A Vascular Plant Red List for England Drosera anglica Huds. © Jonathan J. Graham

Drosera anglica is illustrated here and scattered across lowland England, but a pictured on the front cover not simply combination of many factors including peat because it has an apt name for this report. digging, eutrophication and technological Regrettably, the loss of this species from many advances in land drainage resulted in rapid, of its historical locations is emblematic of the widespread and irreversible habitat loss and plight in England of many small specialist the fragmentation of populations, so much species of highly infertile soils, such as Erica so that D. anglica is now considered to be tetralix with which it is pictured. Drosera ‘Endangered’ in England. anglica was once relatively widespread and A Vascular Plant Red List for England

P.A. Stroh1, S.J. Leach2, T.A. August3, K.J. Walker1, D.A. Pearman1, F.J. Rumsey4, C.A. Harrower3, M.F. Fay5, J.P. Martin2, T. Pankhurst6, C.D. Preston3, I. Taylor2

With assistance from England Vice-County Recorders of the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland

1 Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland 2 Natural England 3 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology 4 Natural History Museum 5 Royal Botanic Garden Kew 6 Plantlife Copyright © BSBI 2014 Designed by LTD Design Consultants, 54 Warwick Square, London Published by the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland SW1V 2AJ. www.ltddesign.co.uk 57 Walton Road, Shirehampton, Bristol, BS11 9TA www.bsbi.org.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by Henry Ling Limited, Dorchester. www.henryling.co.uk The Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (known as the BSBI) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales This book should be cited as: (8553976) and a charity registered in England and Wales (1152954) Stroh, P.A., Leach, S.J., August, T.A., Walker, K.J., Pearman, D.A., and in Scotland (SC038675) Rumsey, F.J., Harrower, C.A., Fay, M.F., Martin, J.P., Pankhurst, T., Preston, C.D. & Taylor, I. 2014. A Vascular Plant Red List for Photographic copyright © The Owners England. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol.

Line drawing copyright © Jonathan J. Graham ISBN XXXX A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Summary

The results detailed in this vascular plant but also in the decline in distribution by Red List present for the first time the 20% or more of a suite of ‘Near Threatened’ current state of England’s flora measured species, some of which were previously against standardised IUCN criteria. Almost assumed to be widespread and with relatively one in five species has been assessed as stable distributions. The strategic approach threatened, with many more species assessed advocated by Lawton et al. (2010) to restore, as ‘Near Threatened’. The destruction and create and connect extant habitats at the transformation of semi-natural habitats across landscape scale is essential if the declines the English landscape since the publication identified in this and other Red Lists are to be of the first Atlas of the British Flora (Perring arrested. Such an approach demands long- & Walters 1962) is well known, and these term commitment, considerable resources and changes are mirrored not only in the long list a recognition of the benefits to be gained from of taxa assessed as threatened in England a more diverse and adaptable environment.

v A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Coverage 3 2.1 Taxonomic coverage 3 2.2 ‘New Native’ species 4 2.3 Alien status 4 2.4 Hybrids 5 2.5 Geographic coverage 6

3 Data sources 7

4 Application of IUCN criteria 8 4.1 IUCN categories at the regional level 8 4.2 Treating England as a region 9 4.3 IUCN categories in England 9 4.4 Defining a population, individual and location 11 4.5 Conservation introductions 13 4.6 Methods used for assessing Area of Occupancy (AOO) 15 4.7 Methods used for assessing Extent of Occurrence (EOO) 17

5 Explanation of the England Red List 21 5.1 Species information 21 5.2 National responsibility and European edge of range 21 5.3 International responsibility 21 5.4 England endemics and near endemics 23 5.5 England Red List categories and criteria 23 5.6 Modification of England Red List categories 23

6 Results and discussion 24 6.1 Comparison of England, Wales and GB Red Lists 24 6.2 Taxa with a lower threat status in England than in GB 25 6.3 Taxa with a higher threat status in England than in GB 26 6.4 Taxa extinct in England 31 6.5 Ecological characteristics of threatened taxa in England 34 6.5.1 Ellenberg indicator values 34 6.5.2 Plant height 35 6.5.3 Broad habitat types 35 6.5.4 Major Biome Categories 37 6.6 Taxa reaching absolute northern or southern European range limits in England 38 6.7 Taxa assessed as LC in England but showing a marked decline when pre-1930 records are included 40 vi A Vascular Plant Red List for England

6.8 Declining widespread taxa assessed as Near Threatened 42 6.9 Taxa for which England has a particular responsibility 44 6.9.1 England-only taxa 44 6.9.2 Taxa for which England holds 75% or more of the GB hectad distribution, excluding England-only taxa 50

7 Examples of applying IUCN threat criteria 53 7.1 Critically Endangered (CR) 53 7.1.1 Phleum alpinum (Alpine Cat’s-tail) 53 7.1.2 Viola persicifolia (Fen Violet) 54 7.2 Endangered (EN) 54 7.2.1 Drosera anglica (Great Sundew) 54 7.2.2 Melampyrum cristatum (Crested Cow-wheat) 55 7.3 Vulnerable (VU) 56 7.3.1 Gentiana verna (Spring Gentian) 56 7.3.2 Crepis praemorsa (Leafless Hawk’s-beard) 57 7.4 Near Threatened (NT) 58 7.4.1 Herniaria ciliolata subsp. ciliolata (Fringed Rupturewort) 58 7.4.2 Koeleria vallesiana (Somerset Hair-grass) 59 7.5 Least Concern (LC) 60 7.5.1 Centaurium tenuiflorum (Slender Centaury) 60 7.5.2 Saxifraga hirculus (Marsh Saxifrage) 61

8 Vascular plant Red List for England 62

9 Excluded taxa 176

10 Acknowledgements 177

11 References 178

12 Appendix A Assessment of conservation status of English native Hawkweeds (Hieracium species) 183

vii A Vascular Plant Red List for England

‘It cannot be said too often that it is as much the conservationist’s job to keep common species common as it is to ensure the survival of rare species.’

N.W. Moore (1987)

viii A Vascular Plant Red List for England

1 Introduction

A Red List uses a globally recognised and Although this has the benefit of increased scientifically rigorous approach designed by confidence in the results, it also means that the International Union for the Conservation comparisons between GB and England threat of Nature (IUCN) to assess and determine statuses should be treated with some caution. risks of extinction. The method is applicable Wherever possible an explanation is given to all species and provides information on in the comments column on the Main List status, trends and threats. (Section 8) or within the text (e.g. Section 6.9.1) where clear anomalies have arisen. The production of a first vascular plant Red List for England follows similar Lists for This vascular plant Red List for England (from Great Britain (Cheffings & Farrell 2005) and now on referred to as the England Red List) Wales (Dines 2008) that have examined has been produced by the Botanical Society of changes to our flora since 1930 and identified Britain and Ireland (BSBI) and the Centre for those species most at risk. The threat to all Ecology and Hydrology (CEH). The research native and archaeophyte taxa in England is and writing of the report was funded by assessed using the same standardised IUCN Natural England and co-ordinated by a project criteria, thresholds and categories as for steering group comprising representatives the Great Britain (GB) and Wales Red Lists, from the BSBI, Natural England, Natural but the model used to calculate distribution History Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens trends has been replaced by a more sensitive Kew, Plantlife, and CEH, Wallingford. one that accounts for spatial and temporal Design and publication of this Red List was differences in recorder effort (see Section 4.6). funded by CEH and the BSBI. As is the case

The River Mimram in Hertfordshire (Roger Cave).

1 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

with all vascular plant Red Lists covering • It therefore follows that if a taxon is assessed regions within Britain and Ireland, this work here as being less threatened in England would not have been possible without the than it is in GB as a whole, its overall underlying field data collected in all weathers priority for conservation action in England over many thousands of hours of voluntary should be determined by its GB threat status time by skilled BSBI Vice-County Recorders, rather than by its status in England other voluntary field workers and amateur enthusiasts. • Taxa that are more threatened in England than they are in Great Britain should It is hoped that the England Red List will be naturally be considered as high priorities of use to a wide range of organisations and for conservation action within England, individuals. For example, it will help Natural even though it is accepted that they may be England to identify additional country-level considered a lower priority elsewhere in GB priority taxa requiring conservation action, whether through appropriate management When interpreting this England Red List, it is of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), important to recognise that while the results designation of new SSSIs, targeting of agri- add greatly to our knowledge regarding the environment schemes and land management extinction risk to the English flora, those taxa advice in the ‘wider countryside’, or projects that have not been assessed as threatened funded by the Species Recovery Programme or NT using IUCN criteria may still be of (SRP). England threat statuses may also be conservation concern (see for example useful when assessing species priorities on Section 6.7). In addition, it should be noted Wildlife Trust and other Non-Governmental that ‘threat’ is not synonymous with ‘rarity’. Organisation (NGO) nature reserves, or when Within GB and England, a taxon is considered identifying ‘second-tier’ wildlife sites, and ‘rare’ or ‘scarce’ if it is present below a certain will be helpful to BSBI Vice-county Recorders number of 10km x 10km squares (hectads): (VCRs) in England when compiling County for GB the thresholds have long been set at Rare Plant Registers (RPR). However, it is ≤15 hectads for ‘rare’ and ≤100 hectads for important to note that the England threat ‘scarce’, while for England the equivalent status of a taxon should not be used in thresholds, adjusted to area, are ≤8 and ≤52 isolation from its GB threat status. Dines (see Stroh 2014). A ‘threat’ status, on the (2008) clarified the IUCN guidance on other hand, is based on spatial and temporal Regional Red Lists regarding the application trends and also, where appropriate, the of regional assessments versus national number of locations and/or individuals (see assessments in a vascular plant Red Data Section 4.3). ‘Threat’ can be assessed for any List for Wales (from now on referred to as taxon, regardless of the number of hectads in the Wales Red List), and this guidance is which it occurs; it is a measure of the risk of reiterated below for England. that taxon becoming extinct, not a reflection of how rare or scarce it may be. We have taken • Any taxon that is threatened – Critically the decision not to include in Section 8 of Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), this Red List an additional column that lists Vulnerable (VU) – or Near Threatened the ‘rare’ or ‘scarce’ status for taxa that meet (NT) in GB should also be regarded as the hectad thresholds defined above, but we a priority for conservation in England, accept that many ‘rare’ or ‘scarce’ taxa may regardless of its threat status in England still be of conservation concern.

2 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

2 Coverage

2.1 Taxonomic coverage This category can be subdivided by the time which has elapsed since the first introduction: Except where stated, all native and an archaeophyte is an alien species which archaeophyte angiosperms (flowering plants), is known or suspected to have become gymnosperms (conifers) and pteridophytes naturalised before AD 1500, whereas a (fern and fern allies) found in England have neophyte is one that was probably introduced been assessed. Hieracium and Taraxacum after AD 1500 (Preston et al. 2004). Except microspecies are included in the Main List where explicitly stated, the national native when there is adequate information for an and archaeophyte status for the taxa included England threat status to be assigned (see in this Red List follow those given in the New Dudman & Richards 1997, McCosh & Rich Atlas of the British & Irish flora (Preston et 2011, Rich 2013a and Appendix A), but al. 2002). Neophytes are excluded from the Rubus microspecies are not included (see England Red List, as are species that only Section 6.9.1). Although this Red List, like occur as ‘casuals’, i.e. introduced species with those for GB and Wales, takes a species- populations that fail to persist in the wild for based approach when assessing threat, in more than a few years. A number of species recent years models that complement the are categorised in the GB Red List as ‘native or current system but incorporate a measure of alien’ or ‘neophyte or archaeophyte’. In such phylogenetic diversity (PD) have been tested instances, we have followed a precautionary to help prioritise further the conservation of approach and treated these as either ‘native’ species (see Isaac et al. 2007, Pearse et al. or ‘archaeophyte’ respectively. Species that are in press). By incorporating PD, for example, native to other parts of GB but are considered the extinction of a species or clade with neophytes or casuals in England are excluded millions of years of evolutionary history from the Main List but are listed in Section 9 would be perceived as resulting in a greater as ‘Not Assessed’. loss of biodiversity than the extinction of a young species with many close relatives, and To assess the extinction threat of relevant consequently would attain a higher priority taxa at a regional scale, it was first necessary for conservation action. For many reasons to compile a ‘candidate list’ of all native and this Red List follows the IUCN protocols and archaeophyte taxa occurring in England, with species-based approach used globally by all nomenclature following Stace (2010). Both other Red Lists, but as models are tested and the GB Red List and the Wales Red List were refined for vascular plants it becomes more published before Stace (2010) and numerous probable that the next revision of the vascular taxonomic and nomenclatural changes have plant Red List for Great Britain (from now on taken place since the publication of Stace referred to as the GB Red List) and regional (1997). For example, the genera Lychnis, Red Lists within GB will adopt some measure Lavatera and Aceras are now subsumed of PD. into Silene, Malva and Orchis respectively, the three subspecies of Carex viridula A native plant is defined as one that has not revert to their former (species-level) names, been deliberately or accidentally introduced broad-leaved fescues (Festuca pratensis, F. by man (Stace et al. 2003; but see Section arundinacea and F. gigantea) are moved to 2.4). All other taxa are regarded as alien. the genus Schedonorus, and three species

3 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

of Peucedanum formerly grouped together weed in central and eastern Europe. Its according to their fruit morphology are seed is probably dispersed by birds and now split into three separate genera with water, and germination and establishment is P. palustre moving to the genus Thyselium high following dispersal to areas providing (Sanford 2010). For ease of reference between favourable conditions (Hroudová et al. 2007). all three Red Lists, when a nomenclatural The species is very similar in appearance to change has occurred between the second B. maritimus and it is likely to be relatively (1997) and third (2010) editions of Stace, then widespread but under-recorded in England, the former name is included in this England hence an assessment of Least Concern (LC) Red List in parentheses. (i.e. not threatened or Near Threatened) in the Year 6 & 7 amendments to the GB Red List 2.2 ‘New Native’ species (Leach & Walker 2013).

‘New natives’ are taxa that have recently One other notable recent find, Carex colonised England via natural dispersal, are cespitosa, could not be considered a ‘new newly evolved, or newly described. In order native’ in the strictest sense (i.e. it is neither to be categorised as a new native, evidence newly described, newly evolved or has arrived must also establish that the taxon is not of via natural dispersal) because it was already casual occurrence (i.e. present for less than a part of the English flora but had previously five years). been overlooked. Carex cespitosa was discovered for the first time in GB at a single Occasionally, potential new native taxa site in Hertfordshire (James et al. 2012). This that may have arrived via natural dispersal record, together with populations in Spain, are kept on a Waiting List (WL) until such represents the western limit of the global time as doubts over their native/alien status distribution for a species that is threatened are resolved. For example, Pancratium throughout much of western Europe. maritimum was added to the GB WL in the Year 5 GB Red List amendments (Leach & 2.3 Alien status Walker 2011) as a possible natural colonist after being recorded in sand-dunes near The England Red List follows the alien status Penzance, West Cornwall, and Slapton, South categories given to taxa in Preston et al. Devon. This ‘England-only’ species is included (2002) and as adopted by Cheffings & Farrell on the England WL too pending further (2005) except in cases where the status of study, including molecular work that might a taxon has been subsequently modified in determine the most likely origins of these new updates to the GB Red List (Leach 2007, populations. 2010; Leach & Walker 2011, and 2013). For example, several taxa have recently been A small number of recently described new moved from the GB WL to the GB Main List natives are included in the England Main (ML) following re-assessment of their native/ List (Section 8) and have been assessed in alien or archaeophyte/neophyte status by the the normal way. They include Bolboschoenus GB Species Status Assessment Group (SSAG) laticarpus, a newly described taxon (Marhold (e.g. Equisetum ramosissimum, Heracleum et al. 2004) of freshwater inland habitats sphondylium subsp. flavescens, Melampyrum (e.g. lowland floodplains and the edges of arvense, Petrorhagia prolifera, Rhinanthus reservoirs within littoral ‘drawdown’ zones) angustifolius, Vulpia unilateralis). These are that is also recorded as a prolific arable included in the ML of the England Red List.

4 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Several taxa previously on the GB ML 2007; Leach 2010; Leach & Walker 2013). have been moved by the SSAG to the GB Conversely, some taxa are now considered WL (or de-listed altogether) due to doubts to have greater claim to native status than over their native status, e.g. Fritillaria previously thought, the SSAG moving meleagris (Pearman 2007, 2013; Leach them from the GB WL to the GB ML, e.g. 2010) and Symphytum tuberosum (Pearman Equisetum ramosissimum, Petrorhagia prolifera and Vulpia unilateralis (Leach & Walker 2013). In all such cases, for the England Red List we have adopted the latest decisions of the GB SSAG with regard to native/alien status.

2.4 Hybrids

There is no specific IUCN guidance for assessing hybrids, even though hybridisation followed by polyploidy is one of the main mechanisms in plant speciation and hybrids have an essential role to play in plant evolutionary processes. The GB and Wales Red Lists included hybrids in threat assessments based on six criteria as summarised in Cheffings & Farrell (2005, pp.10-11). However, hybrids are often overlooked in the field and our knowledge of the distribution of most hybrid taxa is incomplete. In recent years work has commenced towards a Hybrid Flora of the British Isles. We have taken the decision to exclude all hybrids from this England Red List until after the Hybrid Flora has been published. In this way, we shall be able to assess threat based on a comprehensive data set. It is likely that this information will Melampyrum arvense, a species now included in the Main List be available by 2015. following a revision of its archaeophyte/neophyte status in England. (Peter Stroh).

5 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

2.5 Geographic coverage

Figure 1: The England Red List covers the country (region) of England that includes the following 57 vice-counties (VC number in brackets): West Cornwall & Isles of Scilly (1), East Cornwall (2), South Devon (3), North Devon (4), South Somerset (5), North Somerset (6), North Wiltshire (7), South Wiltshire (8), Dorset (9), Isle of Wight (10), South Hampshire (11), North Hampshire (12), West Sussex (13), East Sussex (14), East Kent (15), West Kent (16), Surrey (17), South Essex (18), North Essex (19), Hertfordshire (20), Middlesex (21), Berkshire (22), Oxfordshire (23), Buckinghamshire (24), East Suffolk (25), West Suffolk (26), East Norfolk (27), West Norfolk (28), Cambridgeshire (29), Bedfordshire (30), Huntingdonshire (31), Northamptonshire (32), East Gloucestershire (33), West Gloucestershire (34), Herefordshire (36), Worcestershire (37), Warwickshire (38), Staffordshire (39), Shropshire (Salop) (40), South Lincolnshire (53), North Lincolnshire (54), Leicestershire (55), Nottinghamshire (56), Derbyshire (57), Cheshire (58), South Lancashire (59), West Lancashire (60), South-East Yorkshire (61), North-East Yorkshire (62), South-West Yorkshire (63), Mid-West Yorkshire (64), North-West Yorkshire (65), County Durham (66), South Northumberland (67), North Northumberland (68), Westmorland (69), and Cumberland (70).

6 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

3 Data sources

Like the GB and Wales Red Lists, data used for of sources, including correspondence with the England Red List came from the Vascular BSBI Vice-County Recorders (VCRs), BSBI Plant Database (VPDb) held by the Biological referees and other experts, draft or published Records Centre (BRC) at CEH Wallingford. County Rare Plant Registers http://www. The VPDb enabled comparison of spatial and bsbi.org.uk/rare_plants.html, recent county temporal data collected for the two Atlases Floras, verified records held on the BSBI (Perring & Walters 1962; Preston et al. 2002). Distribution Database (DDb), peer-reviewed The GB and Wales Red Lists used hectad data and grey literature, and responses to requests collated from the 1930-1969 and 1987-1999 for information sent out to amateur botanists, recording periods or ‘date classes’ to calculate NGOs, the Broads Authority, Local Records the trend in distribution (Area of Occupancy or Centres, the Environment Agency and Natural AOO) and spatial spread (Extent of Occurrence England. In addition, a limited number of or EOO) for each taxon (see Sections 4.6 and data were collected in the field by the authors 4.7 for a detailed explanation of AOO and when no other recent EOO). This % trend figure was then used to information could be determine threat status under Criterion A found. Even so, there of the IUCN Red List Criteria (see Table 1 are still a few taxa in Section 4.3 and also Section 7). For the that require further England Red List it was originally intended surveys before an to make use of post-New Atlas data so that accurate threat status a third date class (2000+) could be included can be assigned, and in AOO and EOO analyses. However, despite where this is the case several attempts (see Section 4.6) it was not a comment is made possible to use these data. Consequently, the in the appropriate England Red List used the same date classes column on the Main as the GB and Wales Red Lists to analyse List (Section 8). population trends for Criterion A. The general approach Assessments of threat using IUCN Criteria adopted for the B, C and D (see Section 4.3) utilise more England Red List recent (post-New Atlas) information on the therefore mirrors number of locations and/or size of population the GB and Wales in England which (in the case of Criteria B Red Lists, with the and C) involve having to determine whether most up-to-date taxa are undergoing a continuing decline. For information available most taxa in England population size and/or being used to assess the number of locations exceed the maximum threat under IUCN The most recent thresholds for a taxon to be considered criteria B, C and D, information was as threatened under any of these Criteria and hectad data for gathered for a number (see Table 1). However, recent information the date classes 1930- of species that occur required for Criteria B, C and D was collated 1969 and 1987-1999 in 15 hectads or less, for 162 species occurring in 15 hectads or less to assess threat under including Hypochaeris in England. Records came from a wide variety IUCN Criterion A. maculata (Peter Stroh).

7 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

4 Application of IUCN Criteria

4.1 IUCN categories at the regional present elsewhere in GB are assessed as RE, level whereas taxa extinct in GB as a whole are classified as Extinct (EX). Consequently, The standard IUCN Red List Categories the England Red List includes both RE and (IUCN 2001) have been applied (Figure 2) EX taxa. with the following modifications to take account of the regional nature of this analysis: 2 Taxa that are (or have been) present in England but are not considered eligible for 1 Taxa which are extinct within the region assessment at regional level are assigned but extant in other parts of the world are the category ‘Not Assessed’ (NA) and are assessed as ‘Regionally Extinct’ (RE). separately listed in Section 9. These are taxa A taxon is considered to be RE when that are native to other parts of GB but are ‘there is no reasonable doubt that the last considered to be either neophyte or casual individual has died’ (IUCN 2003). In this in England. report, taxa extinct in England but still

Extinct (EX)

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Regionally Extinct (RE)

Critically Endangered (CR)

(Threatened) Endangered (EN)

Vulnerable (VU)

Near Threatened (NT)

Least Concern (LC)

(Evaluated) Data Deficient (DD)

Not Assessed (NA)

Figure 2: The structure of IUCN categories at the Regional level (taken from IUCN 2003).

8 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

4.2 Treating England as a region used for the GB Red List. Table 1 gives a brief description of the IUCN categories and A region is defined by the IUCN (2003) as the four Criteria (A-D). A fifth Criterion (E: any sub-global geographically defined area, Quantitative Analysis of Extinction Risk) was such as a continent, country, state or province. not considered for the GB Red List because Although the standard IUCN categories there were no published population viability and criteria are applicable at regional level, analyses, and for the same reasons Criterion if a region shares a geopolitical border, as E has not been used for the England Red List. England does with both Wales and Scotland, The NT category was applied to taxa that did then the potential for movement of propagules not qualify as threatened (i.e. CR, EN or VU) to or from other populations beyond that but were close to qualifying against one or border has to be taken into account when more of the thresholds summarised in Table 1; assigning a final threat status. This is because thresholds for NT were the same as those the unit being assessed only supports a used in the GB Red List (Cheffings & Farrell proportion of the whole, and so there is the 2005, p.17). possibility that the estimate of extinction risk may be exaggerated. Taxa not qualifying as threatened or NT under any of the Criteria in Table 1 are included The Wales Red List assessed the likelihood in the England Red List as either Extinct of a Welsh population experiencing any (EX), Regionally Extinct (RE), Extinct in the significant immigration of viable propagules Wild (EW), Data Deficient (DD) or of ‘Least from England by using a dynamism score Concern’ (LC) (see Table 2 for definitions). If (Pocock et al. 2006), with a score of 5 a taxon is listed as being LC, it is important to denoting the most dynamic species (e.g. emphasise that this does not imply that it is of Catabrosa aquatica) and a score of 1 no conservation concern, but rather that, in representing species that are highly sedentary terms of extinction risk, it is not threatened. (e.g. Carex panicea). As Dines (2008) notes, if A taxon may require conservation action interpreted with care, dynamism can indicate even if it is not listed as threatened, just as which taxa are more likely to immigrate under a threatened taxon that has been effectively suitable conditions. conserved may, as its status improves over time, be eventually re-assessed as LC. For the England Red List, in situations where Examples of the process followed to arrive at the entire range of a taxon is located near a threat status for ten England Red List taxa to the borders of either Scotland or Wales can be found in Section 7. and has a high dynamism score, a threat status may be downgraded by one category if the GB population is assessed as LC. If the GB population is threatened or NT, then the English IUCN threat category remains unaltered (following Dines 2008).

4.3 IUCN categories in England

Apart from the modifications outlined in Sections 4.1 and 4.2, thresholds used for the England Red List are the same as those

9 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Table 1: IUCN threat categories and Criteria applied to the England Red List. Some IUCN sub-criteria were not used in the assessment process. Criterion A evaluates distribution trends (Area of Occupancy – AOO) and/or spatial spread (Extent of Occurrence – EOO) since 1930; Criterion B deals with declining taxa that have a restricted geographic range and occur in a small number of locations; Criterion C covers declining taxa that have a small population size; Criterion D assesses taxa that are not necessarily declining, but have a very small number of individuals and/or occur at a small number of locations. If a taxon qualifies for more than one threat category, the highest threat category is assigned.

Critically Near Endangered Vulnerable Endangered Threatened A. Population reduction ≥ 80% ≥ 50% ≥ 30% ≥ 20% Sub-criteria A2: Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of reduction may not have ceased or may not be understood or may not be reversible, based on sub-criteria (a) or (c) (a) direct observation (c) a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality B. Geographic range Sub-criterion B1: EOO <100km2 <5,000km2 <20,000km2 Sub-criterion B2: AOO <10km2 <500km2 <2,000 km2 AND (a) Number of locations 1 ≤5 ≤10 ≤30 (b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) EOO; (ii) AOO; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals. C. Small population size and decline Number of mature individuals <250 <2,500 <10,000 not applicable AND Sub-criterion C2: A continuing decline AND C2 (ai) Number of mature individuals in each subpopulation: <50 <250 <1,000 not applicable or C2 (aii) % individuals in one subpopulation = 90-100% 95-100% 100% not applicable

D. Very small or restricted population Either: Number of mature individuals <50 <250 D1. <1,000 <10,000 AND/OR

VU D2. Restricted number of locations with a D2. number of plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to locations ≤5 CR or EX in a very short time

10 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Table 2: Explanation of IUCN threat categories applied to taxa that are not assessed as threatened (i.e. CR, EN, VU) or Near Threatened (NT).

