiple species at a site or across a region. Prioritising weed actions within a region should also explicitly consider the values or assets threatened by weed invasions (see Platt et al. 2008). The list contains species that are native to Victoria but have expanded beyond their natural range. The Advisory List does not provide information on where these species would be considered weeds and where they occur naturally. It is critically important that weed control efforts are not directed towards these species within their natural range, because in these areas they are likely to be protected by law. Some listed species may be rare or threatened within their natural range (see DEPI 2014) and environmental weeds outside that range. For example, Spotted Gum (Corymbia maculata) and Coastal Umbrella-bush (Acacia cupularis) are rare native species in Victoria but are invasive in some areas of the state where they have been used in ornamental plantings. Please consult with relevant Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) or Catchment Management Authority (CMA) staff if you are planning to control or destroy weed species that are native to Victoria. Because of the rapidly increasing number of invasive plants, some species that may be actively invading natural ecosystems will not be listed. The advisory list cannot be comprehensive, and therefore unlisted species may also have potential to cause harm. Rankings are based on expert opinion and should be considered as a guide only. Environmental changes, such as climate change, the introduction of new pollinators or changes in land-use can affect the risks posed by weeds. Rankings are based on state-wide concerns. Applying the weed species rankings or priorities at smaller geographic scales may not be relevant or useful without filtering the list species and resorting (see the ‘How to use the list’ section). Prioritising weed actions within a region should explicitly consider the values or assets threatened by weed invasions (see Platt et al. 2008). Accurately identifying weeds and native plants is critical for minimising disturbance and damage to bushland during weed management activities. Identifying plants, particularly those that are not flowering or fruiting, is a specialised skill. If you are not confident in identifying plant species, seek assistance from those with suitable expertise. Some useful tips for identifying weeds can be found in Blood and James (2016).

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 3 4 Relationship to statutory lists and legislation

The primary piece of legislation relating to weed management in Victoria is the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (CALP Act), under which weeds may be declared noxious. However, many weeds that affect native vegetation have not been declared ‘noxious’. These weeds may be managed under the environmental objectives of a range of Acts, including the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act), National Parks Act 1975 and Sustainable Forests (Timber) Act 2004. This advisory list is not the same as the statutory list of weeds declared under the CALP Act. There are neither legal requirements nor consequences that flow from the inclusion of a species in this advisory list. The CALP Act can be viewed at the Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents website2 and Victoria’s consolidated list of ‘declared’ weeds can be found on the Agriculture Victoria website3. ‘The invasion of native vegetation by environmental weeds’ is listed as a potentially threatening process under the FFG Act.4 Section 4 of that Act states that it is the responsibility of all public authorities to have regard to the flora and fauna and management objectives of the Act. The FFG Act also lists the establishment of several environmental weeds as potentially threatening processes: Sweet Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum) in areas outside its natural distribution; Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus spp. agg.); the Cord-grasses (Spartina spp.); and Tall Wheat-grass (Lophopyrum ponticum). The FFG Act restricts these species from being released or abandoned into the wild in Victoria.

Figure 2. Gazania linearis and Gazania rigens (and their hybrids) have become widespread across Victoria, and are often mistaken as indigenous wildflowers. (Photo: Bec James, DELWP)

2 http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/ 3 http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/protecting-victoria-from-pest-animals-and-weeds/legislation-policy- and-permits/declared-noxious-weeds-and-pest-animals-in-victoria 4 The full list of potentially threatening processes is available on the Victorian Government website https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/50241/201612-FFG-Processes-list.pdf

4 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

5 Composition of the list and assessment of species

Since the early part of the 19th century, many plant species have been introduced to Victoria and these have been characterised in different ways in the Advisory List (see also Figure 3). ‘Introduced’ species are those that have been brought by humans across a geographic barrier. ‘Casual or ruderal’ species can grow and occasionally successfully reproduce in this new geographic context but cannot, or have not, yet established long-term self-sustaining populations. ‘Naturalised’ plants are those species that have established long-term self-sustaining populations in their new geographic context. A significant proportion of the naturalised flora have subsequently become environmental weeds. These are species that have demonstrated a capacity to invade native ecosystems and are the species that have been ranked in the list for conservation management purposes.

Figure 3. A graphical representation of weed definitions used in this document (Adapted from Richardson et al. 2000)

Although the focus of the advisory list is weeds that currently threaten native vegetation, it includes some species that are likely to become environmental weeds in Victoria. This ‘anticipated’ category, which is not likely to be exhaustive, includes: • some introduced species that are believed to be restricted at present, to Victoria’s agricultural, horticultural or urban environments • some known environmental weeds that occur in climatically similar regions elsewhere in Australia • species that are known to be environmental weeds in other temperate regions of the world. In summary, the advisory list contains: • 1786 vascular and non-vascular plant species, including 1235 that are environmental weeds • 49 species that are native to Victoria but have become naturalised well beyond their pre-European distribution. • 113 species that have been previously naturalised but are now considered to be extinct in the wild • 140 species currently considered to be casual or ruderal in Victoria • 82 species that are likely to become environmental weeds in Victoria in the future. The list is likely to change as new information on the ecology, distribution or impact of weed species becomes available. Most plants in this advisory list have been introduced from other countries, but Australian native plants naturalised beyond their pre-European distribution are included in this list. The list includes several mosses and liverworts but no algae, hornworts, lichens or fungi. This is indicative of the poor knowledge about the distribution, status and impact of any introduced species in these groups.

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 5 Most of the species presented in this advisory list are recorded as naturalised in digital databases, including but not restricted to, the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA)5, VICFLORA6, and the Atlas of Living Australia7. Although these databases contain many records of naturalised plants, they are incomplete. Invasive plants are generally not well represented in herbaria and records. Cryptic, rare or newly arrived species are likely to be poorly documented. Submission of new records substantiated with voucher material to the National Herbarium of Victoria is encouraged. The Royal Botanic Gardens website8 has information on collecting and preparing specimens for Herbaria.

Figure 4. Limonium hyblaeum (Sicilian Sea Lavender) is smothering coastal areas in Victoria. (Photo: Kate Blood)

5`https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/biodiversity/victorian-biodiversity-atlas 6`https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/ 7 https://www.ala.org.au/ 8 https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/science/herbarium-and-resources/national-herbarium-of-victoria/preparing-herbarium-specimens

6 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

6 Method used to rank species

The ranking scores allocated to each environmental weed species were generated by considering five attributes: • impact on natural systems • area of potential distribution remaining • potential for invasion • rate of dispersal • range of susceptible habitat types. The attributes include several categories of increasing significance (see Table 1) to which each species has been independently allocated. Species with high final scores pose a higher risk to biodiversity than species with low final scores.

Table 1. Environmental weed attributes and categories.

Attribute Weed attribute Attribute categories score

1. Impact on natural systems. A Typically significant. Species with the ability to cause measure of the expected ecological acute disruption to ecological processes, dominate consequences following invasion vegetation strata and cause severe loss of biodiversity. 30 and establishment. Multiple cases of invasion with high impact consequences are known or documented.

Occasionally significant. Species with the ability to invade native vegetation with low levels of disturbance and cause loss of biodiversity. Cases of invasion are 20 known or the potential to cause biodiversity losses are considered sufficient to warrant suppression.

Rarely significant. Species naturalised in native vegetation, but causing minimal disruption to 10 ecological processes, losses to biodiversity are minimal or their presence is transient.

Insignificant. Species is not currently invasive. 0

2. Area of potential distribution Early stage of invasion. Species has occupied less remaining. An estimate of the area 30 of unoccupied, but potentially than 1% of its potential range within natural systems. suitable habitat available. This excludes consideration of the Extensive potential for further spread. The species has natural distribution of species native occupied only a small proportion of its potential to Victoria. distribution in Victoria and few, if any constraints limit 30 future expansion. Estimated 1-10 % of potential range within natural systems occupied. Moderate potential for further spread. The species is well-established within its possible range, however there is considerable potential for range extension/in- 20 filling. Estimated 10 -75 % of potential range within natural systems occupied.

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 7 Attribute Weed attribute Attribute categories score

Minor potential for further spread. The species has occupied most of its potential range in Victoria. 10 Greater than 75% of potential range within natural systems is estimated to be currently occupied.

Wild populations potentially persist in Victoria. Species that have been recorded as naturalised in Victoria at some period since 1850 and have decline but there is some possibility that wild populations persist. These 30 taxa have been scored in the same way as species that are classified as ‘Early Stage of Invasion’ (see above).

No wild populations persist in Victoria. Species that have been naturalised in Victoria at some period since 0 1850 but no longer persist in the wild.

3. Potential for invasion. A current Highly invasive. Species that readily establish in native estimate of a species capacity to 3 invade and persist in natural vegetation. ecosystems (note that this may change over time). We consider Moderately invasive. Species with limited capacity to ‘native vegetation’ to be vegetation 2 where the total overlapping foliage establish in native vegetation. cover is predominantly comprised of locally indigenous plants. Somewhat invasive. Species with poor ability to Species native to Victoria were 1 scored in the context of their establish and persist in native vegetation. “naturalised” range only.

Currently non-invasive. Species has currently not 0 demonstrated a capacity to invade native vegetation.

Anticipated. Species is expected to become an environmental weed in Victoria based on its presence and behaviour, either in cultural settings such as 0 gardens or in biogeographically relevant regions of other Australian States.

4. Rate of dispersal. A relative Rapid. Dispersal is rapid and the species is capable of measure of the rate of spread of the long-distance transport. This is usually associated with 3 weed species based largely on species with very small seeds, bird-dispersed seeds or non-human means of dispersal (i.e. wind-dispersed seeds. wind, water, birds or other animals). Moderate. Long-distance dispersal is uncommon with most dispersal within confined distances from the 2 parent population.

Slow. Species with short dispersal ranges; mostly species that propagate only by asexual means or 1 produce large seeds that are not transported widely by wind, animals or water.

8 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Attribute Weed attribute Attribute categories score

Extensive. A broad range of plant communities are 5. Range of susceptible habitat 0.3 types. A relative measure of the susceptible to invasion by the species. number of plant communities susceptible to invasion by the species, within Victoria. Note that, Medium. A moderate number of plant communities are 0.2 while the number of susceptible susceptible to invasion by the species. vegetation communities may be low, the impact within those susceptible plant communities can Restricted. Habitat specialists. A narrow range of plant still be substantial. communities are susceptible to invasion by the 0.1 species.

The scoring method allocates environmental weed species to one of 28 possible Risk Ranking Scores. The higher the Risk Ranking Score, the higher the priority for control or eradication. All species that are not currently environmental weeds have been given a default Risk Ranking Score of 0. Apart from a score of zero the remaining 27 possible Risk ranking Scores reflect the total number of unique combinations of the categorical inputs. The magnitude of the score establishes a species’ position in a rank order; it is not strictly related to the degree of risk posed by the weed. Many species will have an identical or equivalent set of attributes and therefore will have the same risk ranking. The ranking process used a sequential, weighted scoring approach. First the weed attribute categories were assigned individual scores (see Table 1), then some of these attributes scores were combined to produce a residual risk score and an urgency score, for the purposes of ranking. The residual risk score for each weed species is intended to characterise the magnitude and spatial extent of anticipated biodiversity impacts. It is the minimum score of either: the attribute score achieved for Impact on natural systems; or the attribute score achieved for Area of potential distribution remaining (see Figure 5). For species that are at the Early stage of invasion, impacts on natural systems are typically poorly known and therefore, prior to taking the minimum of the two relevant scores for these emerging weeds species, 10 points are added to the score for Impact on natural systems to accommodate this uncertainty. The residual risk score highlights those species that will have a deleterious impact on native ecosystems, but this impact has not been fully realised. The urgency score reflects the rate at which weed species will invade native ecosystems. It is calculated by taking the minimum of either: the attribute score achieved for: Rate of dispersal; or the attribute score achieved for Potential for invasion (see Figure 5). Species that readily invade native vegetation and have a high dispersal rate, will have a relatively high urgency score. The Risk Ranking Score is calculated by adding together the residual risk score, the urgency score and the score for the Range of susceptible habitat types. The residual risk score has the highest weighting, the urgency score is next, and the susceptible habitat score has the lowest weighting. See Figure 5 for some examples of the scoring approach as it applies to various species. Values allocated to each weed attribute were produced by a consensus process by the authors. Consensus processes are subjective and can be prone to error. This scoring process addresses this issue by documenting individual attribute scores, allowing modifications and reassessments if contradictory data become available. The advisory list is therefore dynamic and will evolve as new information or views are taken into consideration.

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 9

ulating ulating the ‘Residual

uncertaintiesaround the likelyimpact species of that haverecently become invasive in Victoria.

pecieswhich are identified as‘Early Stage Invasion’ of have an augmented Impactscore (+10 points) the for purposes calc of

Figure 5. The Figure5. scoring approach for rankingenvironmental weeds based on risk. *Notethat s Risk’.This done is to foraccount

10 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

7 Environmental weed risk ratings

The final Risk Ranking Scores have been grouped into five Risk ratings, as in previous advisory lists with the addition of ‘potential’, creating a sixth risk rating (Table 2). Since the publication of the previous lists, the Risk ratings of some species have been reassessed because of observed changes in their distribution and ecology, and improvements have been made to the ranking method. Although the Risk rating is a useful descriptive summary, the Risk Ranking Score should be used when planning management or policy directions. Species that are currently not considered to be environmental weeds are by default rated lower risk. Species that are anticipated environmental weeds have not been given a Risk Ranking Score but have a precautionary rating of potential risk. The Risk Ranking Score range for each Risk rating is as follows:

Table 2. Risk ratings for ranges of Risk Ranking Scores.

Risk Ranking Score range Risk rating 31.3- 33.3 very high 22.2 - 31.2 high 13.2 - 22.1 moderately high 11.1 - 13.1 medium 0 Lower Unscored Potential

Figure 6. The moss Pseudoscleropodium purum (Neat Feather-moss) invades grasslands and grassy woodlands. (Photo: David Meagher)

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 11 8 Arrangement of the list

An abridged version of the advisory list is provided in Appendix 1. The Advisory list, with the complete set of annotations and attribute scores is available online as a searchable and sortable spreadsheet at: https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/invasive-plants-and-animals/weed-risk-ratings (or use the search term ‘Victoria weed risk ratings’ in your browser). The complete advisory list is presented in three spreadsheet formats within the file vic-weed-advisory- list.xlsx. The following is an explanation of the meaning of each of the columns in the online spreadsheet version of the list. Columns 1–4: Scientific name, Authorship, Plant family, Common name Plant taxonomy largely follows the most recently accessed online version of the Flora of Victoria9 for vascular plants, and Australian Mosses Online10 and McCarthy (2006) for bryophytes. Common names are taken mainly from the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas11. Column 5: Victorian biomes This column lists the Victorian biomes in which the weeds are either existing or likely to invade. Biomes are groupings of Victoria’s 28 bioregions, which are derived from a landscape-scale classification of the environment using a range of attributes such as climate, geomorphology, geology, soils and vegetation. The advisory list recognises five weed biomes: Coasts and Heathlands, Ranges, Mallee and Semi-arid, Inland Plains, and Aquatic. The approximate extent of these biomes is shown in Figure 7. The Aquatic biome, consisting of streams, lakes and other waterbodies, is not shown because it occurs within each of the other biomes.

Figure 7. Victoria’s weed biomes. A fifth biome, Aquatic, consists of streams, lakes and other waterbodies and covers the state.

