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Asteraceae) from Turkey and Their Taxonomic Importance

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Asteraceae) from Turkey and Their Taxonomic Importance Pak. J. Bot., 47(4): 1473-1480, 2015. MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF CYPSELA OF SOME CREPIS TAXA (ASTERACEAE) FROM TURKEY AND THEİR TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE MEHMET CENGIZ KARAISMAILOGLU Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 034116 Istanbul, Turkey Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Fruit morphology and anatomy have taxonomic importance in Asteraceae. The fruits structures of Crepis from Turkey, which include five species (C. alpina, C. smyrnaea, C. pulchra, C. zacintha, C. sancta) and two subspecies (C. foetida subsp. foetida and C. foetida subsp. rhoeadifolia) were studied for fruit morphological and anatomical characters with one- way analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Fruit size, shape, color, and the presence of beak were observed with stereomicroscopy. Whereas the surface patterns of fruit and pappus were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, pericarp structure, thicknesses of testa and endosperm, and number of rib, cotyledon width in cypsela were studied anatomically. Results indicated that cypsela sizes, the presence or absence of beak on the cypsela, fruit and pappus surfaces, pericarp. Thickness of testa and endosperm, and number of ribs are of major importance to illustrate interspecific relations among the examined taxa. Also, this investigation is a preliminary study, which was performed to use fruit morphological and anatomical characters for their practicality on the classification of taxa within the genus. Key words: Cichorieae, Crepis, Cypsela. Introduction utilizing multivariate analyses such as one-way analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The Genus Crepis L. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) has more than 200 species which are distributed over a wide Material and Methods area in all continents, excluding Australia (Lack, 2007). The dry cypselae of 7 taxa of Crepis were used for The centre of origin of the Genus is presumably recognized the morphological and anatomical studies. The samples as Pamir/Altai area in central Asia (Babcock, 1947; were collected from natural populations and herbarium Yildirim et al., 2011). The Crepis has about 47 species in specimens, the ripe cypsela of each taxon were taken from Turkey and 8 of them are endemic to Turkey (Guner et al., the center of the 10-15 capitulas and their origins were 2012). However, there is no updating of the monograph of presented in Table 1. Voucher specimens were taken from the Genus; it is difficult to comment on the number of taxa. ISTF (Herbarium Facultatis Scientiarum Universitatis Molecular studies show that there are some genera Istanbulensis). included within Crepis (Enke & Gemeinholzer, 2008). Morphological reevaluation of the genus and definition of Cypsela surface: Macromorphological characteristics of distinctive characters are needed to obtain a revised the cypselae (including size, shape, color, and the classification (Enke, 2008). This statement has been presence of beak were studied by Olympus SZX7 verified by different researches such as Sennikov & stereomicroscope and Kameram Imaging Software (Fig. Illarionova (2007), Torres & Galetto (2007), and suggested 1). The micromorphological characters of the cypselae that new useful characters are needed for determination of (including rib surface, cell type and frequency on the the natural limits of the genus. outer surface, diameter of pappus and number of The morphological and anatomical observations on the protrusions in 100 µm on the pappus bristle of the fruits) fruit provide suitable characters in the classification and were observed. The samples were prepared for electron phylogeny of the taxa in Asteraceae (Kallersjo, 1985; Funk microscopy by mounting to stub with silver adhesive, et al., 2009; Abid & Qaiser, 2009; Abid & Ali, 2010; Lo plated with gold and examined with JEOL Neoscope- Presti et al., 2010; Inceer et al., 2010). Morphological 5000 scanning electron microscope. characters of the cypsela such as size, beak presence or absence, number of the rib, surface structure (smooth or Anatomy: The cross sections from the middle of the striate) and branching of the pappus were taken into account cypsela were done with a full automatic microtome for diagnosis of Crepis species (Babcock, 1947; Lamond, (Thermo Shonda Met Finesse). The materials were placed 1984). Nevertheless, there are solely few taxonomic in FAA for a minimum of 24 h, dehydrated through an investigations on the cypsela structure of Crepis and they are ethanol and xylene series, and dyed with haematoxylin restricted to few characters. The purpose of this study was to (harris-RRSP67-E) in a dyeing apparatus (ASC 720 perform a preliminary study to examine possible Medite), and were coated by Entellan to observe morphological (macro and micro) and anatomical anatomical structures (Algan, 1981; Inceer et al., 2010; characteristics of some Crepis taxa such as C. foetida L. Karaismailoglu, 2015). The anatomical characters subsp. foetida, C. foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) (including rib number and size, pericarp structure, testa Čelak., C. alpina L., C. smyrnaea DC. ex Froehlich, C. and endosperm thicknesses, and cotyledon width) were pulchra L., C. zacintha (L.) Babcock and C. sancta (L.) observed and photographed using Olympus CX21FS1 Babcock for their utility in the classification within genus by microscope and Kameram Imaging Software. 