Threat Category Description Least Concern (LC) Assessed as not threatened following consideration of Criteria A, B, C & D Extinct (EX) Extinct in England and elsewhere in GB Regionally Extinct (RE) Extinct in England but still present elsewhere in GB Extinct in the Wild (EW) Extinct in England and elsewhere in GB, but still present in cultivation Data Deficient (DD) Taxa believed to have very restricted and quite possibly threatened populations, but insufficient data for analysis Waiting List (WL) Full assessment not possible due to inadequate data, taxonomic uncertainties or uncertainties over native or archaeophyte status

4.4 Defining a population, individual individuals in a population, defining ‘an and location individual’ is often difficult, with different methods used depending on the life-form A population is defined by the IUCN as of the taxon being recorded. For orchids the ‘the total number of individuals of the number of flowering spikes is often used as taxon throughout its distributional range’ a proxy count for the number of individuals (IUCN 2013). For the present exercise the despite studies showing that this can under- distributional range is England, so individuals estimate population size for some species found in the rest of the GB or global range are (e.g. Wells et al. 1998; Hutchings 2010). For not considered. In instances where population species such as Phleum alpinum or Blysmus size fluctuates markedly from year to year compressus individuals can be virtually (e.g. Arenaria norvegica subsp. anglica, impossible to distinguish in the field; in Juncus capitatus, Rumex rupestris, Trifolium these circumstances an estimate of ‘extent’ bocconei), a lower estimate that may be much (e.g. square-metre coverage) or numbers less than the mean is used to determine of ‘patches’ or ‘clumps’ may be employed population size in accordance with IUCN alongside an estimate of the number of guidelines. Within each population there will flowering/fruiting stems. It is accepted that usually be multiple subpopulations, defined as the use of different methods in assessing ‘geographically or otherwise distinct groups a population size can make interpretation in the population’ (IUCN 2013). For example, difficult, but in every case the thresholds in England Orchis simia has an estimated have been applied to the available data in as population of 370 mature individuals rigorous and consistent a manner as possible. comprising two subpopulations of 345 individuals and 25 individuals. Knowledge The number of locations, particularly for rarer of the number of individuals present within species, influences the final threat category each subpopulation can help to identify risks and it is important to be aware that a ‘location’ associated with fragmentation, and this is not the same as a botanical ‘site’. The IUCN information can influence the level of threat Guidelines (IUCN 2013) state that a location assigned to a taxon under Criteria C2ai and is ‘a geographically or ecologically distinct C2aii (see Table 1). area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon When estimating the total number of present’; and that in addition, ‘the size of the

11 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Blysmus compressus, a rhizomatous species that can form ‘swards’ of shoots making it impossible to establish the number of individuals in a subpopulation (Simon Leach). location depends on the area covered by the However, this approach does have its own threatening event’. Where practical we have problems, not least that it may produce followed the GB Red List approach of defining spurious multiple records for single locations locations as ‘management units’, on the when these straddle tetrad boundaries. We assumption that a land-use change generally have followed the GB Red List approach as imposed at the management unit level (e.g. closely as possible, but decided to replace ploughing, burning, tree-felling, cessation of a ‘fixed’ tetrad proxy with a ‘movable’ or grazing) will usually constitute the most likely ‘floating’ tetrad in such instances. Sometimes potentially threatening event. For aquatic this approach was redundant as a plant’s lack plants, whole drainage systems are considered of mobility and habitat restriction guided the as single locations, as either diffuse or point- decision. For example, two subpopulations source pollution in one part of the catchment of Saxifraga hirculus within a large expanse could impact on the entire system. Difficulties of otherwise unsuitable habitat would count occasionally arise when attempting to define as two locations, even if they were present locations for taxa with a scattered distribution within the same movable tetrad, by virtue across large, open tracts of land. In such of their physical isolation and the fact that instances, the GB Red List sometimes used suitable habitat patches for this species tend the number of occupied tetrads (2 x 2km to be highly restricted, non-contiguous and squares) as a proxy for estimating the number ‘immobile’. of locations (Cheffings & Farrell 2005, p.16).

12 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

4.5 Conservation introductions assessment is based on both extant native and introduced material. Where appropriate the Guidance produced by the IUCN (2013) comments column in the Main List includes recommends that a conservation introduction details of the introduction, including the start should only be included in an assessment of date, number of locations and the current threat if it meets all the following criteria: number of mature individuals when known. 1) it lies within the known native range of Where possible, details of introductions of the target species, 2) it used suitable genetic threatened taxa that do not yet meet the stock, 3) it is more than five years old, and 4) criteria noted above, but that may become there is evidence of sustained production of ecologically self-sustaining in the future, are viable offspring, i.e. the introduction is ‘self- listed in the comments column. sustaining’.

The first two criteria relating to biogeography and genetics were accepted as appropriate and ‘workable’, but we felt that five years was a rather arbitrary (and often too short) time period for determining the success or failure of an introduction and so have excluded this criterion. Regarding the criterion of ‘self-sustainability’, we have included a conservation introduction when there is evidence of viable offspring being produced over a suitable period of time relative to the known ecology of the introduced taxon (i.e. the introduction has become ecologically self-sustaining) and if the introduction lies within a well-protected site (e.g. a SSSI or second tier site). This last point is founded on the assumption that, to stand much chance of remaining viable in the long term, an introduced population will invariably require the added ‘security’ of occurring on a suitably protected site. In addition, conservation introductions were only considered for native (not archaeophyte) taxa that were assessed in the GB Red List as CR or EN, or if they were Senecio paludosus at Woodwalton Fen NNR – included on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and an example of an ecologically self-sustaining Countryside Act 1981. introduction (Peter Stroh).

In the very small number of cases where Conservation introductions that take place ecologically self-sustaining introductions were outside the native range of a plant are included in the analysis (e.g. the introduced termed ‘benign introductions’ and may be subpopulation of Senecio paludosus at considered only if they are established within Woodwalton Fen National Nature Reserve an appropriate habitat and eco-geographical (NNR), Huntingdonshire), the final threat area, and when there is no suitable habitat

13 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

left within the historic range of a taxon (IUCN vegetation type that was hypothesised to have 1998). If the only individuals left in England occurred in the distant past, and to answer are in a population resulting from a benign questions about the effects of sheep grazing introduction, then the taxon is considered on rare upland species with restricted ranges EW. These criteria resulted in the exclusion (Park et al. 1962). Several introduced taxa of a number of experimental introductions were either newly recorded to the area but of taxa that continue to persist but are either present elsewhere in England (e.g. Alchemilla located beyond the limits of a (presumed) alpina, Cerastium alpinum, Cornus suecica, natural range e.g. Geranium sanguineum, Oxyria digyna, Poa glauca, Salix herbacea, S. Koeleria vallesiana, Veronica spicata and lapponum, Saussurea alpina, Silene acaulis, other rare taxa of the Mendip limestone or Saxifraga nivalis) or new to England entirely Avon Gorge planted at the Goblin Coombe (e.g. Gnaphalium supinum, Juncus trifidus, experimental site in Somerset (Hope-Simpson Minuartia sedoides, Salix reticulata, Salix et al. 1955). arbuscula and Sibbaldia procumbens) with some surviving to the present day. All are In a few cases, introductions fail to meet considered to be outside their known natural both ‘conservation’ and ‘benign’ criteria. For range and therefore cannot be considered for example, in the 1950s species-rich turves assessment. were transplanted from the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands to exclosures Regrettably, such field experiments can also on Moor House NNR (now part of Moor cast doubt on the status of taxa that may be House-Upper Teesdale NNR), Westmorland. native to the area. For example, the highest The trial introductions aimed to recreate a British population of Circaea alpina occurs in

Circaea alpina (Mark Gurney).

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one of the experimental exclosures on Moor 4.6 Methods used for assessing Area of House. The species is not listed as a deliberate Occupancy (AOO) introduction, but the plants grow in atypical habitat. Propagules or plants are unlikely to Area of Occupancy (AOO) is defined as the have been present in the Lake District area area occupied by a taxon within its overall from where the turves were originally taken, ‘range’ (see Section 4.7), excluding cases of and so the possibility exists that the species vagrancy (IUCN 2013), and is determined was present but previously overlooked in by the ‘scale’ at which the presence of the exclosure area prior to the experimental taxa is recorded. In recent years it has introduction, or perhaps may have established become commonplace to record plants to more recently via natural dispersal at least tetrad resolution, and the tetrad is mechanisms. Equally, seeds may have recommended as an appropriate-sized unit arrived accidentally, for instance in the soil of for measuring AOO by the IUCN. However, translocated turves. Altitudinal limits can tell records for the 1930-1969 period were us a great deal about ecological tolerance to invariably made at hectad scale, as were the conditions that limit growth, such as air and majority of records for the 1987-1999 period; soil temperature during the growing season, consequently, the calculation of AOO for but some suspicion is inevitably attached to taxa in the England Red List uses hectad the C. alpina record because it is associated resolution data. The GB Red List calculated with an experimental introduction. AOO at tetrad scale for these two date classes by extrapolating the number of tetrads from Although there have been attempts to the number of hectad records using a scale- document introductions in the past there correction factor published by the IUCN is at present no definitive record of plant (2001). The extrapolated results were then introductions for species of conservation checked against two independent sets of ‘real’ concern in either England or GB as a whole. tetrad data that covered part of the 1987- This can make interpretation of trends in 1999 recording period. Following this scale population and distribution challenging for correction, the percentage change between some threatened taxa, but we have made these two recording periods provided the every effort to collate all available data for AOO result for each taxon. However, because all relevant introductions and then assess of a lack of information for many taxa, whether they qualify using the guidelines this method of scaling down the data from noted above. In addition, when extant native hectad to tetrad resolution could not factor populations or subpopulations are ‘bolstered’ in qualitative information about the biology or ‘reinforced’ with introduced stock it can of a taxon (e.g. habitat specificity; dispersal be impossible to know if individuals still ability) recommended by the IUCN guidance. present are originals or ‘reinforcements’ In addition, this method of assessing AOO (e.g. Thalictrum alpinum on Knock Fell or did not account for differences in recorder Potentilla crantzii at Rough Sike, both in the effort between the two date classes, nor was it northern Pennines). In the small number of capable of calculating a significance value for cases where there is published evidence that trends. populations have been bolstered, we have determined a threat status on a case-by-case There are a number of spatial and temporal basis based on all available information, and biases inherent in all biological datasets. have included our reasoning in the text. For example, some areas are recorded more intensively because of their accessibility,

15 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

the expertise of the recorders and/or the effort in the target hectad. These limitations number of volunteers available. These biases are unlikely to significantly impact on may change through time and therefore estimates of trends, since estimates of spatial analysing trends for a given species is not variation in recorder effort are constant over straightforward (Prendergast et al. 1993; time, but they may have some impact on Hassall & Thompson 2010). In recent years, our estimates of species distributions (see however, statistical methods have been Figure 4). developed to account for spatial and temporal variation in recording effort, thereby making FRESCALO accounts for variation in the results of trend analyses more robust, and recording effort over time by considering the England Red List was able to use one such the commonest species (termed ‘benchmark’ method. species) recorded in each neighbourhood. FRESCALO does this by first pooling the list FRESCALO (FREquency SCAling LOcal) of species records for each neighbourhood (Hill 2012) corrects for variation in recording and then ranking them by their frequency intensity geographically and over time. across all time periods (in this case the two FRESCALO uses the idea of ‘neighbourhoods’ date classes 1930-1969 and 1987-1999). – floristically similar hectads surrounding a Species in the top 15% in a neighbourhood target location. Each hectad in England has its own ‘neighbourhood’. To account for spatial variation in recording effort, FRESCALO makes the simple assumption that if each neighbourhood was searched thoroughly, the mean species frequency would be similar across all neighbourhoods. By calculating the deviation of each neighbourhood from this expected value (accounting for species richness) it is possible to estimate recorder effort (Figure 3).

There are two main limitations to this approach. Firstly, it makes an assumption about the value of the mean frequency, assuming it to be constant across space. This means that in neighbourhoods where the mean frequency is genuinely lower than our assumed value, FRESCALO will overestimate species occurrence, and vice versa. Secondly, it infers recorder effort in a hectad from values in its ‘neighbourhood’; this has the Figure 3: A map of the distribution of recording effect of smoothing the estimates of recorder intensity across England, as estimated by effort (Figure 3). As a consequence, fine-scale FRESCALO, amalgamated for both Atlas time variation in recording effort (e.g. a poorly periods (1930-1969 and 1987-1999). Low alpha recorded target hectad in a neighbourhood values (white) indicate areas of low under- of well recorded hectads) will be missed and recording, and high alpha values (red) indicate may result in inaccurate estimates of recorder areas of high under-recording.

16 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

were considered to be suitable benchmarks i.e. 1930-1969, 1970-1986, 1987-1999, and to use in the AOO analysis for this Red List. 2000+. However, the incompleteness of The change in a species’ occurrence was then the most recent date class led to a number calculated relative to these benchmarks. of spurious results. Furthermore, inclusion Since the benchmark species are common of four date classes meant that a regression and assumed to be stable, any change in their was required rather than a z-test. The more frequency is considered likely to be the result data points (i.e. date classes) included in a of changes in recording effort over time. To regression analysis, the better it can detect avoid selecting species as benchmarks that a trend where one exists. Having only four invalidated our assumption of stability, a list data points gives a very low power in the was drawn up of common species known to regression and we had little confidence in have changed in their levels of occurrence over the draft results produced by this approach. time, and these were not used as benchmarks Consequently, a FRESCALO comparison using in the analysis. the two Atlas date classes and a z-test was undertaken to ensure that best quality data Once spatial and temporal variations were used in the analyses and that the results in recorder effort had been calculated, calculated were as robust as possible. FRESCALO then worked out the trend in distribution between the two time periods 4.7 Methods used for assessing Extent by first giving each species a value, known of Occurrence (EOO) as a Time factor, or ‘Tfactor’. This ‘Tfactor’ measures the relative probability of finding Extent of Occurrence (EOO) is defined as the the target species on a typical visit relative area contained within the shortest continuous to the benchmark species, with decisions on imaginary boundary which can be drawn to change dependant on the ratio of Tfactor encompass all extant locations of a taxon values. Tfactors were calculated for both time (IUCN 2001). EOO is commonly referred to as periods, and a z-test was performed for each a measure of range, although strictly speaking species to test if the two time periods were EOO measures the geographical spread of significantly different from one another. This areas currently occupied by the taxon. A taxon test also calculated the probability that the with a large EOO is usually less likely to be trend could have resulted by chance. When adversely affected by a single threatening the probability was 5% or less, the trend event than a taxon with a smaller EOO between the two time periods was considered because the risk is spread more widely (IUCN unlikely to have resulted by chance and was 2013). However, calculating EOO is not simply included as a statistically significant trend (see a case of ‘joining the dots’ and calculating the Figure 4). Where the result was significant the area within the drawn boundary, and arriving percentage change in recording rate relative to at an EOO can be particularly problematic in benchmarks (Tfactor) was calculated and used cases where a taxon has a highly disjunct or to assign a Red List status. This percentage- coastal distribution. change figure is shown for each taxon assessed as threatened under Criterion A in the Main There are several different methods available List (Section 8). for measuring EOO, and four were tested on the data for this Red List. The first method It was initially hoped that the FRESCALO (‘Number of Squares’) is the simplest of method would enable the England Red List to the techniques and involves determining incorporate four date classes in the analysis, the number of grid squares in which the

17 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

species has been recorded. These values The third method – Localised Convex Hull are converted to an area by multiplying the (LoCoH) (Getz & Wilmers 2004; Getz et al. number of squares by the square area. The 2007) – is an extension of MCH but rather second method – the Minimum Convex Hull than fitting one polygon to the dataset (MCH) – draws the smallest single polygon for each species it fits a series of localised that contains all of the data points (occupied polygons and aggregates these to construct hectads) and intersects with the outline of the final ‘hull’ (Figure 5). Finally, the fourth England to calculate an area that excludes the method (Alpha Hull) is also a generalisation sea, Scotland and Wales (Figure 5). of the convex hull method but has been

Erica tetralix (Near Threatened)

Actual distribution Adjusted frequency Temporal trend

Anacamptis morio (Vulnerable)

Actual distribution Adjusted frequency Temporal trend

Figure 4: Four examples of FRESCALO output. The maps on the left display the recorded hectad distribution combined for both Atlas time periods (green dots = 1930-69; blue dots = 1987-99). The map in the centre displays the ‘frequency’ values for each of the four example species after accounting for spatial variation in recorder effort. This measure gives the probability that the species occurs in a hectad in either time period. Red indicates a very high probability that the species is present while

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suggested as being more suitable to species parameter α. The smaller the value of α, the distributions than MCH, especially when finer the resolution of the hull produced. For dealing with irregularly shaped species ranges this analysis and following expert opinion, we (Burgman & Fox 2003). The Alpha Hull applied the same α value of 20000 used for method (Figure 6) works by joining all points the GB Red List across all species. so that no lines intersect between points (i.e. making a Delaunay triangulation of the data After performing analyses and inspecting the points), then selectively removing lines from results using all four methods, we decided this triangulation based on the value of a to use the Alpha Hull method for calculating

Ranunculus arvensis (Endangered)

Actual distribution Adjusted frequency Temporal trend

Scandix pecten-veneris (Critically Endangered)

Actual distribution Adjusted frequency Temporal trend

white indicates a very low probability of occurrence. Since these data are based on inferences made from neighbourhood information, the probability maps appear smoothed and do not pick up finer scale change in occurrence. Graphs on the right show the Tfactor for each species in each of the two time periods. This measure accounts for temporal bias in recorder effort and allows us to perform a statistical test to test for significance. A significant negative trend was calculated for each of the example species.

19 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

EOO trend between the two date classes. comparisons can therefore be made between This method is recommended by the IUCN GB and England EOO trends. and was used for the GB Red List, and direct

Figure 5: Measuring the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of Drosera rotundifolia for the first Atlas recording period (1930-1969). The ‘dot map’ on the left shows recorded hectad distribution for the period, the centre map shows the EOO polygon created using the Minimum Convex Hull (MCH) method, the map on the right shows the EOO produced by the Localised Convex Hull (LoCoH) method.

Figure 6: The EOO polygon created for Drosera rotundifolia for both Atlas recording periods (1930- 1969 left; 1987-1999 right) using the Alpha Hull method. Note the subtle differences between the two maps, particularly in south-west, southern and eastern areas of England, reflecting the loss of this species in these areas since the first Atlas period.

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5 Explanation of the England Red List

The columns that appear in the Main List GB distribution in England are also included (Section 8) of this Red List are explained in this column. Although England does not below. have a national responsibility for these taxa, it was thought useful to highlight them in the 5.1 Species information Main List for ease of reference as many are of interest from a biogeographic perspective (e.g. As stated in Section 2.1, species names (as they may be at their southern or eastern GB given in the Taxon column) follow Stace range limits). (2010). Where nomenclature differs from the published GB Red List, the original name is We decided not to include detail on all taxa presented in parentheses next to the current reaching the edges of their GB range in name e.g. Avenula pratensis (Helictotrichon England as this list would include a large pratense). Only native and archaeophyte taxa number that reach their southern limits in are included in the England Red List (see England simply because they are present Section 2.1 for definitions and exceptions). ‘below Wales’. However, information is Native taxa are left blank in the Native/ included from Preston (2007) for all taxa that Archaeophyte column; Archaeophytes are occur at their absolute northern or southern denoted as ‘Arch’. European range limits in England in the European edge of range? column. The GB Red List status column lists the threat category of each taxon as given in European range limits for England are Cheffings & Farrell (2005) or in subsequent separated into three latitudinal bands: 45°N amendments (Leach 2007, 2010; Leach & to 50°N, 50°N to 55°N, and 55°N to 60°N Walker 2011, 2013). The threat category (Figure 7; Table 3), although as can be seen for England is given in the column titled from Figure 7 the vast majority of England England Red List status (see Section 5.4). falls within the 50°N to 55°N band. As range limits in Preston (2007) did not discriminate 5.2 National responsibility and between GB regions, the distribution of these European edge of range European edge of range taxa were cross- checked against New Atlas maps in order to An assessment has been made of the exclude those for which northern or southern proportion of the GB distribution of each range limits are located in Scotland, Wales, taxon found within England. This is based Isle of Man, Channel Islands, Northern on the number of hectads for which there Ireland or Republic of Ireland. are modern (i.e. post-1986) records and follows the method used for the Wales 5.3 International responsibility Red List. If England holds 75% or more of the GB distribution it is deemed to have a The GB Red List attempted to estimate national responsibility for the taxon. The whether the UK held a significant (i.e. >25%) percentage estimate for England is given proportion of the European population for in the Proportion (%) of GB hectads each species (excluding subspecies) by first in England column. The percentage estimating the European range and then estimates for taxa with 10% or less of their estimating the proportion of that range

21 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Figure 7: The distribution of Crassula tillaea in Europe (taken from Jalas et al. 1999), showing the three latitudinal bands that encompass England (45°N to 50°N, 50°N to 55°N, and 55°N to 60°N), with the native northern European range limit for C. tillaea at Gibraltar Point, North Lincolnshire.

Table 3: European range limits for England for three latitudinal bands: 45°N to 50°N, 50°N to 55°N, and 55°N to 60°N. The coding (e.g. N1, S1) differentiates between absolute northern and southern range limits within latitudinal bands and is used in the column entitled European edge of range? in the Main List.

European Edge Explanation of European Edge of Range Code of Range Code

N1 absolute northern European limit between latitudinal band 45°N and 50°N

N2 absolute northern European limit between latitudinal band 50°N and 55°N

N3 absolute northern European limit between latitudinal band 55°N and 60°N

S1 absolute southern European limit between latitudinal band 45°N and 50°N

S2 absolute southern European limit between latitudinal band 50°N and 55°N

S3 absolute southern European limit between latitudinal band 55°N and 60°N

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lying within the UK (see Cheffings & Farrell taxon is assessed as being Near Threatened 2005, pp.22‑23). We have attempted the (NT) or of Least Concern (LC), the cell in the same exercise for the England Red List by England Red List status column is annotated comparing the English distribution with the NT or LC respectively. The qualifying UK distribution and amending the GB Red Criteria for each threatened or NT species is List ‘International responsibility’ status for explained in the adjacent Threat Criteria England accordingly. The initial conclusions column. When a threatened or NT status are annotated in the International is linked to a decline in AOO or EOO under responsibility column in the Main List as Criterion A, the percentage decline is listed follows: in the % AOO decline or % EOO decline columns respectively. All declines have a Yes We are sure that England holds confidence value of 95% or higher unless more than 25% of the European otherwise stated in the Comments column. population. Further information on how a threat status is determined can be found in Cheffings & Probably We are fairly sure that England Farrell (2005; pp.18-22) and examples of the holds more than 25% of the process used to determine threat for selected European population. taxa assessed in this Red List are given in Section 7. Information on how the Number Possibly There is a reasonable chance that of locations and Number of individuals England holds more than 25% of columns were populated is given in Section the European population. 4.4.

5.4 England endemics and near 5.6 Modification of England Red List endemics categories

For the purposes of this Red List, an endemic IUCN threat categories can be modified if taxon is defined as one for which the entire there is high probability of inward migration native global range lies within England. Taxa of a threatened taxon by means of propagules that qualify are listed as ‘yes’ in the column originating beyond a region’s geopolitical entitled England endemic?. If the entire borders (see Section 4.3). As assessment was native global range lies within the ‘British performed for all threatened taxa in England Isles’, i.e. within the United Kingdom, on the basis of the criteria summarised in Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and Section 4.3, but in no instance did the results the Isle of Man, then it is listed as ‘yes’ in the indicate any need to change the threat status England near endemic? column. given.

5.5 England Red List categories and criteria

If a taxon is assessed as threatened under IUCN Criteria A, B, C or D, an IUCN threat category (CR, EN or VU) is given in the England Red List status column. If a

23 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

6 Results and discussion

6.1 Comparison of England, Wales and As Wales is approximately one sixth the size of GB Red Lists England (20,779 square kilometres in Wales compared with 130,357 square kilometres in 19.9% of all native and archaeophyte taxa England), a greater proportion of RE and CR assessed in England were considered species is to be expected because of the scale- threatened (i.e. CR, EN or VU) (Table 4). dependency of extinction i.e. smaller areas This compares with 15.9% of all taxa assessed will tend to lose more species than larger in Wales and 21.0% in GB (updated from areas due to the habitat for a taxon being Cheffings & Farrell 2005). more restricted. Of the 29 species assessed as RE in Wales, for example, only three Comparisons between England, GB and the species are also RE in England (Melampyrum proportion of threatened species in each sylvaticum, Mertensia maritima, area are not straightforward. This is because Potamogeton filiformis), whereas 13 species the larger area (GB) includes the smaller are CR, EN or VU in England (Adonis annua, area (England), but the smaller area is not a Campanula rapunculus, Carex depauperata, random sample of the larger area. This is not Chenopodium urbicum, C. vulvaria, Crepis the case with England and Wales, and so more mollis, Fallopia dumetorum, Galium confidence can be placed in a comparison tricornutum, Herminium monorchis, between these two ‘regions’. Lithospermum arvense, Lolium temulentum, Lycopodium annotinum, Torilis arvensis), There are proportionately more EX, RE and two species are NT in England (Eryngium CR species in Wales than England (Table 4). campestre, Puccinellia fasciculata), and

Table 4: The number and proportion of taxa in each Red List category for England, Wales and Great Britain. Hybrid taxa are not included in the England Red List and so have been excluded from the Wales and GB totals. Microspecies, including Hieracium and Taraxacum, are included in the totals.

IUCN threat categories England Wales Great Britain No. of % of No. of % of No. of % of taxa total taxa total taxa total Extinct (EX; EW; RE) 36 1.9 38 2.7 28 1.3 Critically Endangered (CR) 58 3.1 52 3.6 72 3.3 Endangered (EN) 137 7.4 62 4.3 145 6.6 Vulnerable (VU) 175 9.4 113 7.9 243 11.1 Subtotal 406 21.8 265 18.6 488 22.3 Data Deficient (DD) 57 3.1 14 1.0 80 3.7 Near Threatened (NT) 144 7.7 29 2.0 108 4.9 Least Concern (LC) 1252 67.3 1119 78.4 1515 69.1 Subtotal 1453 78.2 1162 81.4 1703 77.7 406 + 1453 265 + 1162 488 + 1703 Total 100 100 100 = 1859 = 1427 = 2191

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Geranium purpureum (Peter Stroh) and Saxifraga aizoides (John Martin)– RE in Wales but LC in England.

11 species are LC in England (Fumaria 6.2 Taxa with a lower threat status in densiflora, Geranium purpureum, England than in GB Imperatoria ostruthium (Peucedanum ostruthium), Lathyrus japonicus, Ophrys After the exclusion of England-only taxa that sphegodes, Orobanche elatior, Saxifraga have had a change to their threat status (see aizoides, Scilla autumnalis, Sesleria caerulea, Section 6.9.1) and taxa that experienced the Thesium humifusum, Trifolium suffocatum). bulk of their decline in distribution prior to No RE species in England are extant in Wales. 1930 (see Section 6.7), just 11 taxa have a lower threat status in England compared to England does, however, have a greater GB, namely Alchemilla wichurae, Asparagus proportion of EN and VU species and as a prostratus, Bromus secalinus, Crepis result has a slightly higher overall proportion mollis, Euphrasia pseudokerneri, Fumaria of threatened taxa than Wales. The majority parviflora, Myriophyllum verticillatum, (68%) of EN and VU species are assessed Ranunculus arvensis, Rumex rupestris, as threatened in England because of a Saxifraga hypnoides, and Scandix pecten- substantial decline in hectad distribution and/ veneris. or a contraction in range (Criteria A and/or B). This compares with 36% of EN and VU The lower threat status for Asparagus species assessed as threatened under Criteria prostratus and Rumex rupestris is based A and/or B in Wales. These results suggest on recent population counts that show that factors such as widespread changes in considerable increases in the number land use since 1930, particularly in southern of mature individuals. In the case of and eastern England (e.g. Walker 2003), A. prostratus, previous declines have been have had a disproportionate influence on the reversed due to increased conservation effort, English flora. the discovery of one new location and the re- discovery of two further locations since 2001

25 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

(Rich et al. 2010a). For Rumex rupestris, decline was calculated at 51% (EN) across the a combination of increased survey effort, two date classes, recently published evidence more intensive monitoring and, at some (Walker & Robinson 2011) suggests that C. locations, an expansion in the availability mollis was almost certainly overlooked in (or occupation) of suitable habitat appears the 1987-1999 recording period. As a result to have accounted for the increase in plant the perceived decline calculated for the GB numbers over the past 10 years. and England Red Lists is, in part, an artefact of recording rather than a ‘real’ decline. The The GB Red List assessment of EN for threat status for this species has therefore Alchemilla wichurae was based on an AOO been downgraded by one threat category decline of 50% or higher, but much of this (from EN to VU) to more accurately reflect its decline occurred in Scotland. In England true status. decline was calculated at 44% between the two date classes (Bradshaw 2009), and so 6.3 Taxa with a higher threat status in meets the VU threshold under Criterion A. England than in GB Similarly, Saxifraga hypnoides experienced substantial declines in Scotland that were Differences between the GB and England reflected in the VU GB Red List assessment, Lists need to be interpreted with care, as but the distribution in England has remained a change in status may be due to a taxon relatively stable. Consequently S. hypnoides qualifying under different threat criteria in has been assessed as LC in England. different geographic areas (Dines 2008). For example, Juncus capitatus qualified as Of the remaining seven taxa with a lower VU for the GB Red List under Criterion D2, threat status in England than GB, England supports 75% or more of the GB population of Bromus secalinus, Euphrasia pseudokerneri, Fumaria parviflora, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Ranunculus arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris. At first glance the differences in threat status are unexpected, although closer examination shows that for all six taxa the AOO and/or EOO decline figure calculated for England falls close to, but just below, the qualifying thresholds met for the GB threat status (see Section 8). Consequently the change in status for England may be either a result of analysing distributional trends between the two date classes using a more sensitive model than was available for the GB Red List (see Section 4.6), or because outlying subpopulations in Wales or Scotland that may have suffered considerable declines were excluded from the analysis.

Finally, although England holds c.82% of the GB distribution for Crepis mollis and the AOO Juncus capitatus (Peter Stroh).