9 https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/ 10 http://data.rbg.vic.gov.au/cat/mosscatalogue/browse 11 https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/biodiversity/victorian-biodiversity-atlas

12 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Column 6: Victorian status Weeds are classified as either introduced to Victoria from other countries or parts of Australia, or native to Victoria. Column 7: Weed status in Victoria This identifies whether the weed is currently considered to be (a) casual or ruderal, (b) naturalised, or (c) an environmental weed (see Figure 3). Introduced species that have been recognised in the past as having wild populations but no longer exist in Victoria or are now confined to cultural settings such as gardens, are recognised as ‘Previously naturalised’ or ‘Previously casual or ruderal’. A small number of potentially invasive species that are not recorded from Victoria are classified as ‘anticipated environmental weeds’; that is, naturalisation is anticipated because of the behaviour of the species in neighbouring Australian states or indicative behaviours observed in gardens or other cultural settings. Columns 8–19: Weed attributes and attribute scores The weed species and their attributes and associated scores listed in Table 1, are shown in columns: 8–11 inclusive; 13–16 inclusive; 18; and 19. The derived scores for residual risk and urgency for each species are shown in columns 12 and 17 respectively. Column 20: Horticultural/agricultural use This column indicates species that are spread through their use in amenity horticulture or agriculture, which provides a continual source of propagules. Species are categorised as ‘Commonly used’, ‘Occasionally used’ and ‘Not typically used’. The last category includes species that may have been widely used before the 1970s, and species that are grown by only a small number of enthusiasts. This attribute is not a component of the overall, summary risk assessment of each species. Column 21: Risk ranking score The ranking score for each species was generated by considering five key attributes and allocating one of several qualitative values (see the ‘Method used to rank weeds’ section). Note that species that are not currently environmental weeds have been given a default Risk Ranking Score of 0. Column 22: Risk rating This is a six-class descriptive summary of the 27 Risk Ranking Scores. There are only 27 possible Risk Ranking Scores, as this reflects the unique nuber of combinations of the categorical inputs (see the ‘Method used to rank weeds’ section). Weed species are rated as either very high risk, high risk, moderately high risk, medium risk, lower risk or potential risk. All species that are not currently environmental weeds are rated as lower risk. Species that are anticipated environmental weeds have a precautionary rating of potential risk. Column 23: Weeds of National Significance (WONS) A ‘YES’ in this column indicates that the species is listed as a Weed of National Significance based on its invasiveness, potential for spread and environmental, social and economic impacts12. Column 24: Victorian CALP Act A ‘YES’ in this column indicates that the species is declared as a noxious weed under the CALP Act and as such there are legal requirements associated with its trade, spread, management or control13. The source list should be checked regularly for updates.

12 http://weeds.ala.org.au/WoNS/ 13 http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/weeds/invasive-plant-classifications

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 13 9 How to use the list

The spreadsheet section of the advisory list includes relative risks posed by environmental weeds in Victoria, and can be sorted and filtered in several ways; for example, to indicate priorities for control or management in native vegetation. When considering specific management areas, (such as a reserve, catchment or property) obtain a relevant list of weeds for the region, ideally through a combination database searches and field survey. The local sub- set of species can then be initially prioritised by sorting on the basis of the Risk Ranking Score. The Area of potential distribution remaining attribute is the only species attribute score that could change when considered over planning areas or regions smaller than the entire state (see Table. 1). For example, a species might be extensive across Victoria but restricted within a catchment or reserve. Conversely a weed species may be relatively common in a restricted area, but this might represent an early incursion of the weed into the state. If weed species have state-wide ratings for the potential distribution remaining attribute, that do not apply to your area of interest, consider editing the attribution and scoring for these species to produce a weed ranking that more closely the management priorities in your area of concern. Remember to check back to the DELWP website for further updates to the advisory list.

Figure 8. Opuntia robusta (Wheel Cactus) is spreading in many parts of Victoria, including Terrick Terrick National Park, north of Bendigo. (Photo: Kate Blood)

14 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

References

Adair R., Cheal D. and White M. (2008a). Advisory list of environmental weeds of aquatic habitats of Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne. Adair R., Cheal D. and White M. (2008b). Advisory list of environmental weeds of coastal plains and heathy forests bioregions of Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne. Adair R., Cheal D. and White M. (2009a). Advisory list of environmental weeds of the inland plains bioregions of Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne. Adair R., Cheal D. and White M. (2009b). Advisory list of environmental weeds of the mallee bioregions of Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne. Adair R., Cheal D. and White M. (2009c). Advisory list of environmental weeds of the ranges bioregions of Victoria. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne. Blood, K. and James, R. (2016). Looking for weeds: name and notify guide. A guide for identifying weeds at the early stage of invasion on public land in Victoria. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victoria. Catford J. A. et al. (2012). The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematic 14: 231–241. Carr G.W., Yugovic J.V. & Robinson K.E. (1992). Environmental weed invasions in Victoria: conservation and management implications. Victorian Department of Conservation & Environment and Ecological Horticulture Pty Ltd: Melbourne. Carr, G.W. (1993). Exotic flora of Victoria and its impact on indigenous biota. In Flora of Victoria Volume 1, pages 256–297. Foreman, D.B. and Walsh, N.G. (eds) Inkata Press: Melbourne. DEPI (2014) Advisory List of rare or threatened plants in Victoria – 2014. Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria, Melbourne. Diez J.M., D’Antonio C.M., Dukes J.S., Grosholz E.D. and Olden J.D. (2012). Will extreme climatic events facilitate biological invasions? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 249–257. Dodd A.J., Burgman M.A., McCarthy M.A. and Ainswort N. (2015). The changing patterns of plant naturalization in Australia. Diversity and Distributions 21: 1038–1050. Early R., Bradley B.A., Dukes J.S., Lawler J.J., Olden J.D., Blumenthal D.M., Gonzalez P., Grosholz E.D., Ibañez I., Miller L.P., Sorte C.J.B. and Tatem A.J. (2016). Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities. Nature Communications 7. Gonzalez P., Nielson R.P., Lenihan J.M. and Drapek R.J. (2010). Global patterns in the vulnerability of ecosystems to vegetation shifts due to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19: 755– 768. McCarthy, P.M. (2006), Checklist of Australian Liverworts and Hornworts. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Version 6 April 2006. Platt S. J., Adair R. and White M. (2008). Local area planning for managing the environmental impacts of weeds on public land in Victoria — Otway weeds case study 2008. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne. Richardson D.M., Pysek P., Rejmánek M., Barbour M.G., Panetta F.D. and West C.J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93–107. Vicente J., Alves P., Randin C., Guisan A. and Honrado J. (2010). What drives invasibility? A multi-model inference test and spatial modelling of alien plant species richness patterns in northern Portugal. Ecography 33: 1081–1092. Victorian Government (2010). Invasive plants and animals policy framework. Victorian Department of Primary Industries: Melbourne.

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 15 Appendix 1- Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

The following abridged list is a fixed ranking of weed species for Victoria at the date of this publication. This list ranks environmental weeds based on Risk Ranking Scores – highest to lowest - and then sorts by scientific name for those species with equivalent scores. The Advisory list, with the complete set of annotations and attribute scores, is available online as a searchable and sortable spreadsheet at: https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/invasive-plants-and- animals/weed-risk-ratings (or use the search term ‘Victoria weed risk ratings’ in your browser).

Columns 1–3: Scientific name, Common name, Plant family Plant taxonomy largely follows the most recently accessed version of the Flora of Victoria online14 RBGV (2017). Common names are typically taken from the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas15. Column 4: Weed status in Victoria This identifies whether the weed is currently considered to be (a) casual or ruderal, (b) naturalised, or (c) an environmental weed (see Figure 2). Introduced species that have been recognised in the past as having wild populations but no longer exist in Victoria or are now confined to cultural settings such as gardens, are recognised as ‘Previously naturalised’ or ‘Previously casual or ruderal’. A small number of potentially invasive species that are not recorded from Victoria are classified as ‘anticipated environmental weeds’; that is, naturalisation is anticipated because of the behaviour of the species in neighbouring Australian states or indicative behaviours observed in gardens or other cultural settings. In this column, ‘Anticipated’ denotes anticipated environmental weeds and (N) denotes species that are native to Victoria. Columns 5-9: Weed attributes The weed species and their attributes listed in Table 1. Column 10: Risk ranking score The ranking score for each species was generated by considering five key attributes and allocating one of several qualitative values (see the ‘Method used to rank environmental weeds’ section). Note that species that are not currently environmental weeds have been given a default Risk Ranking Score of 0. Column 11: Risk rating This is a six-class descriptive summary of the 27 Risk Ranking Scores. There are only 27 possible Risk Ranking Scores, as this reflects the unique nuber of combinations of the categorical inputs (see the ‘Method used to rank weeds’ section). Weed species are rated as either very high risk, high risk, moderately high risk, medium risk, lower risk or potential risk. All species that are not currently environmental weeds are rated as lower risk. Species that are anticipated environmental weeds have a precautionary rating of potential risk.

14 https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/ 15 https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/biodiversity/victorian-biodiversity-atlas

16 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria (abridged version April 2018) The following abridged list is a fixed ranking of weed species for Victoria at the date of this publication. This list ranks environmental weeds based on Risk Ranking Scores – highest to lowest - and then sorts by scientific name for those species with equivalent scores. The advisory list, with the complete set of annotations and attribute scores, is available online as a searchable and sortable spreadsheet at: https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/invasive-plants-and-animals/weed-risk-ratings (or use the search term ‘Victoria weed risk ratings’ in your browser).

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Billardiera fusiformis Australian Bluebell Pittosporaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cotoneaster pannosus Velvet Cotoneaster Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Cotoneaster  watereri Waterer's Cotoneaster Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Disa bracteata South African Orchid Orchidaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Hedera helix English Ivy Araliaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Nassella neesiana Chilean Needle-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Olea europaea subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Common Olive Oleaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high europaea weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Parapholis strigosa Slender Barb-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Rubus echinatus Blackberry Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 33.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Rubus vestitus Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 33.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Asparagus declinatus Bridal Veil Asparagaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Asparagus scandens Asparagus-fern Asparagaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Billardiera heterophylla Bluebell Creeper Pittosporaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Brachypodium distachyon False Brome Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 17 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cenchrus longisetus Feathertop Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Clematis vitalba var. vitalba Traveller's Joy Ranunculaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Coprosma robusta Karamu Rubiaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Large-leaf Cotoneaster Rosaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cycloloma atriplicifolium Winged Pigweed Chenopodiaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Evening-flower Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Gladiolus tristis Iridaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high Gladiolus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Senegal Tea Asteraceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ilex aquifolium English Holly Aquifoliaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag Iris Iridaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Leycesteria formosa Himalayan Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ligustrum lucidum Large-leaved Privet Oleaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ligustrum sinense Chinese Privet Oleaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ligustrum vulgare European Privet Oleaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Lophopyrum ponticum Tall Wheat-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not Boraginaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Nassella charruana Lobed Needle-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Nassella hyalina Cane Needle-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Nassella leucotricha Texas Needle-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Nassella tenuissima Mexican Feather-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Nassella trichotoma Serrated Tussock Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive

18 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Pittosporaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Bulbous Meadow-grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Ranunculaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Salix cinerea subp. cinerea Grey Sallow Salicaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salix cinerea subp. oleifolia Rusty Sallow Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Schinus molle Pepper Tree Anacardiaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Typha latifolia Lesser Reed-mace Typhaceae Rapid Medium 33.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Wild populations potentially Highly Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Artemisia verlotiorum Chinese Wormwood Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Coprosma repens Mirror Bush Rubiaceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Holcus mollis Creeping Fog Poaceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Hypolepis dicksonioides Giant Hypolepis Dennstaedtiaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant invasive Juncus effusus subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Soft Rush Juncaceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high effusus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Rhamnus alaternus Italian Buckthorn Rhamnaceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salvia africana-lutea Beach Salvia Lamiaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Senecio madagascariensis African Fireweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 33.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Acacia longifolia subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Coast Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high sophorae weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator Weed Amaranthaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Amelichloa caudata Espartillo Poaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Chamaecytisus palmensis Tree Lucerne Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 19 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Cortaderia jubata Pink Pampas Grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Cotoneaster franchetii Grey Cotoneaster Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Montbretia Iridaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Dipogon lignosus Common Dipogon Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Egeria densa Dense Waterweed Hydrocharitaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Erica arborea Tree Heath Ericaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Erica baccans Berry-flower Heath Ericaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Erica glandulosa subp. Environmental Typically Highly Cape Heath Ericaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high glandulosa weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Erica lusitanica Spanish Heath Ericaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Erica mauritanica Heath Ericaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Erica quadrangularis Angled Heath Ericaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Fraxinus angustifolia subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Desert Ash Oleaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high angustifolia weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Gazania linearis Gazania Asteraceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Gazania rigens Trailing Gazania Asteraceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Mesembryanthemum Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Common Ice-plant Aizoaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high crystallinum weed significant further spread invasive Mesembryanthemum Environmental Typically Highly Giant Ice-plant Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high guerichianum weed significant invasive Mesembryanthemum Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Small Ice-plant Aizoaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high nodiflorum weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Muraltia heisteria Furze Muraltia Polygalaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Opuntia stricta Common Prickly-pear Cactaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Highly Oxalis micrantha Annual Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant invasive Phalaris arundinacea var. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Reed Canary-grass Poaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high arundinacea weed significant further spread invasive

20 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Phalaris arundinacea var. Environmental Typically Highly Ribbon Grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high picta weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pinus radiata Radiata Pine Pinaceae Moderate Extensive 32.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Acacia floribunda White Sallow-wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed (N) significant further spread invasive Acacia longifolia subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Sallow Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high longifolia weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Acacia provincialis Wilrilda Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Acacia saligna Orange Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple Sapindaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Agapanthus praecox subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Agapanthus Amaryllidaceae moderate Medium 32.2 Very high orientalis weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Alstroemeria aurea Yellow Alstroemeria Alstroemeriaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Kangaroo Paw various Environmental Typically Moderately Anigozanthus hybrids Haemodoraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high names weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Anigozanthus flavidus Tall Kangaroo Paw Haemodoraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Aristea ecklonii Blue Stars Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Aristotelia chilensis Maqui Elaeocarpaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Billardiera cymosa subp. Environmental Typically Moderately Sweet Apple-berry Pittosporaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 32.2 Very high pseudocymosa weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Calamagrostis epigejos Bushgrass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Carpobrotus aequilaterus Angled Pigface Aizoaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Cenchrus ciliaris Buffel Grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cenchrus clandestinus Kikuyu Poaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cenchrus purpurascens Swamp Foxtail-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Cestrum elegans Elegant Poison-berry Solanaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Chasmanthe bicolor Cobra Lily Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 21 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Chasmanthe floribunda African Cornflag Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Cleretum papulosum subp. Yellow Annual Noon- Environmental Occasionally Moderately Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high papulosum flower weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum Myrtaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Crocosmia pottsii Coppertips Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cytisus multiflorus White Spanish Broom Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Delairea odorata Ivy Groundsel Asteraceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Dietes iridioides African Iris Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Pontederiaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Eragrostis curvula African Love-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Eragrostis mexicana Mexican Love-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Foeniculum vulgare Fennel Apiaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Fraxinus ornus Manna Ash Oleaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Genista linifolia Flax-leaf Broom Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Gladiolus undulatus Wild Gladiolus Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Hakea oleifolia Olive-leaf Hakea Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Hakea petiolaris Sea Urchin Hakea Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Hakea salicifolia subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Willow-leaved hakea Proteaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high salicifolia weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Hydrocleys nymphoides Water Poppy Alismataceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ixia maculata Yellow Ixia Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive

22 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ixia polystachya Variable Ixia Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Myrtaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed (N) significant further spread invasive Leptospermum polygalifolium Environmental Typically Moderately Tantoon Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high subp. polygalifolium weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Shasta Daisy Asteraceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high Leucanthemum  superbum weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Lycium barbarum Chinese Box-thorn Solanaceae Rapid Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Melaleuca diosmifolia Green Honey-myrtle Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Mesembryanthemum aitonis Angled Ice-plant Aizoaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrot's Feather Haloragaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Neatostema apulum Hairy Sheepweed Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Oenothera lindheimeri Butterfly Bush Onagraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Opuntia ficus-indica Indian Fig Cactaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Oxalis incarnata Pale Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Passiflora tarminiana Banana Passion-fruit Passifloraceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Canary Island Date- Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Phoenix canariensis Arecaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high palm weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Phyla nodiflora var. minor Carpet Weed Verbenaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine Pinaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Pinus nigra subp. laricio Corsican Pine Pinaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pinus pinaster Cluster Pine Pinaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Piptochaetium bicolor Bunch-grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Piptochaetium uruguense Uraguayan Bunch-grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Polygala myrtifolia Myrtle-leaf Milkwort Polygalaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 23 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Psoralea pinnata Blue Psoralea Fabaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Pyracantha angustifolia Orange Firethorn Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Pyracantha rogersiana Firethorn Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pyrus calleryana Callery Pear Rosaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Rhagodia parabolica Fragrant Saltbush Chenopodiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed (N) significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Rhagodia spinescens Hedge Saltbush Chenopodiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed (N) significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Rosa canina Dog Rose Rosaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Senecio angulatus Climbing Groundsel Asteraceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Sparaxis bulbifera Harlequin-flower Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Sparaxis tricolor Tricolor Harlequin-flower Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Tradescantia fluminensis Wandering Creeper Commelinaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Trifolium vesiculosum var. Environmental Occasionally Moderately Arrowleaf Clover Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high vesiculosum weed significant invasive Watsonia meriana var. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Bulbil Watsonia Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high bulbillifera weed significant further spread invasive Watsonia meriana var. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Merian's Bugle-lily Iridaceae Moderate Medium 32.2 Very high meriana weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Wild populations potentially Moderately Agrostis gigantea Red-top Bent Poaceae Rapid Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Berkheya rigida African Thistle Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Callitris rhomboidea Oyster Bay Pine Cupressaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Carex distans Distant Sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Carex divisa Divided Sedge Cyperaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge Cyperaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Carex leporina Oval Broom-sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive

24 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Carex punctata Dotted Sedge Cyperaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Carex tribuloides var. Environmental Occasionally Moderately Blunt Broom-sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high tribuloides weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cenchrus macrourus African Feather-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Chrysanthemoides Environmental Typically Highly Bitou Bush Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high monilifera subp. rotundata weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Cyathea cooperi Cicatrice Tree-fern Cyatheaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Ehrharta villosa Pyp Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Eleocharis parvula Dwarf Spike-rush Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Elytrigia pungens Sea Couch-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Euphorbia platyphyllos Broad Spurge Euphorbiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Euphorbia terracina Terracina Spurge Euphorbiaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Gladiolus gueinzii Coastal Gladiolus Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Glyceria declinata Manna grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Glyceria notata Floating Sweet-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Impatiens balfourii Balfour's touch-me-not Balsaminaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Impatiens sodenii Shrub Balsam Balsaminaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Isolepis trachysperma Club-sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Limonium companyonis Riviera Sea-lavender Plumbaginaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Limonium hyblaeum Sicilian Sea-lavender Plumbaginaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 25 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Creeping Water- Environmental Typically Highly Ludwigia arcuata  Onagraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high Ludwigia repens primrose weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Paspalum distichum Water Couch Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Pilosella aurantiaca subp. Environmental Typically Highly Orange Hawkweed Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high aurantiaca weed significant invasive Pilosella officinarum subp. Environmental Typically Highly Mouse-ear Hawkweed Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high officinarum weed significant invasive Pilosella piloselloides subp. Environmental Typically Highly King-devil Hawkweed Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high bauhinii weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine Pinaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Piptatherum miliaceum Rice Millet Poaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Pittosporum eugenioides Tarata Pittosporaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Polygonatum multiflorum David's Harp Asparagaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Highly Puccinellia ciliata Menemen Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Reflexed Saltmarsh- Environmental Typically Moderately Puccinellia distans Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high grass weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellow Cress Brassicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Sagittaria macrophylla Papa de Agua Alismataceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Sagittaria platyphylla Delta Arrowhead Alismataceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Salix  fragilis nothovar. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Brittle Willow Salicaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high fragilis weed significant further spread invasive Salix  fragilis nothovar. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Crack Willow Salicaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high furcata weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salix  mollissima Sharp Stipuled Willow Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Weeping Willow Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high Salix  pendulina weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pussy Willow Salicaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high Salix  reichardtii weed significant further spread invasive

26 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Highly Salix  sepulcralis nothovar. Weeping Willow Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high chrysocoma weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salix  sepulcralis nothovar. Weeping Willow Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high sepulcralis weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Salix babylonica Weeping Willow Salicaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’ Tortured Willow Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Salix nigra Black Willow Salicaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salix purpurea Purple Osier Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Salvinia molesta Salvinia Salviniaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Schoenoplectus mucronatus Rice-marsh Bulrush Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Sorbus aucuparia Rowan Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Tribolium uniolae Haas Grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Triglochin scilloides Awl-leaved Lilaea Juncaginaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Viola odorata Common Violet Violaceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Wachendorfia thyrsiflora Red Root Haemodoraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Xanthium strumarium Noogoora Burr Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum-lily Araceae Moderate Restricted 32.1 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Acacia acuminata Jam Tree Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Acer negundo Box Elder Sapindaceae Rapid Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Allocasuarina diminuta Environmental Typically Moderately Broombush Sheoak Casuarinaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high subp. diminuta weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree Ericaceae Moderate Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Callitris oblonga subp. Tasmanian Cypress- Environmental Typically Somewhat Cupressaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high oblonga pine weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 27 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Cistus creticus Pink Rock-rose Cistaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Cylindropuntia imbricata var. Environmental Typically Highly Devil's Rope Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high imbricata weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Eucalyptus conferruminata Bald Island Marlock Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Gladiolus carneus Broad-leaf Painted-lady Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Lathyrus latifolius Everlasting Pea Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Opuntia elata Riverina Pear Cactaceae Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Opuntia elatior Red-flower Prickly-pear Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Oxalidaceae Slow Extensive 31.3 Very high weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Acacia elata Cedar Wattle Fabaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Acacia extensa Wiry Wattle Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Acacia prominens Golden Rain Wattle Fabaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Acacia rostellifera Summer-scented Wattle Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Allium triquetrum Three-Cornered Garlic Amaryllidaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine Basellaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Asteriscus spinosus Spiny Golden Star Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Austrocylindropuntia Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Cane Cactus Cactaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High cylindrica weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Carex disticha Brown Sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Carex divulsa subp. divulsa Grey Sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Carpobrotus chilensis Chilean Pigface Aizoaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak Casuarinaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

28 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Cenchrus echinatus Mossman River Grass Poaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Chasmanthe aethiopica Cobra Lily Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Cistus inflatus White Rock-rose Cistaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Cistus salviifolius Sage-leaf Rock-rose Cistaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Clematis flammula subp. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Old Man's Beard Ranunculaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High flammula weed significant invasive Cotyledon orbiculata var. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pig's Ear Crassulaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High oblonga weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Crassula biplanata Spatula-leaf Crassula Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Crassula sarmentosa var. Environmental Typically Moderately Trailing Jade Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High sarmentosa weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Crassula spathulata Fairy Crassula Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Cylindropuntia kleiniae Klein's Cholla Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive White-spined Hudson Environmental Typically Highly Cylindropuntia pallida Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High Pear weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Cylindropuntia spinosior Cane Cholla Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Brown-spined Hudson Environmental Typically Highly Cylindropuntia tunicata Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High Pear weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Dimorphotheca ecklonis Cape Daisy Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Dimorphotheca fruticosa Trailing African Daisy Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Dimorphotheca jucunda Freeway Daisy Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Echinopsis schickendantzii Hedgehog Cactus Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Cylinderflower Love- Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Eragrostis cylindriflora Poaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 31.2 High grass weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Erica discolor Two-toned Heath Ericaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum Myrtaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Eucalyptus saligna Sydney Blue Gum Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 29 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Eucalyptus scias subp. Large-fruited Red Environmental Typically Somewhat Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High scias Mahogany weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Eucalyptus stricklandii Strickland's Gum Myrtaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Eucalyptus woodwardii Lemon Flowered Gum Myrtaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge Euphorbiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Fallopia japonica var. Dwarf Japanese Environmental Occasionally Moderately Polygonaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High compacta Knotweed weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed Polygonaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Fraxinus excelsior European Ash Oleaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Freesia leichtlinii Freesia Iridaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Genista stenopetala Madeira Broom Fabaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Geranium robertianum Herb Robert Geraniaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Scarlet Gladiolus Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High Gladiolus  colvillei weed significant invasive Grevillea 'Poorinda Greviilea Poorinda Environmental Occasionally Moderately Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High Constance' Constance weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Hakea drupacea Sweet Hakea Proteaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Hakea elliptica Oval-leaf Hakea Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Hakea prostrata Harsh Hakea Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Hakea undulata Wavy-leaved Hakea Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Smooth Arizona Environmental Typically Somewhat Hesperocyparis glabra Cupressaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High Cypress weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Hesperocyparis lusitanica Cedar of Goa Cupressaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Hyparrhenia hirta Tambookie Grass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Hypericum grandifolium Malfurada Hypericaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ipomoea indica Blue Morning Glory Convolvulaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

30 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderately Iris orientalis Yellow-band Iris Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Iva axillaris Poverty Weed Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Ixia campanulata Crimson Ixia Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Ixia longituba Ixia Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Jasminum mesnyi Primrose Jasmin Oleaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Jasminum polyanthum Winter Jasmine Oleaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Kunzea baxteri Scarlet Kunzea Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Lavandula stoechas subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Topped Lavender Lamiaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High stoechas weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Lessertia frutescens Bladder Senna Fabaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Ligustrum ovalifolium Hedge Privet Oleaceae Rapid Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Mauranthemum paludosum Baby Marguerite Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Melaleuca densa Lemon Honey-myrtle Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Melaleuca hypericifolia Hillock Bush Myrtaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Moraea aristata Peacock Iris Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Moraea lewisiae Golden Iris Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Moraea spathulata Spathulate Butterfly Lily Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Nerine flexuosa Day Lily Amaryllidaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Opuntia aurantiaca Tiger Pear Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Opuntia engelmannii var. Cow Tongue Prickly- Environmental Typically Highly Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High engelmannii pear weed significant invasive Aaron's Beard Prickly- Environmental Typically Moderately Opuntia leucotricha Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High pear weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Opuntia microdasys Rabbit-ears Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 31 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Opuntia monacantha Drooping Prickly-pear Cactaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Opuntia polyacantha var. Environmental Typically Highly Plains Prickly-pear Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High erinacea weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Opuntia puberula Blind Prickly-pear Cactaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Opuntia robusta Wheel Cactus Cactaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Highly Opuntia schickendantzii Lion's Tongue Cactaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Oxalis obtusa Yellow-eye Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Large-flower Wood- Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Oxalis purpurea Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High sorrel weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Pinus jeffreyi Jeffrey Pine Pinaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Pinus muricata Bishop Pine Pinaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa Pine Pinaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Pinus sabiniana California Foothill Pine Pinaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Pinus wallichiana Blue Pine Pinaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Pittosporum tenuifolium Kohuhu Pittosporaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Podalyria sericea Silky Podalyria Fabaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Prunus cerasus Sour Cherry Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Prunus domestica Plum Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Prunus persica var. persica Peach Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Prunus yedoensis Yoshino Cherry Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Psilocaulon granulicaule Wiry Noon-flower Aizoaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Sanguisorba minor subp. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Salad Burnet Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 31.2 High magnolii weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Sedum album White Stonecrop Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive

32 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderately Solidago chilensis Brazilian Arnica Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Spartium junceum Spanish Broom Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Sphaerocarpacea Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Sphaerocarpos texanus Texas Balloonwort Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 31.2 High e weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Stenotaphrum secundatum Buffalo Grass Poaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Taraxacum gracilens Dandelion Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Vinca major Blue Periwinkle Apocynaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Watsonia borbonica Rosy Watsonia Iridaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Wild populations potentially Highly Watsonia marginata Bordered Watsonia Iridaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Watsonia versfeldii Pink Watsonia Iridaceae Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Yucca gloriosa Palm Lily Asparagaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Zephyranthes candida White Windflower Amaryllidaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 31.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Acanthus mollis Bear's Breech Acanthaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Agave americana Century Plant Asparagaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Simaroubaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Brassicaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Apera interrupta Dense Silky-bent Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Arundo donax Giant Reed Poaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Babiana angustifolia Baboon Flower Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Wild populations potentially Somewhat Berberis thunbergii Red Barbary Berberidaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Betula pendula Silver Birch Betulaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Bryophyllum  houghtonii Mother-of-millions Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 33 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Highly Bryophyllum delagoense Mother-of-millions Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Cabomba caroliniana var. Environmental Typically Highly Cabomba Cabombaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High caroliniana weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Carex pendula Giant Sedge Cyperaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental typically Extensive potential for Highly Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot Fig Aizoaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Centaurea montana Perennial Cornflower Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Claytonia perfoliata subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Miner's Lettuce Montiaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High perfoliata weed significant further spread invasive Conicosia pugioniformis Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Narrow-leaved Iceplant Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High subp. muirii weed significant invasive Cotyledon orbiculata var. Environmental Typically Moderately Pig's Ear Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High orbiculata weed significant invasive Crassula ericoides subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderately Reptile Crassula Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High ericoides weed significant invasive Crassula multicava subp. Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Shade Crassula Crassulaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High multicava weed significant further spread invasive Crassula muscosa var. Environmental Typically Moderately Rattail Crassula Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High muscosa weed significant invasive Crassula tetragona subp. Environmental Typically Moderately Shrubby Crassula Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High robusta weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Erythranthe guttata Monkey Musk Phrymaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Euryops chrysanthemoides African Bush Daisy Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Mediterranean Sea- Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Frankenia pulverulenta Frankeniaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High heath weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Wild populations potentially Moderately Galenia secunda Galenia Aizoaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Gladiolus communis subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderately Byzantine Gladiolus Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High byzantinus weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Gnidia squarrosa Saffron Bush Thymelaeaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Hedychium gardnerianum Ginger Lily Zingiberaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Helosciadium nodiflorum Fool's Water-cress Apiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Somewhat Hoheria populnea Hohere Malvaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive

34 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Somewhat Humulus lupulus Hop Cannabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Rapid Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Juglans regia Walnut Juglandaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Juncus ensifolius Sword Rush Juncaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Juncus gerardii subp. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Mud Rush Juncaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High gerardii weed significant invasive Juncus inflexus subp. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Hard Rush Juncaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High inflexus weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Lamium argentatum Aluminium Plant Lamiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Highly Lampranthus immelmaniae Ice-plant Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Lampranthus tegens Little Noon-flower Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Leersia oryzoides Rice Cut-grass Poaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Leonotis leonurus Lion's Ear Lamiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Melaleuca incana subp. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Grey Honey-myrtle Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High incana weed significant invasive Narrow-leaved Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Melaleuca linariifolia Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High Paperbark weed significant invasive Melaleuca viminea subp. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Mohan Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High viminea weed significant invasive Monopsis debilis var. Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Monopsis Campanulaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High depressa weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Nymphaea  marliacea WaterLily Nymphaeaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Moderately Nymphaea mexicana Yellow Waterlily Nymphaeaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Nymphaea odorata Magnolia Water Lily Nymphaeaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Paspalum vaginatum Salt-water Couch Poaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Petasites pyrenaicus Butterburr Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Polypogon lutosus Perennial Beardgrass Poaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 35 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Populus nigra 'Italica' Lombardy Poplar Salicaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Populus tremula Aspen Salicaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Populus canadensis Canadian Poplar Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Grey Poplar Salicaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High Populus  canescens weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Populus yunnanensis Chinese Poplar Salicaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Prosopis glandulosa var. Environmental Typically Somewhat Honey Mesquite Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High glandulosa weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Prosopis velutina Velvet Mesquite Fabaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel Rosaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Psoralea arborea Stalked Psoralea Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry Grossulariaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Robinia pseudoacacia Locust Tree Fabaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Ruschia geminiflora Loose-flower Pigface Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Salix alba var. alba White Willow Salicaceae Rapid Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderately Saururus cernuus Lizard's Tail Saururaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Sedum rupestre Stonecrop Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Sedum sediforme Stonecrop Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Senna multiglandulosa Downy Senna Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood Cupressaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Townsend's Cord-grass Poaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High Spartina  townsendii weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Spartina anglica Common Cord-grass Poaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ulmus  hollandica Dutch Elm Ulmaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive

36 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Ulmus procera English Elm Ulmaceae Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Somewhat Vaccaria hispanica Cow Soapwort Caryophyllaceae Moderate Restricted 31.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Veronica speciosa Showy Hebe Plantaginaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Somewhat Viola banksii Native Violet Violaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 31.1 High weed significant invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper Asparagaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Bromus madritensis Madrid Brome Poaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Lycium ferocissimum African Box-thorn Solanaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Marrubium vulgare Horehound Lamiaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic Fabaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Parapholis incurva Coast Barb-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Prunus cerasifera Cherry-plum Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Rubus anglocandicans Common Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Rubus cissburiensis Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Rubus erythrops Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Rubus laciniatus Cut-leaf Bramble Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Rubus leucostachys Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Rubus polyanthemus Forest Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Rubus ulmifolius var. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Elm-leaf Blackberry Rosaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High ulmifolius weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Vulpia fasciculata Sand Fescue Poaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 37 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Vulpia muralis Wall Fescue Poaceae Rapid Extensive 23.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Ageratina ligustrina Privet-leaved Snakeroot Asteraceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Bromus rubens Red Brome Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Cotula bipinnata Ferny Cotula Asteraceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Crassula natans var. minus Water Crassula Crassulaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Rosaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Dactylis glomerata Cocksfoot Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Ehrharta longiflora Annual Veldt-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Emex australis Three-cornered Jack Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Epilobium hirsutum Great Willow-herb Onagraceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Galium aparine Cleavers Rubiaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan Hypericaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Juncus bulbosus subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Bulbous Rush Juncaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High bulbosus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Limonium lobatum Winged Sea-lavender Plumbaginaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Ludwigia palustris Marsh Ludwigia Onagraceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Moraea setifolia Thread Iris Iridaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Toowoomba Canary- Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Phalaris aquatica Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High grass weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Poa bulbosa var. bulbosa Bulbous Meadow-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

38 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Rosaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Rumex crispus Curled Dock Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Sherardia arvensis Field Madder Rubiaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Silene gallica var. gallica French Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Silene longicaulis Portuguese Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Silene nocturna Mediterranean Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Sisymbrium orientale Indian Hedge-mustard Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Solanum chenopodioides Whitetip Nightshade Solanaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Solanum linnaeanum Apple of Sodom Solanaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Sporobolus africanus Rat-tail Grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Trifolium repens var. repens White Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 23.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Alisma lanceolatum Water Plantain Alismataceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Aponogeton distachyos Cape Pond-lily Aponogetonaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Asparagus officinalis Asparagus Asparagaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Callitriche brutia subp. brutia Water Starwort Plantaginaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Catapodium rigidum Fern Grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Euphorbiaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Ficus carica Fig Moraceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 39 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Hainardia cylindrica Common Barb-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Juncus articulatus subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Jointed Rush Juncaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High articulatus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Juncus pallescens Rush Juncaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Juncus tenuis Slender Rush Juncaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Nasturtium microphyllum Brown Watercress Brassicaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Paradoxical Canary- Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Phalaris paradoxa Poaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High grass weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Extensive potential for Highly Pseudoscleropodium purum Neat Feather-moss Brachytheciaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress Brassicaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock Polygonaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Suaeda baccifera Berry Seablite Chenopodiaceae Rapid Restricted 23.1 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Acacia cyclops Red-eyed Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Acacia howittii Sticky Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Acetosa sagittata Turkey Rhubarb Polygonaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Avena ludoviciana Winter Wild-oat Poaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Callitris columellaris White Cypress-pine Cupressaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Ceratodon purpureus Redshank Moss Ditrichaceae Rapid Medium 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Chrysanthemoides Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly African Boneseed Asteraceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High monilifera subp. monilifera weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Cytisus scoparius English Broom Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Echium plantagineum Paterson's Curse Boraginaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Elodea canadensis Canadian Pondweed Hydrocharitaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Eurhynchium praelongum Common Feather-moss Brachytheciaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive

40 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Gaudinia fragilis Fragile Oat Poaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Hordeum glaucum Northern Barley-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Mediterranean Barley- Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Hordeum hystrix Poaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High grass weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Hordeum leporinum Barley-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Hordeum marinum Sea Barley-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Onopordum acaulon Stemless Onopordum Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Phytolacca octandra Red-ink Weed Phytolaccaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Setaria parviflora Slender Pigeon-grass Poaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Trifolium cernuum Drooping-flower Clover Fabaceae Rapid Extensive 22.3 High weed significant further spread invasive Verbena bonariensis var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Purple-top Verbena Verbenaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High bonariensis weed significant further spread invasive Verbena bonariensis var. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Purple Top Verbenaceae Moderate Extensive 22.3 High conglomerata weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Acacia cupularis Coastal Umbrella-bush Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Acacia decurrens Early Black-wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Acacia fimbriata Fringed Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Acacia pravissima Ovens Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed (N) significant further spread invasive Agrostis capillaris var. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Brown-top Bent Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High aristata weed significant further spread invasive Agrostis capillaris var. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Brown-top Bent Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High capillaris weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Alopecurus aequalis Orange Fox-tail Poaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Fox-tail Poaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Fox-tail Poaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Atriplex prostrata Hastate Orache Chenopodiaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 41 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Avena barbata Bearded Oat Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Avena fatua Wild Oat Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Berberis darwinii Darwin's Barberry Berberidaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Brassica fruticulosa Twiggy Turnip Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Bromus alopecuros Mediterranean Brome Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Bromus catharticus var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Prairie Grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High catharticus weed significant further spread invasive Bromus catharticus var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Chilean Brome Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High elatus weed significant further spread invasive Bromus catharticus var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Chilean Brome Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High rupestris weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Calicotome spinosa Spiny Broom Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Cenchrus longispinus Spiny Burr-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Cenchrus setaceus Fountain Grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Centaurea melitensis Malta Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Cestrum parqui Green Poison-berry Solanaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Convolvulus arvensis Common Bindweed Convolvulaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive New Zealand Cabbage- Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Cordyline australis Asparagaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High tree weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard Asteraceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Crepis vesicaria subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Bladder Hawksbeard Asteraceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High taraxacifolia weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Cuscuta epithymum Common Dodder Convolvulaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Small-seeded Alfalfa Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Cuscuta planiflora Convolvulaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High Dodder weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Cuscuta suaveolens Fringed Dodder Convolvulaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

42 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog's-tail Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Daucus carota Carrot Apiaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderately Dianella sp. aff. caerula West Gippsland Dianella Asphodelaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Erigeron karvinskianus Seaside Daisy Asteraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Erodium moschatum Musky Heron's-bill Geraniaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Eucalyptus leucoxylon subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Yellow Gum Myrtaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High megalocarpa weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Euryops abrotanifolius Euryops Asteraceae moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Poaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Fumaria bastardii Bastard's Fumitory Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Fumaria capreolata White Fumitory Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Dense-flowered Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Fumaria densiflora Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High Fumitory weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Wild populations potentially Moderately Fumaria indica Indian Fumitory Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Fumaria muralis subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Wall Fumitory Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High muralis weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Geranium dissectum Cut-leaf Crane's-bill Geraniaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Helminthotheca echioides Ox-tongue Asteraceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Hirschfeldia incana Buchan Weed Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Hypericum perforatum subp. Perforated St John's Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Hypericaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High veronense Wort weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Ixia paniculata Long-tube Ixia Iridaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Juncus oxycarpus Spiny-fruit Rush Juncaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Kniphofia uvaria Red-hot Poker Asphodelaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Leontodon rhagadioloides Hawkbit Asteraceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 43 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Lepidium bonariense Peppercress Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Lepidium didymum Lesser Swine-cress Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy Asteraceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Lotus corniculatus var. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Bird's-foot Trefoil Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High corniculatus weed significant further spread invasive Lotus corniculatus var. Narrow Bird's-foot Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High tenuifolius Trefoil weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Lotus subbiflorus Hairy Bird's-foot Trefoil Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Greater Bird's-foot Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Lotus uliginosus Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High Trefoil weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Lycium afrum Kaffir Box-thorn Solanaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Malva nicaeensis Mallow of Nice Malvaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Malva parviflora Small-flowered Mallow Malvaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Medicago arabica Spotted Medic Fabaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Medicago lupulina Black Medic Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Melilotus indicus Sweet Melilot Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal Lamiaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Moraea flaccida One-leaf Cape-tulip Iridaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Yellow-and-blue Forget- Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Myosotis discolor Boraginaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High me-not weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Ornithopus pinnatus Sand Bird's-foot Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Paraserianthes lophantha Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Cape Wattle Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High subp. lophantha weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Persicaria maculosa Redshank Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Phalaris minor Lesser Canary-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Plantago bellardii Silky Plantain Plantaginaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive

44 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Plantago coronopus subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Buck's-horn Plantain Plantaginaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High commutata weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Poa infirma Early Meadow-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Polygonum arenastrum Hogweed Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Polygonum aviculare Wireweed Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Polygonum bellardii Tree Hogweed Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Pseudotsuga menziesii var. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Douglas Fir Pinaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High menziesii weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Pyracantha crenatoserrata Broad-leaf Firethorn Rosaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Pyracantha crenulata Nepal Firethorn Rosaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Large-flower Onion- Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Romulea rosea var. reflexa Iridaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High grass weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar Rosaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Solanum pseudocapsicum Madeira Winter-cherry Solanaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Solanum triflorum Cut-leaf Nightshade Solanaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Trifolium ornithopodioides Bird's-foot Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Trifolium resupinatum var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Shaftal Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High resupinatum weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Trifolium suffocatum Suffocated Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Ulex europaeus Gorse Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Vicia hirsuta Tiny Vetch Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Vicia tetrasperma Slender Vetch Fabaceae Moderate Medium 22.2 High weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Acacia schinoides Frosty wattle Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 45 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Alternanthera pungens Khaki Weed Amaranthaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Calliergonella cuspidata Pointed Spear-moss Hypnaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Catapodium marinum Stiff Sand-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Cenchrus spinifex Lesser Burr-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Centaurea solstitialis St Barnaby's Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Centranthus ruber subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Red Valerian Valerianaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 ruber weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Chloris gayana Rhodes-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Conium maculatum Hemlock Apiaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Coreopsis lanceolata Common Tickseed Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Hawthorn Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 Crataegus  sinaica weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Cyperus brevifolius Mullumbimby Couch Cyperaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Cyperus congestus Dense Flat-sedge Cyperaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Datura stramonium Common Thorn-apple Solanaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blue Oliveberry Elaeocarpaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed (N) significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Elytrigia repens English Couch Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Erodium malacoides Oval Heron's-bill Geraniaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Erythranthe moschata Musk Monkey-flower Phrymaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Eschscholzia californica Californian Poppy Papaveraceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Geranium yeoi Greater Herb-Robert Geraniaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high

46 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Heliotropium supinum Creeping Heliotrope Boraginaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Hypericum tetrapterum var. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately St Peter's Wort Hypericaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 tetrapterum weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Juncus acuminatus Sharp-fruited Rush Juncaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Juncus fontanesii subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Spring Rush Juncaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 fontanesii weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Lepidium strictum Matted Peppercress Brassicaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Limonium sinuatum Notch-leaf Sea-lavender Plumbaginaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Lotus creticus Lotus Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow Malvaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Myosotis laxa subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Water Forget-me-not Boraginaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 caespitosa weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Nasturtium microphyllum One-rowed Watercress Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Nasturtium officinale Watercress Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Pittosporum crassifolium Karo Pittosporaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Polypogon maritimus var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Coast Beard-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 subspathaceus weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Potentilla indica Indian Strawberry Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Psilurus incurvus Bristle-tail Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Borrer's Saltmarsh- Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Puccinellia fasciculata Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 grass weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Ranunculus sardous Pale Hairy Buttercup Ranunculaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Raphanus maritimus Sea Radish Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Rubus phoenicolasius Wine Raspberry Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Rumex pulcher subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Fiddle Dock Polygonaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 pulcher weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Salix alba var. vitellina Golden Willow Salicaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 47 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Sambucus nigra Common Elder Caprifoliaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Saponaria officinalis Common Soapwort Caryophyllaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Sedum acre Wall-pepper Crassulaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Selaginella kraussiana Garden Selaginella Selaginellaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Sinapis arvensis Charlock Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Solanum elaeagnifolium Silver-leaf Nightshade Solanaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Sparganium erectum subp. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Branching Bur-reed Typhaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 stoloniferum weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Suaeda maritima Annual Seablite Chenopodiaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Tribolium acutiflorum Crested Desmazeria Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Tribolium obliterum Desmazeria Poaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Verbena supina var. erecta Trailing Verbena Verbenaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Verbena supina var. supina Trailing Verbena Verbenaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Veronica catenata Pink Water-speedwell Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Veronica peregrina subp. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Wandering Speedwell Plantaginaceae Rapid Restricted 22.1 xalapensis weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Viola arvensis Field Pansy Violaceae Moderate Restricted 22.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Acacia boormanii Snowy River Wattle Fabaceae Slow Extensive 21.3 weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Acacia mollifolia Hairy Silver Wattle Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Acacia notabilis Stiff Golden-wattle Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 21.3 weed (N) significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Aloe arborescens Tree Aloe Asphodelaceae Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Aloe maculata Common Soap Aloe Asphodelaceae Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Aptenia cordifolia Heart-leaf Ice-plant Aizoaceae Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant further spread invasive high

48 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Bassia hyssopifolia Five-horn Smotherweed Chenopodiaceae Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Celtis australis European Nettle-tree Cannabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant invasive high North American Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Celtis occidentalis Cannabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Extensive 21.3 Hackberry weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Lathyrus tingitanus Tangier Pea Fabaceae Slow Extensive 21.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Acacia baileyana Cootamundra Wattle Fabaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Acacia iteaphylla Willow-leaved Wattle Fabaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Acacia pendula Weeping Myall Fabaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Queensland Silver Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Acacia podalyriifolia Fabaceae Slow Medium 21.2 Wattle weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Allium neapolitanum Naples Onion Amaryllidaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Alstroemeria psittacina Parrot Alstroemeria Alstroemeriaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Anchusa capensis Cape Forget-me-not Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Araujia sericifera White Bladder-flower Apocynaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Argyranthemum frutescens Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Tenerife Daisy Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 subp. foeniculaceum weed significant invasive high Argyranthemum frutescens Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Marguerite Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 subp. frutescens weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Avena sterilis Sterile Oat Poaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Wild populations potentially Somewhat Moderately Avena strigosa Bristle Oat Poaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant persist in Victoria invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Berberis aquifolium Oregon Grape Berberidaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Callistachys lanceolata Greenbush Fabaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Narrow-leaved Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Callistemon linearis Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 Bottlebrush weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Chlorophytum comosum Spider Plant Asparagaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Coleonema pulchellum Pink Diosma Rutaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 49 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Correa baeuerlenii Chef's Hat Correa Rutaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Corymbia citriodora subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Lemon-scented Gum Myrtaceae Slow Medium 21.2 citriodora weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Crassula ovata Jade Plant Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Crepis pusilla Dandelion Crepis Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Croton setiger Doveweed Euphorbiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Cynodon dactylon var. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Couch Poaceae Slow Medium 21.2 dactylon weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Dichondra micrantha False Pennywort Convolvulaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Dittrichia viscosa False Yellowhead Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Eucalyptus megacornuta Warted Yate Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Eucalyptus occidentalis Swamp Yate Myrtaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Festuca rubra Red Fescue Poaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Freesia laxa subp. laxa False Freesia Iridaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Geissorhiza aspera Wine Cups Iridaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Easter Boom Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 Genista  spachiana weed significant invasive high Grevillea Poorinda Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Grevillea 'Poorinda Queen' Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 Queen weed significant invasive high Grevillea rosmarinifolia Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Rosemary Grevillea Proteaceae Slow Medium 21.2 subp. rosmarinifolia weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Hakea laurina Pincushion Hakea Proteaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Hakea sericea Silky Hakea Proteaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Heliotropium amplexicaule Blue Heliotrope Boraginaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey Cypress Cupressaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Hypericum calycinum Aaron's Beard Hypericaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high

