12 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Distribution in IBRA Regions Western Australia is divided into 26 The naturalized vascular plants of Western Australia natural regions (Figure 1) that are used for 1: Checklist, environmental weeds and distribution in bioregional planning. Weeds are unevenly distributed in these regions, generally IBRA regions those with the greatest amount of land disturbance and population have the high- Greg Keighery and Vanda Longman, Department of Conservation and Land est number of weeds (Table 4). For exam- Management, WA Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, Western ple in the tropical Kimberley, VB, which Australia 6946, Australia. contains the Ord irrigation area, the major cropping area, has the greatest number of weeds. However, the ‘weediest regions’ are the Swan Coastal Plain (801) and the Abstract naturalized, but are no longer considered adjacent Jarrah Forest (705) which contain There are 1233 naturalized vascular plant naturalized and those taxa recorded as the capital Perth, several other large towns taxa recorded for Western Australia, com- garden escapes. and most of the intensive horticulture of posed of 12 Ferns, 15 Gymnosperms, 345 A second paper will rank the impor- the State. Monocotyledons and 861 Dicotyledons. tance of environmental weeds in each Most of the desert has low numbers of Of these, 677 taxa (55%) are environmen- IBRA region. weeds, ranging from five recorded for the tal weeds, recorded from natural bush- Gibson Desert to 135 for the Carnarvon land areas. Another 94 taxa are listed as Results (containing the horticultural centre of semi-naturalized garden escapes. Most Total naturalized flora Carnarvon). However, these figures for are herbaceous annuals or grasses with The total number of plants listed, as repro- the remote desert regions are probably, the largest groups being the Poaceae ducing unaided by man (naturalized) in in part, an artifact of recording effort. The (196), Asteraceae (115), Papilionaceae Western Australia is 1233 (Tables 1, 4 and Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory (106) and Iridaceae (53). 5). This total is composed of 12 ferns, 15 has 39 weeds recorded (Albrecht 1999) The largest numbers of weeds are gymnosperms, 345 monocotyledons and compared to the portion in Western Aus- recorded from the natural regions en- 861 dicotyledons (Table 5). Forty seven tralia with seven. compassing the capital Perth, with 801 taxa are listed as currently not naturalized and 705 recorded for the Swan Coastal (Table 2). Keighery (1995) listed a total of Most widespread weeds Plain and Jarrah Forest Bioregions re- 1033, composed of six ferns, seven gym- There are 60 weeds, which have been re- spectively. nosperms, 318 monocotyledons and 701 corded in 10 or more IBRA regions. The Most weeds are still localized in ex- dicotyledons. With increasing scrutiny most widespread weed is Sonchus oler- tent with only 60 occurring in 10 or more and population increase the number of aceus (20 regions), followed by Cenchrus natural regions, the vast majority in less naturalized plants continues to increase. ciliaris and Solanum nigrum (17), Pseudog- than three, suggesting that further spread Currently the largest groups are the naphalium luteo-album and Citrullus lanatus will occur in most weeds. families Poaceae (Grasses) with 196 taxa, (16), Sisymbrium orientale (15) and Emex followed by the Asteraceae (Daisies) with australis and Tribulus terrestis (14). Introduction 115, the Papilionaceae (Peas) with 106 and While climate does restrict weeds in In 1994 the senior author prepared a check- the Iridaceae (Iris family) with 53. These a similar fashion to all plant species, the list of the naturalized weeds of Western families comprise 38% of the total number median regional occurrence of weeds is Australia (WA), with particular reference of naturalized taxa recorded in the State. currently between two and three regions. to environmental weeds (Keighery 1995). By climate alone it could be between five Since then, a weed field guide (Hussey et Environmental weeds and eight. We can expect that increases in al. 1997) has been produced and a consid- Of the total 1233 naturalized taxa, 677 ranges of most naturalized taxa. erable amount of further survey work has taxa (55%) are listed as occurring and been undertaken. As a consequence, the reproducing (naturalized) in reasonably Origin of Western Australia’s weeds checklist needed updating. intact bushland in Western Australia (en- Although the vast majority of weeds are The preparation of a State Environ- vironmental weeds). These are composed exotics there remains a small but growing mental Weed Strategy (Ecoscape and of seven Ferns, three Gymnosperms, 197 portion of the weed flora that is native Department of Conservation and Land Monocotyledons and 470 Dicotyledons. to Australia. There are three ferns, five Management 1999) initiated this update, The percentage of these weeds has not gymnosperms, one monocotyledon and as the Strategy required: declined since the previous checklist. 28 dicotyledons (37) that are native to • the update of the 1995 list; Eastern Australia. These are nearly all en- • all weeds to be geographically located Garden escapes vironmental weeds (Keighery 2002), some in an Australia wide system, Interim Ninety four taxa are recorded as garden of potential or actual major significance. Biogeographic Regions of Australia escapes or outcasts. Garden escapes Forty-nine taxa are Western Austral- (IBRA regions, Thackway and Creswell (‘plants growing spontaneously outside ian natives, comprising; four ferns, one 1995); and a fenced area, or as a weed in a sown or Gymnosperm, six Monocotyledons and • the ranking of the listed environmental planted community’ or ‘plants that are 38 Dicotyledons. Many are native to weeds. reproducing and expanding within the northern Western Australia (Table 1) but This paper utilizes these data to prepare habitat and have maintained themselves are introduced to southern Western Aus- a new checklist of weeds of Western over time, without human assistance’, tralia. These taxa are frequently not segre- Australia, with their distribution in IBRA Keighery 1983) are recorded in Table 3. gated in flora or weed checklists and yet regions. These taxa may be in the process of be- several are serious environmental weeds Many Australia wide checklists of coming naturalized. These are part of a (Keighery 2002). weeds list only exotics, but this paper lists long-term project documenting potential Australian natives feature prominently all regardless of origin. The paper also weeds from plantings and gardens, for in the list of Garden Escapes (Table 3), lists taxa that at one time were considered example Keighery (1986). where there are 17 Western Australian Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 13 natives and five Eastern Australian na- is equivocal and they are not listed until Publishing Service, Canberra). tives. This suggests that these groups may further information is obtained. Hill, K.D. (1998). Cupressaceae. In ‘Flora provide a major new reservoir of future of Australia. Volume 48. Ferns, Gymos- environmental weeds. Acknowledgements perms and Allied Groups’, ed. A.E. Information on weed taxonomy, occur- Orchard. pp. 569-88. (ABRS/CSIRO Native or naturalized rences and impacts were provided by Australia). There are still continuing issues with de- Kate Brown, Bob Dixon, Jon Dodd, John Hussey, B.M.J., Keighery, G.J., Cousens, termining the native or naturalized status Hoskings, Brendan Lepschi, Sandy Lloyd, R.D., Dodd, J. and Lloyd, S.G. (1997). of widespread tropical naturally weedy Chris Robinson, Rod Randall, John Stretch ‘Western Weeds’. (Plant Protection So- taxa and cosmopolitan wetland taxa of and Neville Walsh. Historical records were ciety, Perth). temperate areas. (Keighery 2002). Some consulted at Melbourne Herbarium. None Jacobs, S.W.L. and Hastings, S.M. (1993). new examples listed here include the of this would have been possible without Bromus. In ‘Flora New South Wales. status of Physalis minima, Cardiospermum constant use of the collections of the West- Volume 4’, ed. G. Harden, pp. 628-33. halicacabum and Oldenlandia corymbosa. ern Australian Herbarium and the result- (University of New South Wales Press, There are also a series of native taxa ant taxonomic work on these. Sydney). within their normal ranges (Pteridium Keighery, G.J. (1983). Garden escapes esculentum, Ptilotus polystachyus, Acacia References (When is a weed not a weed) in West- saligna, Chenopodium pumilio, Podotheca Albrecht, D. (1999). ‘Weeds of the Tanami’. ern Australia. Australian Garden Journal gnaphaliodes, Muehlenbeckia adpressa and (Normandy NFM Ltd., Asprint Print, 2, 148-51. Vittadinia australasica) that act as weeds Alice Springs). Keighery, G.J. (1986). Garden escapes on in grazing systems in southern Western Appleby, M. (1997). Sir Frederick Samson Rottnest Island: An annotated Check- Australia. Most of these are listed in this Park flora list. Unpublished Report for list. Landnote 3/86. (CALM). paper. the City of Fremantle. Keighery, G.J. (1991). Weeds of John For- Another group of native species are in- Armstrong, P. (1993). Vegetation and flora rest National Park along Jane Brook. creasers in grazing systems where they are survey of the Shire of Kalamunda Vest- CALM Internal Report. relatively unpalatable; they are frequently ed Reserves, Volumes I and II. (Shire of Keighery, G.J. (1995). An annotated list of listed as weeds in agricultural texts, but Kalamunda). the naturalised vascular plants of West- are not considered as weeds by most bota- Bennett, E.M. (1995). Plant species of the ern Australia. In ‘Invasive weeds and nists and are not listed in this paper. Kings Park Bushland. Western Austral- regenerating ecosystems in Western A small group of native species are ian Naturalist 20, 97-118. Australia’, ed. G.R. Burke. (Institute weeds of tropical farming systems, such Briggs, B.G., Wiecek, B. and Whalen, A.J. of Science and Technology, Murdoch as Echinochloa elliptica in rice crops, these (1992). Veronica. In ‘Flora of New South University, Murdoch). species when recorded are listed in this Wales. Volume 3’, ed. G. Harden. pp. Keighery, G.J.(1997). Arum lily as an en- paper. 578-82. (University of New South Wales vironmental weed in Western Australia There are a few naturally weedy native Press, Sydney). – overview of distribution and threat to species occasionally recorded in tropical Brooker, J. (1995). Yagan Wetland Reserve natural systems. In ‘Proceedings of a farming systems, for example the grasses draft management plan. Prepared workshop on Arum Lily (Zantdeschia ae- Chionachne hubbardiana and Mnesithea by Yagan Wetland Reserve Advisory thiopica)’, eds. J.K. Scott and B.J. Wykes, granularis (potentially a pan tropical weed) Group for the City of Canning. pp. 17-19. (Plant Protection Quarterly). are weeds that clog irrigation channels in Brownsey, P.J. (1998). Dennstaedtiaceae. In Keighery, G.J. (1998). Weeds of Garden the Ord Irrigation Region. These species ‘Flora of Australia. Volume 48. Ferns, Island – An annotated list. Western are not listed as weeds in this paper since Gymosperms and Allied Groups’, Australian Naturalist 22, 61-76. information is lacking on the nature and ed. A.E. Orchard. pp. 214-40. (ABRS/ Keighery, G.J. (2002) The enemy within: extent of their impact. CSIRO Australia). Native environmental weeds of West- Perhaps unique to Western Australia Cowie, I.D., Short, P.S. and Madsen Os- ern Australia. Proceedings of the 13th are a series of species with native forms in terkamp, M. (2001) Floodplain Flora. Australian Weeds Conference, eds: the tropics, but with exotic weedy forms Flora of Australia Supplementary Se- H. Spafford-Jacob, J., Dodd, and J.H. in temperate Western Australia. These in- ries 10. (ABRS, Canberra). Moore, pp. 93-95 (Plant Protection So- clude: Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Dixon, I.R. and Keighery, G.J. (1995). Sug- ciety of Western Australia, Perth). Melia azedarach, Euphorbia australis and E. gested methods to control weeds. In Kilian, N. (1997). Revision of Launaea drummondii, Cyperus polystachyos, Colocasia ‘Managing Perth’s bushland’, eds. M. Cass. (Compositae:Lactuceae:Sonchi- esculenta and Hibiscus trionum. These spe- Scheltema and J. Harris, pp. 23-144. nae). Englera 17. Botanischen Garten cies are generally listed as either native or (Greening Western Australia, Perth). and Botanischen Museum, Berlin. naturalized for the entire taxon in Western Ecoscape (1995). Draft Market Garden McComb, J.A. (1974). Annual Medicago Australian checklists, the southern popu- Swamps Environmental Management species with particular reference to lations are treated as weeds in this paper, Plan. Prepared for City of Cockburn. those occurring in Western Australia. since most are probably exotic populations Ecoscape and Department of Conserva- Journal of the Royal Society of Western of these taxa. tion and Land Mangement (1999). En- Australia 57, 81-96. A more difficult sub-group of the above vironmental weed strategy for Western Meney, K. (1987). Draft management plan are those taxa extending their ranges by Australia. (Ecoscape, Fremantle). for Maylands foreshore (East Street dispersing by human assistance along Grounds, R. (1979). ‘Ornamental grasses’. – Foggerthorpe Cresent). Unpublished transport corridors via vehicles or soil, (Peham Books, London). report for City of Stirling. e.g. Senecio lautus, Boerhavia coccinea and Hewson, H.J. (1981). The genus Lepidium Orchard, A.E. (1969). Revision of Acaena Boerhavia schomburgkiana. Generally where (Brassicaceae) in Australia. Brunonia 4, ovina A.Cunn. complex in Australia. there is clear evidence of aided dispersal 217-308. Transactions of the Royal Society of South that part of the range is listed as natural- Hewson, H.J. (1990). Ammannia. In ‘Flora Australia 93, 91-109. ized. However, there are species such as of Australia. Volume 18. Podostemace- Pedley, L. (1998). Chamaecrista. In ‘Flora of Josephina eugeniae (Pedaliaceae) poten- ae to Combretaceae’, ed. A.S. George. Australia. Volume 12. Mimosaceae (ex- tially in this category, where the evidence pp. 97-100. (Australian Government cluding Acacia), Caesalpiniaceae’, ed. 14 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 P.M. McCarthy. pp 138-145. (CSIRO/ ABRS Australia). Penn, L. (1993). Fringing vegetation of the Canning, Southern and Wungong Riv- ers. Swan River Trust Report No. 7. Randell, B.R. and Barlow, B.A. (1998). Senna. In ‘Flora of Australia. Volume 12. Mimosaceae (excluding Acacia), Caesalpiniaceae’, ed. P.M. McCarthy. pp. 89-138. (CSIRO/ABRS Australia). Romanowski, N. (1998). ‘Aquatic and wetland plants: A field guide to non tropical Australia’. (University of New South Wales Press, Sydney). Rechinger, K.H. (1984). Rumex (Polygo- naceae) in Australia: a reconsideration. Nuytsia 5, 75-122. Regeneration Technology (1994). Draft management plan, Baigup Wetland Reserve. (City of Stirling). Symon, D.E. (1997). Physalis micrantha (Solanaceae) recorded from the North- ern Territory, Australian Systematic Botany 10, 681-2. Thackway, R. and Creswell, J.D. (1995). An interim biogeographic regionalisa- tion for Australia. (Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra). Wardell-Johnson G. (1999). A new record for the fern flora of south-western Australia: a single plant of Histiopteris incisa from Mount Lindesay. Nuytsia 13, 259-60. Western Australian Herbarium (1998- 2003). FloraBase - The Western Austral- ian Flora. Department of Conservation and Land Management. http://floraba se.calm.wa.gov.au. Wheeler, J.R., Rye, B.L., Koch, B.L. and Wilson, A.J.G. (1992) ‘Flora of the Kim- berley Region’. (Department of Conser- vation and Land Management, Perth). Wilson, P.G. (1983). A taxonomic revision of the Tribe Chenopodieae (Chenopo- diaceae) in Australia. Nuytsia 4, 135- 262. Wilson, P.G. (1984). Chenopodiaceae. In ‘Flora of Australia. Volume 4. Phytol- accaceae to Chenopodiaceae’, ed. A. Figure 1. IBRA Regions of Australia. George. pp. 81-317. (Australian Govern- ment Publishing Service, Canberra.) Wilson, K.L. (2000). Cyperaceae. In ‘Flora of New South Wales. Volume 4’, ed. G. Harden. (University of New South Wales Press, Sydney). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 15 Table 1. Naturalized Vascular Plants of Western Australia.