26 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

but for the England Red List the taxon is England under Criterion A (AOO and/or EOO assessed as EN based on different Criteria decline of >30%), and 72 taxa were assessed (A2c;B1bc(iv)+2bc(iv);C2a(i)). We can be as LC in GB but met the NT Criterion A more confident in comparisons between the threshold for AOO and/or EOO decline GB and England Red Lists if a taxon has (20-30%). There are therefore at least 143 either been assessed as threatened under threatened or NT taxa in England (33 + 38 Criterion A (decline in distribution) for both + 72) that we can conclude are faring worse Red Lists, or if the taxon is LC in GB but in England than in other parts of GB (Table has a higher level of threat in England under 5 and Table 6), with the causes of decline in Criterion A. In such instances it is reasonable England likely to be linked to widespread to infer that the higher threat status in and substantial decline in quality (or outright England denotes a greater decline in England loss) of key habitats since 1930, particularly than across GB as a whole. However, it should in lowland England (Blackstock et al. 1999). be borne in mind that the AOO method of Section 6.5 presents information on the analysis used for the England List corrected habitat attributes for all threatened taxa in for spatial and temporal recorder effort and, England, and Section 6.8 information on the as such, may be more sensitive to changes widespread but declining taxa assessed as NT. between the two date classes than the method used for the GB Red List. In addition to the taxa listed in Table 5 and 6, there are also a small number of taxa for A total of 198 taxa have been assessed as which England has a higher threat status having a higher level of threat in England than GB because the region supports so little than in GB. This total excludes England-only of the total GB resource. In such cases the taxa that, following assessment, now have a English populations qualify as threatened different England status from that given in under Criterion D (see Table 7). Many of the GB Red List (see Section 6.9.1). Of these these taxa reach their southern GB range 198 taxa, 33 were assessed as threatened in limit in England, and so are of interest from a both England and GB under Criterion A, 38 biogeographic perspective. were LC in GB but qualified as threatened in

Table 5: The number of taxa for each threat category that are faring worse in England than in other parts of Great Britain.

GB Red List threat status England Red List CR EN VU NT LC Total threat status

CR 2 0 0 0 2

EN 10 3 5 18

VU 18 33 51

NT 72 72

LC

Total 143

27 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Table 6: Taxa assessed under Criterion A that have a higher level of threat in England than in GB.

Taxon GB Red List England Red List Alchemilla glomerulans VU EN Althaea officinalis LC NT Anacamptis morio (Orchis morio) NT VU Andromeda polifolia LC NT Antennaria dioica LC VU Apium inundatum LC VU Arabis hirsuta LC NT Artemisia maritima (Seriphidium maritimum) LC NT Aster linosyris LC EN Baldellia ranunculoides NT VU Blysmus rufus LC NT Botrychium lunaria LC VU Briza media LC NT Calluna vulgaris LC NT Calystegia soldanella LC VU Carex diandra NT VU Carex echinata LC NT Carex elata LC NT Carex elongata LC NT Carex lasiocarpa LC VU Carex limosa LC EN Carex magellanica LC NT Carex pulicaris LC NT Carex vesicaria LC VU Carlina vulgaris LC NT Carum carvi EN CR Carum verticillatum LC VU Catabrosa aquatica LC VU Centunculus minimus (Anagallis minima) NT EN Cephalanthera longifolia VU EN Cerastium arvense LC NT Chenopodium murale VU EN Cichorium intybus LC VU Cirsium heterophyllum LC NT Comarum palustre (Potentilla palustris) LC NT Cryptogramma crispa LC VU Deschampsia setacea LC VU Dianthus deltoides NT VU Drosera anglica NT EN Drosera intermedia LC VU Drosera rotundifolia LC NT Eleocharis acicularis LC NT Eleocharis parvula LC EN Epipactis palustris LC NT Erica cinerea LC NT

28 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Taxon GB Red List England Red List Erica tetralix LC NT Eriophorum angustifolium LC VU Eryngium maritimum LC NT Erysimum cheiranthoides LC NT Euphorbia exigua NT VU Euphrasia nemorosa LC NT Euphrasia tetraquetra LC NT Filago minima LC NT Fragaria vesca LC NT Fumaria purpurea LC VU Fumaria vaillantii VU EN Genista anglica NT VU Genista tinctoria LC VU Gentiana pneumonanthe LC NT Gentianella amarella LC NT Gentianella campestris VU EN Geranium sanguineum LC NT Geranium sylvaticum LC NT Glaucium flavum LC NT Gymnocarpium dryopteris LC NT Hammarbya paludosa LC VU Helianthemum nummularium LC NT Herminium monorchis VU EN Hottonia palustris LC VU Hydrocotyle vulgaris LC NT Hypericum elodes LC NT Hypochaeris maculata NT VU Inula helenium LC NT Jasione montana LC VU Juncus compressus NT VU Juniperus communis LC NT Knautia arvensis LC NT Lamium confertum LC EN Lathyrus linifolius LC NT Lepidium campestre LC NT Ligusticum scoticum LC EN Limonium vulgare LC NT Luronium natans LC NT Lycopodium clavatum LC VU Melampyrum pratense LC NT Mentha arvensis LC NT Mentha pulegium EN CR Mentha suaveolens LC NT Moenchia erecta LC VU Myrica gale LC NT Nardus stricta LC NT Neottia nidus-avis NT VU

29 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Taxon GB Red List England Red List Oenanthe fistulosa LC VU Oenanthe lachenalii LC NT Ononis spinosa LC NT Orobanche rapum-genistae NT VU Oxalis acetosella LC NT Papaver argemone VU EN Parnassia palustris LC VU Pedicularis palustris LC VU Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. sylvatica LC VU Phleum arenarium LC NT Pilularia globulifera NT VU Pinguicula vulgaris LC VU Plantago media LC NT Platanthera bifolia VU EN Polygala serpyllifolia LC NT Potamogeton alpinus LC VU Potamogeton friesii NT VU Potamogeton gramineus LC NT Potamogeton praelongus NT EN Potentilla erecta LC NT Prunus cerasus LC NT Pyrola minor LC NT Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia NT VU Radiola linoides NT VU Ranunculus flammula LC VU Rhynchospora alba LC NT Ruppia maritima LC NT Sagina nodosa LC VU Sagina subulata LC NT Salix repens LC NT Salvia verbenaca LC NT Sanicula europaea LC NT Sedum villosum NT VU Senecio aquaticus LC NT Silene conica VU EN Silene flos-cuculi (Lychnis flos-cuculi) LC NT Solidago virgaurea LC NT Sparganium natans LC VU Succisa pratensis LC NT Trifolium fragiferum LC VU Triglochin palustris LC NT Utricularia minor LC VU Valeriana dioica LC NT Valeriana officinalis LC NT Veronica officinalis LC NT Veronica scutellata LC NT Vicia lutea NT VU

30 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Taxon GB Red List England Red List Viola canina subsp. canina LC VU Viola lactea VU EN Viola lutea LC NT Zostera marina NT VU

Table 7: Taxa meeting Near Threatened (NT) or threatened (CR, EN or VU) thresholds under Criterion D in England, for which a higher threat status in England is partly or mainly due to the fact that England supports a very low proportion (less than 10%) of the total GB hectad count.

GB Taxon England Threat % GB No. of Population Red Red List criteria hectads in locations estimate List England VU Ajuga pyramidalis CR D 2 1 18 LC Betula nana CR D 2 3 <50 LC Carex atrata EN D 5 4 <100 LC Carex pauciflora NT B; D 4 14? <10000 LC Cerastium alpinum VU D1 2 3 <1000 LC Dryas octopetala VU D2 4 4 ? LC Elatine hydropiper VU D2 8 2 low 100s LC Epilobium anagallidifolium VU D1 4 5 <1000 LC Hierochloe odorata VU D2 7 1 1 or 2 clones LC Juncus balticus VU D1; D2 2 3 86 ‘patches’ LC Lycopodium annotinum VU D2 1 3 ? LC Nuphar pumila CR D 2 1 <50 LC Orthilia secunda NT D 6 c.15 c.2500 LC Phleum alpinum CR D 6 1 <50 LC Poa alpina VU D2 6 5 100s? VU Polystichum lonchitis EN D 7 14? c.250 VU Pyrola media EN D 7 11? <250 VU Salix lapponum CR D 1 2 <50 LC Saussurea alpina VU D1 2 9? <1000 LC Saxifraga nivalis CR D 4 3 <50 LC Silene acaulis VU D1 1 9 c.250 LC Subularia aquatica VU D2 2 4? ?

6.4 Taxa extinct in England Polygonatum verticillatum, Scheuchzeria palustris and Tephroseris palustris) but A total of 25 taxa, including two English 17 have been lost between 1930 and the endemics (Bromus interruptus, Senecio present day [Achillea maritima (Otanthus eboracensis), have been assessed as Extinct maritimus), Arnoseris minima, Bromus (13), Regionally Extinct (9), or Extinct in interruptus, Carex maritima, Caucalis the Wild (3) in England. Eight of these taxa platycarpos, Crassula aquatica, Euphorbia were extinct by 1930 (Asplenium fontanum, peplis, Filago gallica, Galeopsis segetum, Carex davalliana, C. trinervis, Cystopteris Hydrilla verticillata, Melampyrum alpina, Papaver bivalve subsp. hybridum, sylvaticum, Mertensia maritima, Najas

31 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

2000

1950

1900 ar last recorded in the wild Ye

1850 Najas flexilis Filago gallica Carex trinervis Carex maritima Carex davalliana Euphorbia peplis Achillea maritima Crassula aquatica Arnoseris minima Cystopteris alpina phroseris palustris Hydrilla verticillata Galeopsis segetum Bromus interruptus Mertensia maritima Senecio eboracensis Caucalis platycarpos Spiranthes aestivalis Te Asplenium fontanum Scheuchzeria palustris Potamogeton filiformis Melampyrum sylvaticum Spiranthes romanzoffiana Polygonatum verticillatum Papaver bivalve subsp. hybridum England Red List category: EX EX EX EX RE RE EX EX EX RE RE EW EX EX EX EX EW EX RE RE RE RE RE RE EW

Figure 8: The last recorded date for 25 taxa considered to have become extinct in England since 1840. England Red List categories follow IUCN definitions listed in Section 4.3. flexilis, Potamogeton filiformis, Senecio lowland lakes and consequently is vulnerable eboracensis, Spiranthes aestivalis, to eutrophication (Preston & Croft 1997). S. romanzoffiana], albeit that many of these Although it grows in deep water and is species had already experienced substantial easily missed, repeated searches have failed decline before 1930. to re-find it in its sole English location at Esthwaite Water, Westmorland. However, Six RE taxa were still extant in England nutrient-stripping is in progress at this in 1970 (Najas flexilis, Melampyrum location, with the intention that eventually sylvaticum, Potamogeton filiformis, suitable conditions can be restored for this Spiranthes romanzoffiana, Mertensia species, which could then be introduced using maritima, Carex maritima). Of these, all but material from Scotland if restored conditions Mertensia maritima were historically always do not result in the reappearance of N. flexilis rare in England (i.e. present in ≤8 hectads), from a dormant seed bank. Potamogeton while half have only ever recorded from a filiformis, unlike N. flexilis, is often found single English location (N. flexilis, P. filiformis in eutrophic water (Preston 1994), but was and S. romanzoffiana). The probable reasons last recorded in England at Rayburn Lake for the loss of all six species are discussed in South Northumberland, in 1992. It is just below. possible that the record from this location was only a transient occurrence in an apparently Najas flexilis is a species of mesotrophic unsuitable site. Numerous fruitless searches

32 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

have taken place in the past 22 years, and to increased storm damage and warmer until there is evidence to the contrary, it is winter temperatures possibly inhibiting seed considered to be RE in England. production. However, plants are still extant in south-west Scotland, the eastern coast of The extinction in England of S. romanzoffiana Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, so it is is reported here for the first time, following plausible that future seed dispersal could lead numerous searches since it was last recorded to its reappearance in England (and Wales). in 1994. The species was discovered as new to England in July 1957 when a single flowering Melampyrum sylvaticum is a hemiparasitic spike was found by Mr and Mrs P.C. Hall and plant found under light tree cover in steep Mrs B. Welch. Repeated unsuccessful searches wooded ravines and valleys in areas with have also been made for Carex maritima on high levels of atmospheric humidity (e.g. Holy Island, North Northumberland, where waterfalls, nearby flushes or natural springs). it was last recorded for England in 1983 At its last English locality in Upper Teesdale (Metherell 2011). This taxon appears to be a small number of plants (c.20) grew on retreating close to the southern limit of its bryophyte-rich ledges under a canopy of range on the east coast but is stable and may Betula pubescens, Corylus avellana and be increasing in the far north and north-west Sorbus aucuparia (Tennant 2008). Rabbit (Lockton et al. 2009), possibly suggesting a damage was identified as the probable cause ‘range shift’ response to climate change. This for extinction at this location, although may also be a factor in the loss of Mertensia the author points out that the historical maritima from all of its west coast locations decline and gradual eradication of nearby in England, with Dines (2008) noting that its relict subpopulations due to the loss and loss from the Welsh coastline may be linked fragmentation of suitable habitat over a long

Spiranthes romanzoffiana (Mark Gurney). Melampyrum sylvaticum (Bob Gibbons).

33 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

time period eventually left this species ‘with 6.5.1 Ellenberg indicator values nowhere to go’ (Tennant 2008). Plants of M. sylvaticum were last seen in England in 1990. Ellenberg indicator values denote the position of an individual taxon along an environmental 6.5 Ecological characteristics of gradient (e.g. moisture, soil pH, soil reaction threatened taxa in England etc.) in comparison with other taxa. An indicator value therefore describes ecological The availability of trait information for tolerance and the realised ecological niche for most British and Irish taxa (Hill et al. 2004) a taxon (Hill et al. 1999). enabled an examination of the ecological characteristics of 303 species that are The results of our analysis showed that overall, threatened in England and 1100 species that threatened taxa in England had a significantly are either NT or LC. Analysis of variance greater association with open habitats (ANOVA) was used to assess the significance (Ellenberg light, F = 21.3, p< 0.001) and either of differences for continuous variables (e.g. highly basic or acid soils (Ellenberg Rdiff1, F = Ellenberg indicator values) and a Chi-square 28.2, p< 0.001) than non-threatened species test used to assess differences for categorical (Figure 9). There was also a highly significant variables (e.g. Broad Habitat types). difference in terms of soil fertility, with

8 *** Not threatened NS Threatened NS ** 6

*** ***

4

2 *** *** * ± S.E for each taxa Mean Ellenberg indicator value ± S.E for 0 Light Reaction Moisture Rdiff (all) Nitrogen (all) Rdiff (aquatic) Rdiff (terrestrial) Nitrogen (aquatic) Nitrogen (terrestrial)

Figure 9: The differences in Ellenberg ecological indicator values for threatened and other species in England. Asterisks indicate where differences were significant (NS – not significant; * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001). Rdiff provides an indication of the difference of soil reaction from neutrality. Rdiff and Nitrogen results are presented for all species and for aquatic (including Zostera) and terrestrial species only.

34 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

threatened species being much more strongly 10 associated with infertile soils (Ellenberg nitrogen, F = 75.7, P< 0.001; Figure 9). 8

6 These results support the findings of a number of other studies that have shown a 4 disproportionate loss of habitat specialists

associated with ‘unproductive’, nutrient-poor Plant height (sqrt) 2 habitats at a plot, county and national level 0 in the second half of the 20th century (e.g. Not threatened Threatened Preston 2000; Preston et al. 2002; Smart et al. 2005). The Ellenberg trait analysis results for Rdiff and nitrogen were comparable when Figure 10: Bar chart showing the square root of terrestrial and aquatic species were analysed plant height in relation to threatened (CR, EN, independently (Rdiff terrestrial species, F = VU) and not-threatened (NT, LC) taxa. 24.7, p< 0.001; Rdiff aquatic species, F = 5.0, p< 0.05; nitrogen terrestrial species, F = 68.5, 6.5.3 Broad habitat types p< 0.001, nitrogen aquatic species F = 11.7, p< 0.01; Figure 9). This suggests that similar The distribution of threatened species by drivers (e.g. eutrophication, habitat loss) are broad habitat (Figure 11) reflected Ellenberg responsible for changes to both terrestrial and trait results. For a full description of all broad aquatic environments. habitat types, see Hill et al. (2004). Habitats with the highest proportions of threatened 6.5.2 Plant height species were also the least fertile (e.g. heaths and bogs), and they have probably suffered Some of the most significant drivers greater losses than more fertile habitats, affecting habitats over the past half century especially in lowland England (see Thompson (e.g. cessation of grazing or cutting, 1994; Walker & Preston 2006). eutrophication) have resulted in an increase in taller, more nutrient-demanding species It was at first surprising to find that the and the loss of shorter species associated montane broad habitat type was identified with unproductive conditions. We used alongside heath and bog broad habitats as measurements taken from Hill et al. (2004) to one of the three habitats supporting the investigate whether shorter plant height was largest numbers of England-threatened taxa. correlated with threat, as plant height acts as Undoubtedly this is partly due to drainage an indirect measure of habitat productivity and changes to upland grazing systems, but and so provides a useful proxy for competitive is also a reflection of the disproportionate ability. The results of this analysis showed losses from lowland areas of species that that threatened species in England were on are also associated with (and are often still average significantly shorter than NT and LC widespread in) upland environments in species (F = 30.71, p< 0.001; Fig. 10). England (e.g. Carex lasiocarpa, Carex limosa,

1 Rdiff is a measure of difference from neutrality and is calculated from Ellenberg R (soil reaction) values as follows. The difference in R values (range 1-9) taking R 7 as neutral and taking into account the fact that R values are skewed towards the acid range. Therefore R 8 and 9 are scored as Rdiff 3 and 6 respectively whereas R 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are taken as 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.

35 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

40

30

20

10 associated with UK Broad Habitats Proportion (%) of threatened species

0 Bog Heath Urban Arable Coastal Montane Boundary Calc grass Inland rock Neutral grass Conifer wood Running water Standing water Improved grass Deciduous wood Acid grass/Bracken Fen, marsh and swamp

Figure 11: Bar chart showing the proportions of species associated with UK broad habitats that were classified as threatened in England. Note that the majority of species are assigned to more than one habitat (and a maximum of four).

Coeloglossum viride, Drosera anglica, Hammarbya paludosa, Parnassia palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris). In GB as a whole the marked declines of such species in lowland areas were in many instances not large enough to override their relative stability and abundance in upland habitats further north and west, resulting in many such species being assessed as LC.

A similarly high proportion of threatened species associated with arable habitats in England was also reported for GB (Preston et al. 2002) and Wales (Dines 2008) and reflects well-known historical trends associated with changes in agricultural practice (Robinson & Sutherland 2002; Walker et al. 2006). A similar proportion of taxa were assigned to the ‘standing water’ broad habitat type, with this group being threatened due to the widespread Parnassia palustris – lost from much of lowland loss of roadside and farmland ponds, England but still quite widespread in upland vegetation succession following abandonment, environments (Bob Gibbons).

36 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

chemical pollution and perhaps most As expected, the anthropogenic habitats notably the eutrophication of water bodies, ‘urban’ and ‘improved grassland’ had by far particularly in the lowlands (Williams et al. the lowest proportions of threatened species. 1999; Wood et al. 2003). The increase in area for both of these broad habitat types means that the distributions The lower numbers of threatened species of taxa associated with these habitats are associated with other broad habitat types (e.g. also increasing (see Braithwaite et al. 2006), coastal, calcareous grassland, inland rock and with many of them now viewed as being deciduous woodland) probably indicate both ubiquitous. The very low proportion of a greater level of protection from land-use England-threatened species in part reflects pressures during the post-war period (see this landscape-scale change and also reflects Section 6.6) and also to some extent their the fact that, at least with improved grassland, position as agriculturally marginal habitats. species richness is not great and so the ‘pool’ In the case of woodland, this result may of candidate taxa in this habitat is relatively seem at odds with the substantial habitat loss low. known to have occurred in England (Rackham 2008), but many woodland species could 6.5.4 Major Biome Categories have held up reasonably well as a result of their occurrences in other (non-wooded) Populations occurring at the edges of the habitats, and despite some lamented losses, geographic range of a taxon are likely, woodland loss since 1930 is much less than on average, to be more at risk than those that for unimproved grassland, heath, and bog occurring within the ‘core’ of that range. habitats which, unlike woods, have virtually This is because they tend to be smaller and disappeared from much of the lowland fewer nearer range margins, and therefore landscape. more susceptible to change. For the British and Irish Flora species have been classified The results for neutral grassland do not fully with respect to the major (latitudinal) biomes reflect the vulnerability of this habitat type, in which they occur in Europe (Preston & as, for example, species-rich unimproved Hill 1997). Although a comprehensive list of habitats such as hay meadows and pastures taxa reaching the edges of their GB range in are known to have been highly susceptible to England was not produced due to the reasons changes in management over recent decades outlined in Section 5.2, an examination of 280 (Riley 2005). Nationwide surveys have shown threatened species for which Major Biome that there was an overall increase in the areas Category (MBC) information was available of neutral grassland in England of 12.6% (following Preston & Hill 1997 and Hill et al. since 1998 and 46% between 1990 and 2007, 2004) showed that both Northern (Boreal) although this ‘new’ habitat was predominantly and Southern (Mediterranean) MBCs had species-poor, reflecting the substantial significantly more threatened taxa than either increases in set-aside land and tall neutral the Temperate or Widespread MBCs (chi-sq = grassland in this period (Carey et al. 2008). 43.66, p< 0.001; Figure 12). A separate MBC It is likely that many neutral grassland taxa assessment of all 58 species for which England are only assessed as ‘not threatened’ because, holds ≤10% of the GB hectad distribution like woodland taxa, they are able to persist found, unsurprisingly, that all but four of along edge habitat (e.g. roadsides, trackways, them were categorised as Northern (Boreal). hedgebanks, field borders, woodland edges, rides etc.).

37 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

6.6 Taxa reaching absolute northern or submontana and Vulpia fasciculata). Of southern European range limits in the 94 taxa reaching their absolute northern England European limit in England, 16 were assessed as threatened and four as NT, with 12 of these A total of 103 taxa reach the absolute northern meeting the Criterion associated with very or southern limit of their European range in small or restricted populations (Criterion England. D; see Table 1). A further three taxa are currently on the Waiting List but reach their Northern European limits absolute northern European limit in the 50- 55°N latitudinal band (Aconitum napellus, 94 taxa have their northern limits in England Muscari neglectum and Serapias parviflora), with the vast majority (95%) located in the while two taxa that would have been at their 50-55°N latitudinal band that encompasses northern European limits in England are now most of England (see Section 5.2 for more considered to be extinct [Achillea maritima detail). Two taxa reach their northern (Otanthus maritimus) and Euphorbia peplis]. European limits in the 45-50°N band that cover the Isles of Scilly (Ornithopus pinnatus Southern European limits and Ophioglossum lusitanicum), and three taxa have their northern limits in the 55-60°N Of the nine taxa at the southern limits of their band (Blackstonia perfoliata, Dryopteris European range in England, only Ligusticum

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

within Major Biome Categories 10 Proportion (%) of threatened species

5

0

Northern SouthernTemperate Wide

Figure 12: Bar chart showing the proportion of species classified as threatened within Major Biome (latitudinal) Categories. The MBC categories of Preston & Hill (1997) have been summarised as follows: ‘Northern’ = Arctic-montane, Boreo-arctic montane, Boreal-montane; ‘Temperate’ = Boreo-temperate, Temperate, Southern-temperate; ‘Southern’ = Mediterranean-atlantic, Mediterranean; ‘Wide’ = Wide- boreal, Wide-temperate.

38 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

scoticum was assessed as threatened (Table All taxa that having their absolute southern 8). Alopecurus magellanicus was assessed European limits in England were located as NT based on population size and the within the 50°N to 55°N latitudinal band. remaining seven taxa were assessed as LC.

Table 8: Threatened and Near Threatened (NT) taxa reaching their northern or southern absolute European range limits in England.

Taxon England Red List European edge of range

Achillea maritima (Otanthus maritimus) EX N2

Ajuga chamaepitys EN N2

Allium sphaerocephalon VU N2

Alopecurus magellanicus NT S2

Arabis scabra VU N2

Bupleurum baldense EN N2

Cynoglossum germanicum NT N2

Cystopteris diaphana VU N2

Damasonium alisma CR N2

Euphorbia peplis EX N2

Frankenia laevis NT N2

Galium parisiense VU N2

Helianthemum apenninum VU N2

Iberis amara VU N2

Illecebrum verticillatum EN N2

Isoetes histrix VU N2

Koeleria vallesiana NT N2

Lactuca saligna EN N2

Lathyrus aphaca VU N2

Ligusticum scoticum EN S2

Lobelia urens VU N2

Mibora minima NT N2

Minuartia hybrida EN N2

Ophioglossum lusitanicum VU N1 Orchis anthropophora (Aceras

anthropophorum) EN N2

Orchis simia VU N2

Petrorhagia nanteuilii VU N2

Pyrus cordata VU N2

Romulea columnae VU N2

Sorbus domestica CR N2

Spartina maritima EN N2

Stachys germanica EN N2

Trifolium bocconei EN N2

Trifolium ochroleucon VU N2

Vicia parviflora VU N2

39 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

6.7 Taxa assessed as LC in England but performed to calculate for each LC taxon the showing a marked decline when post-1986 hectad count as a proportion of the pre-1930 records are included total hectad count across all time periods (i.e. including pre-1930 records). IUCN Guidance states that AOO and EOO decline should be measured over a period of The results showed that for 157 LC taxa in three generations with a minimum of a 10 year England there had been considerable (>30%) trend. Information on generational length is overall declines when pre-1930 records were lacking for most taxa in GB, so we decided, included in the total hectad count. It is likely as in the GB Red List, to measure decline by that the distribution of many of these taxa comparing data collected in the two recording had already ‘bottomed out’ prior to 1930, and periods 1930-69 and 1987-1999. they have since persisted, often in very low numbers, within small and scattered refugia In the course of examining the results, across a highly fragmented landscape; as such, however, it became clear that for some taxa we would argue that they nevertheless remain the final status assessment of LC was at odds of conservation concern and potentially with the magnitude of their overall apparent vulnerable to mis-management and further declines as revealed in the New Atlas (e.g. habitat loss in the future. Anagallis tenella, Carex appropinquata, C. dioica, Cirsium dissectum, Eleogiton The failure to recognise the sometimes fluitans, Eriophorum latifolium, Gagea perilous state of these ‘historic decliners’ as lutea, Huperzia selago, Littorella uniflora, anything other than LC could be seen as a Meum athamanticum, Vicia sylvatica). In deficiency of the Red Listing process. Yet light of these findings, a simple analysis was such results also beg the question as to why

Three ‘pre-1930 decliners’ assessed as LC in England (left Anagallis tenella (Janet Negal), centre Eleocharis quinqueflora, right Gagea lutea (Peter Stroh)).

40 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

the distribution of so many of these taxa has Whilst this achievement is clearly very remained relatively stable since 1930. The welcome, the AOO results for this Red List statutory protection of sites commenced still show that 15 of these taxa experienced in earnest following the publication of the a statistically significant decline of between Government White Paper Conservation 10-19% since 1930 (Anagallis tenella, Apium of Nature in England and Wales and the graveolens, Artemisia absinthium, Berberis passing of the National Parks and Access to vulgaris, Campanula glomerata, Carex the Countryside Act in 1949, although the distans, C. pallescens, Cirsium dissectum, informal action of deliberately setting aside Hypericum montanum, Lathyrus sylvestris, land for the preservation of its biological Lepidium heterophyllum, Lithospermum interest began in England as early as 1821 officinale, Oenanthe aquatica, Paris (Moore 1987). By the mid-20th century the quadrifolia, Platanthera chlorantha), and decline of once widespread taxa and the loss it is probable that this list would lengthen and vulnerability of associated habitats were considerably if it were possible to analyse clear to ecologists, leading to a representative declines at a higher (e.g. monad) resolution sample being declared as NNRs and, later, (see for example Byfield & Pearman 1996). notified as SSSIs. It would appear that, as a Lawton et al. (2010) recognised that relatively direct result of these actions, the downward small and isolated SSSIs cannot be expected to trend of many of these taxa in England was sustain indefinitely a high level of protection subsequently slowed down or arrested by for all species found within their boundaries. shielding them from the widespread land-use Rather, the authors advocate a ‘landscape- changes that have since taken place across scale’ approach to conservation by restoring much of England. a coherent and resilient ecological network that links species-rich habitats and creates connections for the dispersal of propagules and the wider establishment of species. Restoring or recreating habitat for habitat specialists is not easily achieved (Walker et al. 2004), but several relatively large habitat restoration projects are already underway in England (e.g. Avalon Marshes in Somerset, the Great Fen Project in Huntingdonshire; the Knepp Estate in West Sussex; The Wicken Fen Vision in Cambridgeshire), and initiatives such as these, alongside the wealth of scientific literature already available on the subject, will continue to provide evidence and best practice on how taxa within SSSIs and other protected sites can ‘jump the fence’ and begin to re-establish themselves across the wider countryside.