50 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Hypericum humifusum Trailing St John's Wort Hypericaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Kennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral-pea Fabaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island Hibiscus Malvaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Lamium amplexicaule var. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Dead Nettle Lamiaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 amplexicaule weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Lilium formosanum Taiwan Lily Liliaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Slender Bird's-foot Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Lotus angustissimus Fabaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 Trefoil weed significant further spread invasive high Medicago laciniata var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Cut-leaf Medic Fabaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 laciniata weed significant further spread invasive high Melaleuca armillaris subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Giant Honey-myrtle Myrtaceae Slow Medium 21.2 armillaris weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Melaleuca decussata Totem-poles Myrtaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Moraea ochroleuca White Cape-tulip Iridaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Ornithopus compressus Yellow Serradella Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Oxalis articulata Sourgrass Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Oxalis debilis var. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Pink Shamrock Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 21.2 corymbosa weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Oxalis hirta Hairy Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Oxalis vallicola Mexican Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Passiflora caerulea Blue Passion-fruit Passifloraceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Peganum harmala African Rue Nitrariaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Phillyrea latifolia Mock Privet Oleaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Physalis hederifolia Sticky Ground-cherry Solanaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Physalis lanceifolia Mexican Ground-cherry Solanaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry Solanaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 51 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Picnomon acarna Soldier Thistle Asteraceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Pinus patula Mexican Yellow Pine Pinaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Plectranthus ciliatus African Spur-flower Lamiaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Plectranthus fruticosus Spur-flower Lamiaceae Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinque-foil Rosaceae Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Prunus persica var. Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Nectarine Rosaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 nucipersica weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion Dipsacaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Scolymus hispanicus Golden Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Senecio jacobaea Ragwort Asteraceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Solanum mauritianum Tobacco-bush Solanaceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Taraxacum bracteatum Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Taraxacum hepaticolor Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Taraxacum retzii Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Medium 21.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Tetragonia microptera Annual Spinach Aizoaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Tragopogon dubius Goat's Beard Asteraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Verbena  brasiliensis Verbena Verbenaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Westringia longifolia Coastal Rosemary Lamiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Medium 21.2 weed significant invasive high Narrow-leaf Bower- Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Acacia cognata Fabaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 wattle weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Acacia dodonaeifolia Long-leaved Wattle Fabaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Achillea distans subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Tansyleaf Milfoil Asteraceae Slow Restricted 21.1 tanacetifolia weed significant further spread invasive high Actinidia chinensis var. Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Chinese Gooseberry Actinidiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 21.1 deliciosa weed significant invasive high

52 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Actinotus helianthi Flannel Flower Apiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Aeonium haworthii Pinwheel Aeonium Crassulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Albuca bracteata Pregnant Onion Asparagaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Allium vineale Crow Garlic Amaryllidaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderately Moderately Alopecurus myosuroides Slender Fox-tail Poaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Amaryllis belladonna Belladonna Lily Amaryllidaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Ammi majus Bishop's Weed Apiaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass Poaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Angophora costata subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Smooth-barked Apple Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 costata weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Apium graveolens Celery Apiaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Arctotis stoechadifolia Silver Arctotis Asteraceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Argentina anserina Silverweed Cinquefoil Rosaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Arum italicum subp. italicum Italian Cuckoo-pint Araceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Astartea sp. (Anglesea) Astartea Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Bromus tectorum Wall Brome Poaceae Rapid Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Callitris endlicheri Black Cypress-pine Cupressaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Calystegia silvatica subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Greater Bindweed Convolvulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 disjuncta weed significant further spread invasive high Calystegia silvatica subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Greater Bindweed Convolvulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 silvatica weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Centaurea nigra Black Knapweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Laurel Lauraceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 53 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Cistus monspeliensis Narrow-leaf Rock-rose Cistaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Himalayan Strawberry- Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Cornus capitata Cornaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 tree weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Cotoneaster horizontalis Rock Cotoneaster Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Crassula rubricaulis Red-stem Crassula Crassulaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Crotalaria agatiflora subp. Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Rattlepod Fabaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 agatiflora weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Drosanthemum candens Rodondo Creeper Aizoaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high American Crow's-foot Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Eleusine tristachya Poaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 Grass weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Eragrostis cilianensis Stink-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Eucalyptus astringens Brown Mallet Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Eucalyptus botryoides Southern Mahogany Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed (N) significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Eucalyptus gomphocephala Tuart Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Euphorbia lathyris Caper Spurge Euphorbiaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Ficaria verna Pilewort Ranunculaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Galenia pubescens var. Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Galenia Aizoaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 pubescens weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Galium palustre Marsh Bedstraw Rubiaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Grevillea juniperina subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Prickly Grevillea Proteaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 juniperina weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Grevillea robusta Silky Oak Proteaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Juncus imbricatus Folded Rush Juncaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Lachenalia aloides Cape Cowslip Asparagaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Lupinus angustifolius Narrow-leaved Lupin Fabaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high

54 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin Fabaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Lysimachia linum-stellatum Asterolinon Primulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Malva arborea Tree Mallow Malvaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Maurandya barclayana Angel's Trumpet Plantaginaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey-myrtle Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Melianthus comosus Tufted Honey-flower Melianthaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Melianthus major Cape Honey-flower Melianthaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Mentha spicata Spearmint Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Moraea miniata Two-leaf Cape-tulip Iridaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Nymphaea alba White Waterlily Nymphaeaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Mexican Evening- Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Oenothera speciosa Onagraceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 primrose weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Paspalum urvillei Vasey Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Pastinaca sativa subp. Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Parsnip Apiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 sativa weed significant invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Pauridia capensis Golden Star Hypoxidaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Phalaris coerulescens Blue Canary-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Phleum pratense Timothy Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Wild populations potentially Somewhat Moderately Physalis alkekengi Chinese Lanterns Solanaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant persist in Victoria invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Poa pratensis Kentucky Blue-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Pontederia cordata Pickerel Weed Pontederiaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 55 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Yellow-flower Devil's- Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Proboscidea lutea Pedaliaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 claw weed significant further spread invasive high Ranunculus flammula subp. Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Lesser Spearwort Ranunculaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 flammula weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Rapistrum rugosum Giant Mustard Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Ricinus communis Castor Oil Plant Euphorbiaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Salpichroa origanifolia Lily-of-the-Valley Solanaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Sedum praealtum subp. Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Shrubby Stonecrop Crassulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 praealtum weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Moderately Moderately Sedum rubrotinctum Jelly-bean Plant Crassulaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Setaria viridis Green Pigeon-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Stenocarpus salignus Scrub Beefwood Proteaceae Early stage of invasion Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Wild populations potentially Somewhat Moderately Suaeda linifolia Seepweed Chenopodiaceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant persist in Victoria invasive high Environmental Rarely Somewhat Moderately Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Caprifoliaceae Early stage of invasion Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant invasive high Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Somewhat Moderately Tagetes minuta Stinking Roger Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Tamarix ramosissima Tamarisk Tamaricaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Trifolium fragiferum var. Environmental Occasionally Moderate potential for Moderately Moderately Strawberry Clover Fabaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 fragiferum weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Extensive potential for Somewhat Moderately Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium Tropaeolaceae Slow Restricted 21.1 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Aira caryophyllea Silvery Hair-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Aira cupaniana Quicksilver Grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Aira elegantissima Delicate Hair-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Aira praecox Early Hair-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Avellinia michelii Avellinia Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant further spread invasive high

56 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Briza maxima Large Quaking-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Carduus pycnocephalus Slender Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury Gentianaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Centaurium tenuiflorum Slender Centaury Gentianaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Balearic Mouse-ear Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Cerastium balearicum Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 Chickweed weed significant further spread invasive high Sea Mouse-ear Chick- Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Cerastium diffusum Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed weed significant further spread invasive high Curtis's Mouse-ear Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Cerastium pumilum Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 Chickweed weed significant spread invasive high Little Mouse-ear Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Cerastium semidecandrum Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 Chickweed weed significant further spread invasive high Common Mouse-ear Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Cerastium vulgare Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 Chickweed weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Erigeron bilbaoanus Smooth Fleabane Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Erigeron bonariense Flaxleaf Fleabane Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Erigeron canadensis Canadian Fleabane Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Erodium botrys Big Heron's-bill Geraniaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Erodium cicutarium Common Heron's-bill Geraniaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Gamochaeta americana Cudweed Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Hypochaeris radicata Flatweed Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Lepidium africanum Common Peppercress Brassicaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Lysimachia arvensis Pimpernel Primulaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 57 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Lysimachia minima Chaffweed Primulaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Medicago minima Little Medic Fabaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Medicago polymorpha Burr Medic Fabaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Plantago coronopus subp. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Buck's-horn Plantain Plantaginaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 coronopus weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Polycarpon tetraphyllum Four-leaved Allseed Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Reichardia tingitana Reichardia Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Sagina procumbens Spreading Pearlwort Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Sonchus oleraceus Sow-thistle Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Stellaria media Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Trifolium glomeratum Clustered Clover Fabaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Urtica urens Small Nettle Urticaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Vulpia bromoides Squirrel-tail Fescue Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Vulpia ciliata Fringed Fescue Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Vulpia myuros f. megalura Fox-tail Fescue Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Vulpia myuros f. myuros Rat's-tail Fescue Poaceae Rapid Extensive 13.3 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel Polygonaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Aphanes arvensis Parsley Piert Rosaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Aphanes inexspectata Small Piert Rosaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Callitriche stagnalis Common Water-starwort Plantaginaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high

58 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Centaurium maritimum Sea Centaury Gentianaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury Gentianaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Dittrichia graveolens Stinkwort Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Epilobium ciliatum Glandular Willow-herb Onagraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Erigeron primulifolius Rough Conyza Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Erigeron sumatrensis Tall Fleabane Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Euphorbiaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Galium divaricatum Slender Bedstraw Rubiaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Galium murale Small Goosegrass Rubiaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Gamochaeta purpurea Purple Cudweed Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Gypsophila tubulosa Chalkwort Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Isolepis hystrix Awned Club-rush Cyperaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Juncus capitatus Capitate Rush Juncaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Lemna minor European Duckweed Araceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Moenchia erecta Erect Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Orobanche minor Lesser Broomrape Orobanchaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Pentameris airoides subp. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately False Hair-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 airoides weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Petrorhagia dubia Velvety Pink Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Petrorhagia nanteuilii Childling Pink Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 59 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Ranunculus muricatus Sharp Buttercup Ranunculaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Senecio pterophorus African Daisy Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Silene apetala var. apetala Mallee Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Sisymbrium erysimoides Smooth Mustard Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Sisymbrium irio London Rocket Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high American Black Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Solanum nodiflorum Solanaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 Nightshade weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Sonchus asper subp. asper Rough Sow-thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Sonchus asper subp. Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Rough Sow-thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 glaucescens weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Symphyotrichum subulatum Aster-weed Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Moderately Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover Fabaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Moderately Vellereophyton dealbatum White Cudweed Asteraceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Moderately Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell Plantaginaceae Rapid Medium 13.2 weed significant further spread invasive high Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Cicendia filiformis Slender Cicendia Gentianaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Cicendia quadrangularis Square Cicendia Gentianaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Dysphania ambrosioides Mexican Tea Chenopodiaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Glaucium flavum Yellow Horned Poppy Papaveraceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Holcus annuus Annual Fog Poaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Highly Juncus acutus subp. acutus Spiny Rush Juncaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Lagurus ovatus Hares-tail Grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Marchantia polymorpha Environmental Currently Moderate potential for Highly Common Marchantia Marchantiaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium subp. polymorpha weed insignificant further spread invasive Marchantia polymorpha Environmental Currently Moderate potential for Highly Common Marchantia Marchantiaceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium subp. ruderalis weed insignificant further spread invasive

60 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Senecio elegans Purple Groundsel Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 13.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Arctotheca calendula Capeweed Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Asphodelus fistulosus Onion Weed Asphodelaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Moderately Brassica tournefortii Mediterranean Turnip Brassicaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Bromus diandrus Great Brome Poaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome Poaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Carduus tenuiflorus Winged Slender-thistle Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Hordeum distichon Two-row Barley Poaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Isolepis levynsiana Tiny Flat-sedge Cyperaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Lactuca saligna Willow-leaf Lettuce Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Moderately Lolium rigidum Wimmera Rye-grass Poaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantaginaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Romulea rosea var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Onion-grass Iridaceae Moderate Extensive 12.3 Medium australis weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Rostraria cristata Annual Cat's-tail Poaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Silene gallica var. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Spotted Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium quinquevulnera weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Solanaceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Taraxacum squamulosum Corsican Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Verbascum thapsus subp. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Great Mullein Scrophulariaceae Moderate Extensive 12.3 Medium thapsus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Vicia sativa subp. nigra Narrow-leaf Vetch Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Vicia sativa subp. sativa Common Vetch Fabaceae Moderate Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Xanthium spinosum Bathurst Burr Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 12.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 61 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Amblystegium serpens Creeping Feathermoss Amblystegiaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Amsinckia lycopsoides Bugloss Fiddle-neck Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Anchusa arvensis Wild Bugloss Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Anthemis cotula Stinking Mayweed Asteraceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Barbula unguiculata Bird's-claw Beard-moss Pottiaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Bellis perennis English Daisy Asteraceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Buglossoides arvensis Corn Gromwell Boraginaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Levantine Mouse-ear Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Cerastium comatum Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium Chickweed weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Crepis foetida subp. foetida Stinking Hawksbeard Asteraceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Crepis setosa Bristly Hawksbeard Asteraceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Cucumis myriocarpus subp. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Prickly Paddy Melon Cucurbitaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium leptodermis weed significant further spread invasive Cynara cardunculus subp. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Artichoke Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium flavescens weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Cyperus eragrostis Drain Flat-sedge Cyperaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Danthonia decumbens Heath-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Echium vulgare Viper's Bugloss Boraginaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Erophila verna subp. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Lesser Whitlow Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium praecox weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Erophila verna subp. verna Whitlow Grass Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Fissidens bifrons Thorn Pocket-moss Fissidentaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Heliotropium europaeum Common Heliotrope Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Isolepis sepulcralis African Club-sedge Cyperaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive

62 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Minuartia mediterranea Fine-leaved Sandwort Caryophyllaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Monoculus monstrosus Tripteris Asteraceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Nicotiana glauca Tree Tobacco Solanaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Parentucellia latifolia Red Bartsia Orobanchaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Typically Minor potential for further Moderately Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum Poaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Physalis ixocarpa Ground-cherry Solanaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Plantago australis Southern Plantain Plantaginaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Poaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Polygala virgata Broom Milkwort Polygalaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Small-flower Onion- Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Romulea minutiflora Iridaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium grass weed significant spread invasive Salvia verbenaca var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Wild Sage Lamiaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium verbenaca weed significant spread invasive Salvia verbenaca var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Wild Sage Lamiaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium vernalis weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Sisyrinchium iridifolium Blue Pigroot Iridaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Solanum furcatum Broad Nightshade Solanaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Spergula arvensis Corn-spurrey Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Five-stamen Corn- Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Spergula pentandra Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium spurrey weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Spergularia bocconei Bocconi's Sand-spurrey Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Taraxacum sarcidanum Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Tolpis barbata Yellow Hawkweed Asteraceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Trifolium angustifolium var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Narrow-leaved Clover Fabaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium angustifolium weed significant spread invasive Trifolium arvense var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Highly Hare's-foot Clover Fabaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium arvense weed significant spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 63 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Trifolium campestre var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Hop Clover Fabaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium campestre weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Utricularia gibba Floating Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein Scrophulariaceae Moderate Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Veronica persica Creeping Speedwell Plantaginaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Zaluzianskya divaricata Spreading Night-phlox Scrophulariaceae Rapid Medium 12.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Adonis microcarpa Pheasants-eye Adonis Ranunculaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Arctotheca populifolia Coast Capeweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Lesser Thyme-leaved Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Arenaria leptoclados Caryophyllaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium Sandwort weed significant further spread invasive Argemone ochroleuca subp. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Mexican Poppy Papaveraceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium ochroleuca weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Atriplex patula Spear Orache Chenopodiaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Brachythecium albicans Pale Feather-moss Brachytheciaeae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Cakile edentula American Sea Rocket Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Cakile maritima subp. Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Highly Sea Rocket Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium maritima weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Chenopodium album Fat Hen Chenopodiaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Chenopodium murale Sowbane Chenopodiaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Corrigiola litoralis Strapwort Caryophyllaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Datura wrightii Hairy Thorn-apple Solanaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Galium spurium False Cleavers Rubiaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Herniaria cinerea Hairy Rupture-wort Caryophyllaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Hydrocotyle bonariensis American Pennywort Araliaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Leontodon saxatilis subp. Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Moderately Lesser Hawkbit Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium saxatilis weed significant spread invasive