1474 MEHMET CENGIZ KARAISMAILOGLU Table 1. Voucher details of Crepis taxa. Number Voucher Taxa Origin C1 ISTF41008 Crepis foetida L. subsp. foetida Trabzon C2 ISTF32819 C. foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) Čelak. Usak C3 ISTF1314 C. alpina L. Ankara C4 ISTF4185 C. smyrnaea DC. ex Froehlich Bursa C5 ISTF3218 C. pulchra L. Istanbul C6 ISTF33548 C. zacintha (L.) Babcock Balikesir C7 ISTF34101 C. sancta (L.) Babcock Kütahya Clustering analysis: Data analysis was carried out with Fruit or seed surface structure have been variously SPSS computer program and Duncan’s multiple-range used for solving systematic problems, interpretation of test was used to identify the statistical importance of evolutionary interactions, and illumination of the adaptive distinctions among the data (Table 2). Grouping of taxa features of the fruit surface (Heywood, 1971; Sulaiman, was performed using the clustering analysis method 1995; Pinar et al., 2007; Abid & Qaiser, 2009). (UPGMA) (Fig. 3). Besides, coordination and similarity Furthermore, Torres & Galletto (2007) opined that matrix based upon principal component analysis (PCA) micromorphological characters could be used in were performed (Fig. 4 and Table 3). systematics at various levels in the Cichorieae. In the literature survey, no studies were conducted about Results and Discussion micromorphological structures of the cypsela of Crepis. Cypselae surface in almost all of the examined taxa are A detailed morphological (macro and micro) study found to be different. Their surfaces are composed of performed on the cypselae of the examined taxa showed a dentate, blunt and spiky cell tips. Taxa having dentate cell great variety of characters (Table 2). Shape, colour and size type are separated from each other with the cell characters of taxa were evaluated macromorphologically. arrangement on the beak. Also, C7 has a rough, grooved Cypselae are fusiform (C1, C2 and C4) or straight (C3, C5, surface and there is no clear cell shape on surface. These C6 and C7) in shape, some of them are slightly curved (C4 variations in the cypsela surfaces of the studied taxa show and C5), and coloured in brown and tones (C1, C2, C3 and that micromorphology of the achene surface of Crepis C7), reddish-brown (C4), straw or greenish (C5) and genus has a fairly high taxonomic value and a detailed yellowish (C6). Also, cypsela are strongly beaked (C1, C2, study covering all of the taxa within the genus should be C3 and C7), or unbeaked (C4, C5 and C6), and their surfaces carried out to determine its phylogenetic role in the genus. are straight (C5 and C6) or striped. Besides, as can be seen in Additionally, the unique morphology of the studied Table 2, there are also differences in terms of cypsela microcharacters mirrored a correlation between a molecular dimensions which vary from 17.3 to 2.85 mm in length, and study (Enke & Gemeinholzer 2008) and the morphological from 0.71 to 0.41 mm in width. Especially, C3 and C6 have characters used in classification at the present time. greater variability among the examined species. Pappus bristles, their diameter and protrusion number Cypsela morphology in the examined Crepis taxa per 100 µm of the examined taxa are demonstrated in Fig. vary mostly in colour, size, and presence or absence of 1 and in Table 2. Pappus of the taxa is usually very fine, beak. Similar results have also been reported in earlier soft and persistent. The diameter of the pappus bristles are studies (Lamond, 1984; Pak, 1993; Enke, 2008). different, it varies from 26.43 µm to 10.04 µm. While C1 However, shape of cypselae is determined to be less has the widest bristle diameter, C7 has the narrowest. The important in delimiting the examined taxa of Crepis. At protrusion number per 100 µm on the bristle has shown the same time, the determined variations in the cypselae variations among the examined taxa. It ranges between 2 conform to the diagnostic characters in Flora of Turkey and 12. While C1 has the most intense protrusion, C5 is the sparsest. In addition, the examined pappus surfaces (Davis, 1984) for the Crepis species. are generally smooth, though C4 and C5 have a rough Cypselae surface of the studied taxa was evaluated pappus surface. micromorphologically, and considerable diversity was Kilian et al. (2008) and Enke (2008) stated that the observed considerably in terms of surface structures pappus usually provide a significant character to such as rib surface and cell shape on the outer surface of differentiate groups on all of the taxonomic levels in the cypsela (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Accordingly, rib Cichorieae. This study has offered pappus structure as surfaces among the examined taxa are generally probable delimiting character at the infrageneric level.
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