Key Families Listed in alphabetical order under the major groupings of Ferns, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. Genera and species Listed alphabetically within families. The scientific name of each taxon commences the individual listing, followed by the common name (if one is commonly used). The scientific names of taxa known to be present in reasonably intact bushland (i.e. environmental weeds) are in bold. Distribution The distribution of each taxon is listed in IBRA regions. Some of the distributions have been obtained from FloraBase (Western Australian Herbarium 1998-2003). Some taxa are native to Western Australia but can also behave as weeds. The IBRA regions in which these native taxa have been found to behave as weeds are prefixed by an asterisk (*). For these taxa, the regions without the asterisk indicate native non-weedy distribution of the taxa.

The status of many weeds is in a state of flux because of lack of information. If your information differs from this table you are probably aware of new populations and/or weeds that we need to know about.

FERNS Callitris robusta – (JF, WAR). Because of their small wind-borne spores, it is difficult to ascertain the Callitris tuberculata – (ER: GVD, HAM, MUR, NUL; SW: AW, ESP, JF, MAL, true ranges of ferns. COO, *SWA, *JF). Cupressus sempervirens – (JF). ADIANTACEAE Ceratopteris thalictroides (Water Fern) – (NK, OVP, CK, DL, *PIL). Intro- PINACEAE duced to Millstream. Pinus canariensis (Canary Island Pine) – (AW, JF). Pinus halepensis (Aleppo Pine) – (AW, SWA, JF). ASPIDIACEAE Pinus palustris – (WAR). Cyrtomium falcatum (Holly Fern) – (SWA). Pinus pinaster (Maritime Pine) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Pinus pinea (Stone Pine) – (SWA, ESP). AZOLLACEAE Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa Pine) – (SWA). Azolla filiculoides – (SWA, JF, WAR, *SWA, *JF, *WAR). Native along creeks, Pinus radiata (Monterey Pine) – (SWA, JF, WAR). rivers, lakes and some swamps, but now commonly found in drains, dams, drainage basins and ornamental lakes. TAXODIACEAE Azolla pinnata – (SWA). Only one recent record for WA May be intro- Sequoia sempervirens (Coast Redwood) – (WAR). duced. FLOWERING PLANTS – MONOCOTYLEDONS CYATHEACEAE Cyathea (Sphaeropteris) cooperi (Rough Tree Fern) – (SWA, JF, WAR). AGAVACEAE Agave americana var. americana (Century Plant) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, DAVALLIACEAE JF, WAR). Nephrolepis cordifolia (Fishbone Fern) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Agave americana var. picta – (SWA, JF, COO, ESP). Agave sisalana (Sisal) – (SWA). DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Furcraea foetida (Cuba Hemp) – (SWA). Dennstaedtia davallioides – (JF). Furcraea selloa – (SWA). Histiopteris incisa – (VB, *WAR). Wardell-Johnson (1999) lists this taxon Yucca aloifolia (Yucca) – (SWA). as native. However, larger weedy populations have since been record- Yucca filamentosa – (SWA). ed from Albany and Denmark, strongly suggesting that this species was introduced into south-western Australia. ALISMATACEAE Hypolepis dicksonioides – (WAR). Alisma lanceolatum – (SWA). Hypolepis rugosula – (WAR). H. rugosula is given as native to WA in Sagittaria platyphylla (Sagittaria) – (SWA). Brownsey (1999), although it has always been regarded as a weed in WA ALLIACEAE Pteridium esculentum (Bracken) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP, *JF, Allium ampeloprasum (Leek) – (SWA, JF, WAR). This is the wild form of the *WAR). Leek (A. porrum) which is often listed instead of this taxon. Allium neapolitanum (Naples Onion) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). SALVINIACEAE Allium triquetrum (Three Cornered Garlic) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Salvinia molesta (Salvinia) – (PIL, SWA, JF). Allium vineale (Crow Garlic) – (AW, JF). Last collected in 1965. Ipheion uniflorum – (AW, SWA). GYMNOSPERMS Nothoscordum gracile (False Onion Weed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Taxonomy follows Hill (1998). ALSTROEMERIACEAE CUPRESSACEAE Alstroemeria pulchella (New Zealand Christmas Bell, Parrot Alstroemeria) Callitris columellaris (Coastal Pine) – (SWA, JF). – (SWA, JF). Callitris glaucophylla – (ER: PIL, MUR, CR, CAR, YAL, COO, SW: *SWA, *JF) AMARYLLIDACEAE Callitris preissii (verrucosa) (Rottnest Island Pine) – (SWA, *SWA, *JF). Agapanthus praecox (Agapanthus) – (JF, WAR). Callitris rhomboidea – (WAR) Amaryllis belladonna (Easter Lily) – (SWA, JF, WAR). 16 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Crinum moorei (Veld Lily) – (SWA, JF). Isolepis marginata – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, Leucojum aestivum (Snowflake) – (SWA, JF). ESP). Given as a South African species in Flora of NSW (Wilson 2000), Narcissus jonquilla – (SWA, JF). but often listed as native in WA. Narcissus papyraceus (Paperwhite) – (SWA, JF). Isolepis prolifera (Budding Club-Rush) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Daffodil) – (JF). Narcissus tazetta (Jonquil) – (SWA, JF, WAR). HYACINTHACEAE Nerine bowdenii – (JF). Albuca canadensis – (SWA). Pancratium maritimum (Sea Daffodil) – (SWA). Lachenalia aloides (Soldiers) – (SWA). Lachenalia bulbifera – (SWA). ARACEAE Lachenalia mutabilis – (SWA). Alocasia brisbanensis (Elephant’s Ears, Cunjevoi) – (SWA, WAR). Lachenalia reflexa – (SWA, JF, ESP). Arum italicum (Italian Arum) – (JF). Muscari comosum (Tassel Hyacinth) – (GS, AW, SWA). Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta (Taro) – (SWA, JF). Ornithogalum arabicum (Arab’s Eye) – (GS, AW, SWA). Pistia stratiotes (Water Lettuce) – (SWA). Ornithogalum longibracteatum (Pregnant Onion) – (SWA, JF). Zantedeschia aethiopica (Arum Lily) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Ornithogalum thyrsoides (Chincherinchee) – (SWA).

ARECACEAE HYDROCHARITACEAE Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm) – (VB, PIL, CAR). Egeria densa (Dense Waterweed) – (SWA). Phoenix ? roebelini (GK 14379) – (VB). Elodea canadensis (Canadian Pondweed) – (SWA). Washingtonia filifera (Cotton Palm) – (VB, PIL, SWA). Ottelia ovalifolia var. chrysobasis (Swamp Lily) – (NK, OVB, DL, *SWA). Native to the Kimberley. ASPARAGACEAE Vallisneria americana (Ribbon Weed) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Asparagus asparagoides (Bridal Creeper) – (GS, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, ESP, HAM). IRIDACEAE Asparagus declinatus (crispus) – (SWA, JF). Babiana angustifolia (Baboon Flower) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR,). Asparagus densiflorus (Asparagus Fern) – (SWA). Babiana nana – (SWA, JF, WAR). Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus) – (AW, SWA, JF). Babiana tubulosa var. tubiflora – (SWA). Asparagus plumosus – (SWA, WAR). Chasmanthe floribunda (African Cornflag) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Asparagus scandens – (JF, WAR). ESP). Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (Montbretia) – (JF, WAR). ASPHODELACEAE Dierama pendulum (Fairy Fishing Rod) – (JF). Asphodelus fistulosus (Onion Weed) – (PIL, CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, Dietes grandiflora – (JF). SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). Ferraria crispa (Black Flag) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Trachyandra divaricata (Dune Onion Weed, Strapweed) – (GS, SWA, JF, Freesia alba × leichtlinii (Freesia) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). WAR). Gladiolus alatus – (AW). Gladiolus angustus (Long-Tubed Painted Lady) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). CANNACEAE Gladiolus cardinalis – (SWA, JF). Canna × generalis (Canna) – (SWA, WAR). Gladiolus carneus – (SWA, JF, WAR). Canna × orchiodes (Canna) – (SWA). Gladiolus caryophyllaceus (Pink Gladiolus) – (GS, AW, SWA, MAL, JF). Gladiolus communis – (SWA, JF, WAR). COLCHICACEAE Gladiolus tristis – (AW, SWA, JF). Baeometra uniflora – (SWA, JF). Gladiolus undulatus (Wavy Gladiolus) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Gynandriris setifolia = Moraea setifolia COMMELINACEAE Hesperantha falcata – (SWA, JF). Commelina bengalensis – (SWA). Hexaglottis lewisiae = Moraea lewisiae Murdannia nudiflora – (NK). Homeria flaccida = Moraea flaccida Tradescantia albiflora (Spider Wort) – (SWA). Homeria miniata = Moraea miniata Homeria ochroleuca = Moraea ochroleuca CYPERACEAE Homoglossum watsonium (Red Afrikaner) – (JF). Carex divisa (Divided Sedge) – (SWA, JF). Iris laevigata (Japanese Iris) – (WAR). Cyperus brevifolius (Mullumbimby Couch) – (OVP, DL, PIL, CAR, SWA). Iris germanica (German Iris) – (JF, WAR, ESP). Cyperus compressus – (NK, VB, DL). Ixia maculata (Yellow Ixia) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Cyperus congestus (Dense Flat-Sedge) – (PIL, CAR, GS, SWA, JF, WAR, Ixia maculata × I. polystachya – (SWA, JF, WAR). ESP). Ixia paniculata – (SWA, JF, WAR). Cyperus eragrostis (Umbrella Sedge) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Ixia polystachya (Variable Ixia) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Cyperus hamulosus – (GD, CAR, GAS, MUR). Moraea flaccida (One-Leaf Cape Tulip) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). Cyperus involucratus (haspan) – (PIL, SWA). Moraea fugax – (JF). Cyperus laevigatus – (GS, SWA, WAR, ESP). This may be a cosmpolitan Moraea lewisiae – (AW, SWA, JF). wetland native. Moraea miniata (Two-leaved Cape Tulip) – (GS, AW, SWA, COO, MAL, Cyperus papyrus (Papyrus) – (SWA, JF). WAR, ESP). Cyperus polystachyos (Bunchy Sedge) – (VB, CK, DL, PIL, *SWA, *JF). Moraea ochroleuca – (SWA). Native to the tropics. Moraea pavonia – (SWA). Cyperus rotundus (Nut Grass) – (VB, CK, DL, PIL, *GS, *SWA, *JF). Native Moraea setifolia (Thread Iris) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). to the tropics. Moraea vegeta – (SWA). Cyperus tenellus (Tiny Flatsedge) – (GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Romulea flava var. minor – (SWA, JF). WAR, ESP). Romulea minutiflora – (AW, ESP). Cyperus tenuiflorus (Scaly Sedge) – (CAR, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Romulea obscura – (SWA). Cyperus vorsteri – (SWA). Romulea rosea var. australis (Guildford Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Isolepis hystrix – (SWA, JF, ESP). WAR, COO, ESP). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 17 Romulea rosea var. communis (Guildford Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, (SWA, JF). These should be regarded as cv. ‘Variegata’ or cv. ‘Versi- MAL, WAR, COO, ESP). color’ (Grounds 1979). Sisyrinchium exile – (SWA). Avellinia michelii – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Sisyrinchium iridifolium – (SWA, JF). Avena abyssinica – (GS, AW). Sisyrinchium sp. (A. Hart sn) – (SWA). Avena barbata (Bearded Oat) – (CAR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, Sparaxis bulbifera – (SWA, JF). MAL, WAR, ESP). Sparaxis grandiflora – (SWA, JF, WAR). Avena fatua (Wild Oat) – (GD, CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, Sparaxis pillansii (Harlequin Flower) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). ESP). Tritonia crocata – (SWA, JF). Avena sterilis (Sterile Oat) – (CAR, GS, AW, MAL, ESP). Tritonia lineata – (SWA, JF, WAR). Axonopus affinis (Narrow-leaved Carpet Grass) – (VB, SWA, JF, WAR). A Watsonia aletroides – (SWA). lawn weed in the Kimberley. Includes material previously listed as A. Watsonia borbonica – (SWA, JF, WAR). Hybrids between this species and compressus (Broad-leaved Carpet Grass). W. versfeldii occur. Axonopus fissifolius – (NK). Watsonia knysnana – (SWA, JF, WAR). Bothriochloa pertusa (Indian Blugrass) – (NK, VB, CK, DL, GS). Watsonia marginata – (SWA, JF, WAR). Brachypodium distachyon (False Brome) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF). Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera (Bulbil Watsonia) – (AW, SWA, JF, Briza maxima (Blowfly Grass, Quaking Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). WAR, ESP). Watsonia meriana var. meriana – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Briza minor (Shivery Grass) – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Watsonia versfeldii – (SWA, JF, WAR). WAR, ESP). Bromus alopecuros – (SWA, JF, AW). JUNCACEAE Bromus catharticus (Prairie Grass) – (AW, SWA, JF, NUL, WAR, ESP). Juncus acutus subsp. acutus (Sharp Rush) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Bromus diandrus (Great Brome, Brome Grass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Juncus articulatus – (SWA, JF, WAR). Bromus hordeaceus (Soft Brome) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Juncus bufonius (Toad Rush) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, ESP). MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Probably only in part, there appears to be a Bromus japonicus var. japonicus (Japanese Brome) – (CAR, GS, AW, complex of native and introduced taxa in this species. COO). Juncus capitatus – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Bromus japonicus var. vestitus (Japanese Brome) – (MUR, GS, AW). Juncus effusus (Soft Rush). Bromus madritensis (Madrid Brome) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, Juncus gerardii (Mud Rush). ESP). Juncus imbricatus – (JF, ESP). Bromus molliformis – (SWA). Recorded as present in WA by Jacobs and Juncus microcephalus – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Hastings (1993). Juncus oxycarpus – (SWA, JF, WAR). Bromus rigidus – (CAR, GS, AW, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Juncus polyanthemus – (SWA, JF) Bromus rubens (Red Brome) – (CAR, MUR, GS, SWA, JF, AW, MAL, COO, Juncus usitatus – (SWA, JF, WAR). NUL, HAM). Bromus sterilis. Recorded as present in WA by Jacobs and Hastings JUNCAGINACEAE (1993). Triglochin bulbosa – (SWA). Bromus tectorum. Recorded as present in WA by Jacobs and Hastings (1993). ORCHIDACEAE Cenchrus biflorus (Gallon’s Curse) – (VB, OVP, CK, DL). Disa (Monadenia) bracteata (South African Orchid) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel Grass) – (VB, OVP, CK, DL, TAN, GSD, PIL, LSD, WAR, ESP). GD, CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, COO). Cenchrus echinatus (Mossman River Grass) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, POACEAE CR, CAR, GS, AW, SWA, MAL, ESP). Agrostis capillaris var. aristata (Brown Top Bent) – (WAR). Cenchrus incertus (Spiny Burrgrass) – (NK, VB, OVP, DL, PIL). Agrostis capillaris var. capillaris (Brown Top Bent) – (JF, WAR, ESP). Cenchrus longispinus (Spiny Burrgrass) – (GS, JF, AW, COO). Agrostis gigantea (Red Top Bent) – (JF, WAR) Cenchrus setigerus (Birdwood Grass) – (NK, VB, CK, OVP, DL, GSD, PIL, Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping Bent) – (SWA, JF, WAR) CAR, GAS, MUR, GS). Aira caryophyllea (Silvery Hairgrass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Chloris barbata (Purpletop Chloris) – (NK, DL, VB, OVP, PIL). MAL, WAR, ESP). Chloris gayana (Rhodes Grass) – (NK, VB, CK, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Aira cupaniana (Hairgrass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). ESP). Chloris virgata (Windmill Grass, Feathertop Rhodes Grass) – (NK, VB, CK, Aira elegans – (SWA, JF, AW, ESP). DL, GAS, PIL, CAR, MUR, GS, AW, COO, MAL, ESP). Aira praecox (Early Hairgrass) – (SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP) Cortaderia selloana (Pampas Grass) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). Alopecurus geniculatus (Foxtail) – (YAL, AW, COO, MAL, WAR). Crypsis schoenoides – (SWA). Alopecurus myosuroides (Blackgrass, Slender Foxtail – (SWA, JF). Cynodon dactylon (Couch) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, *CAR, *MUR, Alopecurus pratensis (Meadow Foxtail) – (YAL, SWA). *GS, *AW, *SWA, *JF, *COO, *MAL, *WAR, *ESP). Ammophila arenaria (Marram Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis – (NK). Andropogon distachyos – (SWA, JF). Cynosurus cristatus (Crested Dog’s Tail) – (JF). Andropogon gayanus (Gamba Grass) – (NK, VB, PIL). Cynosurus echinatus (Rough Dogstail) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Anthoxanthum odoratum (Sweet Vernal Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Dactylis glomerata (Cocksfoot) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). ESP). Dactyloctenium aegypticum (Coast Button Grass) – (NK, VB, DL). Aristida ramosa – (SWA). This species is listed as introduced from Eastern Dactyloctenium australe (Durban Grass) – (CAR, SWA). Australia, but it appears to behave as a native. Desmazeria marinum – (SWA, WAR). Arrhenantherum bulbosum (elatius var. bulbosum) (Bulbous Oatgrass, Onion Desmazeria rigida (Rigid Fescue) – (GS, SWA, JF, AW, WAR, ESP). Couch) – (JF, WAR). Dichanthium aristatum (Angleton Grass) – (VB). Arundo donax (Giant Reed) – (VB, OVP, DL, PIL, CAR, SWA, JF, WAR). Digitaria aequiglumis – (SWA). Most naturalized collections in WA are the green leaved cultivar, but Digitaria ciliaris (Summer Grass) – (NK, VB, CK, DL, OVP, PIL, MUR, forms with leaves striped white are often recorded around Perth GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). 