64 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Linum trigynum French Flax Linaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Molineriella minuta Small Hair-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Highly Navarretia squarrosa Californian Stinkweed Polemoniaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Oenothera stricta subp. Common Evening- Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Onagraceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium stricta primrose weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia Orobanchaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Plantago major Greater Plantain Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Pteris multifida Spider Brake Pteridaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Ranunculus Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Snake-tongue Buttercup Ranunculaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium ophioglossifolius weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Ranunculus parviflorus Small-flower Buttercup Ranunculaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Ranunculus trichophyllus Threadleaf Crowfoot Ranunculaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Rhaponticum repens Creeping Knapweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Rostraria pumila Tiny Bristle-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Rumex obtusifolius subp. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Broadleaf Dock Polygonaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium obtusifolius weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Trifolium tomentosum var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Moderately Woolly Clover Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium tomentosum weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Urtica dioica Giant Nettle Urticaceae Rapid Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Veronica anagallis-Aquatica Blue Water-speedwell Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Vicia disperma French Tiny-vetch Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 12.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Acacia cardiophylla West Wyalong Wattle Fabaceae Slow Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Acacia cultriformis Knife-leaf Wattle Fabaceae Slow Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Brachychiton populneus Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Kurrajong Malvaceae Moderate Extensive 11.3 Medium subp. populneus weed (N) significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 65 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Sticky Mouse-ear Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Cerastium glomeratum Caryophyllaceae Rapid Extensive 11.3 Medium Chickweed weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Chondrilla juncea Skeleton Weed Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Gamochaeta calviceps Silky Cudweed Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Gomphocarpus cancellatus Broad-leaf Cotton-bush Apocynaceae Slow Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Gomphocarpus fruticosus Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Swan Plant Apocynaceae Slow Extensive 11.3 Medium subp. fruticosus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Nothoscordum borbonicum Fragrant False-garlic Alliaceae Slow Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Papaver aculeatum Bristle Poppy Papaveraceae Moderate Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Extensive 11.3 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Aeonium arboreum Tree Aeonium Crassulaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Agonis flexuosa Willow Myrtle Myrtaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Allium ampeloprasum Great-head Garlic Amaryllidaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Aloiampelos ciliaris var. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Climbing Aloe Asphodelaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium ciliaris weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Amsinckia calycina Hairy Fiddle-neck Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Amsinckia intermedia Common Fiddle-neck Boraginaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Arctotheca prostrata Creeping Bear's-ear Asteraceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Arisarum vulgare subp. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Common Arisarum Araceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium vulgare weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Artemisia arborescens Silver Wormwood Asteraceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Asparagus aethiopicus Ground Asparagus Asparagaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Brassica nigra Black Mustard Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Brassica rapa White Turnip Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Buddleja dysophylla African Buddleia Scrophulariaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

66 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Callistemon salignus White Bottlebrush Myrtaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Cardamine hirsuta Common Bitter-cress Brassicaceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Somewhat Cassinia sifton Sifton Bush Asteraceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed (N) significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Centaurea calcitrapa Star Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Chamaemelum nobile Common Chamomile Asteraceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Chenopodium Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Red-stem Goosefoot Chenopodiaceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium macrospermum weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Citrullus colocynthis Colocynth Cucurbitaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Citrullus lanatus Camel Melon Cucurbitaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Cyclospermum leptophyllum Slender Celery Apiaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink Caryophyllaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Digitaria sanguinalis Summer Grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Diplotaxis muralis Wall Rocket Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Diplotaxis tenuifolia Sand Rocket Brassicaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Echinochloa crus-pavonis Gulf Cockspur Grass Poaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Eragrostis pilosa Soft Love-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Eucalyptus globulus subp. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Blue Gum Myrtaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium globulus weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Eucalyptus longifolia Woollybutt Myrtaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Euonymus europaeus Common Spindle Tree Celastraceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Ferraria crispa subp. crispa Black Flag Iridaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Galinsoga parviflora Gallant Soldier Asteraceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Galium tricornutum Rough Corn Bedstraw Rubiaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 67 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Geranium molle Cranesbill Geranium Geraniaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Juncus capillaceus String Rush Juncaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Kunzea ambigua White Kunzea Myrtaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Lathyrus angulatus Angular Pea Fabaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Linaria pelisseriana Pelisser's Toadflax Plantaginaceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Logfia gallica French Cudweed Asteraceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Lolium loliaceum Stiff Rye-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Typically Moderate potential for Highly Lunularia cruciata Crescent Moonwort Lunulariaceae Rapid Extensive 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Malva sylvestris Tall Mallow Malvaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Matricaria matricarioides Rounded Chamomile Asteraceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Rough-barked Honey- Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Melaleuca parvistaminea Myrtaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium myrtle weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Somewhat Modiola caroliniana Red-flowered Mallow Malvaceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Narcissus tazetta subp. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Tazetta Amaryllidaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium aureus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Oxalis bowiei Bowie Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Oxalis brasiliensis Brazilian Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Oxalis latifolia Fish-tail Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Papaver hybridum Rough Poppy Papaveraceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Paronychia brasiliana Whitlow Wort Caryophyllaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Paronychia franciscana Chile Nailwort Caryophyllaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

68 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Pinus canariensis Canary Island Pine Pinaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort Polygalaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Prostanthera ovalifolia Oval-leaf Mint-Bush Lamiaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Salvia reflexa Mintweed Lamiaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Sanguisorba minor subp. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Salad Burnet Rosaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium muricata weed significant further spread invasive Scorzonera laciniata var. Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Scorzonera Asteraceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium laciniata weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel Asteraceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Setaria pumila Pale Pigeon-grass Poaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Silene vulgaris subp. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Bladder Campion Caryophyllaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium vulgaris weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Spergularia diandra Lesser Sand-spurrey Caryophyllaceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Taraxacum sp. group 1 Dandelion Asteraceae Rapid Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Spreading Hedge- Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Torilis arvensis Apiaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium Parsley weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify Asteraceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant spread invasive Trifolium incarnatum var. Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Somewhat Crimson Clover Fabaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium incarnatum weed significant spread invasive Trifolium resupinatum var. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Shaftal Clover Fabaceae Moderate Medium 11.2 Medium majus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Tritonia crocata Orange Tritonia Iridaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Tritonia gladiolaris Lined Tritonia Iridaceae Slow Medium 11.2 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Abutilon theophrasti Chingma Lantern Malvaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Acacia dealbata subp. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Silver Wattle Fabaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium dealbata weed (N) Significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Acacia myrtifolia Myrtle Wattle Fabaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) Significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 69 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle Fabaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Acacia rigens Nealie Fabaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) Significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Acacia rupicola Rock Wattle Fabaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Acer palmatum Japanese Maple Sapindaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Amaranthus albus Stiff Tumbleweed Amaranthaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Amaranthus deflexus Spreading Amaranth Amaranthaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Amaranthus hybridus Spleen Amaranth Amaranthaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Amaranthus muricatus Rough-fruit Amaranth Amaranthaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot Amaranth Amaranthaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Anthemis arvensis Field Chamomile Asteraceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine Ranunculaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Arctium lappa Burdock Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Arenaria serpyllifolia subp. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Thyme-leaved Sandwort Caryophyllaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium serpyllifolia weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Atriplex suberecta Sprawling Saltbush Chenopodiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Barbarea intermedia Wintercress Brassicaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Barbarea verna Early Wintercress Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Bartsia trixago Bellardia Orobanchaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Bassia scoparia Copper Saltbush Chenopodiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Beta vulgaris subp. maritima Wild Beet Chenopodiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Beta vulgaris subp. vulgaris Beet Chenopodiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Betula aff. pubescens (Mt Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Downy Birch Betulaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium Macedon) weed significant further spread invasive

70 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort Gentianaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Brachypodium sylvaticum Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Forest Brome Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium subp. sylvaticum weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Bromus sterilis Sterile Brome Poaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Buddleja davidii Butterfly Bush Scrophulariaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Bupleurum semicompositum Hare's Ear Apiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Callistemon citrinus Crimson Bottlebrush Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Cardamine flexuosa Wood Bitter-cress Brassicaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Carduus nutans Musk Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Chenopodium vulvaria Stinking Goosefoot Chenopodiaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Chrozophora tinctoria Dyer's Litmus Plant Euphorbiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Cichorium intybus Chicory Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Cirsium arvense var. Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Perennial Thistle Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium arvense weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Conringia orientalis Treacle Mustard Brassicaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Cotula coronopifolia Water-buttons Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Cyperus difformis Variable Flat-sedge Cyperaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Datura ferox Long-spine Thorn-apple Solanaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Datura inoxia Recurved Thorn-apple Solanaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Dianthus barbatus Sweet William Caryophyllaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Dysphania multifida Scented Goosefoot Chenopodiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Ecballium elaterium Squirting Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Echinochloa colona Awnless Barnyard Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 71 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Eleusine indica Goose-grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Eucalyptus kondininensis Kondinin Blackbutt Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed Polygonaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Gastridium phleoides Nit-grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Homalanthus populifolius Bleeding Heart Tree Euphorbiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Hyacinthoides hispanica Spanish Bluebell Asparagaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Hyacinthoides non-scripta English Bluebell Asparagaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Hypecoum pendulum Persian Poppy Papaveraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Kickxia elatine subp. crinita Twining Toadflax Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Kickxia spuria subp. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Round-leaved Toadflax Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium integrifolia weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Lamarckia aurea Golden-top Poaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Linaria arvensis Corn Toad-flax Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Lobularia maritima Sweet Alyssum Brassicaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Lupinus polyphyllus Russell Lupin Fabaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Mediterranean Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Lythrum junceum Lythraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium Loosestrife weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Wild populations potentially Somewhat Madia sativa Pitch Weed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Environmental Occasionally Minor potential for further Somewhat Malus pumila Apple Rosaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Malvella leprosa Alkali Sida Malvaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Matthiola incana Stock Brassicaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Wild populations potentially Somewhat Medicago orbicularis Button Medic Fabaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant persist in Victoria invasive

72 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Melia azedarach White Cedar Meliaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Melilotus albus Bokhara Clover Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Melilotus siculus Mediterranean Melilot Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Mentha  piperita var. Eau de Cologne Mint Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium citrata weed significant further spread invasive Mentha  piperita var. Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Peppermint Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium piperita weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Apple Mint Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium Mentha  rotundifolia weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Moraea fugacissima Galaxia Iridaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Muscari armeniacum Grape Hyacinth Asparagaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Myagrum perfoliatum Musk Weed Brassicaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Myosotis arvensis Common Forget-me-not Boraginaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Nonea lutea Yellow Alkanet Boraginaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Panicum coloratum Coolah Grass Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Panicum gilvum Sweet Panic Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Panicum hillmanii Witch Panic Poaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Parietaria judaica Wall Pellitory Urticaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Passiflora cinnabarina Red Passion-flower Passifloraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Passiflora edulis Black Passion-fruit Passifloraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Pelargonium peltatum Ivy-leaf Geranium Geraniaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Pelargonium quercifolium Oak-leaf Geranium Geraniaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Pentaglottis sempervirens Alkanet Boraginaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 73 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Picea abies Norway Spruce Pinaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Pinus pinea Stone Pine Pinaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Plagiobothrys canescens Valley Popcorn Flower Boraginaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Plantago arenaria Sand Plaintain Plantaginaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Plectranthus ecklonii Blue Spur-flower Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Polygala monspeliaca Annual Milkwort Polygalaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Highly Populus alba White Poplar Salicaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil Rosaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Prunella laciniata Cut-leaf Self-heal Lamiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Prunella vulgaris Self-heal Lamiaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Quercus robur English Oak Fagaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Ranunculus sceleratus Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Celery Buttercup Ranunculaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium subp. sceleratus weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Ranunculus trilobus Large Annual Buttercup Ranunculaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Reseda luteola Weld Resedaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Rubus idaeus Raspberry Rosaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Scorzonera laciniata var. Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Scorzonera Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium calcitrapifolia weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Silene conica Striated Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Wild populations potentially Somewhat Solanum marginatum White-edged Nightshade Solanaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant persist in Victoria invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Solanum rostratum Buffalo Burr Solanaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Soliva anthemifolia Dwarf Jo-jo Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Soliva sessilis Bindyi Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

74 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Soliva stolonifera Carpet Burrweed Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass Poaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Spergularia media Greater Sea-spurrey Caryophyllaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Spergularia rubra Red Sand-spurrey Caryophyllaceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Stachys arvensis Stagger Weed Lamiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Symphyotrichum novi-belgii Michaelmas Daisy Asteraceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Syzygium smithii Lilly Pilly Myrtaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed (N) significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Taxandria marginata Willow Myrtle Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Taxandria parviceps Tea Tree Myrtaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley Apiaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Tortula truncata Common Pottia Pottiaceae Rapid Medium 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Minor potential for further Somewhat Tribulus terrestris Caltrop Zygophyllaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Trifolium pratense Red Clover Fabaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Urospermum picroides False Hawkbit Asteraceae Rapid Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Valerianella locusta Corn-salad Valerianaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Verbascum blattaria Moth Mullein Scrophulariaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Verbascum creticum Cretan Mullein Scrophulariaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Moderately Verbena officinalis var. halei Verbena Verbenaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Verbesina encelioides var. Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Crownbeard Asteraceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium encelioides weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaf Speedwell Plantaginaceae Moderate Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 75 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Environmental Rarely Moderate potential for Somewhat Viburnum tinus Laurestinus Caprifoliaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Somewhat Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle Apocynaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Environmental Rarely Extensive potential for Moderately Viola riviniana Common Dog-violet Violaceae Slow Restricted 11.1 Medium weed significant further spread invasive Casual or Currently Currently Glossy Abelia Caprifoliaceae 0 Lower Abelia  grandiflora ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Abutilon grandifolium Indian Mallow Malvaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Abutilon indicum Indian Lantern-flower Malvaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Abutilon pictum Redvein Abutilon Malvaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Acacia brachybotrya Grey Mulga Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Acacia elongata Swamp Wattle Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Acacia flexifolia Bent-leaf Wattle Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Acacia nanodealbata Dwarf Silver Wattle Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Acacia pulchella var. Casual or Currently Currently Western Prickly Moses Fabaceae 0 Lower glaberrima ruderal insignificant non-invasive Acacia pulchella var. Casual or Currently Currently Western Prickly Moses Fabaceae 0 Lower pulchella ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Acanthospermum hispidum Star Burr Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Acetosa vesicaria Ruby Dock Polygonaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Southern Maidenhair Casual or Currently Currently Adiantum capillus-veneris Pteridaceae 0 Lower Fern ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Agathosma apiculata Garlic Buchu Rutaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Agrostemma githago Corn Cockle Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Agrostis viridis Water Bent Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