41 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

6.8 Declining widespread taxa assessed results that may seem surprising to some, as Near Threatened perhaps none more so than the NT status assigned to taxa that may be presumed by The AOO analysis produced a number of many to be under no immediate threat,

Eight ‘widespread’ taxa assessed as NT due to a decline of between 20% and 30%.

Briza media (Peter Stroh). Campanula rotundifolia (Bob Ellis).

Helianthemum nummularium (Peter Stroh). Knautia arvensis (Bob Gibbons).

42 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

notably Briza media, Calluna vulgaris, nummularium, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Campanula rotundifolia, Cruciata laevipes, Knautia arvensis, Nardus stricta, Oxalis Drosera rotundifolia, Erica cinerea, Erica acetosella, Plantago media, Potentilla tetralix, Fragaria vesca, Helianthemum erecta, Sanicula europaea, Silene flos-cuculi,

Oxalis acetosella (Peter Stroh). Sanicula europaea (Peter Stroh).

Silene flos-cuculi (Lychnis flos-cuculi) (Peter Stroh). Valeriana officinalis (Peter Stroh).

43 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Solidago virgaurea, Succisa pratensis, Hippocrepis comosa, Pinguicula lusitanica Valeriana officinalis, Veronica officinalis, and Trollius europaeus may have helped to Veronica scutellata. ensure that they are well represented, and hopefully well protected, within the SSSI At first glance it seems remarkable that series. However, species such as Briza media, many of these species were so close to being Nardus stricta, Oxalis acetosella and Succisa assessed as VU in England. However, the pratensis would still have been relatively New Atlas accounts for all but three of the 22 widespread and common in England in species listed above mention decline in range the latter half of the last century, and while or population, and closer examination of this they are undeniably well represented within suite of species reveals a pattern of decline protected sites, they also have (or had) a much similar to, but less severe than, many taxa greater presence outside these sites, in what assessed as threatened. For example, many is often termed the ‘wider countryside’. It have suffered their greatest losses in lowland should therefore come as little surprise that England and display a strong preference for some of these species have undergone declines infertile and moderately acidic soils (e.g. in England severe enough for them to be Calluna vulgaris, Drosera rotundifolia, Erica categorised as NT in the England Red List. cinerea, E. tetralix, Nardus stricta, Potentilla erecta), whereas others (e.g. Hydrocotyle 6.9 Taxa for which England has a vulgaris, Silene flos-cuculi, Succisa pratensis, particular responsibility Veronica scutellata) are associated with wet, generally infertile soils that may be 6.9.1 England-only taxa particularly prone to habitat loss or damage as a result of eutrophication, loss of grazing In GB there are 272 taxa confined to England, and/or hydrological changes including land including 75 taxa that are endemic to England drainage. (annotated in the Main List). The list includes 44 Hieracium, 17 Sorbus and five Taraxacum The loss in England of lowland heathland is taxa but excludes Rubus microspecies. Rubus well documented (e.g. Moore 1962; Bullock is a particularly complex genus, largely & Pakeman 1996), as is the widespread and apomictic, with over 400 microspecies extensive loss of unimproved grassland and recognised in Britain and Ireland (Cheffings & lowland raised bog, and the conversion to Farrell 2005). The introduction to the GB Red farming or forestry of around 40% of ancient List cites 28 England-endemic Rubus taxa woodland in the third quarter of the 20th that occur in five or fewer hectads (R. briggsii, century (Rackham 2008). More recently, R. britannicus, R. bucknallii, R. castrensis, R. declines in some grassland species, for daltrii, R. devoniensis, R. diversiarmatus, R. example Campanula rotundifolia, were found dobuniensis, R. durescens, R. herefordensis, to have a negative association with increasing R. hyposericeus, R. iodnephes, R. longifrons, levels of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, R. mercicus, R. obesifolius, R. permundus, probably due to an associated increased R. pervalidus, R. pliocenicus, R. powellii, growth of lush grasses in the surrounding R. pseudoplinthostylus, R. putneiensis, R. sward (Stevens et al. 2011). regillus, R. rotundifolius, R. sagittarius, R. salteri, R. spadix, R. tresidderi, R. wolley- As already noted in Section 6.7, the threat dodii). The GB Red List authors took the posed to LC historic decliners such as decision to omit all Rubus microspecies from Eriophorum latifolium, Gagea lutea, the formal listing process. We have followed

44 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

the same approach, and as such 28 Rubus taxa DD or currently on the WL and five taxa are omitted from the figure of 272 England- listed as EW or EX. The remaining 83 taxa only taxa given above. were assessed as LC. Table 10 lists the 143 England-only threatened (CR, EN and VU) 143 England-only taxa (including 18 taxa; all England-only taxa (including NT, Hieracium, 16 Sorbus and one Taraxacum) LC, DD, EW, EX and those on the WL) are were assessed as threatened, 26 as NT shown as such in the Main List. (including eight Hieracium), 15 taxa as either

Table 10: England-only threatened (CR, EN, VU) taxa.

Taxon England Red List England endemic? Ajuga chamaepitys EN Alchemilla acutiloba VU Alchemilla micans EN Alchemilla monticola EN Alchemilla subcrenata EN Alisma gramineum CR Allium sphaerocephalon VU Apium repens EN Arabis scabra VU Arenaria norvegica subsp. anglica EN yes Armeria maritima subsp. elongata CR Artemisia campestris subsp. campestris EN Atriplex pedunculata CR Bupleurum baldense EN Carex cespitosa CR Carex depauperata EN Carex ericetorum VU Carex flava VU Carex vulpina VU Centaurea calcitrapa EN Cephalanthera damasonium VU Cephalanthera rubra CR Clinopodium menthifolium VU Corrigiola litoralis EN Crepis foetida CR Crepis praemorsa VU Cyperus fuscus VU Cypripedium calceolus CR Cystopteris diaphana VU Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca CR Damasonium alisma CR Dianthus gratianopolitanus VU Dryopteris cristata EN Epipactis sancta EN yes Epipogium aphyllum CR Equisetum ramosissimum VU Euphorbia hyberna VU

45 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Taxon England Red List England endemic? Euphrasia officinalis subsp. anglica EN Euphrasia vigursii EN yes Fallopia dumetorum VU Filago lutescens EN Filago pyramidata EN Galium parisiense VU Galium pumilum s.l. EN Galium tricornutum CR Gentiana verna VU Gentianella germanica VU Gentianopsis ciliata (Gentianella ciliata) CR Gladiolus illyricus VU Helianthemum apenninum VU Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. levigatum VU yes Hieracium aequiserratum CR yes Hieracium bakeranum EN yes Hieracium candelabrae VU yes Hieracium cantianum EN yes Hieracium filisquamum CR yes Hieracium integratum CR probably Hieracium itunense CR yes Hieracium lakelandicum VU yes Hieracium mirandum CR yes Hieracium naviense CR yes Hieracium ornatilorum EN yes Hieracium peroblongum EN yes Hieracium portlandicum EN yes Hieracium sinuolatum EN yes Hieracium stenolepiforme EN yes Hieracium subgracilentipes EN yes Hieracium subprasinifolium EN yes Hieracium vagicola EN yes Iberis amara VU Illecebrum verticillatum EN Isoetes histrix VU Juncus pygmaeus EN Lactuca saligna EN Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon VU Lathyrus aphaca VU Leersia oryzoides EN Lobelia urens VU Luzula pallescens (Luzula pallidula) CR Maianthemum bifolium VU Medicago minima VU Melampyrum cristatum EN Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Thlaspi perfoliatum) VU Minuartia stricta EN Najas marina VU

46 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Taxon England Red List England endemic? Onobrychis viciifolia VU Ophioglossum lusitanicum VU Ophrys fuciflora VU Orchis anthropophora (Aceras anthropophorum) EN Orchis militaris VU Orchis purpurea VU Orchis simia VU Orobanche picridis (Orobanche artemisiae- campestris) VU Petrorhagia nanteuilii VU Petrorhagia prolifera EN Phyteuma spicatum EN Polygala amarella EN Polygonum maritimum VU Potamogeton acutifolius EN Potamogeton nodosus VU Pulicaria vulgaris EN Pulmonaria obscura VU Pulsatilla vulgaris VU Pyrus cordata VU Ranunculus ophioglossifolius CR Romulea columnae VU Schoenoplectus triqueter CR Scirpoides holoschoenus VU Scleranthus perennis subsp. prostratus EN yes Selinum carvifolia EN Senecio paludosus CR Silene otites EN Sium latifolium EN Sorbus admonitor EN yes Sorbus bristoliensis VU yes Sorbus cheddarensis CR yes Sorbus eminentoides CR yes Sorbus evansii EN yes Sorbus greenii EN yes Sorbus herefordensis EN yes Sorbus leighensis EN yes Sorbus margaretae EN yes Sorbus parviloba CR yes Sorbus richii EN yes Sorbus rupicoloides CR yes Sorbus spectans EN yes Sorbus subcuneata VU yes Sorbus vexans EN yes Sorbus wilmottiana EN yes Spartina maritima EN Stachys germanica EN Tephroseris integrifolia VU

47 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Taxon England Red List England endemic? Taraxacum hygrophilum VU Teucrium scordium EN Thyselium palustre (Peucedanum palustre) VU Trifolium bocconei EN Trifolium ochroleucon VU Turritis glabra (Arabis glabra) EN Veronica triphyllos CR Veronica verna EN Vicia parviflora VU Viola canina subsp. montana EN Viola persicifolia CR

It could reasonably be assumed that the threat than that presently assigned to them in England Red List status assigned to the 272 the GB Red List) and 12 have been ‘upgraded’ England-only taxa would be the same as (i.e. assigned a higher level of threat). In that given in the GB Red List. This is broadly addition, one England-only taxon, Muscari true for taxa that qualified as threatened neglectum, is in the process of being moved to under Criterion A because the same two the GB WL as a result of doubts concerning time periods were used to assess threat for its native status (Pearman 2013), and is both Lists. However, the model used for the accordingly listed here as WL too. England AOO analysis did reveal a greater decline for three taxa assessed as threatened Among the England-only taxa that have in England (Melampyrum cristatum, been ‘upgraded’, the elevation in threat Onobrychis viciifolia, Trifolium ochroleucon) status for Gladiolus illyricus, Ranunculus and suggested a lesser decline for six ophioglossifolius, Selinum carvifolia, (Centaurea calcitrapa, Orchis purpurea, Trifolium bocconei and Viola persicifolia is Primula farinosa, Puccinellia fasciculata, of particular concern, reflecting a recent and Pulicaria vulgaris, Tephroseris integrifolia substantial drop in population size and/or subsp. integrifolia). For these nine taxa, the habitat loss or degradation – despite the fact level of threat for the England List has been that all extant populations lie within SSSIs. adjusted accordingly. Furthermore, an AOO decline of less than 20% was calculated for England-only taxa with a lower threat status five taxa assessed in the GB List as threatened include Crepis foetida, previously considered (Clinopodium calamintha) or NT (Arum to be EW in England (and therefore GB) italicum subsp. neglectum, Himantoglossum since 1980 but re-discovered growing on hircinum, Primula elatior and Stratiotes consolidated shingle at Lydd-on-Sea, Kent, aloides) under Criterion A. These England- in July 2010 (G. Kitchener pers. comm.). only species have been assessed here as LC. Although re-introductions of C. foetida took place in the early 1990s and late 2000s The threat status for a further 28 England- within c.2-3km of the recent discovery, these only taxa now differs from the GB status were mostly unsuccessful and it is therefore following collation of more up-to-date unlikely that the ‘new’ location is a result information on population size and of naturally dispersed seed from previously numbers of localities. Of these, 15 have been introduced material. Consequently C. foetida ‘downgraded’ (i.e. assigned a lower level of is now assessed as CR in England.

48 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Ranunculus ophioglossifolius (Bob Gibbons). Gladiolus illyricus (Fred Rumsey).

The change in status for Clinopodium native population using material of local menthifolium and Corrigiola litoralis origin. is a consequence of positive long-term conservation action. Clinopodium menthifolium is only known from the Rowridge Valley SSSI on the Isle of Wight, and was on the brink of extinction by 1959 (Marston 2007). In 1960, the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society began conservation efforts; starting from a low point in the late 1950s of just ‘five clumps’, monitoring in 2012 estimated a population of close to 2000 flowering shoots. Corrigiola litoralis persists at one native location at Slapton Ley NNR, South Devon, where it grows on open gravelly margins in the ‘drawdown’ zone of a coastal freshwater lake. The change in status from CR to EN reflects an increase in the number of plants as a consequence of concerted efforts over the past 20 years to learn more about the ecological niche and management requirements of this rare species. Investigations have led to the successful ‘bulking up’ of the very small extant Clinopodium menthifolium (Bob Gibbons).

49 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Corrigiola litoralis (Bob Gibbons).

6.9.2 Taxa for which England holds 75% or The threshold figure of 75% or greater was more of the GB hectad distribution, thought appropriate, considering the size of excluding England-only taxa England relative to GB, for identifying those taxa – whether threatened or not – for which We calculated the proportion of the GB England has a particular responsibility in a distribution of each taxon found within GB context. The Main List indicates all taxa England, in order to identify those taxa for that have 75% or more of their GB distribution which England holds greater than three- in England; Table 11 lists all those that are quarters of the GB hectad distribution. assessed as threatened in England.

Table 11: Taxa threatened in England for which England holds ≥75% of the GB hectad distribution (excluding England-only taxa – see Section 6.9.1).

% GB hectad Taxon England Red List distribution in England Adonis annua EN 98 Anacamptis morio (Orchis morio) VU 88 Anthemis arvensis EN 88 Anthemis cotula VU 94 Blysmus compressus VU 91 Bupleurum rotundifolium CR 94 Bupleurum tenuissimum VU 92 Campanula patula CR 90 Campanula rapunculus EN 85 Carum carvi CR 76 Chamaemelum nobile VU 94 Chenopodium bonus-henricus VU 82 Chenopodium glaucum VU 95 Chenopodium murale EN 95 Chenopodium urbicum CR 82 Chenopodium vulvaria EN 91 Cicendia filiformis VU 76 Cichorium intybus VU 86 Clinopodium acinos VU 97 Crepis mollis VU 82

50 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

% GB hectad Taxon England Red List distribution in England Cuscuta epithymum VU 97 Daphne mezereum VU 92 Dianthus armeria EN 89 Euphorbia exigua VU 95 Euphrasia pseudokerneri VU 96 Euphrasia rivularis VU 75 Fumaria vaillantii EN 97 Galeopsis angustifolia CR 98 Genista tinctoria VU 86 Groenlandia densa VU 99 Hieracium caesionigrescens CR 75 Hieracium eminentiforme EN 86 Hieracium rigens EN 87 Hordeum marinum VU 94 Hottonia palustris VU 98 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae VU 94 Hyoscyamus niger VU 87 Hypochaeris glabra VU 88 Hypochaeris maculata VU 90 Hypopitys monotropa (Monotropa hypopitys) EN 86 Juncus compressus VU 96 Limonium recurvum VU 75 Lithospermum arvense EN 98 Lolium temulentum CR 83 Lythrum hyssopifolia EN 86 Melittis melissophyllum VU 92 Mentha pulegium CR 97 Minuartia hybrida EN 99 Misopates orontium VU 84 Moenchia erecta VU 83 Myosurus minimus VU 98 Neotinea ustulata (Orchis ustulata) EN 98 Neottia nidus-avis VU 76 Nepeta cataria VU 96 Oenanthe fistulosa VU 91 Ophrys insectifera VU 97 Orobanche purpurea VU 94 Papaver argemone EN 93 Persicaria mitis VU 94 Potamogeton compressus EN 87 Ranunculus arvensis EN 94 Rumex rupestris VU 87 Scandix pecten-veneris EN 97 Silene conica EN 91 Silene gallica EN 75 Silene noctiflora VU 97 Sorbus domestica CR 80

51 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

% GB hectad Taxon England Red List distribution in England Sorbus eminens VU 88 Stellaria palustris VU 87 Torilis arvensis EN 98 Trifolium fragiferum VU 92 Valerianella dentata EN 95 Valerianella rimosa EN 96 Vicia lutea VU 81

52 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

7 Examples of applying IUCN threat criteria

Arriving at a final threat status for a taxon historical location in can appear to be a convoluted process, but England (Helvellyn) in fact, as we hope to demonstrate with the since 1920, and the examples given below, the process is relatively sole extant English straightforward once data have been collated, population in analysed and interpreted. Westmorland is very small and vulnerable A threat status is determined by working to increased grazing systematically through the four IUCN Criteria intensity and rock (A, B, C, and D) that are summarised in fall (M. Porter pers. Table 1 in Section 4.3. A taxon qualifies as comm.). Although threatened (CR, EN, VU) or Near Threatened vegetative plants are (NT) if one or more of the criteria under A, easily overlooked, B, C, or D are met. A taxon can qualify for detailed surveys over more than one threat category, in which case the past 30 years the highest level of threat is assigned. If a indicate a population species does not qualify for a threatened or of less than 50 plants NT status then it is considered to be under no (F.J. Roberts pers. threat and therefore listed as being of Least comm.). Phleum alpinum (Peter Concern (LC) unless there are insufficient Stroh). data to assess whether a taxon is threatened Evaluating the threat or not (Data Deficient or DD) or if the taxon status for Phleum alpinum: has been placed on the waiting list (WL) due to uncertainties about taxonomy or native/ Criterion A No thresholds met (its alien status. Ten examples of how an IUCN hectad decline in England was pre-1930) threatened status was calculated for the Criterion B Although it would qualify England Red List are described below. as CR under this Criterion based on AOO, EOO and number of locations, there has 7.1 Critically Endangered (CR) been no appreciable decline since 1930, and so not all thresholds for the Criterion 7.1.1 Phleum alpinum (Alpine Cat’s-tail) are met In GB most populations of Phleum alpinum grow above 600m in the central uplands Criterion C No thresholds met for the of Scotland in damp calcareous grassland, same reasons as Criterion B base-rich flushes and grassy slopes, cliff faces and corrie rock ledges (Leach 2002). It Criterion D Meets the Critically is present in 17 GB hectads and is assessed Endangered (CR) threshold of a very small as LC for GB (Cheffings & Farrell 2005). or restricted population of <50 mature However, in England the species is now individuals only known from the Moor House-Upper Teesdale NNR, where it reaches its most The threat assessment for the England Red southerly location in Britain. Phleum alpinum List is therefore CR under Criterion D. has not been recorded from its only other

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7.1.2 Viola persicifolia (Fen Violet) Otmoor location resulted in an explosion in Extensive land drainage and land-use changes numbers of flowering individuals in 2012, but led to a catastrophic loss of base-rich fens hybridisation with Viola canina remains a across eastern England in the 19th and 20th potential threat. century. Originally known from about 20 locations, Viola persicifolia is now only Evaluating the threat status for Viola known from three: Otmoor SSSI (where it persicifolia: was rediscovered in 1997), Wicken Fen NNR (rediscovered in 1982) and Woodwalton Fen Criterion A Meets the CR threshold NNR. Plants have not been recorded from of >80% decline in AOO based on Criteria the latter fenland location since 2007 despite A2c intensive searches each year, although seeds Criterion B Meets the EN thresholds are thought to be long-lived in the soil and for geographic range with an EOO of so may reappear under suitable conditions ≤5000km2, an AOO of ≤500km2, ≤5 (Palmer 2006). As if to prove this point, after locations and continuing decline an absence of c.16 years at Wicken Fen NNR and following disturbance by grazing animals Criterion C Meets the CR threshold and machinery, 10 flowering V. persicifolia by having a total population of <250 plants were recorded in May 2014 along individuals, with 90-100% of all individuals with numerous seedlings in almost exactly in one subpopulation (Criteria C2aii), and the same location where they were last seen evidence of a continuing decline in 1998. Scrub removal work in 2011 at the Criterion D With a population of <100 plants the taxon meets the EN threshold

As the highest threat level is assigned, V. persicifolia has been assessed as CR under criteria A2c; C2aii. It should be noted that V. persicifolia is still locally abundant in parts of Ireland.

7.2 Endangered (EN)

7.2.1. Drosera anglica (Great Sundew) This insectivorous perennial of valley bogs, mires, raised peat bogs, blanket bogs and stony lake shores (Rumsey 2002a) is emblematic of the current state of England’s flora. It is predominantly a lowland species of extremely infertile, acidic (rarely calcareous) peaty soils that are often saturated. Consequently its habitat is vulnerable to eutrophication, drainage and peat extraction, and populations are often lost because changes in hydrology result Viola persicifolia (Peter Stroh). in drier conditions which in turn allow the

54 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

The AOO % decline is just outside of the EN decline threshold, but an EOO % decline of 62% means that the threat assessment for the England Red List for D. anglica is EN under Criterion A2c.

7.2.2 Melampyrum cristatum (Crested Cow- wheat) This hemiparasitic summer annual is sensitive to changes in management and is suited to unimproved grassland on clay soils (often road verges or green lanes) that are cut in late summer or early autumn, woodland edges and rides on a rotational management regime, and arable field margins. AOO and EOO analysis revealed declines of 60% and 69% Drosera anglica (Mark Gurney). respectively, with many losses attributable to the cessation of traditional woodland rapid invasion of shrub species that could not management, the application and/or drift of persist in saturated soils. It may also be locally broad spectrum herbicides, and the loss of threatened by introduced invasive species habitat as a result of road-widening. Early such as Sarracenia purpurea (Walker 2014). cutting when the plant is in flower/seed or Undrained and infertile habitats were once the cessation of a cutting regime can rapidly fairly widespread across much of England, but in the period 1930-1999 this species declined in distribution (AOO) by 48% and in range (EOO) by 62%. This taxon is still common across large expanses of northern Scotland and western Ireland. It is assessed as NT for GB.

Evaluating the threat status for Drosera anglica:

Criterion A Meets the EN EOO % decline threshold of ≥50% for Criterion A2c and the VU AOO % decline threshold of ≥30% for Criterion A2c

Criterion B No thresholds met. Although it meets the EN threshold of EOO decline, it is in many more than the minimum number of locations (≤5)

Criterion C No thresholds met

Criterion D No thresholds met Melampyrum cristatum (Peter Stroh).

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lead to its demise, and seeds are large and 7.3 Vulnerable (VU) unlikely to remain viable for many years in the soil seed-bank. Its seeds have small 7.3.1 Gentiana verna (Spring Gentian) fleshy structures attached to the seed-casing This striking species is one of a small number (elaiosomes) that provide nutrients for ant of arctic-alpine plants that make up the larvae, and the seeds are therefore thought ‘Teesdale Assemblage’. It is associated with to be dispersed over short distances by ants. species-rich calcareous grassland formed over As such, decline is likely to also be linked to ‘sugar limestone’ rendzinas, deeper lime-rich landscape fragmentation, the loss of suitable boulder clays, the edges of sedge-rich streams habitat and the absence of any mechanism for and flushes, and limestone outcrops within long-distance dispersal. blanket peat (Hedley 2014a). The England population numbers tens of thousands of Evaluating the threat status for Melampyrum individuals. However, evidence from repeat cristatum: surveys over the past 25 years or more points to a c. 40% decline in population size across Criterion A Meets the EN % decline the Cumbrian Fells, while declines of c. 30% threshold of ≥50% for AOO and EOO have been extrapolated from long term monitoring data collated by M.E. Bradshaw Criterion B No thresholds met for covering the period 1968-2012 from the threat status, although the number of Widdybank area. The decline in numbers is locations may soon be <30 which would thought to be due to a complex combination equate to NT for this Criterion of factors that include: i) undergrazing in Criterion C No thresholds met some areas leading to the development of rank vegetation; ii) an increase in tussock Criterion D No thresholds met. A comprehensive count of the England population has not been undertaken, but recent surveys (P.A. Stroh unpublished data) have estimated a population in excess of 4000 individuals. If the total England population is <10000 individuals, then the taxon would qualify as NT under this Criterion

The GB status for this England-only taxon is currently VU based on AOO and EOO decline. The more sensitive model used for analysing AOO trends for this List may be responsible for picking up a greater decline than was apparent for the GB Red List and the larger decline of >50% is supported by detailed studies from areas where M. cristatum was once widespread (e.g. Adams 2008). Melampyrum cristatum is therefore assessed for the England List as EN based on AOO and EOO decline (Criterion A2c). Gentiana verna (Peter Stroh).

56 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

forming rushes; and iii) overgrazing by sheep 7.3.2 Crepis praemorsa (Leafless Hawk’s- and, particularly in recent years, rabbits – beard) reducing flowering and fruiting performance As the only location for Crepis praemorsa and leading to the creation of scrapes and in the British Isles is in England, one might burrows that expose and damage rhizomes. reasonably assume that the England Red Gentiana verna is listed as LC on the GB List threat status would mirror the GB Red Red List because of the reported number of List status of Endangered (EN). However, a individuals (>10,000), the relatively large core detailed survey of the population (Roberts area within which the plant is found, and an 2009) undertaken since the publication of absence of published evidence demonstrating the GB Red List has provided evidence of a greater than 20% decline in AOO or EOO. considerably greater numbers of vegetative The England Red List has made use of plants than recorded in previous surveys. It recently available (as yet unpublished) long- is likely that the greater number of shoots term monitoring data to assess the current recorded in the 2009 survey is in part status of G. verna in England, its threat status attributable to previous underestimates being ‘upgraded’ as a result. although Roberts makes clear that in the intervening years there must also have been a Evaluating the threat status for Gentiana genuine and large increase in the number of verna: shoots in some areas within the sole location.

Criterion A Meets the VU threshold for population reduction (>30% decline based on AOO and/or EOO), based on sub- criteria A2 (a) direct observation and A2 (c) a decline in habitat quality

Criterion B Meets the VU threshold for B1 (EOO <5,000 km2); B1a (number of locations ≤ 10); B1b (continuing decline) in (v) number of mature individuals, and B2 (AOO <500 km2); B2a (number of locations ≤10); B2b (continuing decline) in (v) number of mature individuals

Criterion C No thresholds met

Criterion D No thresholds met

Consequently, the taxon qualifies for a VU threat status under Criteria A2ac, B1ab(v)+2ab(v). It is hoped that the assessment of G. verna as a threatened taxon will result in positive action that prioritises research aimed at assisting future conservation management and continued monitoring at the site level. Crepis praemorsa (Jeremy Roberts).

57 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Evaluating the threat status for Crepis heathland and base-rich dune grassland. It praemorsa: may also be encountered on path edges and stone-faced banks (Lusby 2002). It is listed Criterion A No thresholds met, as as VU in the GB List based on Criterion D2, there has been no recorded decline in the which equates to the taxon being present population in five locations or less and with a plausible threat that could drive the taxon to CR or EX Criterion B Although present at only within a short time. However, the most recent one location, Criteria B1b and B2b also survey data show that it is still extant in every state that there must also be continuing pre-1999 1km square on the Lizard Peninsula decline. The criteria have therefore not (29 in total), and is showing no evidence of been met in full and so the taxon does not decline (Figure 13). Population estimates of qualify under Criterion B mature individuals are extremely difficult for Criterion C The number of mature this taxon, but it is likely that numbers would individuals (c.1775) recorded would meet not exceed the NT upper threshold figure of the EN threshold, but there has been no 10,000. associated continuing decline (required for sub-criterion C2) and so the taxon cannot Evaluating the threat status for Herniaria qualify as threatened under Criterion C ciliolata subsp. ciliolata:

Criterion D There are >1000 but Criterion A The population is stable, <10,000 mature individuals, and so based and so no thresholds are met on population size the taxon would meet the NT threshold. However, as the taxon is Criterion B The number of locations is 2 known from only one location and there is difficult to define but based on 1km counts a plausible future threat linked to over- or the NT threshold of ≤30 locations may be under-grazing and bank erosion that could met. However, Criterion B also requires drive the taxon to CR or EX in a short continuing decline and as the population is period of time, it also qualifies as VU under stable, the taxon cannot qualify as NT Criterion D2 Criterion C The taxon may have met the VU thresholds but Criterion C also requires With the highest threat status being applied, continuing decline and as the population C. praemorsa qualifies as VU under Criterion is stable, the taxon cannot qualify as D2. In effect, the most recent population data threatened or NT have resulted in a change in threatened status Criterion D Estimating the number of for C. praemorsa from EN under Criterion D individuals is problematic due to the growth (<250 individuals) to VU under Criterion D2. habit of this taxon. However, it is likely that the NT upper threshold of 10,000 7.4 Near Threatened (NT) ‘mature individuals’ is not exceeded, and so the taxon does meet the NT based on a 7.4.1 Herniaria ciliolata subsp. ciliolata very small or restricted population. There (Fringed Rupturewort) are certainly >5 locations, and as such the This taxon is found only on the Lizard taxon does not meet VU D2 criteria peninsula in Cornwall, where it grows in a variety of open, south-facing habitats that include coastal cliff slopes, rock outcrops,

58 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

is problematic and time-consuming, but a conservative estimate based on local expert opinion (H.J. Crouch pers. comm.) gives a population of less than 10,000 plants.