18 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Digitaria didactyla (Queensland Blue) – (SWA, JF). Oryza rufipogon – (VB). Digitaria sanguinalis (Crab Grass) – (DL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Oryza sativa (Rice) – (NK, VB). WAR). Panicum antidotale (Giant Panic) – (VB). Digitaria violascens – (SWA, JF). Panicum capillare (Witchgrass) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Echinochloa colona (Awnless Barnyard Grass) – (NK, CK, DL, OVP, VB, Panicum coloratum (Coolah Grass) – (NK). TAN, PIL). Panicum maximum = Urochloa maxima Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard Grass) – (SWA, JF, MAL, WAR). Panicum miliaceum (Common Millet) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Echinochloa crus-pavonis (South American Barnyard Grass) – (SWA). Panicum schinzii – (JF). Echinochloa elliptica – (VB). A native species that is a weed of Rice crops Parapholis incurva (Coast Barbgrass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, in the Ord Valley. ESP). Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese Millet) – (VB, DL). Paspalum conjugatum (Sour Grass) – (VB). Echinochloa frumentacea (Siberian Millet) – (VB, CK, DL). Paspalum dilatatum (Paspalum) – (VB, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Echinochloa microstachya (Prickly Barnyard Grass) – (VB). Paspalum distichum (Water Couch) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Echinochloa oryzoides (Hairy Barnyard Grass) – (VB, CK). Paspalum fasciculatum – (VB). Echinochloa telmatophila (Swamp Barnyard Grass) – (SWA, JF). Paspalum plicatulum (Plicatulum) – (VB). Ehrharta brevifolia var. cuspidata – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, Paspalum scrobiculatum (Ditch Millet) – (NK, VB, CK, DL). ESP). Paspalum urvillei (Vasey Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Ehrharta calycina (Perennial Veldt Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Paspalum vaginatum (Salt Water Couch) – (GSD, GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). ESP). Ehrharta erecta (Panic Veldt Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Ehrharta longiflora (Annual Veldt Grass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Pennisetum macrourum (African Feather Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Pennisetum pedicellatum subsp. pedicellatum – (VB, CK). Ehrharta pusilla – (WAR). Pennisetum pedicellatum subsp. unispiculum – (NK, VB, CK, DL). Ehrharta villosa (Pyp Grass) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR). Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant Grass) – (SWA, JF). Eleusine indica (Crowsfoot Grass) – (VB, DL, SWA). Pennisetum setaceum (Fountain Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF). Elymus scaber – (YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR). Pennisetum villosum (Feather Top) – (GS, SWA, JF). Elytrigia repens (English Couch) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Pentaschistis airoides (False Hairgrass) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, Eragrostis barrelieri (Pitted Lovegrass) – (CAR, GS). COO, MAL). Eragrostis cilianensis (Stinkgrass) – (VB, DL, GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Pentaschistis pallida – (SWA). ESP). Periballia minuta (Small Hair Grass) – (GS, AW). Eragrostis curvula (African Love Grass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Phalaris angusta – (SWA). MAL, ESP, HAM). Phalaris aquatica (Phalaris) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR). Eragrostis mexicana (Mexican Lovegrass) – (AW, COO, MAL). Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canary Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Eragrostis minor (Small Stinkgrass) – (DL, AW, COO). Phalaris canariensis (Canary Grass) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR). Eragrostis tenuifolia (Elastic Grass) – (DL). Phalaris minor (Lesser Canary Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Eustachys distichophylla (Evergreen Chloris) – (AW, GS). Phalaris paradoxa (Paradoxical Canary Grass, Paradoxa Grass) – (SWA, JF, Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue) – (SWA, JF, WAR). AW, MAL, ESP). Festuca pratensis (Meadow Fescue) – (SWA, JF). Phleum arenarium – (JF, WAR). Festuca rubra (Red Fescue) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR). Phleum pratense (Timothy Grass) – (SWA, WAR). Gastridium phleoides (Nit Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Phragmites australis (Reed) – (JF, WAR). Glyceria declinata – (SWA). Piptatherum miliaceum (Rice Millet) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Glyceria maxima (Reed Sweetgrass) – (SWA, JF). Plagiochloa uniolae = Tribolium uniolae Hainardia cylindrica (Common Barbgrass) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Poa annua (Winter Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire Fog) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). Poa bulbosa (Bulbous Meadowgrass) – (AW). Holcus setiger (Annual Fog) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Poa infirma (Early Wintergrass) – (AW, SWA). Hordeum geniculatum (Mediterranean Barley Grass) – (GS, SWA, JF, AW). Poa pratensis (Kentucky Blue Grass) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Hordeum glaucum (Northern Barley Grass) – (AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, Polypogon maritimus (Coastal Barbgrass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). MAL, ESP). Polypogon monspeliensis (Annual Barbgrass) – (CAR, YAL, AW, COO, Hordeum leporinum (Barley Grass) – (LSD, CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, MUR, NUL, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). JF, COO, ESP). Polypogon viridis (Water Bent) – (JF, WAR, ESP). Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley) – (GS, SWA, JF, ESP). Puccinellia ciliata (Puccinellia) – (JF, AW, WAR, ESP). Hyparrhenia hirta (Tambookie Grass) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Rhynchelytrum repens = Melinis repens Isachne pulchella – (NK, DL). Rostraria cristata (Annual Cat’s Tail) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, Lagurus ovatus (Hare’s Tail Grass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). ESP). Rostraria (Lophochloa) pumila (Rough Cat’s Tail) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, Lamarckia aurea (Golden Top) – (GS, SWA, MUR, COO, YAL). SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). Lasiochloa echinata = Tribolium echinatum Schismus arabicus (Araby Grass) – (MUR, COO, MAL). Lolium loliaceum (Stiff Ryegrass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Schismus barbatus (Arabian Grass) – (AW, MUR, COO, ESP). ESP). Setaria italica (Italian Millet) – (PIL, GAS, MUR, AW, SWA, JF). Lolium multiflorum (Italian Ryegrass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Setaria palmifolia – (SWA, JF). Lolium perenne (Perennial Ryegrass) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Setaria parviflora (gracilis) (Slender Pigeon Grass) – (SWA, JF). Lolium remotum (Hardy Ryegrass) – (JF). Setaria pumila (Pale Pigeon Grass) – (SWA, JF). Lolium rigidum (Annual Ryegrass) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Setaria sphacelata (South African Pigeon Grass) – (VB, OVP, DL, PIL, LSD, Lolium temulentum (Darnel) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). CAR, GAS, MUR, MAL, GS, SWA). Lophochloa pumila = Rostraria pumila Setaria verticillata (Whorled Pigeon Grass) – (VB, OVP, DL, PIL, LSD, Melinis minutiflora (Molasses Grass) – (VB, AW). CAR, GAS, MUR, MAL, GS, SWA). Melinis (Rhynchelytrum) repens (Natal Red Top) – (NK, CAR, MUR, GS, Setaria viridis (Green Pigeon Grass) – (VB). AW, SWA, JF). Sorghum × almum (Columbus Grass) – NK, VB. Miscanthus sinensis – (JF). Sorghum amplum – (NK, VB). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 19 Sorghum bicolor (Grain or Cultivated Sorghum) – (VB, SWA). Trianthema portulacastrum (Giant Pigweed) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, Sorghum halepense (Johnson Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). PIL). Sorghum sudanense – (SWA, JF, WAR). Spinifex sericeus – (SWA, WAR). AMARANTHACEAE Sporobolus indicus var. capensis (Paramatta Grass, Rats’ Tails) – (SWA, JF, Aerva javanica (Kapok Bush) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, TAN, PIL, LSD, WAR, ESP). CAR, GAS). Sporobolus pyramidalis – (DL). Alternanthera pungens (Khaki Weed) – ( OVP, VB, CK, DL, PIL, CAR, GS, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Buffalo Grass) – (SWA, JF, WAR). AW, SWA, COO, MAL, ESP). Thinopyron distichum (Sea Wheat) – (SWA). Amaranthus albus (Tumbleweed) – (GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Tribolium echinatum (Lasiochloa echinata) – (JF). ESP). Tribolium (Plagiochloa) uniolae – (SWA, JF). Amaranthus caudatus (Love Lies Bleeding) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). Urochloa decumbens (Signal Grass) – (VB). Amaranthus cruentus – (SWA). Urochloa maxima (Panicum maximum) (Guinea Grass) – (NK, VB, SWA, JF, Amaranthus hybridus – (DL, SWA, WAR). WAR, ESP). Amaranthus lividus – (SWA). Occasional in very disturbed wetlands. Urochloa mosambicensis (Sabi Grass) – (NK, VB, CK). Amaranthus powellii (Powell’s Amaranth) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Urochloa mutica (Para Grass) – (OVP, VB, SWA). Amaranthus retroflexus – (SWA, ESP). Urochloa panicoides (Urochloa Grass, Liverseed Grass) – (VB, DL, GS, Amaranthus tricolor (Joseph’s Coat) – (VB, CK). AW). Amaranthus viridis (Green Amaranth) – (NK, VB, PIL, GS, SWA, JF, COO, Urochloa ramosa – (NK). MAL, ESP). Urochloa subquadripara – (NK, VB, CK, DL). Celosia argentea (Chinese Cockscomb) – (NK). Vulpia bromoides (Squirrel’s Tail Fescue) – (SWA, JF, AW, MAL, WAR, Gomphrena celosioides (Gomphrena Weed) – (NK, VB, CK, DL, PIL, CAR, ESP). GS). Vulpia fasciculata (Sand Fescue) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR, ESP). Guilleminea densa (Small Matweed) – (VB, DL). Vulpia muralis (Wall fescue) – (MUR, GS, AW, COO, MAL, ESP). Ptilotus polystachyus (Bottlewashers, Green Mullamulla) – (NK, VB, CK, Vulpia myuros (Rat’s Tail Fescue, Silver Grass) – (GS, AW, COO, SWA, JF, OVP, DL, TAN, GSD, PIL, CAR, LSD, GD, CR, GAS, MUR, GVD, GS, MAL, WAR, ESP). YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, ESP, *AW, *JF). Pupalia lappacea – (NK, DL, PIL). PONTEDERIACEAE Pupalia micrantha – (NK, DL, PIL). Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth) – (SWA). Pontederia cordata (Pickerel Weed) – (JF). ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera indica (Mango) – (NK). POTAMOGETONACEAE Schinus molle var. areira (Pepper Tree) – (MUR, GS, MAL, COO, JF). Potamogeton crispus (Curly Pondweed) – (CK, DL, PIL, *SWA). Schinus terebinthifolia (Brazilian Pepper, Japanese Pepper) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF). TECOPHILAEACEAE Cyanella hyacinthoides – (AW, SWA, JF). ANNONACEAE Annona squamosa – (VB). TYPHACEAE Typha orientalis (Bulrush, Cumbungi) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, APIACEAE ESP). Ammi majus (Queen Anne’s Lace) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR). Anthriscus caucalis – (SWA). FLOWERING PLANTS – DICOTYLEDONS Apium graveolens (Celery) – (SWA). Berula erecta (Water Parsnip) – (WAR). ACANTHACEAE Bupleurum lancifolium – (AW). Thunbergia alata – (SWA, JF, WAR). Bupleurum semicompositum – (COO, NUL, MAL, HAM). Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Slender Celery) – (GS). AIZOACEAE Conium maculatum (Hemlock) – (GS, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, ESP). Aptenia cordifolia – (JF). Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) – (SWA). Carpobrotus aequilaterus – (Angular Pigface) – (GS, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Daucus carota (Wild Carrot) – (JF, WAR). ESP). Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot Fig) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). Hydrocotyle bonariensis – (AW, SWA). Carpobrotus edulis × virescens (ST Blake 20982) – (SWA). Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Hydrocotyl) – (SWA). Carpobrotus edulis × Sarcozona sp. (GK 13949) – (SWA). Pastinaca sativa (Parsnip) – (GS, SWA). Clenethum papulosum – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, COO, JF, ESP). Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) – (SWA). Delosperma vinaceum – (GS). Dorotheanthus bellidiformis (Livingstone Daisy) – (JF). APOCYNACEAE Droseranthemum candens (Redondo Creeper) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Allamanda cathartica (Yellow Allamanda) – (NK). Galenia pubescens var. pubescens – (SWA, JF, COO, WAR). Cascabela thevetia (Yellow Oleander) – (NK). Lampranthus glaucus (Scarlet Pigface) – (JF, WAR). Catharanthus roseus (Madascascar Periwinkle) – (NK, PIL, CAR, GS). Lampranthus multiradiatus – (SWA, JF). Nerium oleander (Oleander) – (DL, SWA). Mesembryanthemum aitonis (Angled Ice Plant) – (ESP). Vinca major (Blue Periwinkle) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Ice Plant) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). ARALIACEAE Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum (Slender Iceplant) – (MUR, GS, YAL, Hedera helix (Ivy) – (SWA, JF, WAR). AW, COO, MAL, ESP). Ruschia tumidula – (JF, WAR). ASCLEPIADACEAE Psilocaulon tenue (Wiry Noon Flower) – (SWA). Araujia sericifera (Moth Plant) – (SWA, JF). Tetragonia decumbens (Sea Spinach) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Asclepias curassavica (Redhead Cotton Bush, Blood Flower) – (PIL, CAR, Tetragonia nigrescens – (SWA). GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO). 20 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Calotropis gigantea (Giant Calotrope) – (NK, CK, DL). Cotula coronopifolia (Waterbuttons) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). This Calotropis procera (Rubber Tree) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL). native species is spreading in nutrient enriched wetlands. It is also Cryptostegia grandiflora (Rubbervine) – (NK). considered a weed by Romanowski (1998). Cryptostegia madagascariensis var. glaberrima (Rubbervine) – (NK, DL). Cotula turbinata (Funnel Weed) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Gomphocarpus fruticosus (Swan Plant) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Crepis capillaris – (Smooth Hawksbeard) – (SWA, JF, WAR). ESP). Crepis foetida – (Stinking Hawksbeard) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Gomphocarpus physocarpus (Balloon Cotton Bush) – (SWA, JF). Crepis vesicaria (Beaked Hawksbeard) – (SWA, JF). Orbea variegata – (COO). Cyanthillium cinereum (Vernonia cinerea) (Vernonia) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL). This species is a pantropical weed. ASTERACEAE Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens (Artichoke Thistle) – (JF, WAR). Acanthospermum hispidum (Starburr) – (NK, VB, CK, OVP, DL, SWA). Delairea odorata (Cape Ivy) – (SWA, JF). Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Dimorphotheca ecklonis = Osteospermum ecklonis Acroptilon repens (Creeping Knapweed) – (AW, MAL, ESP). Presumed Dittrichia graveolens (Stinkwort) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, eradicated. NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP). Ageratum conyzoides – (NK, CK, DL). Dittrichia viscosa – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Ambrosia artemsiifolia (Annual Ragweed) – (SWA, JF). Eclipta prostrata – (VB). Ambrosia psilostachya (Perenial Ragweed) – (AW, SWA, COO). Eclipta sp. Perth (S. Lloyd s.n. 3/4/1998) – (SWA). Anthemis cotula (Stinking Mayweed) – (JF, WAR). Emilia sonchifolia (Red Tassel Flower) – (NK, VB, DL). Arctotheca calendula (Capeweed) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, Erigeron karvinskianus (Wall Daisy) – (JF, WAR). MAL, WAR, COO, ESP, HAM). Filago gallica (Slender Cudweed) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Arctotheca populifolia (Dune Arctotheca) – (GS, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Galinsoga parviflora (Potato Weed, Gallant Soldiers) – (SWA, JF, WAR). WAR, ESP, HAM). Gamochaeta americana (Gnaphalium purpureum) (Spiked Cudweed) Arctotis stoechadifolia (Arctotis) – (SWA). – (SWA). Argyranthemum foeniculaceum (Tenerife Daisy) – (SWA). Gamochaeta falcata (Cudweed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Argyranthemum frutescens – (SWA). Gazania linearis (Gazania) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, ESP). Artemisia absinthium (Silver Wormwood) – (SWA). Gazania rigens – (WAR). Aster subulatus = Symphyotrichum subulatum Gnaphalium candidissimum = Vellereophyton dealbatum Bellis perennis (English Daisy) – (SWA). Gnaphalium polycaulon – (NK, VB, CK, DL, PIL, CAR). Berkheya rigida (African Thistle) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Gnaphalium purpureum = Gamochaeta americana Bidens bipinnata (Bipinnate Beggar’s Tick) – (NK, VB, DL, PIL, CAR, Gorteria personata (Gorteria) – (GS, AW). LSD, CR, CAR, GAS, GS). Hedypnois rhagadioloides (Cretan Weed) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, Bidens pilosa (Cobbler’s Pegs) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL). SWA, JF, COO, WAR, ESP). Carduus nutans (Nodding Thistle) – (ESP). Eradicated in mid 1970’s. Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) – (CAR, GS, SWA, JF, COO, ESP). Carduus pycnocephalus (Slender Thistle) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Helianthus debilis subsp. cucumerifolius – (SWA). ESP). Helminthotheca echioides (Ox Tongue) – (SWA, JF, AW). Carduus tenuiflorus (Winged Slender Thistle) – (SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Hypochaeris glabra (Smooth Catsear) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, WAR, ESP). JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Carthamus lanatus (Saffron Thistle) – (CAR, MUR, COO, GS, AW, SWA, Hypochaeris radicata (Flatweed) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). JF, NUL, MAL, ESP). Lactuca saligna (Willow Leaf Lettuce,Wild Lettuce) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, Carthamus leucocaulos (Glaucous Star Thistle) – (AW, MAL) WAR, ESP). Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) – (GS, JF, AW, ESP). Lactuca serriola (Prickly Lettuce) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Centaurea calcitrapa (Star Thistle) – (AW, SWA). MAL, WAR, ESP). Centaurea melitensis (Maltese Cockspur) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, Lactuca virosa – (MAL). SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Launaea sarmentosa – (PIL, CAR). A strand plant, previously considered Centaurea solstitialis (St. Barnaby’s Thistle) – (SWA, JF, MAL, NUL, ESP). introduced, but the most recent taxonomic revision of the genus (Kil- Chamomilla suaveolens (Chamomile) – (WAR). ian 1997) lists it as native. Chondrilla juncea (Skeleton Weed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus – (WAR). Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (Boneseed, Bitou Bush) Leontodon saxatilis (Lesser Hawkbit) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Leucanthemum maximum – (SWA, WAR)). Chrysanthemum coronarium (Crown Daisy) – (GS, SWA). Matricaria recutita – (AW). Chrysanthemum segetum (Corn Marigold) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Oligocarpus calendulaceus – (COO, NUL, HAM). Chrysocoma coma-aurea – (SWA). Onopordum acaulon (Stemless Thistle) – (GS, AW, MAL, ESP). Cichorium intybus (Chicory) – (AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR). Osteospermum clandestinun = Tripteris clandestina Cirsium arvense var. arvense (Creeping Thistle, Californian Thistle) – (GS, Osteospermum (Dimorphotheca) ecklonis (Veldt Daisy) – (SWA, JF, WAR). SWA, WAR, ESP). Pentzia globifera – (AW, COO). Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Pentzia suffruticosa (Calomba Daisy) – (AW, COO, WAR, ESP). Conyza albida = Conyza sumatrensis Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (Jersey Cudweed) – (NK, DL, PIL, CR, Conyza bonariensis (Flaxleaf Fleabane) – (NK, CK, DL, PIL, CAR, MUR, CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP). GS, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Considered as native in Eastern Australia. Conyza canadensis var. canadensis – (SWA, JF, WAR). Reichardia tingitana (False Sowthistle) – (CAR, GS, SWA, COO). Conyza parva – (SWA, JF, WAR). Senecio diaschides – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Conyza sumatrensis (Conyza albida) (Tall Fleabane) – (GS, AW, COO, Senecio elegans – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Senecio glastifolius – (JF). Coreopsis grandiflora (American Tickseed) – (JF, WAR). Senecio jacobaea (Ragwort) – (JF, WAR). Cotula australis (Carrot Weed, Common Cotula) – (MUR, COO, GS, AW, Senecio lautus subsp. maritimus (Variable Groundsel) – (GS, SWA, JF, COO, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP, *SWA, *JF, *COO, *WAR). This native spe- MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM, *SWA). Local Perth variant can be weedy cies is a weed of lawns, paddocks and roadsides. along verges and in paddocks. Cotula bipinnata (Fern Cotula) – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Senecio tamoides (Canary Creeper) – (SWA, WAR, ESP). ESP). Senecio vulgaris (Common Fireweed) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 21 Sigesbeckia orientalis (Indian Weed) – (PIL, CR, CAR, JF, WAR). The Brassica fruticulosa (Twiggy Turnip) – (SWA). desert form of this species may be native. Brassica juncea (Indian Mustard) – (GS, SWA, JF, AW, MAL, WAR). Silybum marianum (Variegated Thistle) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR). Brassica napus (Canola, Oilseed Rape, Rapeseed) – (GS, SWA, JF, AW, Solidago canadensis (Goldenrod) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). MAL, WAR, ESP). Soliva pterosperma (Bindii, Jo-jo, Onehunga) – (DL, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Brassica nigra (Black Mustard) – (JF, AW). ESP). Brassica oleracea (includes Cabbage, Broccoli and Cauliflower among its Soliva sessilis (Bindii) – (SWA). various cultivated forms) – (JF, MAL). Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens (Prickly Sowthistle) – (GS, AW, SWA, Brassica rapa (Turnip) – (GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Brassica tournefortii (Prickly Turnip, Wild Turnip) – (CAR, MUR, GS, Sonchus oleraceus (Sowthistle) – (OVP, DL, GSD, PIL, CR, CAR, GAS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). MUR, GVD, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, Cakile edentula (American Sea Rocket) – (HAM). HAM). Cakile maritima (Sea Rocket) – (CAR, GS, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, Sonchus tenerrimus (Clammy Sowthistle) – (CAR, MUR, GVD, GS, AW, ESP, HAM). SWA, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd’s Purse) – (AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR). Symphyotrichum subulatum (Aster subulatus) (Bushy Starwort) – (GS, Cardamine hirsuta – (SWA, JF, WAR). AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, ESP). Cardamine sp. – (DL, SWA). Tagetes minuta (Stinking Roger) – (JF). Cardaria draba = Lepidium draba Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion) – (SWA, JF, AW, COO, ESP). Carrichtera annua (Ward’s Weed) – (MUR, AW, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, Tolpis barbata (Tolpis) – (SWA, JF, WAR). HAM). Tragopogon porrifolius (Salsify, Oyster Plant) – (SWA, JF, COO, WAR). Coronopus didymus = Lepidium didymum Tridax procumbens (Tridax) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL). Crambe hispanica – (AW, MAL). Tripteris clandestina (Osteospermum clandestinum) (Stinking Roger) Diplotaxis muralis (Wall Rocket) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP). WAR, ESP). Urospermum picroides (False Hawkbit) – (CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, SWA, Diplotaxis tenuifolia (Lincoln Weed, Sand Rocket) – (SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, JF, AW). ESP). Ursinia anthemoides (Ursinia) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, Eruca sativa – (GS, AW, SWA, MAL, ESP). ESP). Heliophila pusilla – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Ursinia speciosa – (AW, WAR). Hirschfeldia incana – (WAR). Vellereophyton dealbatum (Gnaphalium candidissimum, V. candidis- Hornungia (Hymenolobus) procumbens (Oval Purse) – (CAR, GS, AW, simum) (White Cudweed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). ESP). Lepidium africanum (Common Peppercress) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Vernonia cinerea = Cyanthillium cinereum MAL, WAR, ESP). Verbesina encelioides (Crownbeard) – (DL, GS, AW, SWA). Lepidium bonariense (Peppercress) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Xanthium occidentale (Noogoora Burr) – (VB, CK, DL, SWA, WAR). Lepidium didymum (Coronopus didymus) (Lesser Swinecress) – (CK, PIL, Xanthium spinosum (Bathurst Burr) – (AW, SWA, WAR, COO, NUL). CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Xerochrysum bracteatum (Strawflower) – (SWA). Lepidium (Cardaria) draba (Hoary Cress) – (AW). Lobularia maritima (Alyssum, Sweet Alison) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). BASELLACEAE Matthiola incana (Stock) – (SWA, JF). Anredera cordifolia (Madeira Vine) – (SWA, WAR). Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild Radish) – (VB, DL, CAR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). BIGNONIACEAE Raphanus sativus – (CAR, GS, SWA). Tecoma stans (Yellow Tecoma) – (NK, CAR). Rapistrum rugosum (Turnip Weed) – (GS, AW, MAL, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). BORAGINACEAE Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Water Cress) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR). Amsinckia calycina – (AW, COO). Presumed eradicated. Rorippa palustris – (JF). Amsinckia lycopsoides (Yellow Burr Weed) – (AW). Presumed eradicated. Sinapis alba (White Mustard) – (AW, MAL, ESP). Anchusa arvensis – (COO). Sinapis arvensis (Charlock) – (GS, AW, MAL, WAR, ESP). Anchusa capensis (Cape Forget-Me-Not) – (SWA, JF, ESP). Sisymbrium erysimoides (Smooth Mustard) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, Borago officinalis (Borage) – (AW, JF, MAL, WAR). SWA, COO, NUL). Buglossoides arvensis (Corn Gromwell) – (MUR, GS, AW, SWA, MAL, COO, Sisymbrium irio (London Rocket) – (GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, NUL). COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). Cynoglossum amabile (Chinese Houndstongue) – (ESP). Sisymbrium officinale (Hedge Mustard) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Echium plantagineum (Paterson’s Curse) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, ESP). SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP). Sisymbrium orientale (Indian Hedge Mustard) – (PIL, GAS, GD, CAR, Heliotropium curassavicum (Smooth Heliotope) – (DL, OVP, GSD, TAM, MUR, GVD, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). PIL, CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, ESP). This apears to be Sisymbrium runcinatum – (AW, COO, YAL). a pre-European introduction, probably an adventive species. Succowia balearica – (SWA). Presumed eradicated. Heliotropium europaeum (Common Heliotrope) – (GAS, MUR, SWA, JF, AW, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP). BUDDLEJACEAE Heliotropium indicum (Blue Heliotrope) – (NK, VB, DL). Buddleja dysophylla – (SWA). Heliotropium supinum – (AW, MAL, ESP). Buddleja madagascariensis – (SWA). Myosotis discolor – (JF). Myosotis sylvatica (Forget-Me-Not) – (JF). CACTACEAE Symphytum officinale – (SWA). Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica – (CAR). Cylindropuntia tunicata – (AW, COO) BRASSICACEAE Opuntia lindheimeri (Prickly Pear) – (GS, AW). Alyssum linifolium (Flaxleaf Alyssum) – (GS, YAL, COO). Opuntia sp. (Keighery 7337) – (NUL). Brassica barrelieri subsp. oxyrrhina (Smooth-Stem Turnip) – (AW, SWA, Opuntia stricta (Common Prickly Pear) – (PIL, SWA, JF, AW, ESP). MAL, ESP). Opuntia vulgaris (Prickly Pear) – (SWA) 22 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 There is no doubt that other Opuntia species are present in WA, at least Spergula pentandra (Five Anther Spurrey) – (MUR, YAL, AW). as garden outcasts. Spergularia bocconii – (YAL, AW, ESP). Spergularia diandra (Small Sand Spurrey) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, SWA, CAESALPINIACEAE JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Caesalpinia gilliesii (Bird of Paradise) – (SWA, COO, NUL). Spergularia marina (salina) (Salt Sand Spurrey) – (MUR, GS, SWA, JF, Cassia fistula (Golden Shower) – (NK). COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Delonix regia (Poinciana) – (NK). Stellaria media (Common Chickweed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust) – (AW). WAR). Parkinsonia aculeata (Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn) – (NK, VB, OVP, Spergularia rubra (Red Sand Spurrey) – (CAR, MUR, GVD, GS, AW, SWA, CK, DL, PIL, AW, SWA). JF, COO, WAR, ESP). Senna alata (Candle Bush, Ringworm Shrub) – (NK, VB). Stellaria multiflora (Many Flowered Starwort) – (JF, EY). Senna barclayana – (OVP, DL). Vaccaria hispanica (Cowcockle) – (GS, AW, JF, MAL, WAR). Senna occidentalis (Coffee Senna) – (NK, VB, DL, PIL, SWA). Senna tora (Java Bean) – (NK, VB). Randell and Barlow (1998) place WA CASUARINACEAE material in this species, rather than Senna obtusifolia, which is used in Allocasuarina huegeliana (Rock Sheoak) – (MUR, GS, JF, COO, WAR, WA. ESP, *SWA). Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) – (NK, DL, PIL). Casuarina cunninghamiana var. cunninghamiana – (JF). Casuarina equisetifolia – (GS, SWA). CALLITRICHACEAE Casuarina glauca – (SWA). Callitriche hamulata – (SWA). Callitriche stagnalis (Common Starwort) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, CHENOPODIACEAE JF, COO, WAR, ESP). Atriplex amnicola (Swamp Saltbush) – (PIL, CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, COO, *AW). This species is widely used for saltland rehabilitation and CAMPANULACEAE may be naturalized more widely. Wahlenbergia capensis (Cape Bluebell) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Atriplex canescens – (MUR, GS). ESP). Atriplex hortensis – (SWA, JF). Atriplex lentiformis – (CAR). CAPPARACEAE Atriplex leptocarpa (Slender-Fruit Saltbush) – (JF, AW). Cleome gynandra – (NK). Atriplex limbata – (LSD, CR, NUR, *AW). Wilson (1984) notes this species is introduced in south-western Australia. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Lonicera × americana – (JF, WAR). Atriplex semibaccata (Berry Saltbush) – (GS, AW, COO, MAL, *AW, *SWA, Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle) – (SWA, JF, WAR). *ESP). Atriplex undulata – (AW). CARYOPHYLLACEAE Bassia (Kochia) scoparia (Kochia, Tumbleweed) – (GS, AW, MAL, ESP). Agrostemma githago (Corn Cockle) – (AW). Presumed eradicated. Arenaria leptoclados (serpyllifolia) (Thyme leaved Sandwort) – (SWA). Chenopodium album (Fat Hen) – (CAR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Cerastium balearicum (semidecandrum) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). MAL, WAR, ESP). Cerastium comatum – (AW, JF). Chenopodium ambiguum see C. glaucum Cerastium glomeratum (Sticky Mouse-Ear Chickweed) – (CAR, GS, AW, Chenopodium ambrosioides (Mexican Tea) – (SWA, JF, WAR). SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Chenopodium giganteum – (AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL). Wilson (1983) Cerastium pumilum (Small Mouse-Ear Chickweed) – (GS, SWA, JF, uses C. album in the broad sense to encompass C. giganteum D.Don., WAR). however they are segregated at PERTH Herbarium. Cerastium vulgare (fontanum subsp. vulgare) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Chenopodium glaucum (Oak-Leaved Goosefoot) – (GS, YAL, AW, SWA, Corrigiola litoralis (Strapwort) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). JF, WAR, ESP). Probably includes an introduced (subsp. glaucum) and Gypsophila tubulosa (Chalkwort) – (CAR, MUR, COO). Often considered native element (subsp. ambiguum). as a native species (G. australis) or variety. Chenopodium macrospermum – (SWA, JF). Hemiaria hirsuta (Rupture Wort) – (COO). Chenopodium multifidum – (Scented Goosefoot) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Illecebrum verticillatum – (JF). Chenopodium murale – (Green Fat Hen) – (PIL, CAR, GAS, MUR, GVD, Minuartia mediterranea (Sand Wort) – (SWA). GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP). This may also Moenchia erecta (Erect Chickweed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, contain a native element, since the type of C. murale var. biforme, based ESP). on Preiss 1256, was collected at Point Walter in 1839, or this was a very Petrorhagia dubia (Velvet Pink) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). early weed record. Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Allseed) – (CAR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Chenopodium pumilio (Clammy Goosefoot) – (PIL, CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). MAL, WAR, COO, ESP, *AW, *SWA, *MAL, *ESP). A native weed of Sagina apetala (Common Pearlwort) – (GS, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, crops and pastures. ESP). Salsola tragus is a complex of native and introduced forms, including na- Sagina maritima (Sea Pearlwort) – (SWA, JF, WAR). tive S. tragus subsp. grandiflorus of the tropics (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, Sagina procumbens (Spreading Pearlwort) – (SWA, JF, WAR). PIL), native coastal form named S. australis by Brown (PIL, CAR, GS, Silene apetala (Mallee Catchfly) – (AW). SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM) and weedy introduced forms Silene gallica var. gallica (French Catchfly) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, SWA, of S. tragus subsp. tragus (NK, OVP, CK, DL, TAN, GSD, LSD, CR, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). GVD, PIL, CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, NUL). Silene gallica var. quiquevulnera (French Catchfly) – (AW, SWA, JF, Scleroblitum atriplicinum – (ESP) WAR). Suaeda baccifera – (AW). Silene longicaulis – (AW). Silene nocturna (Mediterranean Catchfly) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, SWA, CLUSIACEAE JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Hypericum canariense (Tutsan) – (JF, WAR, ESP). Silene vulgaris (Bladder Campion) – (JF, AW, WAR). Hypericum perforatum var. angustifolium (St. John’s Wort) – (SWA, JF, Spergula arvensis (Corn Spurrey) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). WAR). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 23 CONVOLVULACEAE Euphorbia hirta (Asthma Plant) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, CAR, GAS, Convolvulus arvensis (Field Bindweed) – (AW, SWA, JF). MUR). Convolvulus sabatius subsp. mauritanicus (Ground Morning Glory) Euphorbia hyssopifolia – (GS). – (SWA). Euphorbia lathyrus (Caper Spurge) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Dichondra micrantha – (SWA). Euphorbia marginata (Snow on the Mountain) – (SWA, JF, AW). Evolvulus nummularius – (VB). Euphorbia paralias (Sea Spurge) – (SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, Ipomoea batatas – (VB, SWA). HAM). Ipomoea cairica (Mile-A-Minute) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR). Euphorbia peplus (Petty Spurge) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa – (VB, CK). Euphorbia segetalis (Short Stem Carnation Weed) – (ESP). Ipomoea indica (Blue Morning Glory, Dunny Creeper) – (GS, SWA, JF, Euphorbia stevenii (Bottletree Spurge) – (VB, PIL). Native to Queensland. WAR). A crop and waste land weed in WA. Ipomoea nil – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL). Euphorbia terracina (Geraldton Carnation Weed) – (MUR, GS, SWA, JF, Ipomoea pes-tigridis – (NK). AW, MAL, WAR, ESP). Ipomoea quamoclit (Cupid’s Flower) – (NK, VB, DL, PIL, CAR). Euphorbia tirucalli (Finger Tree) – (NK). Ipomoea triloba – (NK, DL). Homalanthus novo-guineensis – (NK, VB, *JF). Merremia aegyptia – (NK, DL, VB). Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache Bush) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL). Merremia dissecta – (NK, VB, DL, PIL). Mercurialis annua (Annual Dog’s Mercury) – (WAR). Operculina turpethum – (NK). Phyllanthus amarus – (NK, VB, DL). A pantropical weed, possibly native in eastern Australia but a garden and crop weed in WA. CRASSULACEAE Ricinus communis (Castor Oil Plant) – (OVP, PIL, CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, Aeonium arboreum – (GS, SWA). MAL, COO, ESP). Aeonium haworthii – (SWA, JF, WAR). Bryophyllum delagoense (Mother of Millions) – (GS). FUMARIACEAE Cotyledon orbiculata – (JF, WAR). Fumaria capreolata (Climbing Fumitory) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Crassula alata var. alata – (GS, AW, SWA, JF). WAR, ESP). Crassula decumbens – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Fumaria densiflora (Narrow-Leaved Fumitory) – (AW, JF, COO). Crassula glomerata – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Fumaria muralis (Wall Fumitory) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Crassula natans var. minus – (GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, Fumaria officinalis – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). ESP). Fumaria parviflora – (MAL). Crassula ovata – (SWA). Crassula tetragona subsp. robusta – (WAR). GENTIANACEAE Crassula thunbergiana – (SWA, JF, WAR). Centaurium erythraea (Centaury) – (CAR, MUR, YAL, AW, GS, SWA, JF, Portulacaria afra (Jade Plant) – (COO). MAL, WAR, COO, ESP). Centaurium pulchellum (Lesser Centaury) – (SWA). CUCURBITACEAE Centaurium tenuiflorum (Slender Centaury) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, Citrullus colocynthis (Colocynth) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, MUR, MAL, WAR, ESP). AW). Cicendia filiformis – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Citrullus lanatus (Pie Melon) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, LSD, CAR, Cicendia quadrangularis – (AW, JF). GAS, GS, AW, MAL, SWA, JF, COO, ESP). Coccinia grandis (Ivy Gourd) – (DL). GERANIACEAE Cucumis myriocarpus (Prickly Paddy Melon) – (DL, CAR, MUR, GS, AW, Erodium aureum – (CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, COO, CR, GVD, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, ESP). NUL). Cucurbita pepo (Autumn Pumpkin) – (SWA). Erodium botrys (Long Storksbill) – (MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Ecballium elaterium (Squirting Cucumber) – (AW, NUL). WAR, ESP). Erodium brachycarpum (Heronsbill) – (SWA, JF, WAR) CUSCUTACEAE Erodium cicutarium (Common Storksbill) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, Cuscuta campestris (Golden Dodder) – (NK, CK, DL, SWA, JF, WAR). SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Cuscuta epithymum (Lesser Dodder) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, Erodium moschatum (Musky Storksbill) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). JF, WAR). Geranium dissectum (Cut-Leaved Cranesbill) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Cuscuta planiflora – (CAR, MUR, GS). Geranium molle (Dove’s Foot Cranesbill) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Pelargonium alchemilloides – (WAR). DIPSACACEAE Pelargonium × asperum – (SWA). Scabiosa atropurpurea (Purple Pincushion, Mournful Widow) – (SWA, JF, Pelargonium capitatum (Rose Pelargonium) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). COO). Pelargonium × domesticum – (SWA, JF).

ERICACEAE HALORAGACEAE Erica baccans (Berry Flower Heath) – (JF, WAR). Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot’s Feather, Brazilian Water Milfoil) – (SWA, JF, WAR). EUPHORBIACEAE Chrozophora tinctoria (Turnsole) – (AW, JF, MAL, ESP). HYDROPHYLLACEAE Eremocarpus setiger (Dove Weed) – (GS, JF, AW, MAL, ESP). Phacelia tanacetifolia – (AW, MAL, ESP). Euphorbia australis (Namana) – (VB, OVP, CK, DL, TAN, GSD, PIL, LSD, Wigandia urens var. caracasana – (SWA). CR, GAS, MUR, GVD, CAR, *GS, *AW, *SWA, *MAL). Euphorbia cyathophora (Painted Spurge) – (NK, DL, GS, SWA). LAMIACEAE Euphorbia dendroides (Tree Spurge) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL). Hyptis suaveolens (Mint Weed) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL). Euphorbia drummondii subsp. drummondii (Caustic Weed) – (NK, OVP, CK, Lamium amplexicaule (Deadnettle) – (AW, JF, MAL). DL, GD, PIL, CAR, GAS, YAL, COO, NUL, *SWA). Lavandula dentata (French Lavender) – (SWA, JF). Euphorbia helioscopia (Sun Spurge) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Lavandula stoechas (Topped Lavender, Spanish Lavender, Italian Laven- Euphorbia heterophylla (Mole Plant) – (NK, VB, DL). der) – (SWA, JF, WAR). 24 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Leonotis leonurus (Lion Flower, Lion’s Ear) – (SWA, JF, WAR). MELIANTHACEAE Leonotis nepetifolia – (NK, SWA). A serious weed in Northern Territory. Melianthus major (Honeyflower) – (SWA). Marrubium vulgare (Horehound) – (SWA, JF, COO, NUL, ESP). Mentha aquatica (Water Mint) – (WAR). MIMOSACEAE Mentha × piperita (Eau-De-Cologne Mint) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Acacia baileyana (Cootamundra Wattle) – (JF). Mentha pulegium (Pennyroyal) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Acacia blakelyi (Blakely’s Wattle) – (GS, *SWA). Mentha × spicata (Spearmint) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR). Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle) – (JF, WAR). Mentha × suaveolens (Apple Mint) – (JF, WAR, NUL). Acacia decurrens (Early Black Wattle) – (JF, WAR). Moluccella laevis (Mollucca Balm) – (SWA, JF, COO, MAL). Acacia elata (Mountain Cedar Wattle) – (JF, WAR). Ocimum basilicum (Sweet Basil) – (NK, CK, DL). Acacia farnesiana (Mimosa Bush) – (NK, VB, CK, DL, GSD, PIL, LSD, Ocimum tenuiflorum (Sacred Basil) – (VB, OVP, CK) CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, SWA). Prunella vulgaris (Self Heal) – (JF, WAR). Acacia floribunda (Catkin Wattle) – (JF). Salvia reflexa (Mint Weed) – (AW, SWA, COO, ESP) Acacia iteaphylla (Flinders Range Wattle) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Salvia verbenaca (Wild Sage) – (MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, Acacia karroo (Karroo Thorn) – (SWA). Plants removed from Perth Zoo , WAR, ESP). Kings Park and Guildford. Presumed eradicated. Stachys arvensis (Stagger Weed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Acacia lasiocalyx (Caterpillar Wattle) – (GS, AW, JF, COO, MAL, ESP, *SWA). LAURACEAE Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia (Sydney Golden Wattle) – (SWA, JF, Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Laurel) – (SWA, JF). WAR, ESP). Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae – (SWA, JF). LINACEAE Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Linum trigynum (French Flax) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Acacia microbotrya var. microbotrya (Manna Wattle) – (GS, AW, JF, COO, Linum usitatissimum – (GS, SWA, JF, AW, ESP). MAL, ESP, *SWA). Acacia nilotica subsp. indica – (VB). Presumed eradicated.. LOBELIACEAE Acacia podalyriifolia (Queensland Silver Wattle) – (SWA, JF). Monopsis debilis – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Acacia pycnantha (Golden Wattle) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR, ESP). Acacia saligna (Coojong, Golden-Wreath Wattle) – (MUR, GS, AW, SWA, LYTHRACEAE JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP *AW, *SWA, *JF, *ESP). Ammannia auriculata – (NK, VB, OVP, PIL). Hewson (1990) considers this Albizia lebbeck – (Raintree) – (NK, VB, CK, DL, PIL). species was introduced with Rice into Australia. Leucaena leucocephala subsp. leucocephala (Leucaena) – (NK, VB, PIL, Lythrum hyssopifolia (Lesser Loosestrife) – (MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, CAR). MAL, WAR, ESP). This is now considered a native taxon since it has Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (Honey Mesquite) – (CK, DL). been recorded in pollen cores to at least 2000 years B.P. (Romanowski Prosopis glandulosa × velutina – (PIL, CAR, DL). 1998). Prosopis juliflora var. juliflora – (GAS, COO). Prosopis pallida (Mesquite) – (DL, PIL, CAR, MUR). MALVACEAE Abutilon grandifolium – (SWA). MOLLUGINACEAE Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf) – (JF). Glinus oppositifolius (Opposite-Leaved Carpet Weed) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, Anoda cristata (Anoda Weed) – (JF). DL, TAN, GSD, PIL, GAS, *SWA). Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton) – (VB, CK, DL, TAN, PIL). Hibiscus diversifolius – (SWA, JF). MORACEAE Hibiscus sabdariffa (Rosella) – (NK, VB, CK, DL). Ficus benjamina – (SWA). Hibiscus trionum var. trionum (Bladder Ketmia) – (AW, SWA, JF). Ficus carica (Edible Fig) – (SWA, JF). Lagunaria patersonia subsp. patersonia (Norfolk Island Hibiscus) – (SWA, WAR). MYRTACEAE Lavatera trimestris – (PIL, GS, SWA, JF). Agonis flexuosa (Peppermint) – (SWA, JF, WAR, *SWA). Malva dendromorpha (Tree Mallow) – (SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Callistemon viminalis (Bottlebrush) – (JF). Malva linnaei (Cretan Mallow) – (CAR, GS, SWA, JF, WAR). Calothamnus quadrifidus (One-Sided Bottlebrush) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, Malva nicaeensis – (WAR). COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, *SWA). Malva parviflora (Small Flowered Mallow) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, Calothamnus validus (One-Sided Bottlebrush) – (ESP, *SWA). JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Chamelaucium uncinatum (Geraldton Wax) – (GS, SWA, *SWA, *JF, Malvastrum americanum (Spiked Malvastrum) – (VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, *AW). CAR, GSD, GAS, CR, MUR, NUL). Eucalyptus botryoides (Bangalay) – (SWA). Malvastrum coromandelianum (Prickly Malvastrum) – (OVP, DL, PIL). Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Gum) – (NK, VB, CK, OVP, DL, TAN, GSD, Modiola caroliniana (Red-Flowered Mallow) – (JF, WAR). PIL, LSD, CAR, GD, GAS, CR, MUR, GVD, GS, AW, SWA, *SWA, *JF, Pavonia hastata – (JF). *WAR). Sida acuta subsp. caprinifolia (Spinyhead Sida) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, Eucalyptus citriodora (Lemon Scented Gum) – (SWA). DL). Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Sugar Gum) – (SWA, JF). Sida rhombifolia – (SWA). Eucalyptus conferruminata (Bald Island Marlock) – (ESP, *WAR). Sida subcordata – (NK). Eucalyptus globulus (Blue gum) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Eucalyptus maculata (Spotted Gum) – (SWA). MARTYNIACEAE Eucalyptus microcorys – (WAR). Martynia annua (Devil’s Claw) – (VB). Eucalyptus muelleriana (Yellow Stringybark) – (WAR). Proboscidea louisianica (Purple-Flower Devil’s Claw) – (CAR, MUR, Eucalyptus polyanthemos (Red Box) – (SWA). COO). Eucalyptus saligna (Sydney Blue Gum) – (SWA). Kunzea baxteri – (ESP, *JF, *ESP). MELIACEAE Leptospermum laevigatum (Victorian Tea-Tree) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, Azadirachta indica – (VB). ESP). Melia azedarach (Cape Lilac, White Cedar) – (SWA). Leptospermum rotundifolium (Tea Tree) – (JF). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 25 Melaleuca diosmifolia – (JF, WAR, ESP, *ESP). PAPAVERACEAE Melaleuca lanceolata (Moonah, Rottnest Tea-Tree) – (MUR, GS, AW, SWA, Argemone ochroleuca subsp. ochroleuca (Mexican Poppy, Prickly Poppy) JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM, *SWA). – (PIL, CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO). Melaleuca linariifolia – (SWA). Eschscholzia californica (Californian Poppy) – (JF, WAR). Melaleuca nesophila (Mindiyed) – (ESP, *WAR, *SWA). Glaucium corniculatum – (NUL). Melaleuca pentagona – (MAL, WAR, ESP, *SWA). Papaver hybridum (Rough Poppy) – (MUR, GS, AW, JF, COO, MAL, Verticordia picta (Painted Featherflower) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, ESP). *SWA). Papaver rhoeas (Field Poppy) – (AW, SWA). Papaver somniferum subsp. segiterum (Opium Poppy) – (AW). NYCTAGINACEAE Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum (Opium Poppy) – (AW, SWA, JF). Boerhavia coccinea (Tar Vine) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL, GD, CR, CAR, Romneya coulteri (Californian Tree Poppy) – (SWA). GAS, MUR, GVD, *GS, *AW, *JF). Native to the tropics and the desert, Romneya trichocalyx – (JF). and introduced into southern WA via stock, feed and transport. Boerharvia schomburgkiana – (NK, VB, PIL, CR, CAR, MUR, *JF, *AW). As PAPILIONACEAE per preceeding species. Adenocarpus complicatus – (JF). Mirabilis jalapa (Four O’Clock) – (SWA, JF). Aeschynomene americana – (NK, VB). Aeschynomene villosa – (NK, VB). NYMPHAEACEAE Alhagi maurorum (Camelthorn) – (COO). Nymphaea macrosperma (gigantea) (Giant Waterlily) – (VB, DL, *PIL). Alysicarpus ovalifolius – (NK, VB, CK, DL). Nymphaea mexicana (Yellow Waterlily) – (SWA). Alysicarpus vaginalis (Alyce Clover) – (VB). Nymphaea odorata (Waterlily) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Astragalus pelecinus (GS, AW). Astragalus ?prolixus – (COO). OLEACEAE Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean) – (NK, VB, CK). Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia (Desert Ash) – (SWA, JF). Centrosema pascuorum (Centro) – (VB, DL). Fraxinus rotundifolia (Desert Ash) – (SWA). Chamaecytisus palmensis (Tree Lucerne, Tagasaste) – (AW, SWA, JF, Olea europaea subsp. europaea (Olive) – (SWA, JF). WAR, ESP). Syringa vulgaris – (JF). Clitoria ternatea (Butterfly Pea) – (NK, VB, DL, PIL, CAR). Crotalaria agatiflora – (WAR). ONAGRACEAE Crotalaria goreensis (Gambia Pea) – (VB, OVP, CK). Epilobium ciliatum – (SWA, JF, WAR). Crotalaria incana subsp. incana – (CAR). Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum (Square-Stalked Willowherb) Crotalaria juncea (Sunnhemp) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL). – (SWA). Desmodium scorpiurus – (VB, PIL). Fuschia magellanica (Fuchsia) – (JF, WAR). Desmodium tortuosum (Florida Beggarweed) – (NK, DL). Gaura lindheimeri – (SWA, JF). Desmodium triflorum – (NK, VB). Oenothera affinis – (SWA, JF). Dipogon lignosus (Dolichos Pea) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Oenothera drummondii (Coastal Evening Primrose) – (CAR, SWA, ESP). Erythrina × sykesii (Coral Tree) – (SWA, JF). Oenothera glazioviana (Tall Evening Primrose) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Genista horrida – (JF). Oenothera indecora subsp. bonariensis (Small-Flower Evening Primrose) Genista linifolia (Flaxleaf Broom) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). – (SWA). Genista monspessulana (canariensis) (Broom) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Oenothera jamesii – (SWA). Gliricidia sepium (Mother of Cocoa) – (NK). Oenothera laciniata – (SWA) Indigofera glandulosa – (OVP). A native weed of crops. Oenothera mollissima – (SWA, JF). Indigofera oblongifolia – (PIL). Oenothera rosea (SWA). Kennedia nigricans (Black Kennedia) – (ESP, *SWA). Oenothera speciosa – (AW, SWA). Lathyrus latifolius – (JF, WAR, ESP). Oenothera stricta subsp. stricta (Common Evening Primrose) – (SWA, JF, Lathyrus tingitanus (Tangier Pea) – (SWA, JF, WAR). AW, MAL, WAR, ESP). Lessertia (Sutherlandia) frutescens – (SWA, JF). Lotus angustissimus (Slender Birds Foot Trefoil) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, OROBANCHACEAE ESP). Orobanche minor (Broom Rape) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, Lotus subbiflorus (suaveolens) (Hairy Birds Foot Trefoil) – (GS, AW, SWA, ESP). JF, WAR, ESP). Lotus uliginosus (Greater Birds Foot Trefoil) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). OXALIDACEAE Lupinus angustifolius (Narrowleaf Lupin) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Oxalis bowiei – (AW, SWA, JF, COO, ESP, HAM). ESP). Oxalis caprina – (SWA, JF, WAR). Lupinus cosentinii (Sandplain Lupin) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Oxalis compressa – (JF). ESP). Oxalis corniculata (Yellow Wood Sorrel, Creeping Oxalis) – (SWA, JF, Lupinus luteus (Yellow Lupin) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR). WAR). Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) – (NK, VB, CK, DL, SWA). Oxalis corymbosa (Pink Shamrock, Lilac Oxalis) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Macroptilium lathryoides var. semierectum (Phasey Bean) – (NK, VB, CK). Oxalis depressa – (SWA). Medicago arabica (Spotted Medic) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Treatment of Oxalis flava – (SWA, JF, AW). Medicago follows McComb (1974). Oxalis glabra (Fingerleaf Oxalis) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Medicago laciniata var. laciniata (Cutleaf Medic) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, Oxalis hirta – (JF, AW). COO). Oxalis incarnata (Climbing Oxalis) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Medicago littoralis var. littoralis – (GS, AW, MAL). This is listed by Mc- Oxalis pes-caprae (Soursob) – (CAR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Comb (1974). WAR, ESP). Medicago lupulina (Black Medic) – (AW, JF, WAR, ESP). Oxalis polyphylla – (SWA, JF). Medicago minima (Small Burr Medic) – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, COO, Oxalis purpurea (Largeflower Wood Sorrel, Four O’Clock, Purple Wood NUL, MAL, ESP). Sorrel) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Medicago polymorpha (Burr Medic) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, Oxalis violacea – (SWA, WAR). JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP). 26 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Medicago praecox – (GS, AW, SWA). Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (Common Vetch) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR, COO, Medicago sativa (Lucerne, Alfalfa) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL). MAL, ESP). Largely growing from spilt grain. Vicia sativa subsp. sativa (Common Vetch) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Medicago scutellata (Snail Medic) – (AW, JF, MAL, WAR). Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa – (ESP). Medicago truncatula – (CAR, GS, YAL, AW, COO, NUL, MAL, ESP). Vigna radiata var. setulosa (Mung Bean) – (NK, VB). Melilotus albus (Bokhara Clover) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Vigna radiata var. sublobata (Mung Bean) – (NK). Melilotus indicus (Common Melilot) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, Vigna trilobata – (VB). WAR, ESP). Melilotus officinalis (Ribbed Melilot) – (AW, MAL, ESP). PASSIFLORACEAE Melilotus siculus (messanensis) (Messina Melilot) – (SWA). Passiflora edulis – (JF). A garden escape, sparingly naturalized. Ornithopus compressus (Yellow Serradella) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Passiflora filamentosa (Passion Flower) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Ornithopus pinnatus (Slender Serradella) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Passiflora foetida var. hispida (Stinking Passion Flower) – (NK, VB, OVP, ESP). CK, DL, PIL, CAR). Ornithopus sativus (French Serradella) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Podalyria sericea – (JF, WAR, ESP). PHYTOLACCACEAE Psoralea aff. graveolens – (SWA). Phytolacca octandra (Ink Weed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Psoralea pinnata (Taylorina) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Retama raetam (White Broom) – (SWA). PITTOSPORACEAE Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Pittosporum undulatum (Sweet Pittosporum) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo) – (NK, VB, OVP, PIL). Stylosanthes hamata (Caribbean Stylo) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL). PLANTAGINACEAE Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville Stylo) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, CAR). Plantago coronopus subsp. commutata (Buckshorn Plaintain) – (GS, YAL, Stylosanthes mucronata – (CAR). SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Stylosanthes scabra – (NK, CK, DL). Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus (Buckshorn Plaintain) – (JF). Stylosanthes viscosa – (NK). Plantago cretica (Cretan Plantain) – (JF). Sutherlandia frutescens = Lesseria frutescens Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort Plantain) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Trifolium angustifolium var. angustifolium (Narrowleaf Clover) – (GS, Plantago major (Greater Plantain) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Trifolium arvense var. arvense (Hare’s Foot Clover) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, PLATANACEAE MAL, WAR, ESP). Platanus × acerifolia (London Plane) – (SWA). Seeding into adjacent seep- Trifolium campestre var. campestre (Hop Clover) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, age areas along Mount Street in Perth. MAL, WAR, ESP). Trifolium cernuum (Drooping Flower Clover) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). PLUMBAGINACEAE Trifolium cherleri (Cupped Clover) – (AW, SWA, JF). Limonium companyonis (Blue Mist) – (GS, SWA, WAR). Trifolium dubium (Suckling Clover) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Limonium lobatum (Winged Sea Lavender) – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, MAL). ESP). Limonium sinuatum (Perennial Sea Lavender, Perennial Statice) – (MUR, Trifolium fragiferum var. fragiferum (Strawberry Clover) – (AW, SWA, JF, GS, AW, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). MAL, WAR). Trifolium glomeratum (Ball Clover) – (GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, POLEMONIACEAE ESP). Navarretia squarrosa (Californian Stinkweed) – (AW, JF). Trifolium hirtum (Rose Clover) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). Trifolium hybridum var. hybridum (Alsike Clover) – (SWA, JF). POLYGALACEAE Trifolium incarnatum var. incarnatum (Crimson Clover) – (SWA, JF, AW, Polygala myrtifolia (Myrtle Leafed Milkwort) – (SWA, JF, WAR). WAR). Polygala virgata – (JF, MAL, WAR). Trifolium lappaceum var. lappaceum (Lappa Clover) – (SWA). Trifolium ligusticum (Ligurian Clover) – (SWA, JF, WAR). POLYGONACEAE Trifolium micranthum (Slender Suckling Clover) – (SWA, JF). Acetosa sagittata (Rumex sagittatus) (Rambling Dock) – (SWA, JF). Trifolium ornithopodioides (Birdsfoot Fenugreek) – (SWA). Acetosa vesicaria (Rumex vesicarius) (Rosy Dock) – (PIL, CAR, GAS, Trifolium pilulare (Pill Clover) – (SWA, JF). MUR, GS, AW, SWA, MAL, COO, NUL, GVD). Trifolium pratense var. sativum (Red Clover) – (SWA, JF, ESP). Acetosella vulgaris (Sorrel) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Trifolium repens var. repens (White Clover) – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Antigonon leptopus (Coral Vine) – (NK, VB). Trifolium resupinatum var. majus (Shaftal Clover) – (SWA, JF). Emex australis (Double Gee, Three-Cornered Jack, Spiny Emex) – (VB, LSD, Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum (Shaftal Clover) – (SWA, JF, WAR). CAR, MUR, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Trifolium scabrum (Rough Clover) – (SWA, JF). Emex spinosa – (CAR, GS). Trifolium spumosum (Bladder Clover) – (AW, SWA). Fallopia convolvulus (Black Bindweed, Climbing Buckwheat) – (AW, SWA, Trifolium stellatum var. stellatum (Star Clover) – (AW, SWA, JF, ESP). JF, WAR, ESP). Trifolium striatum (Knotted Clover) – (AW, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). Muehlenbeckia adpressa (Climbing Lignum) – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, Trifolium subterraneum (Sub-Clover) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM, *AW). ESP). Muehlenbeckia complexa (Maidenhair Creeper, Wire Vine) – (SWA). Trifolium suffocatum (Suffocated Clover) – (SWA, JF, ESP). Persicaria capitata (Persicaria) – (JF, WAR). Trifolium tomentosum var. tomentosum (Woolly Clover) – (GS, AW, SWA, Persicaria lapathifolia – (NK, VB, DL, PIL, SWA). JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). Persicaria maculosa (Redshank) – (SWA, JF). Trifolium vesiculosum (Arrowleaf Clover) – (SWA). Persicaria orientalis – (SWA, JF). Ulex europaeus (Gorse, Furze) – (JF, WAR). Polygonum arenastrum (Sand Wireweed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, Vicia benghalensis (Purple Vetch) – (SWA, JF, AW, ESP). WAR, ESP, HAM). Vicia hirsuta (Hairy Vetch) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR). Polygonum aviculare (Wireweed) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). Vicia monantha subsp. triflora (Spurred Vetch) – (AW, COO, MAL, ESP). Polygonum bellardii – (AW, MAL). Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (Common Vetch) – (SWA, JF, AW, MAL, Rumex brownii (Swamp Dock) – (SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, ESP). WAR). Rumex bucephalophorus – (SWA, JF, WAR). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 27 Rumex conglomeratus (Clustered Dock) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Aphanes arvensis (Parsley-Piert) – (SWA, WAR). Rumex crispus (Curled Dock) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Cotoneaster glaucophyllus – (SWA, JF, WAR). Rumex frutescens (Argentine Dock) – (JF, WAR). Cotoneaster pannosus – (SWA, JF, WAR). Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius (Broadleaf Dock) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Eriobotrya japonica – (JF). Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher (Fiddle Dock) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Prunus cerasifera (Cherry Plum) – (JF, WAR). Rumex pulcher subsp. woodsii (Fiddle Dock) – (SWA, JF, AW). Prunus × domestica – (JF, WAR). Rumex sagittatus = Acetosa sagittata Prunus dulcis – (JF). Rumex vesicarius = Acetosa vesicaria Rosa canina (Dog Rose) – (JF, WAR). There is a series of natural hybrids in the genus Rumex present in WA. Rosa laevigata (Cherokee Rose) – (JF). These hybrids are currently listed as naturalized in WA but they ap- Rosa × noisettiana (R. chinensis × R. moschata) (Manetti Rose, Noisette Rose) pear in this list in Table 2. This is because Rechinger (1984) in his revi- – (JF, WAR). sion of Rumex in Australia notes on page 78 that of these hybrids ‘most Rosa × rehderiana (R. chinensis × R. multiflora) – (SWA, JF). fail to set fruit because the flowers dry and fall off before development Rosa rubiginosa (Sweet Briar) – (SWA, JF). of valves occurs… often these hybrids’ nuts even if reaching full size Rubus bellobatus – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). are not viable.’ Therefore, these records are most likley F1 hybrids, Rubus discolor (Blackberry) – (SWA, JF, WAR). continually generated and are not naturalized stable hybrids. They Rubus parviflorus (Blackberry) – (WAR). should not be listed as naturalized taxa. Rubus rugosus (Blackberry) – (JF). Rubus ulmifolius (Blackberry) – (JF, WAR). PORTULACACEAE Rubus ursinus (Loganberry, Boysenberry) – (JF, WAR). Calandrinia ciliata – (SWA, JF, AW). Sanguisorba minor subsp. minor (Salad Burnet) – (AW, JF, WAR). Portulaca oleracea (Pigweed) – (NK, VB, OVP, DL, TAN, GD, PIL, GAS, MUR, *CAR, *GS, *AW, *SWA, *JF, *COO, *MAL, *WAR, *ESP). Intro- RUBIACEAE duced to south-western Australia; perhaps native elsewhere. Coprosma repens (Mirror Plant) – (SWA, WAR). Portulaca cf. pilosa (cerise flowered, GK 14973) – (NK, VB, DL, PIL). Galium aparine (Goosegrass) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO). May not have Talinum paniculata – (JF). persisted. Galium divaricatum (Slender Goosegrass) – (SWA, JF, AW, WAR). PRIMULACEAE Galium murale (Bedstraw) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel) – (CAR, MUR, GS, ESP, HAM). YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Galium tenerum – (ESP). Recorded for Recherche Archipelago. Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea (Blue Pimpernel) – (CAR, MUR, GS, YAL, Galium tricornutum (Corn Cleavers) – (JF). AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). Oldelandia corymbosa var. corymbosa– (NK, VB, CK, DL). This species is Anagallis minima (Chaff Weed) – (SWA, JF). listed as native by Wheeler et al. (1992), but it is always associated with Asterolinon linum-stellatum – (AW, SWA). man made or disturbed habitats, a pan tropical Weed? Samolus valerandi (Brookweed) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Richardia brasiliensis (White Eye) – (SWA, JF). Richardia scabra – (VB, DL). PROTEACEAE Sherardia arvensis (Field Madder) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Banksia canei – (JF). Spermacoce assurgens – (VB). Hakea costata (Ribbed Hakea) – (GS, SWA, *SWA). Hakea francisiana (Emu Tree) – (PIL, MUR, GVD, YAL, AW, COO, MAL, RUTACEAE ESP, *JF). Diplolaena dampieri (Southern Diplolaena) – (JF, WAR, SWA, *SWA). Hakea pycnoneura – (GS, ESP, *SWA). SALICACEAE RANUNCULACEAE Populus alba (White Poplar) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Adonis microcarpa (Pheasant’s Eye) – (GS, AW, MAL, ESP). Populus nigra (Lombardy Poplar) – (SWA, JF) Consolida ajacis (ambigua) (Larkspur) – (JF, MAL). Salix babylonica (Weeping Willow) – (SWA, JF). Myosurus minimus var. australis (Mousetail) – (COO, NUL). Possibly na- Salix humboldtiana – (SWA). tive. Ranunculus muricatus (Sharp Buttercup) – (SWA, JF, WAR). SAPINDACEAE Ranunculus trilobus – (SWA). Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Large Balloon Creeper) – (SWA). Cardiospermum halicacabum var. halicacabum (Small Balloon Creeper) RESEDACEAE – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL). This species is listed as native by Cowie Reseda alba (White Mignonette) – (GS, SWA). et al. (2001). Reseda lutea (Wild Mignonette) – (SWA, JF, AW, MAL, WAR, ESP). Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa – (SWA, WAR). Reseda luteola (Weld, Dyer’s Rocket) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO). SCROPHULARIACEAE RHAMNACEAE Asarina barclaiana – (SWA). Rhamnus alaternus (Buckthorn) – (SWA, JF). Bacopa monnieri – (SWA). Ziziphyus mauritiana (Chinese Date, Indian Jujube) – (NK, VB, DL, CAR). Bartsia (Bellardia) trixago (Bartsia) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis (Ivy-Leaved Toadflax) – (SWA, ROSACEAE WAR). Orchard (1969) considers all Acaena to be introduced into WA. Dischisma arenarium – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Acaena agnipila var. tenuispica (Sheep’s Burr) – (JF, ESP). Dischisma capitatum – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Acaena echinata var. echinata (Sheep’s Burr) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Kickxia elatine subsp. crinita (Sharp-Leaved Fluellen, Pointed Toadflax) Acaena echinata var. retrorsumpilosa (Sheep’s Burr) – (JF, AW, MAL, ESP). – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). Acaena echinata var. robusta (Sheep’s Burr) – (SWA, JF). Kickxia elatine subsp. elatine (Sharp-Leaved Fluellen, Pointed Toadflax) Acaena echinata var. subglabricalyx (Sheep’s Burr) – (JF). – (AW, SWA, JF, WAR). Acaena echinata var. tylacantha (Sheep’s Burr) – (JF). Kickxia spuria (Fluellen, Roundleaf Toadflax) – (SWA, JF). Acaena novae-zelandiae (Biddy Biddy, Bidgee-Widgee, Pirri-Pirri Burr) Linaria maroccana (Toadflax) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF). – (JF, WAR). Lindernia crustacea – (VB, DL, SWA). 28 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Misopates orontium (Lesser Snapdragon) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL). Solanum triflorum (Threeflower Nightshade, Cut-Leaf Nightshade) – (AW, Nemesia strumosa – (AW, JF). JF, MAL, ESP). Parentucellia latifolia (Red Bartsia) – (MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP). STERCULIACEAE Parentucellia viscosa (Sticky Bartsia) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, Brachychiton populneus subsp. populneus (Kurrajong) – (SWA). ESP). Melochia pyramidata – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, PIL). Phyllopodium cordatum – (AW, SWA, JF). Verbascum creticum – (JF). TAMARICACEAE Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus (Aaron’s Rod, Great Mullein) – (SWA, Tamarix aphylla (Athel Pine, Tamarisk) – (CAR). JF, WAR). Tamarix pentaphylla – (JF). Verbascum virgatum (Green Mullein) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Veronica arvensis (Wall Speedwell) – (SWA, JF, WAR). TILIACEAE Veronica peregrina (Wandering Speedwell) – (WAR). Listed as a weed for Corchorus olitorius (Jute) – (NK, VB, CK, DL). WA by Briggs et al. (1992). Corchorus trilocularis – (GAS, PIL). Veronica persica (Creeping Speedwell) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Grewia asiatica – (VB). Veronica plebeia (Trailing Speedwell) – (JF, WAR, ESP). Listed as a weed for Triumfetta pentandra – (NK, VB, CK, DL). WA by Briggs et al. (1992). Zaluzianskya divaricata (Zedweed, Spreading Night Phlox) – (GS, YAL, TROPAEOLACEAE AW, SWA, JF, MAL, ESP). Tropaeolum majus (Nasturtium) – (GS, SWA, JF, WAR).

SIMAROUBACEAE TURNERACEAE Ailanthus altissima (Tree of Heaven) – (SWA, JF). Turnera ulmifolia – (NK).

SOLANACEAE ULMACEAE Datura ferox (Fierce Thornapple, Longspine Thornapple) – (AW, SWA, JF, Humulus lupulus (Hop) – (SWA). COO, MAL). Ulmus procera (English Elm) – (JF). Datura inoxia (Downy Thornapple) – (VB, OVP, CK, DL, GS, SWA, JF, AW, COO,). URTICACEAE Datura leichhardtii (Native Thornapple, Leichhardt’s Thornapple) – (PIL, Parietaria judaica (Pellitory) – (SWA). CAR, GAS). Soleirolia soleirolii (Baby’s Tears, Mind Your Own Business) – (SWA, JF, Datura metel (Angel’s Trumpet, Horn of Plenty) – (DL, GSD, PIL, GS, AW, WAR). SWA, JF). Urtica urens (Stinging Nettle) – (CAR, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, WAR, Datura stramonium (Common Thornapple, Jimson Weed) – (AW, SWA, ESP). JF, WAR). Datura wrightii (Hoary Thornapple) – (AW, SWA, DL). VALERIANACEAE Lycium ferocissimum (African Boxthorn) – (CAR, MUR, GS, AW, SWA, Centranthus macrosiphon (Pretty Betsy) – (SWA, JF). COO, NUL, MAL, ESP, HAM). Centranthus ruber (Red Valerian) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) – (NK, DL, SWA). Valerianella locusta – (SWA). Nicandra physalodes (Apple of Peru) – (SWA, CAR, JF). Nicotiana glauca (Tree Tobacco) – (CAR, GAS, GS, AW, SWA, JF, COO, VERBENACEAE Lantana camara var. camara WAR, ESP, HAM). (Lantana) – (VB, DL, GS, SWA). Phyla canescens – (AW, COO). Physalis minima (Wild Gooseberry) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, DL, TAN, PIL, Phyla nodiflora (Lippia, Fogfruit, Carpet Weed) – (NK, VB, DL, PIL, SWA). This species is listed as native by Symon (1997) and Cowie et SWA). al. (2001). Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Snakeweed) – (NK, OVP). Physalis peruviana (Cape Gooseberry) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Snakeweed) – (VB). Physalis philadelphica (Tomatillo) – (SWA). Verbena bonariensis (Purple Top) – (SWA, JF, WAR). Physalis pubescens – (GS, JF). Verbena officinalis – (SWA). Salpichroa origanifolia (Pampas Lily of the Valley) – (SWA). Verbena rigida (Veined Verbena) – (JF, WAR). Solanum americanum (Glossy Nightshade) – (VB, GS, AW, SWA, JF, WAR, Vitex trifolia var. subtrisecta – (DL). ESP). Vitex trifolia var. trifolia – (NK, VB). Solanum elaeagnifolium (Silver-Leaf Nightshade) – (AW, SWA, JF, MAL). Solanum hoplopetalum (Afghan Thistle) – (CAR, MUR, YAL, *GS, *AW, VIOLACEAE *SWA, *JF, *COO, *NUL, *ESP). Viola odorata (Violet) – (WAR). Solanum hystrix (Afghan Thistle) – (NUL). Solanum laciniatum (Kangaroo Apple) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). VITACEAE Solanum linnaeanum (Apple of Sodom) – (SWA, JF, WAR, ESP). Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Virginia Creeper) – (SWA). Solanum nigrum (Black Berry Nightshade) – (CK, DL, GVD, PIL, CAR, GS, AW, MUR, YAL, SWA, JF, COO, NUL, MAL, WAR, ESP, HAM). ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Solanum pseudocapsicum (Jerusalem Cherry) – (NK, DL). Tribulus terrestis (Caltrop, Cat Head, Puncture Vine) – (NK, VB, OVP, CK, Solanum rostratum (Buffalo Burr) – (AW, MAL, ESP). DL, *TAN, *PIL, *GD, *CR, *LSD, *GAS, *MUR, *GS, *SWA, *JF, *COO, Solanum sisymbriifolium (Viscid Nightshade) – (SWA, COO). *NUL, *MAL, *ESP). Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 29 Table 2. Species considered as not naturalized in Western Australia.

Arachis hypogaea (Peanut, Groundnut) (Papilionaceae). Lepidium sativum (Cress) (Brassicaceae) – (SWA). No evidence it Avena byzantina (Poaceae). is naturalized. Avena strigosa (Bristle Oat) (Poaceae). Lupinus albus (White Lupin) (Papilionaceae) – (AW, SWA). Cur- rently only recorded from spilt grain, but widespread plant- Baccharis halmifolia (Groundsel Bush) (Asteraceae) – (SWA). Re- ings may increase the recording of this species. corded from near Busselton; no longer present. Lupinus pilosus (Papilionaceae) – (SWA). The only record is from Bromus coloratus (inermis) (Poaceae) – (JF). the Institute of Agriculture, Crawley in 1941. Bromus lanceolatus (Poaceae) – (JF). Probably cultivated. Lychnis coronaria (Caryophyllaceae) – (AW). The only record is Bulbinella floribunda (Asphodelaceae) – (AW). Probably culti- from Mt Barker in 1963. vated. Lythrum junceum (Lythraceae) – (SWA). The only record is from Cajanus cajan (Papilionaceae) – (VB, CK). All collections culti- East Perth in 1902. vated. Medicago intertexta var. intertexta (Calvary Medic) (Papilionaceae) Camelina sativa (Flax weed) (Brassicaeae) – (AW, MAL). A weed of – (SWA). Recorded from Busselton in 1928 and Brunswick flax, no longer naturalized. Junction in 1916. Centaurea cyanoides (Asteraceae) – (JF). No evidence it is natural- Medicago orbicularis (Papilionaceae) – (COO). The only record is ized. from Southern Cross in 1925. Centaurium maritimum (Gentianaceae). – (GS). Doubtfully re- Mibora minima (Poaceae). There is one old record for WA in KEW corded for WA. Herbarium. Cestrum parqui (Solanaceae) – (SWA). Cultivated. Pennisetum glaucum (Pearl Millet) (Poaceae) – (SWA). Bird seed, grows from spilt grain; last record 1973. Chamaecrista nigricans (Caesalpiniaceae) – (NK). Pedley (1998) records a 19th century collection from ‘Glenelg District, Mar- Physalis viscosa (Sticky Cape Gooseberry) (Solanaceae) – (SWA). tin s.n.’ in Melbourne. There have been no further collections Only one record from Bunbury in 1942. from WA. Rumex (Hybrids) (Polygonaceae). These include: Rumex × johan- Coix lacryma-jobi (Job’s Tears) (Poaceae) – (SWA). No evidence it nis-moorei (R. brownii × R. crispus, ESP); Rumex × muretii (R. is naturalized; last record 1927. conglomeratus × R. crispus, JF, WAR); Rumex × pratensis (R. cris- pus × R. obtusifolius, WAR); Rumex × pseudopulcher (R. crispus Cuscuta europaea (Cuscutaceae) – (SWA). The only record is from × R. pulcher, JF, WAR) and Rumex × schultzei (R. conglomeratus Coolup in 1925. × R. crispus, WAR). See Table 1 for a list of the series of natural Echinochloa pyramidalis (Antelope Grass) (Poaceae) – (VB). Grown hybrids of Rumex present in WA. These hybrids are not natu- in south-western Australia, but there is no evidence that it is ralized stable hybrids (see Table 1 for further information) and naturalized. should not be listed as naturalized taxa. Eleusine coracan (Indian Millet) (Poaceae) – (SWA, JF). Cultivated, Secale cereale (Cereal Rye) (Poaceae) – (SWA). Sterile cover crop no evidence it is naturalized. frequently planted; no evidence it is naturalized. Eupatorium adenophorum (Crofton Weed) (Asteraceae) – (SWA). Solanum giganteum (Solanaceae) (SWA). Crop record, no evidence Garden collection, no evidence it is naturalized. it is naturalized. Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) (Polygonaceae) – (WAR). Sorghastrum nutans (Poaceae) – (ESP). Crop record, no evidence There is only one record from a property near Pemberton in it is naturalized. 1975. Trifolium alexandrinum (Papilionaceae) – (SWA). Cultivated, not Festulolium loliaceum (Poaceae) – (SWA). Recorded in trial plots at naturalized. Dandaragan, no evidence it is naturalized. Trifolium argutum (Papilionaceae) – (SWA). Cultivated, not natu- Hedysarum coronarium (Sulla) (Papilionaceae). Only recorded as ralized. cultivated material from Busselton in 1957, Wokalup in 1954 Trifolium microdon (Papilionaceae) – (MAL). There is one record and Kulin in 1940. from Nyabing in 1970. Hordeum vulgare (Barley) (Poaceae) – (SWA, JF, AW). A planting Triticum aestivum (Wheat) (Poaceae) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, escape like Wheat. No evidence it is naturalized. ESP). Not naturalized, but common on verges from spilled Lepidium aucheri (Brassicaceae) – (JF). A weed of flax crops grown grain. at Boyup Brook in World War II. No evidence naturalized ac- Wachendorfia paniculata (Haemodoraceae) – (SWA). Recorded cording to Hewson (1981). from near Busselton from 1945-53. No evidence it persisted. Lepidium perfoliatum (Perfoliate Pepperwort) (Brassicaceae) – (JF). No longer naturalized. A weed of Flax crops that were grown around Boyup Brook. 30 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Table 3. Garden escapes or outcasts recorded for Western Australia.