76 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Aizoon rigidum Aizoon Aizoaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ajuga reptans Common Bugle Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Albuca nelsonii Nelson's Slime Lily Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Alhagi maurorum Camel Thorn Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Allium paniculatum subp. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Sand Leek Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower paniculatum naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Alyssum linifolium Flax-leaf Alyssum Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Amaranthus caudatus Cat-tail Amaranthaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Amaranthus cruentus Grain Amaranthus Amaranthaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Amaranthus graecizans Mediterranean Casual or Currently Currently Amaranthaceae 0 Lower subp. silvestris Amaranth ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Amaranthus powellii Powell's Amaranth Amaranthaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Amaranthus viridis Green Amaranth Amaranthaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Ambrosia tenuifolia Lacy Ragweed Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Amsinckia menziesii Rigid Fiddle-neck Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Andropogon virginicus Whisky Grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Anoda cristata Anoda Weed Malvaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Anthoxanthum aristatum Annual Vernal-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Anthriscus caucalis Burr Chervil Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Arctium minus Lesser Burdock Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Aristea bakeri Aristea Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Arrhenatherum elatius var. Casual or Currently Currently False Oat-grass Poaceae 0 Lower bulbosum ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 77 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Asclepias curassavica Red-head Cotton-bush Apocynaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Asparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus-fern Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Atriplex hortensis Garden Orache Chenopodiaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Atriplex pseudocampanulata Fan Saltbush Chenopodiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Austrostipa verticillata Bamboo Grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Environmental Currently Currently Avena sativa Oat Poaceae 0 Lower weed insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Axonopus fissifolius Carpet Grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Baccharis glutinosa Chilquilla Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Baeometra uniflora Beetle Lily Colchicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ballota nigra subp. foetida Black Horehound Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Heartleaf Bergenia Saxifragaceae 0 Lower Bergenia  schmidtii ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Berula erecta Water Parsnip Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Bidens pilosa Cobbler's-pegs Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Bidens tripartita Trifid Burr-marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Bifora testiculata Bifora Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Borago officinalis Borage Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Indian Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower Brassica  juncea ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Brassica  napus Canola Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Brassica oleracea Cabbage Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Bromus commutatus Meadow Brome Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Bromus inermis Hungarian Brome Poaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

78 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Bromus lithobius Chilean Brome Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Bromus racemosus Smooth Brome Poaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Bromus secalinus Rye Brome Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Buddleja globosa Orange Ball-tree Scrophulariaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Bupleurum rotundifolium Hare's Ear Apiaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Calandrinia ciliata Purple Purslane Montiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Calendula arvensis Field Marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Calendula officinalis Garden Marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Callitriche deflexa Starwort Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Camelina sativa False Flax Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Capnophyllum africanum African Capnopyllum Apiaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive New Zealand Bitter- Casual or Currently Currently Cardamine corymbosa Brassicaceae 0 Lower cress ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cardamine occulta Flick-weed Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Carduus acanthoides Plumeless Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Carex otrubae False Fox-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Carthamus dentatus Toothed Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Carthamus leucocaulos White-stem Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Carthamus tinctorius Safflower Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cassinia arcuata Drooping Cassinia Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Castilleja attenuata Valley Tassels Orobanchaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Castilleja exserta subp. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Purple Owl's Clover Orobanchaceae 0 Lower exserta naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 79 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Cedronella canariensis Balm of Gilead Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cedrus deodara Deodar Cedar Pinaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Centaurea  moncktonii Meadow Knapweed Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Centaurea benedicta Blessed Thistle Asteraceae Casual or 0 Lower insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Centaurea cineraria Dusty Miller Asteraceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Centaurea jacea Brown Knapweed Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Centaurea macrocephala Giant Knapweed Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Centaurea paniculata Panicled Knapweed Asteraceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Chaenomeles speciosa Flowering Quince Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Chaenostoma floribundum Chaenostoma Scrophulariaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Chenopodium glaucum Glaucous Goosefoot Chenopodiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Chimonobambusa Casual or Currently Currently Marbled Bamboo Poaceae 0 Lower marmorea ruderal insignificant non-invasive Feathertop Rhodes- Casual or Currently Currently Chloris virgata Poaceae 0 Lower grass ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Chorispora tenella Purple Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Chrysocoma coma-aurea Golden Bitter Bush Asteraceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Collomia linearis Tiny Trumpet Polemoniaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Consolida ajacis Rocket Larkspur Ranunculaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cordyline stricta Narrow-leaved Palm Lily Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Coriandrum sativum Coriander Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

80 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Crassula alata var. alata Three-part Crassula Crassulaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Cupressaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cuscuta campestris Field Dodder Convolvulaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Cuscuta chinensis Chinese Dodder Convolvulaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Cuscuta epilinum Flax Dodder Convolvulaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cydonia oblonga Quince Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Cymbalaria muralis subp. Casual or Currently Currently Ivy-leaf Toadflax Plantaginaceae 0 Lower muralis ruderal insignificant non-invasive Cynodon dactylon var. Casual or Currently Currently Couch Poaceae 0 Lower pulchellus ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cynodon transvaalensis Bermuda Couch Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cyperus esculentus Yellow Nutgrass Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cyperus hamulosus Curry Flat-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cyperus polystachyos Bunchy Flat-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cyperus reflexus Flat-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Cyperus rotundus Nutgrass Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Cyrtomium falcatum Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Holly Fern Dryopteridaceae 0 Lower 'Rochfordii' naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dactyloctenium radulans Finger-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Descurainia sophia Flixweed Brassicaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Dicentra formosa subp. Casual or Currently Currently Pacific Bleeding Heart Papaveraceae 0 Lower formosa 'Alba' ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dierama pulcherrimum Angel's Fishing-rod Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dietes iridioides Cape Iris Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Digitaria aequiglumis One-glume Finger-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 81 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Digitaria ischaemum Smooth Summer-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Dimorphotheca pluvialis Cape Marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Diplotaxis viminea Vineyard Wall-rocket Brassicaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dipsacus fullonum Teasel Dipsacaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Dodonaea viscosa Casual or Currently Currently Purple Hop-bush Sapindaceae 0 Lower 'Purpurea' ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dolichandra unguis-cati Cat's Claw Creeper Bignoniaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dorycnium rectum Erect Canary-clover Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Dryopteris cycadina Hardy Shield Fern Dryopteridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Echinochloa esculenta Japanese Millet Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Echinochloa frumentacea Siberian Millet Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Echinochloa microstachya Prickly Barnyard Grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Eclipta prostrata White Eclipta Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Eleocharis minuta Variable Spike-rush Cyperaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Emex spinosa Lesser Jack Polygonaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Ephedra distachya subp. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Sea Grape Ephedraceae 0 Lower distachya naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Eragrostis leptostachya Paddock Love-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Eragrostis minor Smaller Stink-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Erica cruenta Crimson Heath Ericaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Erigeron pusillus Horseweed Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Erodium brachycarpum Hairy-pit Heron's-bill Geraniaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Eruca sativa Rocket Salad Brassicaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

82 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Eruca vesicaria Purple-vein Rocket Brassicaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Wall Flower Brassicaceae 0 Lower Erysimum  cheiri ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Erysimum repandum Treacle Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Eucalyptus crenulata Buxton Gum Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Eucalyptus macarthurii Camden Woollybutt Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Eucalyptus viridis Green Mallee Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Euphorbia characias subp. Casual or Currently Currently Mediterranean Spurge Euphorbiaceae 0 Lower wulfenii ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Euphorbia dendroides Tree Spurge Euphorbiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Euphorbiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Euphorbia maculata Eyebane Euphorbiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Euphorbia oblongata Egg-leaf Spurge Euphorbiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat Polygonaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Felicia petiolata Blue Felicia Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Festuca ovina Sheep's Fescue Poaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Ficus macrophylla f. Casual or Currently Currently Moreton Bay Fig Moraceae 0 Lower macrophylla ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Filago pyramidata Broad-leaved Cudweed Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red Ash Oleaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Fumaria parviflora var. Casual or Currently Currently Small-flowered Fumitory Papaveraceae 0 Lower parviflora ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Gaillardia pulchella Firewheel Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently No wild populations persist Currently Galega officinalis Goat's-rue Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Galium bulliformis Reflexed Bedstraw Rubiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 83 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Galium mollugo Hedge Bedstraw Rubiaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Galium verum Lady's Bedstraw Rubiaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Gaultheria hispida Snow-berry Ericaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Genista tinctoria Dyer's Whin Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Geranium sp. 5 Naked Crane's-bill Geraniaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Gladiolus watsonius Watson's Corn-flag Iridaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Glaucium corniculatum Horned Poppy Papaveraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Glebionis segetum Corn Marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Glycyrrhiza glabra Liquorice Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Gomphocarpus Casual or Currently Currently Balloon Cotton-bush Apocynaceae 0 Lower physocarpus ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Gomphrena celosioides Gomphrena Weed Amaranthaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Grevillea arenaria subp. Casual or Currently Currently Nepean Spider Flower Proteaceae 0 Lower arenaria ruderal insignificant non-invasive Grevillea floribunda subp. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Seven Dwarfs Grevillea Proteaceae 0 Lower floribunda naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Grevillea oxyantha subp. Casual or Currently Currently Grevillea Proteaceae 0 Lower oxyantha ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Grevillea parvula Genoa Grevillea Proteaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Grindelia squarrosa Curly-top Gumweed Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Hardenbergia violacea Purple Coral-pea Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Haworthia attenuata var. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Zebra Haworthia Asphodelaceae 0 Lower attenuata naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Heliotropium curassavicum Smooth Heliotrope Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

84 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Hemerocallis fulva Orange Day-lily Asphodelaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Narrow-leaf Bladder Casual or Currently Currently Hibiscus tridactylites Malvaceae 0 Lower Ketmia ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Hordeum secalinum Knotted Barley-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Hornungia procumbens Oval Purse Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Hydrangea macrophylla Bigleaf Hydrangea Hydrangeaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tall St John's-wort Hypericaceae 0 Lower Hypericum  inodorum naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Canary Island St John's Casual or Currently Currently Hypericum canariense Hypericaceae 0 Lower Wort ruderal insignificant non-invasive Curled-leaved St John's- Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Hypericum triquetrifolium Hypericaceae 0 Lower wort naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Iris germanica German Iris Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Isolepis marginata Little Club-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Isolepis prolifera Proliferous Club-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Juncaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Kickxia commutata subp. Casual or Currently Currently Grecian Toadflax Plantaginaceae 0 Lower graeca ruderal insignificant non-invasive Lactuca serriola f. Casual or Currently Currently Prickly Lettuce Asteraceae 0 Lower integrifolia ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lactuca serriola f. serriola Prickly Lettuce Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lamium purpureum Red Dead Nettle Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lantana Verbenaceae 0 Lower Lantana  strigocamara ruderal insignificant non-invasive Lapsana communis subp. Casual or Currently Currently Nipplewort Asteraceae 0 Lower communis ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Lasiospermum bipinnatum Cocoonhead Asteraceae Casual or 0 Lower insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Casual or Currently Currently Lathyrus nissolia Grass Vetchling Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 85 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Lathyrus odoratus Sweet Pea Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Lathyrus sativus Chickling Vetch Fabaceae Casual or 0 Lower insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Casual or Currently Currently Laurus nobilis Bay Tree Lauraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Lavandula dentata var. Casual or Currently Currently Toothed Lavender Lamiaceae 0 Lower candicans ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Leersia hexandra Southern Cut-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Leonurus japonicus Chinese Motherwort Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lepidium campestre Field Cress Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lepidium coronopus Greater Swine-cress Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lepidium draba Hoary Cress Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Lepidium graminifolium Grass-leaf Pepperweed Brassicaceae Casual or 0 Lower insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Lepidium sativum Garden Cress Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Lepidium virginicum Least Pepperwort Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Leptospermum petersonii Lemon-scented Tea-tree Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Leptospermum rotundifolium Round-leaf Tea-tree Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Leucojum aestivum Snowflake Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Linaria bordiana subp. Currently No wild populations persist Currently Toadflax Plantaginaceae Casual or 0 Lower kralikiana insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Casual or Currently Currently Linaria vulgaris Common Toad-flax Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Linum strictum subp. Casual or Currently Currently Upright Yellow Flax Linaceae 0 Lower strictum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Linum usitatissimum Flax Linaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

86 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Lobelia erinus Bedding Lobelia Campanulaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Lolium temulentum var. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Darnel Poaceae 0 Lower arvense naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Lolium temulentum var. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Darnel Poaceae 0 Lower temulentum naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lotus preslii Trefoil Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Lotus tetragonolobus Asparagus-pea Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Ludwigia peploides subp. Casual or Currently Currently Clove-strip Onagraceae 0 Lower montevidensis ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lunaria annua Honesty Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Japanese Yellow Casual or Currently Currently Lysimachia japonica Primulaceae 0 Lower Loosestrife ruderal insignificant non-invasive Lysimachia vulgaris var. Casual or Currently Currently Garden Loosestrife Primulaceae 0 Lower davurica ruderal insignificant non-invasive Lysimachia vulgaris var. Casual or Currently Currently Yellow Loosestrife Primulaceae 0 Lower vulgaris ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lythrum hyssopifolia Lesser Loosestrife Lythraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Lythraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Maclura pomifera Osage Orange Moraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Malcolmia africana African Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Malva moschata Musk Mallow Malvaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Malva pseudolavatera Cretan Mallow Malvaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Mantisalca salmantica Mantisalca Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Matthiola longipetala subp. Casual or Currently Currently Night-scented Stock Brassicaceae 0 Lower bicornis ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Medicago intertexta Calvary Medic Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Medicago rugosa Medic Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Medicago sativa subp. Casual or Currently Currently Lucerne Fabaceae 0 Lower sativa ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 87 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Medicago scutellata Snail Medic Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly Paperbark Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Melaleuca wilsonii Violet Honey-myrtle Myrtaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Melinis repens subp. repens Red Natal-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Mentha longifolia Horse Mint Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Mercurialis annua Dog's Mercury Euphorbiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive New Zealand Christmas Casual or Currently Currently Metrosideros excelsa Myrtaceae 0 Lower Tree ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Mirabilis jalapa Four O'clock Nyctaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Misopates orontium Lesser Snapdragon Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Mollugo verticillata Indian Chickweed Molluginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Moluccella laevis Molucca Balm Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Moraea virgata Cape Tulip Iridaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Muscari comosum Tassel Grape Hyacinth Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Muscari neglectum Grape Hyacinth Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Narcissus  incomparabilis Nonesuch Daffodil Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Narcissus papyraceus Joss Flower Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Narcissus poeticus Poet's Daffodil Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Narcissus tazetta subp. Casual or Currently Currently Tazetta Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower italicus ruderal insignificant non-invasive Narcissus tazetta subp. Casual or Currently Currently Tazetta Amaryllidaceae 0 Lower tazetta ruderal insignificant non-invasive

88 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Nepeta cataria Catmint Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern Lomariopsidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Nerium oleander Oleander Apocynaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Neslia paniculata Ball Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Nicandra physalodes Apple of Peru Solanaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tree Tobacco hybrid Solanaceae 0 Lower Nicotiana  flindersiensis naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Nicotiana sylvestris Woodland Tobacco Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Nigella damascena Love-in-a-mist Ranunculaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Notobasis syriaca Syrian Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Nymphoides montana Entire Marshwort Menyanthaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Oenanthe pimpinelloides Water Dropwort Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Dandelion-leaved Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Oenothera acaulis Onagraceae 0 Lower Evening-primrose naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Oenothera curtiflora Clockweed Onagraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Reddish Evening- Casual or Currently Currently Oenothera glazioviana Onagraceae 0 Lower primrose ruderal insignificant non-invasive Cut-leaf Evening- Casual or Currently Currently Oenothera laciniata Onagraceae 0 Lower primrose ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Oenothera rosea Rose Evening-primrose Onagraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Oncosiphon piluliferum Globe Chamomile Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Oncosiphon suffruticosum Calomba Daisy Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Ononis repens Restharrow Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 89 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Onopordum acanthium Heraldic Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Onopordum illyricum Illyrian Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Onopordum nervosum subp. Casual or Currently Currently Cotton Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower castellanum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Onopordum tauricum Taurian Thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ornithogalum arabicum Lesser Cape Lily Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ornithogalum umbellatum Star of Bethlehem Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ornithopus perpusillus Bird's Foot Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Ornithopus sativus subp. Casual or Currently Currently French Serradella Fabaceae 0 Lower sativus ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Oxalis bifurca Forked Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Oxalis compressa var. Casual or Currently Currently Winged Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae 0 Lower compressa ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Oxalis corniculata Creeping Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Oxypetalum coeruleum Tweedia Apocynaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Pandorea pandorana Wonga-vine Bignoniaceae 0 Lower ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Panicum bisulcatum Black-seed Panic Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Panicum capillare Common Millet Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Panicum miliaceum Broom Millet Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Panicum obseptum White-water Panic Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Panicum racemosum Branched Panic Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Panicum schinzii Sweet Panic Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Papaver argemone Pale Poppy Papaveraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Papaver rhoeas Corn Poppy Papaveraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