Evaluating the threat status for Koeleria vallesiana:

Criterion A The distribution of K. vallesiana is stable and so no decline thresholds are met

Criterion B Although this taxon has Figure 13: The distribution of Herniaria ciliolata an AOO <2000km2 and is present in subsp. ciliolata at the Lizard peninsula, Cornwall ≤10 locations, there is no evidence of a (coastline in purple; green squares represent ‘continuing decline’ and so it cannot qualify hectads). Red dots with black outline indicate a under Criterion B pre-1999 record that has been relocated post-1999 to monad resolution. Empty circles represent new Criterion C There is no ‘continuing locations, and the sole red dot without a black decline’ and so K. vallesiana cannot qualify outline indicates an unconfirmed record from the under Criterion C 1950s. Figure drawn by Colin French using data Criterion D Meets the NT threshold contained in the ERICA database. for the number of mature individuals (≤10,000) but cannot qualify as VU D2 as Herniaria ciliolata subsp. ciliolata is >5 locations are recognised cautiously assessed as NT based on the number of mature individuals. The GB status of VU D2 is currently still valid, although as an England-only taxon this status will need to be reviewed based on the most recent evidence.

7.4.2 Koeleria vallesiana (Somerset Hair- grass) Koeleria vallesiana is a drought-tolerant grass of short turf and rocky limestone ledges and outcrops. It is restricted to a small number of locations in S.W. England and reaches the absolute northern limit of its European range at the western end of the Mendip Hills in North Somerset (Preston 2007; Cope & Gray 2009). The species was assessed as VU for the GB List based on Criterion D2, but distribution data compiled for the England Red List indicates there are at least ten distinct extant locations across four hectads. Estimating the number of mature individuals Koeleria vallesiana (Fred Rumsey).

59 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

Koeleria vallesiana is therefore assessed as Evaluating the threat status for Centaurium NT under Criterion D. The GB status of VU tenuiflorum: D2 is still valid, although as an England-only taxon the GB status will need to be reviewed Criterion A The population is based on the most recent evidence. considered to be stable and so no thresholds are met 7.5 Least Concern (LC) Criterion B The population is considered to be stable and so no 7.5.1 Centaurium tenuiflorum (Slender thresholds are met. If a real decline is Centaury) established in future assessments, then the In England this rare annual is found on freely- VU threshold under this Criterion would draining sandy or clayey soils within slumping be met cliff habitat at five locations along the Dorset coast where it reaches its northern range limit Criterion C No continuing decline in Europe (Pearman 1999; Porley 2002). The has been recorded and the population far taxon will not persist within a closed sward; it exceeds the threat threshold is an opportunist dependant on the periodic Criterion D The population far exceeds disturbance of ‘undercliff’ habitat, the creation 10,000 individuals and so cannot qualify of open ground, and the subsequent flowering for NT status under this Criterion. The and setting of abundant seed that can persist number of locations means that the taxon in the soil until the next disturbance event. would qualify for a VU D2 threat status, The most recent population estimate is of but there is no plausible future threat that hundreds of thousands of plants and there would lead to the taxon becoming CR or is no reason to suppose that further land EX within a short time slippage will not take place. This England-only taxon was assessed as VU D2 for the GB Red List. Centaurium tenuiflorum is therefore assessed as LC because it does not meet any of the

Slumping cliff habitat of Centaurium tenuiflorum (Clive Chatters).

60 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

IUCN threat (or NT) Criteria thresholds. The species, with the GB threat status of VU A2c GB status of VU D2 is currently still valid, largely based on declines in lowland Scotland. although as an England-only taxon this status As mentioned in Section 1, the GB status is will be reviewed based on the most recent still applicable for the England population, as evidence in due course. this status recognises the importance of the English population should further losses occur 7.5.2 Saxifraga hirculus (Marsh Saxifrage) in Scotland or Northern Ireland. Saxifraga hirculus is a perennial herb that occurs in high-level, closed, base-rich flushes Evaluating the threat status for Saxifraga and mires, with the bulk of the English hirculus: population found in the north Pennines. Criterion A No substantial (e.g. >20%) Plants produce a shortly creeping rhizome in decline detected, and so no thresholds met the growing season, with shoots dying back in for this Criterion September to resting buds just below the soil surface. The following spring flowering shoots Criterion B Saxifraga hirculus is and numerous leafy stolons are produced present in too many locations to qualify (Hedley 2014b). Plants often remain in a for a threatened status. The taxon would vegetative state, with shyness of flowering qualify for the NT threshold of <30 probably a reflection of preferential over- locations, but there is not a continuing grazing of the habitat, although as a secondary decline in the English population factor there is also evidence that flowering Criterion C The number of individuals is influenced by changes in mire chemistry in the English population far exceeds the (Ohlson 1986; Roberts 2010). Huge numbers threshold for NT of vegetative shoots may occur within suitable habitat, with the north Pennines population Criterion D The number of individuals estimated at c. 450, 000 ramets (Roberts and locations far exceeds threatened or NT 2010) across 13 extant locations (with thresholds multiple sub-populations present within each location), including two new locations for S. hirculus found in the past two years S. hirculus is therefore assessed as LC because (Robinson 2014). The English population of S. it does not meet any of the IUCN threat (or hirculus represents the GB stronghold for this NT) Criteria thresholds.

Saxifraga hirculus (Jeremy Roberts).

61

A Vascular Plant Red List for England

8 Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Acer campestre LC 91 EX Achillea maritima (Otanthus EX N2 Last record on the Scilly Isles in 1936. maritimus) LC Achillea millefolium LC LC Achillea ptarmica LC WL Aconitum napellus WL N2 The putative native form (subsp. napellus) was first discovered in 1821. Garden forms are widely planted and frequently escape. Further taxonomic studies are required. LC Actaea spicata LC 100 LC Adiantum capillus-veneris LC N2 EN Adonis annua EN A2c AOO and 67 66 98 Arch EOO trend LC Adoxa moschatellina LC LC Aegopodium podagraria LC Arch LC Aethusa cynapium LC 85 Native or alien. WL Aethusa cynapium subsp. WL Native or alien. Insufficient mapping data. agrestis LC Aethusa cynapium subsp. LC Native or alien. Assumed LC as species. cynapium LC Agrimonia eupatoria LC 79 LC Agrimonia procera LC WL Agrostemma githago WL 89 Arch This species was believed extinct as an archaeophyte, and its recent reappearance is most likely due to its popularity in ‘wild flower’ seed mixes, for which the origin is not the UK. However, it is possible that some occurrences may have resulted from long-buried UK seed sources. If genetic markers can be found that can distinguish UK material from long-established populations, this could be resolved. LC Agrostis canina LC LC Agrostis capillaris LC LC Agrostis curtisii LC 93 LC Agrostis gigantea LC 78 Arch LC Agrostis stolonifera LC LC Agrostis vinealis LC LC Aira caryophyllea LC LC Aira praecox LC EN Ajuga chamaepitys EN A2c AOO and 58 79 N2 100 EOO trend VU Ajuga pyramidalis CR D 1 18 2 Recent counts have recorded only 18 mature individuals, although the two sub-populations are thought to be stable. LC Ajuga reptans LC VU Alchemilla acutiloba VU A2a AOO trend 47 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). LC Alchemilla alpina LC 5 LC Alchemilla filicaulis LC LC Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. DD Insufficient distribution data. filicaulis

62 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

8 Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Acer campestre LC 91 EX Achillea maritima (Otanthus EX N2 Last record on the Scilly Isles in 1936. maritimus) LC Achillea millefolium LC LC Achillea ptarmica LC WL Aconitum napellus WL N2 The putative native form (subsp. napellus) was first discovered in 1821. Garden forms are widely planted and frequently escape. Further taxonomic studies are required. LC Actaea spicata LC 100 LC Adiantum capillus-veneris LC N2 EN Adonis annua EN A2c AOO and 67 66 98 Arch EOO trend LC Adoxa moschatellina LC LC Aegopodium podagraria LC Arch LC Aethusa cynapium LC 85 Native or alien. WL Aethusa cynapium subsp. WL Native or alien. Insufficient mapping data. agrestis LC Aethusa cynapium subsp. LC Native or alien. Assumed LC as species. cynapium LC Agrimonia eupatoria LC 79 LC Agrimonia procera LC WL Agrostemma githago WL 89 Arch This species was believed extinct as an archaeophyte, and its recent reappearance is most likely due to its popularity in ‘wild flower’ seed mixes, for which the origin is not the UK. However, it is possible that some occurrences may have resulted from long-buried UK seed sources. If genetic markers can be found that can distinguish UK material from long-established populations, this could be resolved. LC Agrostis canina LC LC Agrostis capillaris LC LC Agrostis curtisii LC 93 LC Agrostis gigantea LC 78 Arch LC Agrostis stolonifera LC LC Agrostis vinealis LC LC Aira caryophyllea LC LC Aira praecox LC EN Ajuga chamaepitys EN A2c AOO and 58 79 N2 100 EOO trend VU Ajuga pyramidalis CR D 1 18 2 Recent counts have recorded only 18 mature individuals, although the two sub-populations are thought to be stable. LC Ajuga reptans LC VU Alchemilla acutiloba VU A2a AOO trend 47 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). LC Alchemilla alpina LC 5 LC Alchemilla filicaulis LC LC Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. DD Insufficient distribution data. filicaulis

63 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vestita LC Alchemilla glabra LC LC Alchemilla glaucescens LC 75 VU Alchemilla glomerulans EN A2c AOO trend >50 Decline is based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009) and analysis of distribution data. EN Alchemilla micans EN B1ab(v) + 4 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). 2ab(v); C2a(i) EN Alchemilla monticola EN A2c AOO trend 75 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). EN Alchemilla subcrenata EN A2c AOO trend 53 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). EN Alchemilla wichurae VU A2c AOO trend 44 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). LC Alchemilla xanthochlora LC CR Alisma gramineum CR C2a(ii) + 2b 100 This taxon may also qualify for CR based on Criterion D1 (number of mature individuals <50). Urgent action is required. LC Alisma lanceolatum LC 93 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Alisma plantago-aquatica LC 75 LC Alliaria petiolata LC LC Allium ampeloprasum LC 93 Arch VU Allium oleraceum LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Allium schoenoprasum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Allium scorodoprasum LC VU Allium sphaerocephalon VU D1; D2 1 168 N2 100 Population estimate based on field data collected in 2010 (L. Houston pers. comm.). LC Allium ursinum LC LC Allium vineale LC 78 LC Alnus glutinosa LC LC Alopecurus aequalis LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Alopecurus bulbosus LC 80 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Alopecurus borealis) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Alopecurus geniculatus LC LC Alopecurus magellanicus NT D 4 <10000 S2 Threat status based on a population estimate of >1,000 but <10,000 mature individuals. LC Alopecurus myosuroides LC 92 Arch LC Alopecurus pratensis LC LC Althaea officinalis NT A2c AOO trend 27 79 LC Ammophila arenaria LC NT Anacamptis morio (Orchis VU A2c AOO trend 32 88 morio) LC Anacamptis pyramidalis LC 88 LC Anagallis arvensis LC LC Anagallis arvensis subsp. LC 78 Assumed LC as species. arvensis LC Anagallis arvensis subsp. DD A comparison between the two time periods was complicated by the separate mapping of subsp. foemina foemina and forma azurea in the first time period but not the second. It is possible that this taxon has declined due to more intensive use of arable margins. LC Anagallis tenella LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline was detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

64 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vestita LC Alchemilla glabra LC LC Alchemilla glaucescens LC 75 VU Alchemilla glomerulans EN A2c AOO trend >50 Decline is based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009) and analysis of distribution data. EN Alchemilla micans EN B1ab(v) + 4 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). 2ab(v); C2a(i) EN Alchemilla monticola EN A2c AOO trend 75 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). EN Alchemilla subcrenata EN A2c AOO trend 53 100 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). EN Alchemilla wichurae VU A2c AOO trend 44 Decline based on data summarised in Bradshaw (2009). LC Alchemilla xanthochlora LC CR Alisma gramineum CR C2a(ii) + 2b 100 This taxon may also qualify for CR based on Criterion D1 (number of mature individuals <50). Urgent action is required. LC Alisma lanceolatum LC 93 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Alisma plantago-aquatica LC 75 LC Alliaria petiolata LC LC Allium ampeloprasum LC 93 Arch VU Allium oleraceum LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Allium schoenoprasum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Allium scorodoprasum LC VU Allium sphaerocephalon VU D1; D2 1 168 N2 100 Population estimate based on field data collected in 2010 (L. Houston pers. comm.). LC Allium ursinum LC LC Allium vineale LC 78 LC Alnus glutinosa LC LC Alopecurus aequalis LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Alopecurus bulbosus LC 80 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Alopecurus borealis) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Alopecurus geniculatus LC LC Alopecurus magellanicus NT D 4 <10000 S2 Threat status based on a population estimate of >1,000 but <10,000 mature individuals. LC Alopecurus myosuroides LC 92 Arch LC Alopecurus pratensis LC LC Althaea officinalis NT A2c AOO trend 27 79 LC Ammophila arenaria LC NT Anacamptis morio (Orchis VU A2c AOO trend 32 88 morio) LC Anacamptis pyramidalis LC 88 LC Anagallis arvensis LC LC Anagallis arvensis subsp. LC 78 Assumed LC as species. arvensis LC Anagallis arvensis subsp. DD A comparison between the two time periods was complicated by the separate mapping of subsp. foemina foemina and forma azurea in the first time period but not the second. It is possible that this taxon has declined due to more intensive use of arable margins. LC Anagallis tenella LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline was detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

65 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Anchusa arvensis LC Arch LC Andromeda polifolia NT A2c EOO trend 21 LC Anemone nemorosa LC LC Angelica sylvestris LC LC Anisantha sterilis LC Arch LC Antennaria dioica VU A2c AOO and 36 33 10 EOO trend EN Anthemis arvensis EN A2c AOO trend 52 88 Arch VU Anthemis cotula VU A2c AOO trend 44 94 Arch LC Anthoxanthum odoratum LC LC Anthriscus caucalis LC 88 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Anthriscus sylvestris LC LC Anthyllis vulneraria LC WL Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. WL Stace (2010) suggests that this taxon is possibly only a variety of subsp. vulneraria. corbierei WL Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. lapponica LC Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulneraria NT Apera spica-venti LC 96 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Aphanes arvensis LC LC Aphanes arvensis agg. LC LC Aphanes australis LC LC Apium graveolens LC 87 The sole native subspecies is Apium graveolens subsp. graveolens. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Apium inundatum VU A2c AOO and 37 49 EOO trend LC Apium nodiflorum LC 82 VU Apium repens EN B2ab(iv) + 2c(iv) 2 100s - 100 Lost from two Oxfordshire locations and not seen at a third for c.10 years, although plants may 1000s reappear from the seed bank under suitable conditions. LC Aquilegia vulgaris LC LC Arabidopsis thaliana LC LC Arabis hirsuta NT A2c AOO and 27 28 EOO trend VU Arabis scabra VU D2 3750 N2 100 Population estimate is based on the number of rosettes from field data collected in 2010 (L. Houston pers. comm.). LC Arctium lappa LC 92 Arch LC Arctium minus LC LC Arctium minus subsp. minus LC Assumed LC as species. LC Arctium minus subsp. pubens LC Assumed LC as species. LC Arctostaphylos uva-ursi NT B <20 2 LC Arenaria leptoclados LC 83 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% ecline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. leptoclados)

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Anchusa arvensis LC Arch LC Andromeda polifolia NT A2c EOO trend 21 LC Anemone nemorosa LC LC Angelica sylvestris LC LC Anisantha sterilis LC Arch LC Antennaria dioica VU A2c AOO and 36 33 10 EOO trend EN Anthemis arvensis EN A2c AOO trend 52 88 Arch VU Anthemis cotula VU A2c AOO trend 44 94 Arch LC Anthoxanthum odoratum LC LC Anthriscus caucalis LC 88 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Anthriscus sylvestris LC LC Anthyllis vulneraria LC WL Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. WL Stace (2010) suggests that this taxon is possibly only a variety of subsp. vulneraria. corbierei WL Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. lapponica LC Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulneraria NT Apera spica-venti LC 96 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Aphanes arvensis LC LC Aphanes arvensis agg. LC LC Aphanes australis LC LC Apium graveolens LC 87 The sole native subspecies is Apium graveolens subsp. graveolens. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Apium inundatum VU A2c AOO and 37 49 EOO trend LC Apium nodiflorum LC 82 VU Apium repens EN B2ab(iv) + 2c(iv) 2 100s - 100 Lost from two Oxfordshire locations and not seen at a third for c.10 years, although plants may 1000s reappear from the seed bank under suitable conditions. LC Aquilegia vulgaris LC LC Arabidopsis thaliana LC LC Arabis hirsuta NT A2c AOO and 27 28 EOO trend VU Arabis scabra VU D2 3750 N2 100 Population estimate is based on the number of rosettes from field data collected in 2010 (L. Houston pers. comm.). LC Arctium lappa LC 92 Arch LC Arctium minus LC LC Arctium minus subsp. minus LC Assumed LC as species. LC Arctium minus subsp. pubens LC Assumed LC as species. LC Arctostaphylos uva-ursi NT B <20 2 LC Arenaria leptoclados LC 83 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% ecline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. leptoclados)

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? EN Arenaria norvegica subsp. EN C2a(i) c.730 yes yes 100 The sole subspecies in England is Arenaria norvegica subsp. anglica. The most recent anglica population estimate is from 2012 (K. Walker pers. comm.). LC Arenaria serpyllifolia LC LC Arenaria serpyllifolia s.l. LC WL Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. Accepted as a subspecies in Flora Nordica (Jonsell 2001), and lloydii considered a distinct dune ecotype in Stace (2010). LC Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. serpyllifolia LC Armeria maritima LC CR Armeria maritima subsp. CR A2c AOO trend 83 2 c.100 100 Population estimate is from 2013 (P. Kirby pers. comm.). elongata LC Armeria maritima subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. maritima LC Armoracia rusticana LC 87 Arch EX Arnoseris minima EX Arch Last recorded in Buckinghamshire in 1972. LC Arrhenatherum elatius LC LC Artemisia absinthium LC 79 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Artemisia campestris EN A2c AOO trend; C2a(ii) VU Artemisia campestris subsp. EN A2c AOO trend; 74 2 100 One of the two extant locations is a long-term introduction initiated in the 1960s. campestris C2a(ii) WL Artemisia campestris subsp. WL Native or alien. maritima LC Artemisia maritima NT A2c AOO trend 28 possibly (Seriphidium maritimum) LC Artemisia vulgaris LC Arch NT Arum italicum LC 98 The sole native subspecies is Arum italicum subsp. neglectum. LC Arum maculatum LC 86 LC Asparagus officinalis subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. officinalis EN Asparagus prostratus VU D1 c.1300 The most recent count for this taxon exceeds the VU threshold for Criterion D. However, past (Asparagus officinalis subsp. counts within the last 20 years have estimated <1000 individuals. prostratus) LC Asperula cynanchica LC N2 93 LC Asplenium adiantum-nigrum LC LC Asplenium ceterach LC (Ceterach officinarum) EX Asplenium fontanum EX Last recorded in North Hampshire in 1869. LC Asplenium marinum LC NT Asplenium obovatum NT A2c AOO trend 29 A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Asplenium ruta-muraria LC LC Asplenium scolopendrium LC (Phyllitis scolopendrium) NT Asplenium septentrionale VU D1 <1000 LC Asplenium trichomanes LC NT Asplenium trichomanes NT D <10000 subsp. pachyrachis

68 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments EN Arenaria norvegica subsp. EN C2a(i) c.730 yes yes 100 The sole subspecies in England is Arenaria norvegica subsp. anglica. The most recent anglica population estimate is from 2012 (K. Walker pers. comm.). LC Arenaria serpyllifolia LC LC Arenaria serpyllifolia s.l. LC WL Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. Accepted as a subspecies in Flora Nordica (Jonsell 2001), and lloydii considered a distinct dune ecotype in Stace (2010). LC Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. serpyllifolia LC Armeria maritima LC CR Armeria maritima subsp. CR A2c AOO trend 83 2 c.100 100 Population estimate is from 2013 (P. Kirby pers. comm.). elongata LC Armeria maritima subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. maritima LC Armoracia rusticana LC 87 Arch EX Arnoseris minima EX Arch Last recorded in Buckinghamshire in 1972. LC Arrhenatherum elatius LC LC Artemisia absinthium LC 79 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Artemisia campestris EN A2c AOO trend; C2a(ii) VU Artemisia campestris subsp. EN A2c AOO trend; 74 2 100 One of the two extant locations is a long-term introduction initiated in the 1960s. campestris C2a(ii) WL Artemisia campestris subsp. WL Native or alien. maritima LC Artemisia maritima NT A2c AOO trend 28 possibly (Seriphidium maritimum) LC Artemisia vulgaris LC Arch NT Arum italicum LC 98 The sole native subspecies is Arum italicum subsp. neglectum. LC Arum maculatum LC 86 LC Asparagus officinalis subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. officinalis EN Asparagus prostratus VU D1 c.1300 The most recent count for this taxon exceeds the VU threshold for Criterion D. However, past (Asparagus officinalis subsp. counts within the last 20 years have estimated <1000 individuals. prostratus) LC Asperula cynanchica LC N2 93 LC Asplenium adiantum-nigrum LC LC Asplenium ceterach LC (Ceterach officinarum) EX Asplenium fontanum EX Last recorded in North Hampshire in 1869. LC Asplenium marinum LC NT Asplenium obovatum NT A2c AOO trend 29 A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Asplenium ruta-muraria LC LC Asplenium scolopendrium LC (Phyllitis scolopendrium) NT Asplenium septentrionale VU D1 <1000 LC Asplenium trichomanes LC NT Asplenium trichomanes NT D <10000 subsp. pachyrachis

69 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Asplenium trichomanes LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. quadrivalens LC Asplenium trichomanes LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. trichomanes LC Asplenium viride LC LC Aster linosyris EN B1ab(i-v) + 3 2ab(i-v) LC Aster tripolium LC EN Astragalus danicus EN A2c EOO trend 61 LC Astragalus glycyphyllos LC 87 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Athyrium filix-femina LC LC Atriplex glabriuscula LC LC Atriplex laciniata LC LC Atriplex littoralis LC LC Atriplex longipes LC S2 LC Atriplex patula LC CR Atriplex pedunculata CR B1ab(v)+ 2ab(v); 1 120 100 Two recently introduced populations are excluded from the analysis. the population estimate is C2a(ii) based on the latest count in 2013 (S.J. Leach 2013). LC Atriplex portulacoides LC 78 LC Atriplex praecox CR C2a(i) 1 The species has not been recorded from a second location in Northumberland since 1990. LC Atriplex prostrata LC LC Atropa belladonna LC 99 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Avena fatua LC 82 Arch LC Avenula pratensis LC (Helictotrichon pratense) LC Avenula pubescens LC (Helictotrichon pubescens) NT Baldellia ranunculoides VU A2c AOO trend 43 possibly The sole native subspecies recorded in England is Baldellia ranunculoides subsp. ranunculoides, although it is possible that subsp. repens is present but currently overlooked LC Ballota nigra LC 91 Arch LC Barbarea vulgaris LC 77 LC Bartsia alpina VU D1 <1000 LC Bellis perennis LC LC Berberis vulgaris LC 77 Native or alien. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Berula erecta LC 85 LC Beta vulgaris LC The sole native subspecies in England is Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima. LC Betonica officinalis (Stachys LC 82 officinalis) LC Betula nana CR D 3 <50 2 LC Betula pendula LC LC Betula pubescens LC WL Betula pubescens subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. This subspecies is included in both Stace (2010) and Flora Europaea, pubescens but not in Flora Nordica. WL Betula pubescens subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. This subspecies is included in both Stace (2010) and Flora Europaea, tortuosa but not in Flora Nordica.

70 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Asplenium trichomanes LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. quadrivalens LC Asplenium trichomanes LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. trichomanes LC Asplenium viride LC LC Aster linosyris EN B1ab(i-v) + 3 2ab(i-v) LC Aster tripolium LC EN Astragalus danicus EN A2c EOO trend 61 LC Astragalus glycyphyllos LC 87 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Athyrium filix-femina LC LC Atriplex glabriuscula LC LC Atriplex laciniata LC LC Atriplex littoralis LC LC Atriplex longipes LC S2 LC Atriplex patula LC CR Atriplex pedunculata CR B1ab(v)+ 2ab(v); 1 120 100 Two recently introduced populations are excluded from the analysis. the population estimate is C2a(ii) based on the latest count in 2013 (S.J. Leach 2013). LC Atriplex portulacoides LC 78 LC Atriplex praecox CR C2a(i) 1 The species has not been recorded from a second location in Northumberland since 1990. LC Atriplex prostrata LC LC Atropa belladonna LC 99 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Avena fatua LC 82 Arch LC Avenula pratensis LC (Helictotrichon pratense) LC Avenula pubescens LC (Helictotrichon pubescens) NT Baldellia ranunculoides VU A2c AOO trend 43 possibly The sole native subspecies recorded in England is Baldellia ranunculoides subsp. ranunculoides, although it is possible that subsp. repens is present but currently overlooked LC Ballota nigra LC 91 Arch LC Barbarea vulgaris LC 77 LC Bartsia alpina VU D1 <1000 LC Bellis perennis LC LC Berberis vulgaris LC 77 Native or alien. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Berula erecta LC 85 LC Beta vulgaris LC The sole native subspecies in England is Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima. LC Betonica officinalis (Stachys LC 82 officinalis) LC Betula nana CR D 3 <50 2 LC Betula pendula LC LC Betula pubescens LC WL Betula pubescens subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. This subspecies is included in both Stace (2010) and Flora Europaea, pubescens but not in Flora Nordica. WL Betula pubescens subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. This subspecies is included in both Stace (2010) and Flora Europaea, tortuosa but not in Flora Nordica.