Acacia acuminata (Jam) (Mimosaceae) – (GS, YAL, AW, JF, MAL, Citrus limon (Lemon) (Rutaceae) – (JF). Recorded in Kalamunda COO, *SWA, *JF). Seeding along the edges of the railway line Shire (Armstrong 1993). in John Forrest National Park (Keighery 1991) and established Coleonema album (Diosma) (Rutaceae) – (SWA). Recorded as a gar- along the old Mundijong rail line. den escape at Ludlow and Mandurah. Reports of this species Acacia lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa (Dune Moses, Panjang) (Mimosace- as common along riverine silts near Mandurah and Harvey are ae) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, *SWA). Established on old railroad Astartea fascicularis misidentified. formations in Emma Treeby Reserve, Banjup. Cordyline terminalis (Dracenaceae) – (WAR). Karri Walk, Denmark Acacia myrtifolia (Mimosaceae) – (AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, (Keighery unpub. obs.). ESP, *JF). Seeding from plantings at Dwellingup (Keighery Crassula multicava (Crassulaceae) – (JF). Spreading via plantlets at 13132). Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve (Keighery 8114). Acacia flagelliformis (Mimosaceae) – (JF, SWA, *SWA). Accidentally Cucurbita maxima (Winter Pumpkin) (Cucurbitaceae) – (SWA). A introduced into Shenton Bushland, Shenton Park, spreading garden escape that is occasionally found in remnant bushland slowly by suckering. around Perth (Hussey et al. 1997). Acanthus mollis (Bear’s Breeches) (Acanthaceae) – (JF, WAR). Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae) – (JF). Scattered along creeks around Acidanthera platypetala (Iridaceae) – (JF). Established on beach Bridgetown (Keighery 5334), and Nannup. dunes at Albany. Cynara scolymus (Globe Artichoke) (Asteraceae). Reported to have Agave americana var. expansa (Agavaceae) – (AW). Spreading by occasionally escaped from gardens in the lower south-west suckering at Merredin (Lepschi1 pers. comm.). (Hussey et al.1997). Aloe species (Aloeaceae). Various species of Aloe, A. arborescens Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae) – (JF). Seeding from plantings at aban- (SWA), A. ciliaris (JF), A. maculata (ESP) and A. saponaria (SWA) doned orchards in Darling Range Regional Park near Crystal are recorded as occasional garden escapes. None of these ap- Brook (Keighery unpub. obs.). pear to be truly naturalized. Echium candicans (Boraginaceae) – (SWA). Found on waste land at Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae) (Alligator Weed). A Bunbury (S. Lloyd pers. com.). cultivated water plant that is potentially a serious wetland Eucalyptus erythrocorys (Mrtaceae) - (GS, SWA, *SWA). Seeding weed. from plantings in Kings Park. Angophora costata (Myrtaceae) – (SWA). Seeding from plantings at Felicia amelloides (Asteraceae) – (ESP). Seeding from plantings on McLarty Settlement, west of Harvey (Keighery 13234). granite slopes at Esperance (Keighery and Alford 1548). Asparagus setaceus (Protasparagus plumosus) (Asparagaceae) Ficus macrocarpa (Moraceae) – (SWA). Sir Frederick Samson Park, – (SWA). Suckering at Boulters Heights, Bunbury and Mt. Samson (Appleby 1997). Eliza (Keighery 14013 and 14366). Grevillea curviloba (Proteaceae) – (GS, SWA, JF, *JF). Spreading Avena sativa (Oat) (Poaceae) – (GS, AW, SWA, JF, MAL, WAR, along road verges by mowing and grading from old amenity ESP). Commonly encountered as grain spill on road verges; plantings at Burley Park, Bullsbrook (GJ&BJ Keighery 146). may not persist. Grevillea leucopteris (White Plume Grevillea) (Proteaceae) – (GS, Bambusa sp. 1 (Poaceae) – (SWA). Spreading from rhizomes at AW, SWA, *SWA). Seeding from plantings, scattered on road Canning River (Penn 1993). This is probably a species of Phyl- verges and drainage sumps around Perth (e.g. Keighery lostachys. 15698). Grevillea olivacea (Olive Grevillea) (Proteaceae) – (GS, SWA, Bambusa sp. 2 ‘ Giant’ (Poaceae) – (SWA). Spreading from rhi- *SWA). Seeding from plantings at Woodman Point Regional zomes at Canning River (Penn 1993). Park, Munster (Keighery 13063). Bidens formosus (Asteraceae) – (SWA). Occasional along road Grindelia camporum (Asteraceae) – (AW). Only one record as a verges around towns south of Perth, and on waste land in weed from Dowerin in 1998. Perth (eg. Keighery 16263). Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem Artichoke) (Asteraceae) – (SWA). Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae) – (SWA). Suckering at Baigup A garden escape, with the only record from Midland in 1972. Wetlands, Bayswater (Regeneration Technology 1994). It is able to persist and slowly spread via root tubers. Callistemon phoeniceus (Lesser Bottlebrush) (Myrtaceae) – (MUR, Hibbertia cuneiformis (Cutleaf Hibbertia) (Dilleniaceae) – (SWA, JF, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, WAR, ESP, *SWA). Several WAR, ESP, *SWA). Seeding from plantings on Garden Island hundred plants are established in Banksia woodland in Kings (Keighery 1998) and in Hollywood Reserve, Karrakatta. Park. Iris unguicularis (Iridacaeae) – (JF). Mount Melville, Albany, Calothamnus chrysantherus (Claw Flower) (Myrtaceae) – (CAR, spreading by rhizome fragmentation and seed (Keighery MUR, GS, YAL, AW, *SWA). Naturalized in Kings Park 9902). (Keighery 16084). Jacaranda mimosifolia (Bignoniaceae) – (SWA, JF). Baigup Wet- Calothamnus graniticus (Myrtaceae) – (SWA, JF, *JF). Seeding from lands, Bayswater (Regeneration Technology 1994) and Kala- plantings at Dwellingup (Keighery 13133). munda Shire (Armstrong 1993). Campsis radicans and Campsis × tagliabuana (Bignoniaceae) Jasminum mesneyi (Oleaceae) – (SWA). Suckering at Yanchep – (SWA). These are found persisting and slowly spreading by (Keighery 10541). suckers along very disturbed riverine sites in Perth. Jatropha curcas (Physic Nut) (Euphorbiaceae). Recorded once as a Ceratonia siliqua (Caesalpiniaceae) – (SWA). Seeding from plant- garden escape in the Kimberley. ings at Market Garden Swamp, Spearwood (Ecoscape 1995) Kunzea (non local) (Myrtaceae) – (JF). Seeding from plantings at and Manning Lake, Hamilton Hill (Keighery unpub. obs.). Kalamunda Shire (Armstrong 1993). Chlorophyton comosus (Asphodelaceae) – (WAR). In a highly dis- Lablab purpureus (Papilionaceae) – (NK, CK, LSD, CAR, GS, SWA, turbed Karri remnant at Augusta (Keighery 16627). JF). A common garden plant, often persisting and rampantly Cistus rosmarinifolius (Cistaceae) – (SWA). Seeding from plantings spreading in old garden sites, but probably not spreading be- at Mount Eliza (Keighery unpub. obs.). yond the original planting site. Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 31 Lavandula angustifolia (English Lavender) (Lamiaceae) – (SWA, Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) – (SWA). Spreading by JF). Found persisting around settlements and old gardens. suckering at Manning Lake Regional Park, Hamilton Hill/ Lechenaultia biloba (Blue Leschenaultia) (Goodeniaceae) – (GS, Spearwood. AW, SWA, JF, WAR, COO, MAL, ESP, *SWA). Accidentally Polygonum argyrocoleon (Polygonaceae) – (SWA). introduced into Shenton Bushland, Shenton Park, spreading Prunus persica subsp. persica (Rosaceae) – (JF). Recorded from slowly by suckering. Nanga Brook, Dwellingup (Keighery 5227) and around Bridg- Leptospermum sericeum (Myrtaceae) – (JF). Self-seeding along etown (Lepschi pers. comm.). road verges and into Jarrah forest at Grevillea-Mycumbene, Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) – (NK). Recorded along creeklines Mundaring. near Kimbolton, Kimberley? (Kenneally 11120). Lilium candidum (Liliaceae) – (JF, WAR). Recorded at Karridale Pyracantha sp. (Rosaceae) – (JF). Seeding from plantings at Green- (Keighery unpub. obs.), Kalamunda Shire reserves (as Lilium bushes (Keighery 14356). sp., Armstrong 1993) and on waste land at Albany (Keighery Pyrus communis (Rosaceae) – (JF). Scattered along creeks around 16193). Bridgetown (Keighery 5354), Manjimup and Nannup. Linaria dalmatica (Scrophulariaceae) – (SWA). Kings Park (Keigh- Rhodanthe chlorocephala subsp. rosea (Asteraceae) – (LSD, GVD, ery 4530). CAR, GAS, MUR, GS, YAL, AW, SWA, COO, NUL, *SWA). Lobelia laxiflora (Lobeliaceae) – (JF). Suckering at McLarty Settle- Naturalized in Kings Park along road verges (Bennett 1995). ment west of Harvey? (Keighery 13232). Salix cinerea (caprea) (Salicaceae) – (SWA). Recorded at Baigup Lophostemon (Tristania) conferta (Myrtaceae) – (SWA, JF). Seeding Wetlands, Bayswater (Regeneration Technology 1994, Keigh- from plantings at Kings Park Bushland (Dixon and Keighery ery 14134). 1995). As ?Tristania sp. in Kalamunda Shire (Armstrong 1993). Salix matsudana (Salicaceae) – (SWA). Harvey River (Keighery Ludwigia sp. (Onagraceae) – (JF). Kalamunda Shire (Armstrong 16264). 1993). Schefflera actinophylla (Araliaceae) – (JF). Recorded in Kalamunda Malus × domestica (Rosaceae) – (JF). Jane Brook, Kalamunda Shire (Armstrong 1993). (Keighery 10441) and Nanga Brook, Dwellingup. Scilla hispanica (Hyacinthaceae) – (JF). Old Settlement, south of Melaleuca armillaris subsp. armillaris (Myrtaceae) – (JF). Spreading Bridgetown (Keighery 4021). from rehabilitation plantings around the water treatment site on Mount Adelaide, Albany (Keighery 16024). Scilla peruviana (Hyacinthaceae) – (JF). Old Settlement, south of Bridgetown. Melaleuca quinquinervia (Myrtaceae) – (SWA). Seeding from plant- ings at Eric Singleton Reserve, Bayswater (Keighery 15662). Sedum dendroideum (Crassulaceae) – (JF). Slowly spreading from offshoots at rubbish tip, Bridgetown (Keighery 5446). Monstera deliciosa (Araceae) – (JF). Recorded in Kalamunda Shire (Armstrong 1993). Senna surattensis subsp. sulfurea (Singapore Shower) – (NK, DL). Randell and Barlow (1998) note this as a native, originally Morus alba (Moraceae) – (SWA). Suckering and forming dense scattered in rainforest patches, but now often cultivated and stands on cliffs above Swan River, Claremont (Keighery escaping, probably making it now a lot more widespread 13774). than it used to be. This species’ true natural distribution is Musa acuminata (Banana) (Musaceae) – (SWA). Suckering at Gar- unknown. den Island (Keighery 1998), Maylands (Keighery unpub. obs.), Solanum aviculare (Kangaroo Apple) (Solanaceae) – (SWA). One Baigup Wetlands, Bayswater (Regeneration Technology 1994) record in 1972, and another in 1999 from bushland at Gingin. and Yagan Wetlands (Brooker 1995). Presumed eradicated. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Vitacaee) - (SWA). Suckering along Sparteum junceum creeks in Yagan Wetlands (Brooker 1995).. (Papilionaceae) – (JF). Recorded in Kalamunda (Armstrong 1993). Pelargonium panduriforme (Geraniaceae) – (ESP). Slowly spread- ing around the abandoned Kundip Settlement, Ravensthorpe Spathodea africana (Bignoniaceae) – (SWA). Maylands foreshore Ranges (Keighery 6198). (Meney 1987). Pennisetum polystachion (Mission Grass) (Poaceae) – (VB). Report- Syngonium podophyllum (Araceae) – (JF). Suckering from rhizome ed, but not confirmed, from disturbed areas near Kununurra. in drains at Albany (S. Lloyd s.n., 09-Oct.-1999). A very serious weed in Northern Territory. Tagetes patula (Asteraceae) – (GS, SWA). Scattered on road verge, Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae) – (DL). A nursery and lawn weed Mundijong (Keighery 14289) and on waste land at Northamp- in Broome (Keighery 5674). ton (Keighery 16092). Petunia × hybrida (Petunia) (Solanaceae) – (SWA). Often found on Tetrapanax papyifer (Araliaceae) - (SWA). Suckering in disturbed waste land sites in Perth (eg. Keighery 2190). bushland on margins of Lake Joondalup (GJK 16445 ). Phyllostachys sp. (Poaceae) – (SWA). Suckering from rhizome, Ursinia sp. (Asteraceae) – (AW). Orange/yellow flowers. Com- Swan and Canning River, Bayswater (Keighery 4450 and mon on road verges in Merredin townsite (GJ & BJ Keighery unpub. obs.). 160). Pisum sativum (Papilionaceae) – (SWA). Scattered on road verges, Ursinia sp. (Asteraceae) – (AW). White flowers. Common on road eg. Warbrook, Bullsbrook (Keighery 13157). verges west of Corrigin townsite (GJK 15103). Pittosporum angustifolium (Pittosporaceae) – (GD, CR, GAS, MUR, Verticordia monadelpha var. monadelpha (Woolly Featherflower) GVD, GS, YAL, NUL, PIL, AW, SWA, JF, COO, MAL, ESP, (Myrtaceae) – (GS, AW, *SWA). Small populations established *SWA). Seeding into Woodvale Nature Reserve from amenity in Kings Park following ‘enrichment’ plantings in bushland in plantings (Keighery 16270). 1970 (Keighery 16192). Pityrodia teckiana (Lamiaceae) – (GS, AW, COO, *DL, *JF). Recorded Viola hederacea (Violaceae) – (JF). Recorded in Kalamunda Shire on the edges of the railway line in John Forrest National Park (Armstrong 1993). (Keighery 1991, Keighery 11466). Probably also introduced to Zantedeschia aethiopica cv. ‘Green Goddess’ (Araceae) – (SWA). Broome in 1920s and now died out. Rubbish tip at Bunbury (Keighery 1997). Plantago myosurus (Plantaginaceae) - (WAR). Recorded fronm a Zingiber sp. (Zingiberaceae). Recorded in Kalamunda Shire (Arm- sedgeland in D’Entrecausteaux National Park. strong 1993) – (JF). 32 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Table 4. Numbers of naturalized weeds recorded for the IBRA regions represented in Western Australia.

Key IBRA region IBRA regions are ordered roughly from north to south. Number of weed taxa Numbers of weed taxa have been separated into Ferns, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons; the total number of weed taxa for each IBRA region is also listed. The columns entitled E list the number of weed taxa considered environmental weeds. The columns entitled NE list the number of weed taxa not behaving as environmental weeds.

IBRA Ferns Gymnosperms Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Total region E NE Total E NE Total E NE Total E NE Total E NE Total NK 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 19 27 66 30 96 74 49 123 VB 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 31 50 56 35 91 75 66 141 OVP 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 13 29 8 37 37 13 50 CK 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 16 44 8 52 53 15 68 DL 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 18 29 63 28 91 74 46 120 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 2 5 5 2 7 GSD 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 4 2 6 7 2 9 PIL 1 1 2 0 0 0 10 9 19 50 15 65 61 25 86 LSD 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 5 2 7 8 3 11 GD 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 1 2 4 1 5 CR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 2 8 6 3 9 CAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 9 39 81 15 96 111 24 135 GAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 8 20 2 22 25 5 30 MUR 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 5 26 62 10 72 83 15 98 GVD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 9 8 1 9 GS 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 21 93 163 56 219 235 77 312 YAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 10 45 4 49 53 6 59 AW 0 0 0 0 2 2 80 30 110 176 112 288 256 144 400 SWA 2 4 6 3 6 9 164 86 250 323 213 536 492 309 801 JF 2 2 6 3 7 10 135 75 210 284 195 479 424 281 705 COO 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 5 43 100 36 136 138 41 179 NUL 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 9 33 13 46 40 15 55 MAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 11 57 105 58 163 151 69 220 WAR 4 3 7 2 4 6 103 41 144 225 116 341 334 164 498 ESP 0 0 0 0 1 1 75 15 90 163 74 237 238 90 328 HAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 8 26 3 29 33 4 37

Table 5. Numbers of naturalized weeds recorded for Western Australia.

Plant group Naturalized environmental Naturalized non-environmental Total naturalized weed taxa weed taxa weed taxa Ferns 7 5 12 Gymnosperms 3 12 15 Monocotyledons 196 149 345 Dicotyledons 470 392 862 Total for all plant groups 676 558 1234