90 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy Papaveraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Pascalia glauca Beach Creeping Oxeye Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Paspalum dasypleurum Paspalum Poaceae Casual or 0 Lower insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Casual or Currently Currently Paspalum notatum Bahia Grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Paspalum quadrifarium Golden-top Grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Passerina corymbosa Bakkersbos Thymelaeaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Passiflora subpeltata White Passion-fruit Passifloraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Pavonia hastata Pink Pavonia Malvaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rose-oil Geranium Geraniaceae 0 Lower Pelargonium  asperum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Pelargonium  hortorum Zonal Pelargonium Geraniaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Rose-scented Casual or Currently Currently Pelargonium capitatum Geraniaceae 0 Lower Pelargonium ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Pentameris pallida Pussy Tail Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Persicaria hydropiper Water Pepper Polygonaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Knotweed Polygonaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Persicaria odorata Vietnamese Mint Polygonaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Persicaria orientalis Prince’s Feathers Polygonaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Petroselinum crispum Parsley Apiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Phacelia tanacetifolia Tansy Phacelia Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Phalaris angusta Narrow Canary-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Phalaris lemmonii Lemon's Canary-grass Poaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 91 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax Asphodelaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Photinia glabra Red-leaf Photinia Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Photinia serratifolia Chinese Hawthorn Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Smallflower Ground- Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Physalis cinerascens Solanaceae 0 Lower cherry Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Picea pungens Blue Spruce Pinaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Piptochaetium Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Uruguayan Rice-grass Poaceae 0 Lower montevidense naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Plantago aristata Bracted Plantain Plantaginaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Plantago myosuros subp. Casual or Currently Currently Mouse Plantain Plantaginaceae 0 Lower myosuros ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Plantago triandra New Zealand Starweed Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Polanisia dodecandra subp. Redwhisker Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Cleomaceae 0 Lower trachysperma Clammyweed naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Polemonium caeruleum Jacob's Ladder Polemoniaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Portulaca oleracea Pigweed Portulacaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Potamogetonacea Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Potamogeton acutifolius Sharp Pondweed 0 Lower e naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Potentilla anserina subp. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Silver Weed Rosaceae 0 Lower anserina Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Proboscidea louisianica Purple-flower Devil's- Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Pedaliaceae 0 Lower subp. louisianica claw naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Prunus dulcis Almond Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Pyrus communis Pear Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Quercus suber Cork Oak Fagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Ranunculus acris subp. Casual or Currently Currently Meadow Buttercup Ranunculaceae 0 Lower acris ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Raphanus sativus Radish Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

92 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Reseda alba White Mignonette Resedaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Reseda lutea Cut-leaf Mignonette Resedaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Reseda phyteuma Rampion Mignonette Resedaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rhaphiolepis indica Indian Hawthorn Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rhaphiolepis umbellata Yeddo Hawthorn Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive South American Casual or Currently Currently Richardia humistrata Rubiaceae 0 Lower Mexican Clover ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Roldana petasitis Velvet Groundsel Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Romulea flava var. minor Yellow Onion-grass Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rosa chinensis China Rose Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rosa luciae Lucia Rosa Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rubus loganobaccus Loganberry Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Rubus rugosus Himalayan Blackberry Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sagina apetala Annual Pearlwort Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Sagittaria brevirostra Shortbeak Arrowhead Alismataceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Salvia apiana White Sage Lamiaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Samolus valerandi Brookweed Primulaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Saxifraga stolonifera Creeping Saxifrage Saxifragaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's Needle Apiaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Schkuhria pinnata Dwarf Marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Schoenoplectus erectus Soft Club-rush Cyperaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Schoenoplectus lineolatus Linear Club-sedge Cyperaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 93 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Scilla peruviana Cuban Lily Asparagaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Scleranthus annuus Annual Knawel Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sclerochloa dura Hard Meadow-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sclerolaena birchii Galvanized Burr Chenopodiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Scorpiurus muricatus var. Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Caterpillar Plant Fabaceae 0 Lower subvillosus naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort Scrophulariaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Secale cereale Rye Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Securigera varia Crown Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sedum caespitosum Tiny Stonecrop Crassulaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Selago corymbosa Bitter Blombos Scrophulariaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Senecio condylus Sand Groundsel Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Setaria italica Italian Millet Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Setaria verticillata Rough Bristle-grass Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sida rhombifolia Paddy's Lucerne Malvaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently No wild populations persist Currently Silene coeli-rosa Rose Catchfly Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Silene coronaria Rose Campion Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Silene dichotoma Forked Catchfly Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Silene dioica Red Campion Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Silene flos-cuculi Ragged Robin Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Silene latifolia subp. alba White Campion Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive

94 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Silene pseudoatocion Catchfly Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sinapis alba subp. alba White Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Sinapis alba subp. dissecta White Mustard Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sisyrinchium rosulatum Annual Blue-eyed Grass Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Solanum betaceum Tamarillo Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Solanum chrysotrichum Giant Devil's Fig Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Solanum eremophilum Bush Tomato Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Solanum laxum Jasmine Nightshade Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Solanum lycopersicum Tomato Solanaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Solanum physalifolium var. Casual or Currently Currently Cherry Nightshade Solanaceae 0 Lower nitidibaccatum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Solanum sisymbriifolium Sticky Nightshade Solanaceae Casual or 0 Lower insignificant in Victoria non-invasive ruderal Casual or Currently Currently Soleirolia soleirolii Baby's Tears Urticaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Solidago altissima subp. Casual or Currently Currently Late Goldenrod Asteraceae 0 Lower altissima ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Soliva valdiviana Wingless Jo-jo Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Sonchus hydrophilus Native Sow-thistle Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Spergularia villosa Hairy Sand-spurrey Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Sphaeralcea bonariensis Latin Globemallow Malvaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Spiraea cantoniensis Reeves’ Spiraea Rosaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Stachys obtusifolia Lamb's Ear Lamiaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort Lamiaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 95 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Stellaria graminea Common Starwort Caryophyllaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Coralberry Caprifoliaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Symphytum  uplandicum Russian Comfrey Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Symphytum officinale subp. Casual or Currently Currently Comfrey Boraginaceae 0 Lower officinale ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Tagetes erecta Mexican Marigold Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tanacetum vulgare Tansy Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Taraxacum multidentatum Dandelion Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Taraxacum sect. Hamata Dandelion Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Taraxacum subbracteatum Dandelion Asteraceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tarenaya hassleriana Spider Flower Cleomaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Tecoma capensis Cape Honeysuckle Bignoniaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tetragonia decumbens Sea Spinach Aizoaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tetragonia fruticosa Kinklebossie Aizoaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Thlaspi arvense Penny Cress Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Grampians Casual or Currently Currently Thryptomene calycina Myrtaceae 0 Lower Thryptomene ruderal (N) insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Thymelaea passerina Thymelaea Thymelaeaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Trachyandra divaricata Strapweed Asphodelaceae 0 Lower Casual or ruderal insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Trachycarpus fortunei Chinese Windmill Palm Arecaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Trachystemon orientalis Abraham-Isaac-Jacob Boraginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Subterranean Cape Casual or Currently Currently Trianoptiles solitaria Cyperaceae 0 Lower sedge ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Trifolium hirtum Hairy Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

96 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Trifolium hybridum var. Casual or Currently Currently Alsike Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower hybridum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Trifolium lappaceum var. Casual or Currently Currently Burdock Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower lappaceum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Trifolium leucanthum Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Trifolium michelianum var. Casual or Currently Currently Annual White Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower michelianum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Trifolium pilulare Ball Cotton Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Trifolium squamosum Sea Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Trifolium stellatum var. Casual or Currently Currently Star Clover Fabaceae 0 Lower stellatum ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Triphysaria pusilla Dwarf Owl's-clover Orobanchaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Tripleurospermum Scentless False Casual or Currently Currently Asteraceae 0 Lower maritimum subp. inodorum Chamomile ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Triticum aestivum Wheat Poaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Tritonia squalida Pink Tritonia Iridaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Turritis glabra Tower Rockcress Brassicaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm Ulmaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Urochloa panicoides var. Casual or Currently Currently Liverseed Grass Poaceae 0 Lower panicoides ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Ursinia speciosa Namakwa Daisy Asteraceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Valerianella eriocarpa Italian Corn-salad Valerianaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Verbena aristigera Mayne’s Pest Verbenaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Verbena litoralis var. litoralis Verbena Verbenaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Verbena officinalis var. Casual or Currently Currently Verbena Verbenaceae 0 Lower africana ruderal insignificant non-invasive Verbena officinalis var. Casual or Currently Currently Verbena Verbenaceae 0 Lower officinalis ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Verbena quadrangularis Angular Verbena Verbenaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 97 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Casual or Currently Currently Verbena rigida var. rigida Veined Verbena Verbenaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Veronica officinalis Common Speedwell Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme Speedwell Plantaginaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Vicia monantha subp. Casual or Currently Currently One-flower Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower monantha ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Vicia monantha subp. triflora Three-flower Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Vicia sativa subp. cordata Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Vicia villosa subp. eriocarpa Russian Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Vicia villosa subp. villosa Hairy Vetch Fabaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Vitis vinifera Grape Vine Vitaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Washingtonia filifera California Fan-palm Arecaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Washingtonia robusta Mexican Fan-palm Arecaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Casual or Currently Currently Watsonia aletroides Bugle Lily Iridaceae 0 Lower ruderal insignificant non-invasive Yucca gloriosa var. Casual or Currently Currently Palm Lily Asparagaceae 0 Lower recurvifolia ruderal insignificant non-invasive Zaleya galericulata subp. Casual or Currently Currently Purslane Aizoaceae 0 Lower australis ruderal insignificant non-invasive Previously Currently No wild populations persist Currently Zygophyllum sessilifolium Witspekbos Zygophyllaceae 0 Lower naturalised insignificant in Victoria non-invasive Currently Currently Agrostis castellana Dryland Browntop Poaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Ajuga iva Bugle Lamiaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Akebia quinata Fiveleaf Akebia Lardizabalaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Alnus glutinosa Black Alder Betulaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive New Zealand Wind Currently Currently Anemanthele lessoniana Poaceae Anticipated Potential risk Grass insignificant non-invasive

98 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Currently Currently Astragalus hamosus Yellow Milk-vetch Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Astragalus sesameus Purple Milk-vetch Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Brachythecium mildeanum Sand Feather-moss Brachytheciaeae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Briza subaristata Chilean Quaking-grass Poaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Calluna vulgaris Heather Ericaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Carex buxbaumii subp. Currently Currently Buxbaum's Sedge Cyperaceae Anticipated Potential risk buxbaumii insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Carex demissa Drooping Sedge Cyperaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Carex densa Dense Sedge Cyperaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Carex squarrosa Cat-tail Sedge Cyperaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Centranthus macrosiphon Spanish Valerian Valerianaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Cotoneaster coriaceus Milk-flower Cotoneaster Rosaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Crassula ciliata Bristly Stonecrop Crassulaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Cylindropuntia fulgida var. Currently Currently Coral Cactus Cactaceae Anticipated Potential risk mamillata insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Cyperus sesquiflorus Kylinga Weed Cyperaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Dischisma arenarium Sand Dichisma Scrophulariaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Echium candicans Pride of Madeira Boraginaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Echium pininana Giant Bugloss Boraginaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Echium pininana  Echium Currently Currently Bugloss Boraginaceae Anticipated Potential risk wildpretii insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Echium wildpretii Red Bugloss Boraginaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Equisetum species Horsetails Equisetaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 99 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Currently Currently Eragrostis barrelieri Pitted Love-grass Poaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Erica scoparia Besom Heath Ericaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Erica versicolor Cape Heath Ericaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Erodium aureum Bridled Heron's-bill Geraniaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Facelis retusa Annual Trampweed Asteraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Filago pygmaea Small Cudweed Asteraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Gunnera tinctoria Chilean Rhubarb Gunneraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Hennediella stanfordensis Stanford Screw-moss Pottiaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Heracleum Currently Currently Giant Hogweed Apiaceae Anticipated Potential risk mantegazzianum insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Hieracium murorum Wall Hawkweed Asteraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Houttuynia cordata Chameleon Plant Saururaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush Juncaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Juncus indescriptus Rush Juncaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush Juncaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Lachenalia reflexa Yellow Soldier Asparagaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Limonium binervosum Dwarf Sea-lavender Plumbaginaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Lonicera fragrantissima Winter Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Medicago littoralis Strand Medic Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Medicago praecox Small-leaf Burr-medic Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Moraea collina Yellow Cape Tulip Iridaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Ochna serrulata Mickey Mouse Plant Ochnaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive

100 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Long-flower Evening- Currently Currently Oenothera affinis Onagraceae Anticipated Potential risk primrose insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Oenothera drummondii Beach Primrose Onagraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Long-flower Evening- Currently Currently Oenothera longiflora Onagraceae Anticipated Potential risk primrose insignificant non-invasive Argentine Evening- Currently Currently Oenothera mollissima Onagraceae Anticipated Potential risk primrose insignificant non-invasive Olea europaea subp. Currently Currently Wild Olive Oleaceae Anticipated Potential risk cuspidata insignificant non-invasive Olea europaea subp. Currently Currently African Olive Oleaceae Anticipated Potential risk cuspidata insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Oligocarpus calendulaceus Variable-fruit Marigold Asteraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Opuntia phaeacantha Tulip Prickly Pear Cactaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Opuntia streptacantha Gracemere Pear Cactaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Opuntia tomentosa Velvet Tree Pear Cactaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Orobanche ramosa Branched Broomrape Orobanchaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Oxalis glabra Finger-leaf Wood-sorrel Oxalidaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Pereskia aculeata Pereskia Cactaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Persicaria capitata Pink-head Knotweed Polygonaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Phyllopodium cordatum Heart-leaf Phyllopodium Scrophulariaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Poa compressa Canada Bluegrass Poaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Pyracantha coccinea Red Firethorn Rosaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Reseda odorata Sweet Mignonette Resedaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Retama monosperma Bridal Broom Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Retama raetam White Weeping Broom Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Springy Turf-moss Hylocomiaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 101 Scientific Name Common Name Family Weed status in Impact on Area of potential Potential for Rate of Range of Risk Risk Rating Victoria natural distribution remaining invasion dispersal susceptible Ranking systems habitat types Score Currently Currently Rubus leightonii Blackberry Rosaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Rubus rubritinctus Blackberry Rosaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-broom Asparagaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Sagittaria montevidensis California Arrowhead Alismataceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Salix viminalis Common Osier Salicaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Senecio crassiflorus Dune Groundsel Asteraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Silene tridentata Spanish Catchfly Caryophyllaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Stachys palustris Marsh Wound-wort Lamiaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Suaeda aegyptiaca Egyptian Seablite Chenopodiace Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Thunbergia alata Black-eyed Susan Acanthaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Tropaeolum speciosum Chilean Flame Creeper Tropaeolaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Urospermum dalechampii Smooth Golden Fleece Asteraceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Valerianella discoidea Lesser Corn-salad Valerianaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Fabaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Wigandia caracasana Wigandia Boraginaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive Currently Currently Withania somnifera Winter Cherry Solanaceae Anticipated Potential risk insignificant non-invasive

102 Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria

www.delwp.vic.gov.au www.ari.vic.gov.au

Advisory list of environmental weeds in Victoria 103

www.delwp.vic.gov.au