71 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Bidens cernua LC 85 LC Bidens tripartita LC 85 LC Blackstonia perfoliata LC N3 92 LC Blechnum spicant LC VU Blysmus compressus VU A2c AOO trend 34 91 LC Blysmus rufus NT A2c EOO trend 25 7 LC Bolboschoenus laticarpus LC LC Bolboschoenus maritimus LC LC Botrychium lunaria VU A2c AOO trend 31 Lost from many lowland sites. LC Brachypodium pinnatum s.l. LC LC Brachypodium pinnatum s.s. LC Assumed LC as B. pinnatum s.l. WL Brachypodium rupestre WL Insufficient mapping data. The distinction between this and B. pinnatum was not found until (Brachypodium pinnatum after the publication of the New Atlas. subsp. rupestre) LC Brachypodium sylvaticum LC LC Brassica nigra LC 88 LC Brassica oleracea LC yes LC Brassica rapa LC Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Brassica rapa subsp. campestris. LC Briza media NT A2c AOO trend 25 The measured decline in occupancy of 24% for this species reflects the loss of lowland unimproved grassland in England within the same time period. See Section 6.8 for more information. LC Briza minor LC 97 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Bromopsis benekenii LC LC Bromopsis erecta LC N2 LC Bromopsis ramosa LC LC Bromus commutatus LC 97 LC Bromus hordeaceus LC LC Bromus hordeaceus subsp. LC ferronii LC Bromus hordeaceus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. hordeaceus WL Bromus hordeaceus subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. Described after the publication of the New Atlas. It may be a longipedicellatus neophyte, but the UK may also have the only remaining populations in the world. LC Bromus hordeaceus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. thominei EW Bromus interruptus EW yes yes Re-introduced to a former introduction location in autumn 2013, following three failed introduction attempts in the previous decade. LC Bromus racemosus LC 88 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Bromus secalinus NT A2c EOO trend 27 95 Arch LC Bryonia dioica LC 97 LC Bunium bulbocastanum LC 100 VU Bupleurum baldense EN D 2 c.200 N2 100 CR Bupleurum rotundifolium CR A2c AOO and 86 93 94 Arch EOO trend VU Bupleurum tenuissimum VU A2c AOO trend 41 92 LC Butomus umbellatus LC 96

72 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Bidens cernua LC 85 LC Bidens tripartita LC 85 LC Blackstonia perfoliata LC N3 92 LC Blechnum spicant LC VU Blysmus compressus VU A2c AOO trend 34 91 LC Blysmus rufus NT A2c EOO trend 25 7 LC Bolboschoenus laticarpus LC LC Bolboschoenus maritimus LC LC Botrychium lunaria VU A2c AOO trend 31 Lost from many lowland sites. LC Brachypodium pinnatum s.l. LC LC Brachypodium pinnatum s.s. LC Assumed LC as B. pinnatum s.l. WL Brachypodium rupestre WL Insufficient mapping data. The distinction between this and B. pinnatum was not found until (Brachypodium pinnatum after the publication of the New Atlas. subsp. rupestre) LC Brachypodium sylvaticum LC LC Brassica nigra LC 88 LC Brassica oleracea LC yes LC Brassica rapa LC Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Brassica rapa subsp. campestris. LC Briza media NT A2c AOO trend 25 The measured decline in occupancy of 24% for this species reflects the loss of lowland unimproved grassland in England within the same time period. See Section 6.8 for more information. LC Briza minor LC 97 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Bromopsis benekenii LC LC Bromopsis erecta LC N2 LC Bromopsis ramosa LC LC Bromus commutatus LC 97 LC Bromus hordeaceus LC LC Bromus hordeaceus subsp. LC ferronii LC Bromus hordeaceus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. hordeaceus WL Bromus hordeaceus subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. Described after the publication of the New Atlas. It may be a longipedicellatus neophyte, but the UK may also have the only remaining populations in the world. LC Bromus hordeaceus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. thominei EW Bromus interruptus EW yes yes Re-introduced to a former introduction location in autumn 2013, following three failed introduction attempts in the previous decade. LC Bromus racemosus LC 88 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Bromus secalinus NT A2c EOO trend 27 95 Arch LC Bryonia dioica LC 97 LC Bunium bulbocastanum LC 100 VU Bupleurum baldense EN D 2 c.200 N2 100 CR Bupleurum rotundifolium CR A2c AOO and 86 93 94 Arch EOO trend VU Bupleurum tenuissimum VU A2c AOO trend 41 92 LC Butomus umbellatus LC 96

73 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? DD Buxus sempervirens DD 100 LC Cakile maritima LC LC Calamagrostis canescens LC 95 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Calamagrostis epigejos LC 89 LC Calamagrostis purpurea VU D2 3 VU Calamagrostis stricta VU D2 5 LC Callitriche brutia (Callitriche LC hamulata s.l.) LC Callitriche brutia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. brutia (Callitriche brutia) LC Callitriche brutia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. hamulata (Callitriche hamulata s.l.) LC Callitriche hermaphroditica LC LC Callitriche obtusangula LC 85 LC Callitriche platycarpa LC 76 LC Callitriche stagnalis LC LC Callitriche truncata LC N2 95 LC Calluna vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 21 Although a surprising result, the measured decline in occupancy of c.21% for this species reflects the catastrophic loss of lowland heathland in England within the same time period. See Section 6.8 for more information. LC Caltha palustris LC LC Calystegia sepium LC LC Calystegia sepium subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. roseata LC Calystegia sepium subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. sepium LC Calystegia soldanella VU A2c AOO trend 30 LC Camelina sativa LC 93 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 66% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Campanula glomerata LC 96 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Campanula latifolia LC EN Campanula patula CR C2a(i) <250 90 Recent surveys by the National Botanic Gardens of Wales estimated a population in England not exceeding 250 mature individuals. EN Campanula rapunculus EN A2c AOO trend 55 85 Arch LC Campanula rotundifolia NT A2c AOO trend 23 C. rotundifolia is a poor competitor with vigorous grasses, and Stevens et al. (2011) found that this species was strongly negatively associated with Nitrogen deposition. LC Campanula rotundifolia NT Assumed NT as species. subsp. montana LC Campanula rotundifolia DD subsp. rotundifolia LC Campanula trachelium LC 95 LC Capsella bursa-pastoris LC Arch LC Cardamine amara LC LC Cardamine bulbifera LC 100 LC Cardamine flexuosa LC

74 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments DD Buxus sempervirens DD 100 LC Cakile maritima LC LC Calamagrostis canescens LC 95 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Calamagrostis epigejos LC 89 LC Calamagrostis purpurea VU D2 3 VU Calamagrostis stricta VU D2 5 LC Callitriche brutia (Callitriche LC hamulata s.l.) LC Callitriche brutia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. brutia (Callitriche brutia) LC Callitriche brutia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. hamulata (Callitriche hamulata s.l.) LC Callitriche hermaphroditica LC LC Callitriche obtusangula LC 85 LC Callitriche platycarpa LC 76 LC Callitriche stagnalis LC LC Callitriche truncata LC N2 95 LC Calluna vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 21 Although a surprising result, the measured decline in occupancy of c.21% for this species reflects the catastrophic loss of lowland heathland in England within the same time period. See Section 6.8 for more information. LC Caltha palustris LC LC Calystegia sepium LC LC Calystegia sepium subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. roseata LC Calystegia sepium subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. sepium LC Calystegia soldanella VU A2c AOO trend 30 LC Camelina sativa LC 93 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 66% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Campanula glomerata LC 96 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Campanula latifolia LC EN Campanula patula CR C2a(i) <250 90 Recent surveys by the National Botanic Gardens of Wales estimated a population in England not exceeding 250 mature individuals. EN Campanula rapunculus EN A2c AOO trend 55 85 Arch LC Campanula rotundifolia NT A2c AOO trend 23 C. rotundifolia is a poor competitor with vigorous grasses, and Stevens et al. (2011) found that this species was strongly negatively associated with Nitrogen deposition. LC Campanula rotundifolia NT Assumed NT as species. subsp. montana LC Campanula rotundifolia DD subsp. rotundifolia LC Campanula trachelium LC 95 LC Capsella bursa-pastoris LC Arch LC Cardamine amara LC LC Cardamine bulbifera LC 100 LC Cardamine flexuosa LC

75 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Cardamine hirsuta LC NT Cardamine impatiens LC 85 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Cardamine pratensis LC LC Carduus crispus LC 85 LC Carduus nutans LC 90 LC Carduus tenuiflorus LC LC Carex acuta LC 89 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex acutiformis LC 80 NT Carex appropinquata LC 84 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex aquatilis LC 5 LC Carex arenaria LC LC Carex atrata EN D 4 <100 5 LC Carex bigelowii LC 9 LC Carex binervis LC LC Carex canescens (Carex LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a curta) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex capillaris LC LC Carex caryophyllea LC CR Carex cespitosa CR D 1 c.50 100 A recent addition to the GB Flora (James 2012). EX Carex davalliana EX LC Carex demissa (Carex LC viridula subsp. oedocarpa) EN Carex depauperata EN D 2 c.63 100 NT Carex diandra VU A2c AOO trend 34 LC Carex digitata LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex dioica LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex distans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex disticha LC VU Carex divisa LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex divulsa LC 92 LC Carex divulsa subsp. divulsa LC LC Carex divulsa subsp. leersii LC LC Carex echinata NT A2c AOO trend 29 LC Carex elata NT A2c EOO trend 29 89 LC Carex elongata NT A2c EOO trend 27 77 VU Carex ericetorum VU A2c EOO trend 33 100 LC Carex extensa LC LC Carex filiformis LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex flacca LC

76 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Cardamine hirsuta LC NT Cardamine impatiens LC 85 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Cardamine pratensis LC LC Carduus crispus LC 85 LC Carduus nutans LC 90 LC Carduus tenuiflorus LC LC Carex acuta LC 89 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex acutiformis LC 80 NT Carex appropinquata LC 84 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex aquatilis LC 5 LC Carex arenaria LC LC Carex atrata EN D 4 <100 5 LC Carex bigelowii LC 9 LC Carex binervis LC LC Carex canescens (Carex LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a curta) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex capillaris LC LC Carex caryophyllea LC CR Carex cespitosa CR D 1 c.50 100 A recent addition to the GB Flora (James 2012). EX Carex davalliana EX LC Carex demissa (Carex LC viridula subsp. oedocarpa) EN Carex depauperata EN D 2 c.63 100 NT Carex diandra VU A2c AOO trend 34 LC Carex digitata LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex dioica LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex distans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex disticha LC VU Carex divisa LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex divulsa LC 92 LC Carex divulsa subsp. divulsa LC LC Carex divulsa subsp. leersii LC LC Carex echinata NT A2c AOO trend 29 LC Carex elata NT A2c EOO trend 29 89 LC Carex elongata NT A2c EOO trend 27 77 VU Carex ericetorum VU A2c EOO trend 33 100 LC Carex extensa LC LC Carex filiformis LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex flacca LC

77 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? VU Carex flava VU D2 2 100 LC Carex hirta LC LC Carex hostiana LC LC Carex humilis LC 100 LC Carex laevigata LC LC Carex lasiocarpa VU A2c EOO trend 48 LC Carex lepidocarpa LC (Carex viridula subsp. brachyrrhyncha) LC Carex leporina (Carex ovalis) LC LC Carex limosa EN A2c EOO trend 65 7 LC Carex magellanica NT A2c EOO trend 22 EN Carex maritima RE Searched for on numerous occasions but not recorded since 1994. LC Carex montana LC LC Carex muricata LC NT Carex muricata subsp. NT D <10000 muricata LC Carex muricata subsp. LC pairae (Carex muricata subsp. lamprocarpa) LC Carex nigra LC LC Carex oederi (Carex viridula LC subsp. viridula) LC Carex ornithopoda LC 100 LC Carex otrubae LC LC Carex pallescens LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex panicea LC LC Carex paniculata LC LC Carex pauciflora NT B; D 14? <10000 4 Absent from England south of Cumbria. A repeat survey of several locations in the late 1990s failed to reveal any plants, although it is an inconspicuous species. Targeted surveys of all England sites is desirable. LC Carex pendula LC 81 LC Carex pilulifera LC LC Carex pseudocyperus LC 95 LC Carex pulicaris NT A2c AOO trend 24 LC Carex punctata LC possibly LC Carex remota LC LC Carex riparia LC 88 LC Carex rostrata LC LC Carex spicata LC 90 LC Carex strigosa LC possibly 94 LC Carex sylvatica LC EX Carex trinervis EX LC Carex vaginata LC 5 LC Carex vesicaria VU A2c AOO trend 34 VU Carex vulpina VU A2c AOO trend 47 100

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments VU Carex flava VU D2 2 100 LC Carex hirta LC LC Carex hostiana LC LC Carex humilis LC 100 LC Carex laevigata LC LC Carex lasiocarpa VU A2c EOO trend 48 LC Carex lepidocarpa LC (Carex viridula subsp. brachyrrhyncha) LC Carex leporina (Carex ovalis) LC LC Carex limosa EN A2c EOO trend 65 7 LC Carex magellanica NT A2c EOO trend 22 EN Carex maritima RE Searched for on numerous occasions but not recorded since 1994. LC Carex montana LC LC Carex muricata LC NT Carex muricata subsp. NT D <10000 muricata LC Carex muricata subsp. LC pairae (Carex muricata subsp. lamprocarpa) LC Carex nigra LC LC Carex oederi (Carex viridula LC subsp. viridula) LC Carex ornithopoda LC 100 LC Carex otrubae LC LC Carex pallescens LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Carex panicea LC LC Carex paniculata LC LC Carex pauciflora NT B; D 14? <10000 4 Absent from England south of Cumbria. A repeat survey of several locations in the late 1990s failed to reveal any plants, although it is an inconspicuous species. Targeted surveys of all England sites is desirable. LC Carex pendula LC 81 LC Carex pilulifera LC LC Carex pseudocyperus LC 95 LC Carex pulicaris NT A2c AOO trend 24 LC Carex punctata LC possibly LC Carex remota LC LC Carex riparia LC 88 LC Carex rostrata LC LC Carex spicata LC 90 LC Carex strigosa LC possibly 94 LC Carex sylvatica LC EX Carex trinervis EX LC Carex vaginata LC 5 LC Carex vesicaria VU A2c AOO trend 34 VU Carex vulpina VU A2c AOO trend 47 100

79 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Carlina vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 25 77 LC Carpinus betulus LC 82 EN Carum carvi CR A2c AOO trend 34 76 Arch A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Carum verticillatum VU A2c AOO trend 40 6 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Castanea sativa LC Arch LC Catabrosa aquatica VU A2c EOO trend 41 LC Catapodium marinum LC LC Catapodium rigidum LC 87 WL Catapodium rigidum subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. majus LC Catapodium rigidum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. rigidum EX Caucalis platycarpos EX CR Centaurea calcitrapa EN A2c AOO trend 75 100 Arch LC Centaurea cyanus LC 81 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Centaurea debeauxii LC WL Centaurea debeauxii subsp. WL Non-radiate plants are probably referable to subsp. nemoralis (Stace 2010). Mapping nemoralis information insufficient. WL Centaurea debeauxii subsp. WL Plants with pseudo-radiate capitula are common and occur with non-radiate plants (ssp. thuillieri nemoralis); these are probably not worth recognition as a separate subspecies (Stace 2010). LC Centaurea nigra LC LC Centaurea nigra agg. LC LC Centaurea scabiosa LC 91 LC Centaurium erythraea LC 76 LC Centaurium littorale LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Centaurium pulchellum LC 91 EN Centaurium scilloides EN D 200 VU Centaurium tenuiflorum LC 5 >100000 N2 100 See Section 6.9.1. for an explanation on the change of status for this ‘England-only’ species. NT Centunculus minimus EN A2c AOO and 59 77 (Anagallis minima) EOO trend VU Cephalanthera damasonium VU A2c AOO trend 33 100 VU Cephalanthera longifolia EN A2c AOO trend 48 CR Cephalanthera rubra CR C2a(i); D 33 100 LC Cerastium alpinum VU D1 3 <1000 2 LC Cerastium arvense NT A2c AOO trend 20 81 LC Cerastium diffusum LC LC Cerastium fontanum LC LC Cerastium fontanum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. holosteoides LC Cerastium fontanum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgare LC Cerastium glomeratum LC LC Cerastium pumilum LC 89 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Cerastium semidecandrum LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Carlina vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 25 77 LC Carpinus betulus LC 82 EN Carum carvi CR A2c AOO trend 34 76 Arch A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Carum verticillatum VU A2c AOO trend 40 6 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Castanea sativa LC Arch LC Catabrosa aquatica VU A2c EOO trend 41 LC Catapodium marinum LC LC Catapodium rigidum LC 87 WL Catapodium rigidum subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. majus LC Catapodium rigidum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. rigidum EX Caucalis platycarpos EX CR Centaurea calcitrapa EN A2c AOO trend 75 100 Arch LC Centaurea cyanus LC 81 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 30% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Centaurea debeauxii LC WL Centaurea debeauxii subsp. WL Non-radiate plants are probably referable to subsp. nemoralis (Stace 2010). Mapping nemoralis information insufficient. WL Centaurea debeauxii subsp. WL Plants with pseudo-radiate capitula are common and occur with non-radiate plants (ssp. thuillieri nemoralis); these are probably not worth recognition as a separate subspecies (Stace 2010). LC Centaurea nigra LC LC Centaurea nigra agg. LC LC Centaurea scabiosa LC 91 LC Centaurium erythraea LC 76 LC Centaurium littorale LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Centaurium pulchellum LC 91 EN Centaurium scilloides EN D 200 VU Centaurium tenuiflorum LC 5 >100000 N2 100 See Section 6.9.1. for an explanation on the change of status for this ‘England-only’ species. NT Centunculus minimus EN A2c AOO and 59 77 (Anagallis minima) EOO trend VU Cephalanthera damasonium VU A2c AOO trend 33 100 VU Cephalanthera longifolia EN A2c AOO trend 48 CR Cephalanthera rubra CR C2a(i); D 33 100 LC Cerastium alpinum VU D1 3 <1000 2 LC Cerastium arvense NT A2c AOO trend 20 81 LC Cerastium diffusum LC LC Cerastium fontanum LC LC Cerastium fontanum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. holosteoides LC Cerastium fontanum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgare LC Cerastium glomeratum LC LC Cerastium pumilum LC 89 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Cerastium semidecandrum LC

81 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Ceratocapnos claviculata LC LC Ceratophyllum demersum LC 93 LC Ceratophyllum submersum LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Chaenorhinum minus LC 81 Arch LC Chaerophyllum temulum LC 80 VU Chamaemelum nobile VU A2c AOO and 49 36 94 EOO trend LC Chamerion angustifolium LC LC Chelidonium majus LC 82 Arch LC Chenopodium album agg. LC VU Chenopodium bonus- VU A2c AOO trend 49 82 Arch henricus LC Chenopodium LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 55% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a chenopodioides proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Chenopodium ficifolium LC 95 Arch VU Chenopodium glaucum VU A2c AOO trend 47 95 Arch LC Chenopodium hybridum LC 97 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Chenopodium murale EN A2c EOO trend 57 95 Arch LC Chenopodium polyspermum LC 92 Arch LC Chenopodium rubrum LC 92 CR Chenopodium urbicum CR A2c AOO trend 85 82 Arch EN Chenopodium vulvaria EN A2c AOO trend 76 91 Arch LC Chrysosplenium LC alternifolium LC Chrysosplenium LC oppositifolium VU Cicendia filiformis VU A2c AOO and 43 48 76 EOO trend LC Cichorium intybus VU A2c AOO trend 35 86 Arch LC Cicuta virosa LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 55% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Circaea alpina LC LC Circaea lutetiana LC LC Cirsium acaule LC 97 LC Cirsium arvense LC LC Cirsium dissectum LC possibly LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Cirsium eriophorum LC N2 95 LC Cirsium heterophyllum NT A2c AOO trend 20 The AOO decline is based on the results of higher resolution surveys by Pacha et al. 2008 LC Cirsium palustre LC NT Cirsium tuberosum NT B <30 80 LC Cirsium vulgare LC LC Cladium mariscus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Clematis vitalba LC 90

82 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Ceratocapnos claviculata LC LC Ceratophyllum demersum LC 93 LC Ceratophyllum submersum LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Chaenorhinum minus LC 81 Arch LC Chaerophyllum temulum LC 80 VU Chamaemelum nobile VU A2c AOO and 49 36 94 EOO trend LC Chamerion angustifolium LC LC Chelidonium majus LC 82 Arch LC Chenopodium album agg. LC VU Chenopodium bonus- VU A2c AOO trend 49 82 Arch henricus LC Chenopodium LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 55% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a chenopodioides proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Chenopodium ficifolium LC 95 Arch VU Chenopodium glaucum VU A2c AOO trend 47 95 Arch LC Chenopodium hybridum LC 97 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Chenopodium murale EN A2c EOO trend 57 95 Arch LC Chenopodium polyspermum LC 92 Arch LC Chenopodium rubrum LC 92 CR Chenopodium urbicum CR A2c AOO trend 85 82 Arch EN Chenopodium vulvaria EN A2c AOO trend 76 91 Arch LC Chrysosplenium LC alternifolium LC Chrysosplenium LC oppositifolium VU Cicendia filiformis VU A2c AOO and 43 48 76 EOO trend LC Cichorium intybus VU A2c AOO trend 35 86 Arch LC Cicuta virosa LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 55% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Circaea alpina LC LC Circaea lutetiana LC LC Cirsium acaule LC 97 LC Cirsium arvense LC LC Cirsium dissectum LC possibly LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Cirsium eriophorum LC N2 95 LC Cirsium heterophyllum NT A2c AOO trend 20 The AOO decline is based on the results of higher resolution surveys by Pacha et al. 2008 LC Cirsium palustre LC NT Cirsium tuberosum NT B <30 80 LC Cirsium vulgare LC LC Cladium mariscus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Clematis vitalba LC 90

83 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? VU Clinopodium acinos VU A2c AOO and 45 41 97 EOO trend LC Clinopodium ascendens LC N2 93 VU Clinopodium calamintha LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. CR Clinopodium menthifolium VU D2 1 c.1500 100 The population is continuing to recover after decades of positive conservation work (Marston 2007), hence the change in GB status for this England-only species. LC Clinopodium vulgare LC 83 LC Cochlearia anglica LC LC Cochlearia danica LC LC Cochlearia officinalis LC The sole native subspecies in England is Cochlearia officinalis subsp. officinalis. LC Cochlearia officinalis s.l. LC LC Cochlearia pyrenaica LC DD Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. DD alpina DD Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. DD pyrenaica VU Coeloglossum viride VU A2c AOO and 46 46 (Dactylorhiza viridis) EOO trend LC Coincya monensis LC The sole native subspecies in England is Coincya monensis subsp. monensis. VU Coincya wrightii NT D <10000 yes yes 100 The total population on Lundy fluctuates between 1000 and 10000 individuals. NT Colchicum autumnale LC N2 91 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Comarum palustre NT A2c AOO trend 20 (Potentilla palustris) LC Conium maculatum LC 79 Arch LC Conopodium majus LC possibly LC Convallaria majalis LC 90 LC Convolvulus arvensis LC 81 VU Corallorhiza trifida VU B1ab(i-v) + <10 2ab(i-v) LC Cornus sanguinea LC 92 The sole native subspecies in England is Cornus sanguinea subsp. sanguinea. NT Cornus suecica NT B <30 4 CR Corrigiola litoralis EN D c.400 100 The number of individuals exceeds the EN (D) threshold, but this count includes bolstered individuals from recent introductions. A precautionary approach has been taken, and so the species is assessed based on a fluctuating population of <250 native individuals. LC Corylus avellana LC NT Corynephorus canescens NT B <30 100 LC Crambe maritima LC VU Crassula aquatica RE Not seen at its sole English location since 1949. LC Crassula tillaea LC N2 100 LC Crataegus laevigata LC 100 LC Crataegus monogyna LC LC Crepis biennis LC LC Crepis capillaris LC EW Crepis foetida CR A2c AOO trend; 1 100 Arch See Section 6.9.1. D

84 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments VU Clinopodium acinos VU A2c AOO and 45 41 97 EOO trend LC Clinopodium ascendens LC N2 93 VU Clinopodium calamintha LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. CR Clinopodium menthifolium VU D2 1 c.1500 100 The population is continuing to recover after decades of positive conservation work (Marston 2007), hence the change in GB status for this England-only species. LC Clinopodium vulgare LC 83 LC Cochlearia anglica LC LC Cochlearia danica LC LC Cochlearia officinalis LC The sole native subspecies in England is Cochlearia officinalis subsp. officinalis. LC Cochlearia officinalis s.l. LC LC Cochlearia pyrenaica LC DD Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. DD alpina DD Cochlearia pyrenaica subsp. DD pyrenaica VU Coeloglossum viride VU A2c AOO and 46 46 (Dactylorhiza viridis) EOO trend LC Coincya monensis LC The sole native subspecies in England is Coincya monensis subsp. monensis. VU Coincya wrightii NT D <10000 yes yes 100 The total population on Lundy fluctuates between 1000 and 10000 individuals. NT Colchicum autumnale LC N2 91 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Comarum palustre NT A2c AOO trend 20 (Potentilla palustris) LC Conium maculatum LC 79 Arch LC Conopodium majus LC possibly LC Convallaria majalis LC 90 LC Convolvulus arvensis LC 81 VU Corallorhiza trifida VU B1ab(i-v) + <10 2ab(i-v) LC Cornus sanguinea LC 92 The sole native subspecies in England is Cornus sanguinea subsp. sanguinea. NT Cornus suecica NT B <30 4 CR Corrigiola litoralis EN D c.400 100 The number of individuals exceeds the EN (D) threshold, but this count includes bolstered individuals from recent introductions. A precautionary approach has been taken, and so the species is assessed based on a fluctuating population of <250 native individuals. LC Corylus avellana LC NT Corynephorus canescens NT B <30 100 LC Crambe maritima LC VU Crassula aquatica RE Not seen at its sole English location since 1949. LC Crassula tillaea LC N2 100 LC Crataegus laevigata LC 100 LC Crataegus monogyna LC LC Crepis biennis LC LC Crepis capillaris LC EW Crepis foetida CR A2c AOO trend; 1 100 Arch See Section 6.9.1. D

85 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? EN Crepis mollis VU A2c AOO trend 51 82 Recently published evidence suggest that Crepis mollis has been mis-identified in the past, hence the downgrading of threat status from EN to VU based on AOO (see Section 7). LC Crepis paludosa LC EN Crepis praemorsa VU D2 1 1775 100 The population estimate is based on Roberts (2009). See Section 7. LC Crithmum maritimum LC LC Cruciata laevipes NT 22 78 LC Cryptogramma crispa VU A2c AOO trend 34 VU Cuscuta epithymum VU A2c AOO and 38 35 97 EOO trend LC Cuscuta europaea LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 60% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. WL Cynodon dactylon WL Its status in the UK is uncertain, with some populations being considered possibly native in W Cornwall. It is frequently found as a casual species. CR Cynoglossum germanicum NT B <30 >10000 N2 100 A dynamic, process-driven species that benefited from the ‘Great Storm’ of 1987. NT Cynoglossum officinale NT A2c AOO trend 28 88 LC Cynosurus cristatus LC VU Cyperus fuscus VU A2c AOO trend 30 100 NT Cyperus longus NT A2c AOO trend 20 80 CR Cypripedium calceolus CR D 1 2 100 The threat status does not include numerous introductions as there is not yet evidence of introduced plants producing viable offspring. EX Cystopteris alpina EX VU Cystopteris diaphana VU D2 5 >1000 N2 100 Extant sub-populations are vulnerable to fluctuating water levels and bank erosion. LC Cystopteris fragilis LC LC Cytisus scoparius LC LC Cytisus scoparius subsp. VU D2 ≤5 In England, this taxon is only present in North Devon, where it is locally abundant, and the maritimus Lizard peninsula where it appears to be in decline due to undergrazing and scrub encroachment. A precautionary threat status of VU D2 has been applied pending further investigation/survey. LC Cytisus scoparius subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. scoparius LC Dactylis glomerata LC LC Dactylorhiza fuchsii LC The sole component/native subspecies in England is Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. fuchsii. LC Dactylorhiza incarnata LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Dactylorhiza incarnata NT B; D <30 The taxon is vulnerable to habitat loss through lack of grazing and scrub encroachment on dune subsp. coccinea systems. A targeted survey in England of D. incarnata subsp. coccinea would help to determine whether this taxon requires a higher threat status. DD Dactylorhiza incarnata DD subsp. gemmana WL Dactylorhiza incarnata WL subsp. incarnata CR Dactylorhiza incarnata CR C2a(i) 2 c.63 100 Seemingly lost from one of the three known locations (Chippenham Fen NNR). subsp. ochroleuca WL Dactylorhiza incarnata WL More research is required into the D. incarnata group. subsp. pulchella LC Dactylorhiza maculata LC The sole component/native subspecies in England is Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum. LC Dactylorhiza praetermissa LC possibly 88 The distribution of this species includes the newly described D. praetermissa subsp. schoenophila established by Bateman & Denholm (2012). LC Dactylorhiza purpurella LC S2 possibly

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments EN Crepis mollis VU A2c AOO trend 51 82 Recently published evidence suggest that Crepis mollis has been mis-identified in the past, hence the downgrading of threat status from EN to VU based on AOO (see Section 7). LC Crepis paludosa LC EN Crepis praemorsa VU D2 1 1775 100 The population estimate is based on Roberts (2009). See Section 7. LC Crithmum maritimum LC LC Cruciata laevipes NT 22 78 LC Cryptogramma crispa VU A2c AOO trend 34 VU Cuscuta epithymum VU A2c AOO and 38 35 97 EOO trend LC Cuscuta europaea LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 60% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. WL Cynodon dactylon WL Its status in the UK is uncertain, with some populations being considered possibly native in W Cornwall. It is frequently found as a casual species. CR Cynoglossum germanicum NT B <30 >10000 N2 100 A dynamic, process-driven species that benefited from the ‘Great Storm’ of 1987. NT Cynoglossum officinale NT A2c AOO trend 28 88 LC Cynosurus cristatus LC VU Cyperus fuscus VU A2c AOO trend 30 100 NT Cyperus longus NT A2c AOO trend 20 80 CR Cypripedium calceolus CR D 1 2 100 The threat status does not include numerous introductions as there is not yet evidence of introduced plants producing viable offspring. EX Cystopteris alpina EX VU Cystopteris diaphana VU D2 5 >1000 N2 100 Extant sub-populations are vulnerable to fluctuating water levels and bank erosion. LC Cystopteris fragilis LC LC Cytisus scoparius LC LC Cytisus scoparius subsp. VU D2 ≤5 In England, this taxon is only present in North Devon, where it is locally abundant, and the maritimus Lizard peninsula where it appears to be in decline due to undergrazing and scrub encroachment. A precautionary threat status of VU D2 has been applied pending further investigation/survey. LC Cytisus scoparius subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. scoparius LC Dactylis glomerata LC LC Dactylorhiza fuchsii LC The sole component/native subspecies in England is Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. fuchsii. LC Dactylorhiza incarnata LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Dactylorhiza incarnata NT B; D <30 The taxon is vulnerable to habitat loss through lack of grazing and scrub encroachment on dune subsp. coccinea systems. A targeted survey in England of D. incarnata subsp. coccinea would help to determine whether this taxon requires a higher threat status. DD Dactylorhiza incarnata DD subsp. gemmana WL Dactylorhiza incarnata WL subsp. incarnata CR Dactylorhiza incarnata CR C2a(i) 2 c.63 100 Seemingly lost from one of the three known locations (Chippenham Fen NNR). subsp. ochroleuca WL Dactylorhiza incarnata WL More research is required into the D. incarnata group. subsp. pulchella LC Dactylorhiza maculata LC The sole component/native subspecies in England is Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. ericetorum. LC Dactylorhiza praetermissa LC possibly 88 The distribution of this species includes the newly described D. praetermissa subsp. schoenophila established by Bateman & Denholm (2012). LC Dactylorhiza purpurella LC S2 possibly

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Dactylorhiza LC There are taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this taxon (see Bateman & Denholm (2012), traunsteinerioides with most southern populations now considered to be D. praetermissa subsp. schoenophila (Dactylorhiza traunsteineri) rather than D. traunsteinerioides. Southern populations make up a small proportion of the total distribution for this taxon, and so the threat assessment of LC has been retained. CR Damasonium alisma CR D 1 0 N2 100 The last native plant in GB was recorded in 2004. As the species is thought to have a long-lived seed bank, it has been assessed as CR but urgent action is required. LC Danthonia decumbens LC LC Daphne laureola LC N2 94 VU Daphne mezereum VU A2c AOO trend 49 92 This status excludes all presumed neophyte records. LC Daucus carota LC 75 LC Daucus carota subsp. carota LC Assumed LC as species. LC Daucus carota subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. gummifer LC Deschampsia cespitosa LC LC Deschampsia cespitosa LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. cespitosa LC Deschampsia cespitosa LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. parviflora LC Deschampsia flexuosa LC LC Deschampsia setacea VU A2c AOO trend 45 LC Descurainia sophia LC 81 Arch EN Dianthus armeria EN A2c AOO trend 71 89 NT Dianthus deltoides VU A2c AOO and 39 43 EOO trend VU Dianthus gratianopolitanus VU D1 8? <1000 100 The number of native extant locations is difficult to estimate for this species, and may be as few as five, in which case the species would also qualify as VU D2. LC Digitalis purpurea LC LC Diphasiastrum alpinum LC 9 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Diphasiastrum CR D 1 1? Only one individual recorded from its sole England location. complanatum LC Diplotaxis tenuifolia LC 88 Arch LC Dipsacus fullonum LC Native or alien. LC Dipsacus pilosus LC 96 LC Draba incana LC LC Draba muralis LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Drosera anglica EN A2c EOO trend 62 7 LC Drosera intermedia VU A2c AOO trend 39 LC Drosera rotundifolia NT A2c AOO and 29 28 EOO trend LC Dryas octopetala VU D2 4 4 LC Dryopteris aemula LC LC Dryopteris affinis LC LC Dryopteris affinis s.l. LC LC Dryopteris affinis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. affinis

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Dactylorhiza LC There are taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this taxon (see Bateman & Denholm (2012), traunsteinerioides with most southern populations now considered to be D. praetermissa subsp. schoenophila (Dactylorhiza traunsteineri) rather than D. traunsteinerioides. Southern populations make up a small proportion of the total distribution for this taxon, and so the threat assessment of LC has been retained. CR Damasonium alisma CR D 1 0 N2 100 The last native plant in GB was recorded in 2004. As the species is thought to have a long-lived seed bank, it has been assessed as CR but urgent action is required. LC Danthonia decumbens LC LC Daphne laureola LC N2 94 VU Daphne mezereum VU A2c AOO trend 49 92 This status excludes all presumed neophyte records. LC Daucus carota LC 75 LC Daucus carota subsp. carota LC Assumed LC as species. LC Daucus carota subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. gummifer LC Deschampsia cespitosa LC LC Deschampsia cespitosa LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. cespitosa LC Deschampsia cespitosa LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. parviflora LC Deschampsia flexuosa LC LC Deschampsia setacea VU A2c AOO trend 45 LC Descurainia sophia LC 81 Arch EN Dianthus armeria EN A2c AOO trend 71 89 NT Dianthus deltoides VU A2c AOO and 39 43 EOO trend VU Dianthus gratianopolitanus VU D1 8? <1000 100 The number of native extant locations is difficult to estimate for this species, and may be as few as five, in which case the species would also qualify as VU D2. LC Digitalis purpurea LC LC Diphasiastrum alpinum LC 9 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Diphasiastrum CR D 1 1? Only one individual recorded from its sole England location. complanatum LC Diplotaxis tenuifolia LC 88 Arch LC Dipsacus fullonum LC Native or alien. LC Dipsacus pilosus LC 96 LC Draba incana LC LC Draba muralis LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Drosera anglica EN A2c EOO trend 62 7 LC Drosera intermedia VU A2c AOO trend 39 LC Drosera rotundifolia NT A2c AOO and 29 28 EOO trend LC Dryas octopetala VU D2 4 4 LC Dryopteris aemula LC LC Dryopteris affinis LC LC Dryopteris affinis s.l. LC LC Dryopteris affinis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. affinis

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Dryopteris affinis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. paleaceolobata LC Dryopteris cambrensis LC The sole native subspecies in England is Dryopteris cambrensis subsp. cambrensis. LC Dryopteris carthusiana LC CR Dryopteris cristata EN A2c AOO trend 66 100 LC Dryopteris dilatata LC LC Dryopteris expansa LC 8 LC Dryopteris filix-mas LC LC Dryopteris oreades LC LC Dryopteris submontana LC N3 96 LC Echium vulgare LC 83 LC Elatine hexandra LC LC Elatine hydropiper VU D2 2 low 100s 8 LC Eleocharis acicularis NT A2c AOO trend 24 This species is assessed as NT based on AOO decline, although the aquatic form is easily missed. LC Eleocharis mamillata LC 85 (Eleocharis austriaca) LC Eleocharis multicaulis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eleocharis palustris LC DD Eleocharis palustris subsp. DD palustris LC Eleocharis palustris subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgaris LC Eleocharis parvula EN B1ab(v) + 2ab(v) 3 LC Eleocharis quinqueflora LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eleocharis uniglumis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eleogiton fluitans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Elymus caninus LC LC Elytrigia atherica LC 83 LC Elytrigia campestris DD The sole native subspecies in England is Elytrigia campestris subsp. maritima. (Elytrigia repens subsp. arenosa) LC Elytrigia juncea LC The sole native subspecies in England is Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica. LC Elytrigia repens LC LC Empetrum nigrum LC LC Empetrum nigrum subsp. VU D2 ≤5 hermaphroditum LC Empetrum nigrum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. nigrum LC Epilobium alsinifolium LC LC Epilobium anagallidifolium VU D1; D2 5 low 100s 4 LC Epilobium hirsutum LC LC Epilobium lanceolatum LC 86 LC Epilobium montanum LC LC Epilobium obscurum LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Dryopteris affinis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. paleaceolobata LC Dryopteris cambrensis LC The sole native subspecies in England is Dryopteris cambrensis subsp. cambrensis. LC Dryopteris carthusiana LC CR Dryopteris cristata EN A2c AOO trend 66 100 LC Dryopteris dilatata LC LC Dryopteris expansa LC 8 LC Dryopteris filix-mas LC LC Dryopteris oreades LC LC Dryopteris submontana LC N3 96 LC Echium vulgare LC 83 LC Elatine hexandra LC LC Elatine hydropiper VU D2 2 low 100s 8 LC Eleocharis acicularis NT A2c AOO trend 24 This species is assessed as NT based on AOO decline, although the aquatic form is easily missed. LC Eleocharis mamillata LC 85 (Eleocharis austriaca) LC Eleocharis multicaulis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eleocharis palustris LC DD Eleocharis palustris subsp. DD palustris LC Eleocharis palustris subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgaris LC Eleocharis parvula EN B1ab(v) + 2ab(v) 3 LC Eleocharis quinqueflora LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eleocharis uniglumis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eleogiton fluitans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Elymus caninus LC LC Elytrigia atherica LC 83 LC Elytrigia campestris DD The sole native subspecies in England is Elytrigia campestris subsp. maritima. (Elytrigia repens subsp. arenosa) LC Elytrigia juncea LC The sole native subspecies in England is Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica. LC Elytrigia repens LC LC Empetrum nigrum LC LC Empetrum nigrum subsp. VU D2 ≤5 hermaphroditum LC Empetrum nigrum subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. nigrum LC Epilobium alsinifolium LC LC Epilobium anagallidifolium VU D1; D2 5 low 100s 4 LC Epilobium hirsutum LC LC Epilobium lanceolatum LC 86 LC Epilobium montanum LC LC Epilobium obscurum LC

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Epilobium palustre LC LC Epilobium parviflorum LC LC Epilobium roseum LC 77 LC Epilobium tetragonum LC 89 The sole native subspecies in England is Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum. LC Epipactis atrorubens LC DD Epipactis dunensis DD LC Epipactis helleborine LC 77 DD Epipactis leptochila DD (Epipactis leptochila subsp. leptochila) LC Epipactis leptochila agg. LC Epipactis leptochila agg. includes E. leptochila s.s. and E. dunensis. LC Epipactis palustris NT A2c AOO trend 23 LC Epipactis phyllanthes LC yes LC Epipactis purpurata LC 100 EN Epipactis sancta EN D 1 c.70 yes yes 100 Population estimate from 2013 (C. Metherell pers. comm.). CR Epipogium aphyllum CR D 1 1 100 Rediscovered in 2009 after an absence of 23 years. Only one plant was recorded, but any population count for this species is fraught with difficulty. LC Equisetum arvense LC LC Equisetum fluviatile LC LC Equisetum hyemale LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 52% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Equisetum palustre LC LC Equisetum pratense NT B <30 7 VU Equisetum ramosissimum VU D2 <5 100 Native or alien. LC Equisetum sylvaticum LC LC Equisetum telmateia LC 81 LC Equisetum variegatum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Erica ciliaris LC N2 possibly 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Erica cinerea NT A2c AOO trend 29 Still a common species in suitable habitat, the threat status reflects the historical decline of chalk heath in S England. LC Erica tetralix NT A2c AOO trend 29 Widespread historical declines in southern England, but still a common species where suitable habitat persists. See Section 6.8. LC Erica vagans NT B <30 100 The threat status highlights past declines and the vulnerability of remaining locations. LC Erigeron acris (Erigeron LC 93 acer) LC Eriophorum angustifolium VU A2c AOO trend 33 Drainage and loss of traditional grazing management have substantially reduced the abundance of this species in lowland England since 1930. NT Eriophorum gracile VU D2 3 LC Eriophorum latifolium LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 53% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eriophorum vaginatum LC LC Erodium cicutarium LC LC Erodium lebelii LC LC Erodium maritimum LC LC Erodium moschatum LC 87 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Epilobium palustre LC LC Epilobium parviflorum LC LC Epilobium roseum LC 77 LC Epilobium tetragonum LC 89 The sole native subspecies in England is Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum. LC Epipactis atrorubens LC DD Epipactis dunensis DD LC Epipactis helleborine LC 77 DD Epipactis leptochila DD (Epipactis leptochila subsp. leptochila) LC Epipactis leptochila agg. LC Epipactis leptochila agg. includes E. leptochila s.s. and E. dunensis. LC Epipactis palustris NT A2c AOO trend 23 LC Epipactis phyllanthes LC yes LC Epipactis purpurata LC 100 EN Epipactis sancta EN D 1 c.70 yes yes 100 Population estimate from 2013 (C. Metherell pers. comm.). CR Epipogium aphyllum CR D 1 1 100 Rediscovered in 2009 after an absence of 23 years. Only one plant was recorded, but any population count for this species is fraught with difficulty. LC Equisetum arvense LC LC Equisetum fluviatile LC LC Equisetum hyemale LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 52% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Equisetum palustre LC LC Equisetum pratense NT B <30 7 VU Equisetum ramosissimum VU D2 <5 100 Native or alien. LC Equisetum sylvaticum LC LC Equisetum telmateia LC 81 LC Equisetum variegatum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Erica ciliaris LC N2 possibly 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Erica cinerea NT A2c AOO trend 29 Still a common species in suitable habitat, the threat status reflects the historical decline of chalk heath in S England. LC Erica tetralix NT A2c AOO trend 29 Widespread historical declines in southern England, but still a common species where suitable habitat persists. See Section 6.8. LC Erica vagans NT B <30 100 The threat status highlights past declines and the vulnerability of remaining locations. LC Erigeron acris (Erigeron LC 93 acer) LC Eriophorum angustifolium VU A2c AOO trend 33 Drainage and loss of traditional grazing management have substantially reduced the abundance of this species in lowland England since 1930. NT Eriophorum gracile VU D2 3 LC Eriophorum latifolium LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 53% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Eriophorum vaginatum LC LC Erodium cicutarium LC LC Erodium lebelii LC LC Erodium maritimum LC LC Erodium moschatum LC 87 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Erophila glabrescens LC LC Erophila majuscula LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Erophila verna LC LC Erophila verna s.l. LC CR Eryngium campestre NT B <30 100 Arch The threat status for E. campestre is based on a low number of locations and continuing decline since 1930. AOO trends were not significant and EOO trends not reliable due to the small number of locations (see Section 4.7). LC Eryngium maritimum NT A2c AOO and 30 28 EOO trend LC Erysimum cheiranthoides NT A2c AOO trend 22 88 Arch LC Erysimum cheiri LC 82 Arch LC Euonymus europaeus LC 88 LC Eupatorium cannabinum LC 76 LC Euphorbia amygdaloides LC N2 92 The sole native subspecies in England is Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides. NT Euphorbia exigua VU A2c AOO trend 37 95 Arch LC Euphorbia helioscopia LC Arch VU Euphorbia hyberna VU D1; D2 3 <500 100 LC Euphorbia lathyris LC 90 Arch LC Euphorbia paralias LC EX Euphorbia peplis EX N2 LC Euphorbia peplus LC 77 Arch LC Euphorbia platyphyllos LC 99 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Euphorbia portlandica LC LC Euphorbia stricta (E. DD Native or alien. A recent survey of the English populations is required to determine the threat serrulata) status for this species. DD status recognises the assertion in Wiggington (1999) and Preston et al. (2002) that ‘while distribution is more or less stable, populations have declined markedly in recent years’. DD Euphrasia arctica VU A2c AOO and 62 73 EOO trend DD Euphrasia arctica subsp. DD There are taxonomic issues surrounding this subspecies that are not yet resolved. arctica DD Euphrasia arctica subsp. DD borealis DD Euphrasia confusa VU A2c AOO trend 37 possibly DD Euphrasia frigida LC S2 DD Euphrasia micrantha EN A2c AOO and 61 63 EOO trend LC Euphrasia nemorosa NT A2c AOO and 30 EOO trend LC Euphrasia officinalis agg. LC Euphrasia officinalis agg. continues to be used as a 'catch all' name for all Euphrasia taxa not identified to species level. This taxon is also found in Ireland and S.W. Scotland, but its distribution is mainly within England. The GB status has, therefore, been retained EN Euphrasia officinalis subsp. EN A2c AOO trend 75 The GB status for this potentially England-only taxon is retained. anglica (Euphrasia anglica) VU Euphrasia officinalis subsp. DD The range of this taxon has recently been extended to Teesdale and S. Northumbria localities monticola (Euphrasia within hay meadow habitat, and as such current trend data are difficult to interpret. In addition, rostkoviana subsp. montana) there are taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this subspecies that require clarification.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Erophila glabrescens LC LC Erophila majuscula LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Erophila verna LC LC Erophila verna s.l. LC CR Eryngium campestre NT B <30 100 Arch The threat status for E. campestre is based on a low number of locations and continuing decline since 1930. AOO trends were not significant and EOO trends not reliable due to the small number of locations (see Section 4.7). LC Eryngium maritimum NT A2c AOO and 30 28 EOO trend LC Erysimum cheiranthoides NT A2c AOO trend 22 88 Arch LC Erysimum cheiri LC 82 Arch LC Euonymus europaeus LC 88 LC Eupatorium cannabinum LC 76 LC Euphorbia amygdaloides LC N2 92 The sole native subspecies in England is Euphorbia amygdaloides subsp. amygdaloides. NT Euphorbia exigua VU A2c AOO trend 37 95 Arch LC Euphorbia helioscopia LC Arch VU Euphorbia hyberna VU D1; D2 3 <500 100 LC Euphorbia lathyris LC 90 Arch LC Euphorbia paralias LC EX Euphorbia peplis EX N2 LC Euphorbia peplus LC 77 Arch LC Euphorbia platyphyllos LC 99 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Euphorbia portlandica LC LC Euphorbia stricta (E. DD Native or alien. A recent survey of the English populations is required to determine the threat serrulata) status for this species. DD status recognises the assertion in Wiggington (1999) and Preston et al. (2002) that ‘while distribution is more or less stable, populations have declined markedly in recent years’. DD Euphrasia arctica VU A2c AOO and 62 73 EOO trend DD Euphrasia arctica subsp. DD There are taxonomic issues surrounding this subspecies that are not yet resolved. arctica DD Euphrasia arctica subsp. DD borealis DD Euphrasia confusa VU A2c AOO trend 37 possibly DD Euphrasia frigida LC S2 DD Euphrasia micrantha EN A2c AOO and 61 63 EOO trend LC Euphrasia nemorosa NT A2c AOO and 30 EOO trend LC Euphrasia officinalis agg. LC Euphrasia officinalis agg. continues to be used as a 'catch all' name for all Euphrasia taxa not identified to species level. This taxon is also found in Ireland and S.W. Scotland, but its distribution is mainly within England. The GB status has, therefore, been retained EN Euphrasia officinalis subsp. EN A2c AOO trend 75 The GB status for this potentially England-only taxon is retained. anglica (Euphrasia anglica) VU Euphrasia officinalis subsp. DD The range of this taxon has recently been extended to Teesdale and S. Northumbria localities monticola (Euphrasia within hay meadow habitat, and as such current trend data are difficult to interpret. In addition, rostkoviana subsp. montana) there are taxonomic uncertainties surrounding this subspecies that require clarification.

95 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? VU Euphrasia officinalis subsp. VU A2c AOO trend The GB status for the taxon is retained. pratensis (Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. rostkoviana) DD Euphrasia ostenfeldii DD EN Euphrasia pseudokerneri VU A2c AOO and 46 48 96 EOO trend VU Euphrasia rivularis VU D1 <1000 yes yes 75 In England this species is restricted to the Lake District. LC Euphrasia scottica LC S2 LC Euphrasia tetraquetra NT A2c AOO trend 27 possibly EN Euphrasia vigursii EN A2c AOO trend 68 yes yes 100 LC Fagus sylvatica LC LC Fallopia convolvulus LC Arch VU Fallopia dumetorum VU A2c AOO and 34 35 100 EOO trend LC Festuca altissima LC LC Festuca arenaria LC LC Festuca filiformis LC LC Festuca lemanii DD Native or alien. LC Festuca longifolia LC N2 possibly 100 LC Festuca ovina LC LC Festuca ovina agg. LC LC Festuca rubra agg. LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. arctica LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. LC commutata LC Festuca rubra subsp. juncea LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. rubra LC Assumed LC as species. DD Festuca rubra subsp. scotica DD LC Festuca vivipara LC 6 LC Ficaria verna (Ranunculus LC ficaria) LC Ficaria verna subsp. fertilis LC Assumed LC as species. (Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficaria) LC Ficaria verna subsp. verna LC Assumed LC as species. (Ranunculus ficaria subsp. bulbilifer) EW Filago gallica EW 100 Arch EN Filago lutescens EN A2c AOO trend 48 100 LC Filago minima NT A2c AOO trend 24 EN Filago pyramidata EN A2c AOO trend 68 100 Arch NT Filago vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 26 90 LC Filipendula ulmaria LC LC Filipendula vulgaris LC 96 LC Foeniculum vulgare LC 86 Arch

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments VU Euphrasia officinalis subsp. VU A2c AOO trend The GB status for the taxon is retained. pratensis (Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. rostkoviana) DD Euphrasia ostenfeldii DD EN Euphrasia pseudokerneri VU A2c AOO and 46 48 96 EOO trend VU Euphrasia rivularis VU D1 <1000 yes yes 75 In England this species is restricted to the Lake District. LC Euphrasia scottica LC S2 LC Euphrasia tetraquetra NT A2c AOO trend 27 possibly EN Euphrasia vigursii EN A2c AOO trend 68 yes yes 100 LC Fagus sylvatica LC LC Fallopia convolvulus LC Arch VU Fallopia dumetorum VU A2c AOO and 34 35 100 EOO trend LC Festuca altissima LC LC Festuca arenaria LC LC Festuca filiformis LC LC Festuca lemanii DD Native or alien. LC Festuca longifolia LC N2 possibly 100 LC Festuca ovina LC LC Festuca ovina agg. LC LC Festuca rubra agg. LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. arctica LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. LC commutata LC Festuca rubra subsp. juncea LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis LC LC Festuca rubra subsp. rubra LC Assumed LC as species. DD Festuca rubra subsp. scotica DD LC Festuca vivipara LC 6 LC Ficaria verna (Ranunculus LC ficaria) LC Ficaria verna subsp. fertilis LC Assumed LC as species. (Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficaria) LC Ficaria verna subsp. verna LC Assumed LC as species. (Ranunculus ficaria subsp. bulbilifer) EW Filago gallica EW 100 Arch EN Filago lutescens EN A2c AOO trend 48 100 LC Filago minima NT A2c AOO trend 24 EN Filago pyramidata EN A2c AOO trend 68 100 Arch NT Filago vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 26 90 LC Filipendula ulmaria LC LC Filipendula vulgaris LC 96 LC Foeniculum vulgare LC 86 Arch

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Fragaria vesca NT A2c AOO trend 29 LC Frangula alnus LC 92 NT Frankenia laevis NT A2c AOO trend 29 N2 possibly 100? A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. Two locations in Wales are considered ‘native or introduced’ (T.D. Dines pers. comm.). LC Fraxinus excelsior LC WL Fritillaria meleagris WL Probably a neophyte (Pearman 2007) but is on WL pending the outcome of genetic studies. LC Fumaria bastardii LC LC Fumaria capreolata LC The sole native subspecies in England is Fumaria capreolata subsp. babingtonii. LC Fumaria densiflora LC 75 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Fumaria muralis LC LC Fumaria muralis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. boraei WL Fumaria muralis subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. An enigmatic taxon not recorded for many years. muralis LC Fumaria muralis subsp. DD yes yes Sell (1998) states that plants not seen for years and may well be extinct, but there are recent neglecta unconfirmed reports of this taxon from Scilly, and it may be overlooked within its native range. Distribution data is almost certainly incomplete, hence an assessment of DD. LC Fumaria occidentalis LC yes yes 100 LC Fumaria officinalis LC Arch LC Fumaria officinalis subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. officinalis LC Fumaria officinalis subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. wirtgenii VU Fumaria parviflora NT A2c EOO trend 27 97 Arch LC Fumaria purpurea VU A2c AOO trend 37 yes LC Fumaria reuteri LC 100 Arch Neophyte or archaeophyte. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Fumaria vaillantii EN A2c EOO trend 62 97 Arch LC Gagea lutea LC 84 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. CR Galeopsis angustifolia CR A2c AOO and 80 86 98 Arch EOO trend LC Galeopsis bifida LC EX Galeopsis segetum EX 75 Arch VU Galeopsis speciosa VU A2c AOO trend 48 Arch LC Galeopsis tetrahit agg. LC LC Galium album (Galium LC 84 mollugo) LC Galium aparine LC LC Galium boreale LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Galium constrictum LC N2 100 LC Galium odoratum LC LC Galium palustre LC VU Galium parisiense VU A2c AOO trend 45 N2 100 EN Galium pumilum s.l. EN A2c AOO trend 52 100 LC Galium saxatile LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Fragaria vesca NT A2c AOO trend 29 LC Frangula alnus LC 92 NT Frankenia laevis NT A2c AOO trend 29 N2 possibly 100? A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. Two locations in Wales are considered ‘native or introduced’ (T.D. Dines pers. comm.). LC Fraxinus excelsior LC WL Fritillaria meleagris WL Probably a neophyte (Pearman 2007) but is on WL pending the outcome of genetic studies. LC Fumaria bastardii LC LC Fumaria capreolata LC The sole native subspecies in England is Fumaria capreolata subsp. babingtonii. LC Fumaria densiflora LC 75 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Fumaria muralis LC LC Fumaria muralis subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. boraei WL Fumaria muralis subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. An enigmatic taxon not recorded for many years. muralis LC Fumaria muralis subsp. DD yes yes Sell (1998) states that plants not seen for years and may well be extinct, but there are recent neglecta unconfirmed reports of this taxon from Scilly, and it may be overlooked within its native range. Distribution data is almost certainly incomplete, hence an assessment of DD. LC Fumaria occidentalis LC yes yes 100 LC Fumaria officinalis LC Arch LC Fumaria officinalis subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. officinalis LC Fumaria officinalis subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. wirtgenii VU Fumaria parviflora NT A2c EOO trend 27 97 Arch LC Fumaria purpurea VU A2c AOO trend 37 yes LC Fumaria reuteri LC 100 Arch Neophyte or archaeophyte. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Fumaria vaillantii EN A2c EOO trend 62 97 Arch LC Gagea lutea LC 84 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. CR Galeopsis angustifolia CR A2c AOO and 80 86 98 Arch EOO trend LC Galeopsis bifida LC EX Galeopsis segetum EX 75 Arch VU Galeopsis speciosa VU A2c AOO trend 48 Arch LC Galeopsis tetrahit agg. LC LC Galium album (Galium LC 84 mollugo) LC Galium aparine LC LC Galium boreale LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Galium constrictum LC N2 100 LC Galium odoratum LC LC Galium palustre LC VU Galium parisiense VU A2c AOO trend 45 N2 100 EN Galium pumilum s.l. EN A2c AOO trend 52 100 LC Galium saxatile LC

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Galium sterneri LC possibly CR Galium tricornutum CR A2c; B1ab(i-v) 92 1 c.400 100 Arch Threat status based on historical decline, but the AOO figure is known to be an underestimate as +2ab(i-v) losses have continued since 1999. The most recent count from its sole GB location is given here. LC Galium uliginosum LC LC Galium verum LC The sole native subspecies in England is Galium verum subsp. verum. LC Gastridium ventricosum LC 91 Native or alien. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 78% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7 LC Gaudinia fragilis LC 98 Native or alien. NT Genista anglica VU A2c AOO trend 46 NT Genista pilosa NT B <30 LC Genista tinctoria VU A2c EOO trend 38 86 LC Genista tinctoria subsp. LC 100 This subspecies occurs only along the Cornish coastline. It is thought to be stable based on littoralis recent surveys, hence a threat assessment of LC. LC Genista tinctoria subsp. VU A2c EOO trend tinctoria LC Gentiana pneumonanthe NT A2c EOO trend 94 LC Gentiana verna VU A2ac; >30 100 The change in status for this England-only GB taxon is explained in more detail in Section 7. B1ab(v)+2ab(v) LC Gentianella amarella NT A2c AOO and 24 21 EOO trend LC Gentianella amarella subsp. NT A2c AOO and amarella EOO trend NT Gentianella amarella subsp. VU D1 <1000 yes The threat status for this taxon is based on a current estimate of the population in England using septentrionalis records and associated comments on abundance from RPRs and the DDb. WL Gentianella anglica WL 97 Genetically similar to G. amarella, but flowers early and is morphologically distinct. Sell & Murrell name this taxon Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella var. praecox. VU Gentianella campestris EN A2c AOO and 54 52 EOO trend VU Gentianella germanica VU A2C EOO trend 37 100 WL Gentianella uliginosa WL Genetically similar to G. amarella. Sell & Murrell (2009) name this taxon Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella var. uliginosa. CR Gentianopsis ciliata CR D 1 3 100 (Gentianella ciliata) LC Geranium columbinum LC 78 LC Geranium dissectum LC Arch LC Geranium lucidum LC 75 LC Geranium molle LC LC Geranium pratense LC LC Geranium purpureum LC 100 LC Geranium pusillum LC 88 LC Geranium robertianum LC LC Geranium rotundifolium LC N2 97 LC Geranium sanguineum NT A2c EOO trend LC Geranium sylvaticum NT A2a AOO trend >20 NT status based on Pacha & Petit (2008). LC Geum rivale LC LC Geum urbanum LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Galium sterneri LC possibly CR Galium tricornutum CR A2c; B1ab(i-v) 92 1 c.400 100 Arch Threat status based on historical decline, but the AOO figure is known to be an underestimate as +2ab(i-v) losses have continued since 1999. The most recent count from its sole GB location is given here. LC Galium uliginosum LC LC Galium verum LC The sole native subspecies in England is Galium verum subsp. verum. LC Gastridium ventricosum LC 91 Native or alien. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 78% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7 LC Gaudinia fragilis LC 98 Native or alien. NT Genista anglica VU A2c AOO trend 46 NT Genista pilosa NT B <30 LC Genista tinctoria VU A2c EOO trend 38 86 LC Genista tinctoria subsp. LC 100 This subspecies occurs only along the Cornish coastline. It is thought to be stable based on littoralis recent surveys, hence a threat assessment of LC. LC Genista tinctoria subsp. VU A2c EOO trend tinctoria LC Gentiana pneumonanthe NT A2c EOO trend 94 LC Gentiana verna VU A2ac; >30 100 The change in status for this England-only GB taxon is explained in more detail in Section 7. B1ab(v)+2ab(v) LC Gentianella amarella NT A2c AOO and 24 21 EOO trend LC Gentianella amarella subsp. NT A2c AOO and amarella EOO trend NT Gentianella amarella subsp. VU D1 <1000 yes The threat status for this taxon is based on a current estimate of the population in England using septentrionalis records and associated comments on abundance from RPRs and the DDb. WL Gentianella anglica WL 97 Genetically similar to G. amarella, but flowers early and is morphologically distinct. Sell & Murrell name this taxon Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella var. praecox. VU Gentianella campestris EN A2c AOO and 54 52 EOO trend VU Gentianella germanica VU A2C EOO trend 37 100 WL Gentianella uliginosa WL Genetically similar to G. amarella. Sell & Murrell (2009) name this taxon Gentianella amarella subsp. amarella var. uliginosa. CR Gentianopsis ciliata CR D 1 3 100 (Gentianella ciliata) LC Geranium columbinum LC 78 LC Geranium dissectum LC Arch LC Geranium lucidum LC 75 LC Geranium molle LC LC Geranium pratense LC LC Geranium purpureum LC 100 LC Geranium pusillum LC 88 LC Geranium robertianum LC LC Geranium rotundifolium LC N2 97 LC Geranium sanguineum NT A2c EOO trend LC Geranium sylvaticum NT A2a AOO trend >20 NT status based on Pacha & Petit (2008). LC Geum rivale LC LC Geum urbanum LC

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Gladiolus illyricus VU A2a AOO trend >30 N2 yes 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Gladiolus illyricus subsp. britannicus. An assessment of VU is based on long-term monitoring data collated by M. Rand (pers. comm.) that shows a c.30% decline in the number of extant locations. The native subspecies is near endemic at least, if not now endemic through the loss of similar plants in France. LC Glaucium flavum NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Glaux maritima LC VU Glebionis segetum VU A2c AOO trend >30 Arch The decline of the archaeophyte has been masked by seeding of this taxon. The GB status has (Chrysanthemum segetum) been retained pending an analysis of field data collected for the BSBI Threatened Plants Project in late 2014/early 2015. LC Glechoma hederacea LC LC Glyceria declinata LC LC Glyceria fluitans LC LC Glyceria maxima LC 83 LC Glyceria notata LC 84 EN Gnaphalium sylvaticum EN A2c AOO and 63 73 EOO trend LC Gnaphalium uliginosum LC LC Goodyera repens LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 51% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Groenlandia densa VU A2c AOO and 34 99 EOO trend LC Gymnadenia borealis DD Still under-recorded with a poorly documented distribution. The taxon may well have declined but a rigorous assessment of such trends is not possible for this List. LC Gymnadenia conopsea LC The distribution and trends of this taxon are masked first by three erratically recorded subspecies and then by three erratically recorded taxa, but the AOO trend for the aggregate is likely to be relatively representative of this species. LC Gymnadenia conopsea agg. LC A 15% decline in AOO was measured for the aggregate. DD Gymnadenia densiflora DD This taxon was not recorded consistently in the past and so trends cannot be interpreted with confidence. The collation of recent population data from all locations alongside repeat surveys are required to accurately determine a threat status. LC Gymnocarpium dryopteris NT A2c AOO and 25 23 EOO trend LC Gymnocarpium robertianum LC 79 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 46% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hammarbya paludosa VU A2c AOO and 30 39 EOO trend LC Hedera helix (Hedera helix LC subsp. helix) LC Hedera helix s.l. LC LC Hedera hibernica (Hedera LC helix subsp. hibernica) VU Helianthemum apenninum VU D2 4 N2 100 LC Helianthemum NT A2c AOO trend 22 nummularium LC Helianthemum oelandicum LC LC Helianthemum oelandicum LC subsp. incanum VU Helianthemum oelandicum VU D2 1 300- yes yes 100 The population estimate is based on a bootstrap of 20 quadrats recorded in 2013 across 15 10m subsp. levigatum 1200 grid squares, assuming 25% of grid cells had suitable habitat. LC Helleborus foetidus LC 81

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Gladiolus illyricus VU A2a AOO trend >30 N2 yes 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Gladiolus illyricus subsp. britannicus. An assessment of VU is based on long-term monitoring data collated by M. Rand (pers. comm.) that shows a c.30% decline in the number of extant locations. The native subspecies is near endemic at least, if not now endemic through the loss of similar plants in France. LC Glaucium flavum NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Glaux maritima LC VU Glebionis segetum VU A2c AOO trend >30 Arch The decline of the archaeophyte has been masked by seeding of this taxon. The GB status has (Chrysanthemum segetum) been retained pending an analysis of field data collected for the BSBI Threatened Plants Project in late 2014/early 2015. LC Glechoma hederacea LC LC Glyceria declinata LC LC Glyceria fluitans LC LC Glyceria maxima LC 83 LC Glyceria notata LC 84 EN Gnaphalium sylvaticum EN A2c AOO and 63 73 EOO trend LC Gnaphalium uliginosum LC LC Goodyera repens LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 51% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Groenlandia densa VU A2c AOO and 34 99 EOO trend LC Gymnadenia borealis DD Still under-recorded with a poorly documented distribution. The taxon may well have declined but a rigorous assessment of such trends is not possible for this List. LC Gymnadenia conopsea LC The distribution and trends of this taxon are masked first by three erratically recorded subspecies and then by three erratically recorded taxa, but the AOO trend for the aggregate is likely to be relatively representative of this species. LC Gymnadenia conopsea agg. LC A 15% decline in AOO was measured for the aggregate. DD Gymnadenia densiflora DD This taxon was not recorded consistently in the past and so trends cannot be interpreted with confidence. The collation of recent population data from all locations alongside repeat surveys are required to accurately determine a threat status. LC Gymnocarpium dryopteris NT A2c AOO and 25 23 EOO trend LC Gymnocarpium robertianum LC 79 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 46% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hammarbya paludosa VU A2c AOO and 30 39 EOO trend LC Hedera helix (Hedera helix LC subsp. helix) LC Hedera helix s.l. LC LC Hedera hibernica (Hedera LC helix subsp. hibernica) VU Helianthemum apenninum VU D2 4 N2 100 LC Helianthemum NT A2c AOO trend 22 nummularium LC Helianthemum oelandicum LC LC Helianthemum oelandicum LC subsp. incanum VU Helianthemum oelandicum VU D2 1 300- yes yes 100 The population estimate is based on a bootstrap of 20 quadrats recorded in 2013 across 15 10m subsp. levigatum 1200 grid squares, assuming 25% of grid cells had suitable habitat. LC Helleborus foetidus LC 81

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Helleborus viridis LC N2 92 Native or alien. The sole presumed native subspecies in England is Helleborus viridis subsp. occidentalis. LC Helminthotheca echioides LC 89 Arch (Picris echioides) LC Heracleum sphondylium LC DD Heracleum sphondylium DD subsp. flavescens VU Herminium monorchis EN A2c AOO trend 54 VU Herniaria ciliolata subsp. NT D <10000 100 ciliolata LC Herniaria glabra LC 100 EX Hieracium acamptum EX yes yes 100 Endemic: one locality, Witley, Surrey (extinct, last seen 1896); see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium acroleucum auct. NT D 8 probably Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may Angl. be a new endemic. LC Hieracium acuminatum LC Much less frequent in England than Wales with only a few scattered records, and not recorded recently in Derbyshire. CR Hieracium aequiserratum CR D 3 6 yes yes 100 Endemic: known from three locations, but with only one recent record (2012); see Rich (2013a). VU Hieracium amnicola NT D 8+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Malham-Arncliffe area, three recent records; see Rich (2013a). VU Hieracium ampliatiforme NT D 9+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Helvellyn and Fairfield, Ingleborough and Smardale Gill; four recent sites; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium ampliatum LC yes yes c. 90 Most frequent in N England on limestone. LC Hieracium anglicum LC yes yes Frequent in N England on limestone, and widespread in Scotland, one old site in Wales. LC Hieracium anglorum LC yes yes Widespread in England where it seems to be mostly an introduction (McCosh & Rich 2011). VU Hieracium anguinum CR B1a 1 probably Eight locations in total, of which one is in England (McCosh & Rich 2011). DD Hieracium angustatum DD yes yes 100 Endemic: high altitude gullies in Cumbria; few recent sites and limited data; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium angustisquamum EN B1a 5 yes yes Widely scattered and often only recorded once at each site, though abundant in a classic site at Cheddar (McCosh & Rich 2011). VU Hieracium apiculatidens LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire Pennines; seen in many of its sites recently; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium argenteum auct. LC possibly c.5 NW England, occasional to rare in the Lake District. Angl. VU Hieracium argutifolium NT D 9 probably Native at least in Worcestershire. Unknown outside UK other than one historic site in Ireland. LC Hieracium auratiflorum LC yes yes 94 EN Hieracium bakeranum EN B1a 4 yes yes 100 Endemic: upper Teesdale; one new recent site, probably gone from three others; decline of >50% post-1960. See Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium boreoanglicum LC yes 5 LC Hieracium boswellii EN B1a 5 yes 8 Only one recent record and decline of >50% detected post-1960. VU Hieracium brigantum LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire Pennine Limestones where it is locally frequent; see Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium britanniciforme DD 2 yes yes Not looked for recently in its two Northumbrian sites (last seen at Norham in 1974); see Rich (2013a). VU Hieracium britannicum DD yes yes 100 No recent records, might be still relatively frequent in the Peak District but surveys needed. DD Hieracium caesionigrescens CR D 2 very probably 75 One precarious ‘very small’ population at Linton Falls, not refound on Ingleborough or Scotland small (Rich 2013a). Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. LC Hieracium caesiopilosum EN B1a 5 yes yes Seen recently in two English sites but not recorded from three for many years. VU Hieracium caesitium auct. EN B1a 5 probably 100 Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further Angl. study is required but it is probably a new endemic. There are two recent records. LC Hieracium calcaricola LC 83

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Helleborus viridis LC N2 92 Native or alien. The sole presumed native subspecies in England is Helleborus viridis subsp. occidentalis. LC Helminthotheca echioides LC 89 Arch (Picris echioides) LC Heracleum sphondylium LC DD Heracleum sphondylium DD subsp. flavescens VU Herminium monorchis EN A2c AOO trend 54 VU Herniaria ciliolata subsp. NT D <10000 100 ciliolata LC Herniaria glabra LC 100 EX Hieracium acamptum EX yes yes 100 Endemic: one locality, Witley, Surrey (extinct, last seen 1896); see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium acroleucum auct. NT D 8 probably Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may Angl. be a new endemic. LC Hieracium acuminatum LC Much less frequent in England than Wales with only a few scattered records, and not recorded recently in Derbyshire. CR Hieracium aequiserratum CR D 3 6 yes yes 100 Endemic: known from three locations, but with only one recent record (2012); see Rich (2013a). VU Hieracium amnicola NT D 8+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Malham-Arncliffe area, three recent records; see Rich (2013a). VU Hieracium ampliatiforme NT D 9+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Helvellyn and Fairfield, Ingleborough and Smardale Gill; four recent sites; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium ampliatum LC yes yes c. 90 Most frequent in N England on limestone. LC Hieracium anglicum LC yes yes Frequent in N England on limestone, and widespread in Scotland, one old site in Wales. LC Hieracium anglorum LC yes yes Widespread in England where it seems to be mostly an introduction (McCosh & Rich 2011). VU Hieracium anguinum CR B1a 1 probably Eight locations in total, of which one is in England (McCosh & Rich 2011). DD Hieracium angustatum DD yes yes 100 Endemic: high altitude gullies in Cumbria; few recent sites and limited data; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium angustisquamum EN B1a 5 yes yes Widely scattered and often only recorded once at each site, though abundant in a classic site at Cheddar (McCosh & Rich 2011). VU Hieracium apiculatidens LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire Pennines; seen in many of its sites recently; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium argenteum auct. LC possibly c.5 NW England, occasional to rare in the Lake District. Angl. VU Hieracium argutifolium NT D 9 probably Native at least in Worcestershire. Unknown outside UK other than one historic site in Ireland. LC Hieracium auratiflorum LC yes yes 94 EN Hieracium bakeranum EN B1a 4 yes yes 100 Endemic: upper Teesdale; one new recent site, probably gone from three others; decline of >50% post-1960. See Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium boreoanglicum LC yes 5 LC Hieracium boswellii EN B1a 5 yes 8 Only one recent record and decline of >50% detected post-1960. VU Hieracium brigantum LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire Pennine Limestones where it is locally frequent; see Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium britanniciforme DD 2 yes yes Not looked for recently in its two Northumbrian sites (last seen at Norham in 1974); see Rich (2013a). VU Hieracium britannicum DD yes yes 100 No recent records, might be still relatively frequent in the Peak District but surveys needed. DD Hieracium caesionigrescens CR D 2 very probably 75 One precarious ‘very small’ population at Linton Falls, not refound on Ingleborough or Scotland small (Rich 2013a). Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. LC Hieracium caesiopilosum EN B1a 5 yes yes Seen recently in two English sites but not recorded from three for many years. VU Hieracium caesitium auct. EN B1a 5 probably 100 Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further Angl. study is required but it is probably a new endemic. There are two recent records. LC Hieracium calcaricola LC 83

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? EX Hieracium EX yes yes Not refound despite surveys, but doubt exists over identification of plants from the English sites cambricogothicum (Rich et al. 2007). VU Hieracium candelabrae EN B1a 4+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Ingleborough, Pen-y-ghent and Whernside with two recent sites; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium cantianum EN AOO trend 26+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Locally distributed in S. E. England. 13 recent tetrads in Philp (2010) with 4 older sites in Surrey and nine in Sussex for which there are no recent data. Decline of >50% post-1960 detected. LC Hieracium cerinthiforme EN B1a 5 yes 3 No recent records in England for this scarce species of upland cliffs. DD Hieracium chrysolorum DD 1 yes yes Not searched for recently at Hen Hole (last recorded 1961); see Rich 2013a. LC Hieracium cinderella LC yes yes LC Hieracium clivicola RE yes 10 One Herefordshire record 1896. DD Hieracium commixtum DD 1 100 Possibly native in Goring Gap. Last recorded 1961. LC Hieracium coniops auct. NT D 6 probably Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further Angl. study is required. LC Hieracium consociatum LC LC Hieracium cravoniense LC yes yes Frequent on limestone in N England. VU Hieracium crebridens LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Ingleborough, Giggleswick Scar and Kinsey Cave and Whernside, Lower Tweed and Whiteadder; three recent records (see Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium crebridentiforme LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Frequent in N. W. England. LC Hieracium crinellum LC probably Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. DD Hieracium cumbriense DD 4 yes yes 100 Endemic: four sites in Lake District but little recent information and not refound in Fisherplace Gill in 2013 (Rich 2013a, 2013b). EN Hieracium cuneifrons CR A2; B1a 1 yes One site at Red Darren, Herefordshire. Four sites in Wales (Rich 2010). NT Hieracium cyathis EN D 2 89 yes yes 86 plants Ubley Warren, but marked decline in Cheddar (Rich et al 2008a; Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium cymbifolium LC yes yes Mainly in N. W. England and Derbyshire, with a few sites in Scotland. LC Hieracium daedalolepioides LC probably DD Hieracium dalense DD 9+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Peak District; in theory quite widespread but no recent searches so DD; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium decolor LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Frequent on the Yorkshire limestone, and in Derbyshire and Westmorland. LC Hieracium deganwyense LC yes 10 NT Hieracium dentulum NT D 19+ yes yes 100 Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Westmorland; although quite widespread there are few recent records (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium diaphanoides LC Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further study is required. LC Hieracium dicella LC yes yes c.30 EN Hieracium dowardense CR B1a; A2 2 yes yes Decline of >80% post-1960 detected. The taxon has apparently gone from the Doward (its original site) and not seen recently at its other site at Capler Slip but there are two recent sites in Wales (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium duriceps LC yes yes LC Hieracium eboracense LC yes yes c. 85 EN Hieracium eminentiforme EN AOO trend 8 yes yes 86 Appears to have declined markedly in S. W. England, with several recent unsuccessful searches of historic sites; still present in Wales (Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium eustomon EN AOO trend 8 yes yes Searched for recently in several sites in S. W. England without success; still frequent in Wales (Rich 2013a). DD Hieracium filisquamum CR D 1 9 yes yes 100 Endemic: Buttermere Fells; one possible population of nine plants refound at only site in 2013, confirmation awaiting flowering of cultivated material (Rich 2013b). DD Hieracium fissuricola EX yes yes 100 Endemic: one square in Cumbria only, searched for in 2013 without success (Rich 2013b). LC Hieracium flocculosum LC yes yes Locally frequent in Yorkshire and Westmorland.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments EX Hieracium EX yes yes Not refound despite surveys, but doubt exists over identification of plants from the English sites cambricogothicum (Rich et al. 2007). VU Hieracium candelabrae EN B1a 4+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Ingleborough, Pen-y-ghent and Whernside with two recent sites; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium cantianum EN AOO trend 26+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Locally distributed in S. E. England. 13 recent tetrads in Philp (2010) with 4 older sites in Surrey and nine in Sussex for which there are no recent data. Decline of >50% post-1960 detected. LC Hieracium cerinthiforme EN B1a 5 yes 3 No recent records in England for this scarce species of upland cliffs. DD Hieracium chrysolorum DD 1 yes yes Not searched for recently at Hen Hole (last recorded 1961); see Rich 2013a. LC Hieracium cinderella LC yes yes LC Hieracium clivicola RE yes 10 One Herefordshire record 1896. DD Hieracium commixtum DD 1 100 Possibly native in Goring Gap. Last recorded 1961. LC Hieracium coniops auct. NT D 6 probably Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further Angl. study is required. LC Hieracium consociatum LC LC Hieracium cravoniense LC yes yes Frequent on limestone in N England. VU Hieracium crebridens LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Ingleborough, Giggleswick Scar and Kinsey Cave and Whernside, Lower Tweed and Whiteadder; three recent records (see Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium crebridentiforme LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Frequent in N. W. England. LC Hieracium crinellum LC probably Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. DD Hieracium cumbriense DD 4 yes yes 100 Endemic: four sites in Lake District but little recent information and not refound in Fisherplace Gill in 2013 (Rich 2013a, 2013b). EN Hieracium cuneifrons CR A2; B1a 1 yes One site at Red Darren, Herefordshire. Four sites in Wales (Rich 2010). NT Hieracium cyathis EN D 2 89 yes yes 86 plants Ubley Warren, but marked decline in Cheddar (Rich et al 2008a; Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium cymbifolium LC yes yes Mainly in N. W. England and Derbyshire, with a few sites in Scotland. LC Hieracium daedalolepioides LC probably DD Hieracium dalense DD 9+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Peak District; in theory quite widespread but no recent searches so DD; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium decolor LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Frequent on the Yorkshire limestone, and in Derbyshire and Westmorland. LC Hieracium deganwyense LC yes 10 NT Hieracium dentulum NT D 19+ yes yes 100 Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Westmorland; although quite widespread there are few recent records (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium diaphanoides LC Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further study is required. LC Hieracium dicella LC yes yes c.30 EN Hieracium dowardense CR B1a; A2 2 yes yes Decline of >80% post-1960 detected. The taxon has apparently gone from the Doward (its original site) and not seen recently at its other site at Capler Slip but there are two recent sites in Wales (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium duriceps LC yes yes LC Hieracium eboracense LC yes yes c. 85 EN Hieracium eminentiforme EN AOO trend 8 yes yes 86 Appears to have declined markedly in S. W. England, with several recent unsuccessful searches of historic sites; still present in Wales (Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium eustomon EN AOO trend 8 yes yes Searched for recently in several sites in S. W. England without success; still frequent in Wales (Rich 2013a). DD Hieracium filisquamum CR D 1 9 yes yes 100 Endemic: Buttermere Fells; one possible population of nine plants refound at only site in 2013, confirmation awaiting flowering of cultivated material (Rich 2013b). DD Hieracium fissuricola EX yes yes 100 Endemic: one square in Cumbria only, searched for in 2013 without success (Rich 2013b). LC Hieracium flocculosum LC yes yes Locally frequent in Yorkshire and Westmorland.

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? DD Hieracium glanduliceps DD 4 yes yes 100 Endemic: There is some taxonomic uncertainty about how uniform the material is; currently, based on a strict view of the taxon, it is recorded from Twistleton End Scar, Scar Close, Ingleborough and George’s Scar, Kingsdale; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium glevense EN AOO trend 21 yes Last recorded in England in 1978 and 1994, probably declining markedly though still frequent in S. Wales. NT Hieracium holophyllum LC yes Often in small quantity. LC Hieracium holosericeum EN AOO trend 6 yes yes 4 Only seen recently in two out of six sites in England (Tenant & Rich 2008). LC Hieracium hypochaeroides LC yes yes VU Hieracium inaequilaterum NT D 8 yes yes 100 Endemic: West Yorkshire only with several recent records; see Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium integratum CR D 4 <50 probably 100 Populations of 15 and ‘small and declining’ at native sites, probably introduced in Notts and Durham (Rich 2013a). Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. LC Hieracium iricum EN AOO trend 8 3 Only one recent record from England, though common and widespread in Scotland. CR Hieracium itunense CR D 1 30+ yes yes 100 Endemic: very small population in gorge at Barras, second nearby site requires confirmation. About 30 plants seen in 2012 (Rich 2013a). NT Hieracium jaculifolium NT D 10+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria and Yorkshire and being found increasingly widely now with a number of recent records with good populations; see Rich (2013a, 2013b). LC Hieracium kentii LC yes yes 100 Very few recent records, last recorded 1996. VU Hieracium lakelandicum NT D 9 yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria only with recent records (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium lasiophyllum LC Apparently locally frequent on hills in Shropshire. LC Hieracium latobrigorum LC 7 N. England, more widespread in Scotland. VU Hieracium leyanum RE yes Not refound on only English site at Red Darren in 2005 (Rich et al. 2007). LC Hieracium leyi LC yes yes LC Hieracium lintonii LC yes yes 80 Frequent on limestone in N. England. LC Hieracium lissolepium LC VU Hieracium lortetiae EN B1a 4 Probably native in Herefordshire (last recorded 1903) and Wales, introduced elsewhere where there are recent records from Middlesex and Yorkshire (McCosh & Rich 2011). NT Hieracium maculoides NT D 25+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire and Cumbria only; see Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium mammidens DD 6 yes? yes 100 Probably endemic as unknown outside Britain. Last recorded in 1983 and not refound (Philp 2010). DD Hieracium megapodium DD 3 yes? yes 100 Probably endemic as unknown outside Britain. Last recorded in 1957; data required. DD Hieracium microspilum DD 4 80 Possibly native. One recent record from Devon. CR Hieracium mirandum CR D 4 1 yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorks/Cumbrian speciality, reduced to just one plant in West Cumbria; full history given in Rich & McCosh (2010) with updates in Rich (2013a, 2013b). CR Hieracium naviense CR B1a 1 yes yes 100 Endemic: one site in Winnats Pass, Derbyshire where it was last recorded in 1966 but is probably still present (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium nemophilum LC Probably under-recorded. LC Hieracium oistophyllum LC Rather common in N. England. LC Hieracium orimeles LC yes VU Hieracium ornatilorum EN AOO trend 8 yes yes 100 Endemic: Although known in about six sites in Yorkshire and Westmorland historically, it has not been refound in them but has been seen in two new sites recently, so better treated as Endangered due to decline rather than Vulnerable (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium oxybeles EN B1a 3 yes 2 Rare in England, though widespread in the Scottish uplands. CR Hieracium pachyphylloides CR D 5 73 yes yes Restricted to a few sites in the Wye Valley (though now gone from Wales). Threatened by woodland closure and public pressure (Sawtschuk & Rich 2008; Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium peccense LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Derbyshire and Yorkshire, Hamps and Manifold Valleys, though with relatively little recent information (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium pellucidum LC c. 75 Common on limestones in N. England.

108 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments DD Hieracium glanduliceps DD 4 yes yes 100 Endemic: There is some taxonomic uncertainty about how uniform the material is; currently, based on a strict view of the taxon, it is recorded from Twistleton End Scar, Scar Close, Ingleborough and George’s Scar, Kingsdale; see Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium glevense EN AOO trend 21 yes Last recorded in England in 1978 and 1994, probably declining markedly though still frequent in S. Wales. NT Hieracium holophyllum LC yes Often in small quantity. LC Hieracium holosericeum EN AOO trend 6 yes yes 4 Only seen recently in two out of six sites in England (Tenant & Rich 2008). LC Hieracium hypochaeroides LC yes yes VU Hieracium inaequilaterum NT D 8 yes yes 100 Endemic: West Yorkshire only with several recent records; see Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium integratum CR D 4 <50 probably 100 Populations of 15 and ‘small and declining’ at native sites, probably introduced in Notts and Durham (Rich 2013a). Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. LC Hieracium iricum EN AOO trend 8 3 Only one recent record from England, though common and widespread in Scotland. CR Hieracium itunense CR D 1 30+ yes yes 100 Endemic: very small population in gorge at Barras, second nearby site requires confirmation. About 30 plants seen in 2012 (Rich 2013a). NT Hieracium jaculifolium NT D 10+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria and Yorkshire and being found increasingly widely now with a number of recent records with good populations; see Rich (2013a, 2013b). LC Hieracium kentii LC yes yes 100 Very few recent records, last recorded 1996. VU Hieracium lakelandicum NT D 9 yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria only with recent records (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium lasiophyllum LC Apparently locally frequent on hills in Shropshire. LC Hieracium latobrigorum LC 7 N. England, more widespread in Scotland. VU Hieracium leyanum RE yes Not refound on only English site at Red Darren in 2005 (Rich et al. 2007). LC Hieracium leyi LC yes yes LC Hieracium lintonii LC yes yes 80 Frequent on limestone in N. England. LC Hieracium lissolepium LC VU Hieracium lortetiae EN B1a 4 Probably native in Herefordshire (last recorded 1903) and Wales, introduced elsewhere where there are recent records from Middlesex and Yorkshire (McCosh & Rich 2011). NT Hieracium maculoides NT D 25+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire and Cumbria only; see Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium mammidens DD 6 yes? yes 100 Probably endemic as unknown outside Britain. Last recorded in 1983 and not refound (Philp 2010). DD Hieracium megapodium DD 3 yes? yes 100 Probably endemic as unknown outside Britain. Last recorded in 1957; data required. DD Hieracium microspilum DD 4 80 Possibly native. One recent record from Devon. CR Hieracium mirandum CR D 4 1 yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorks/Cumbrian speciality, reduced to just one plant in West Cumbria; full history given in Rich & McCosh (2010) with updates in Rich (2013a, 2013b). CR Hieracium naviense CR B1a 1 yes yes 100 Endemic: one site in Winnats Pass, Derbyshire where it was last recorded in 1966 but is probably still present (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium nemophilum LC Probably under-recorded. LC Hieracium oistophyllum LC Rather common in N. England. LC Hieracium orimeles LC yes VU Hieracium ornatilorum EN AOO trend 8 yes yes 100 Endemic: Although known in about six sites in Yorkshire and Westmorland historically, it has not been refound in them but has been seen in two new sites recently, so better treated as Endangered due to decline rather than Vulnerable (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium oxybeles EN B1a 3 yes 2 Rare in England, though widespread in the Scottish uplands. CR Hieracium pachyphylloides CR D 5 73 yes yes Restricted to a few sites in the Wye Valley (though now gone from Wales). Threatened by woodland closure and public pressure (Sawtschuk & Rich 2008; Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium peccense LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Derbyshire and Yorkshire, Hamps and Manifold Valleys, though with relatively little recent information (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium pellucidum LC c. 75 Common on limestones in N. England.

109 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? VU Hieracium peroblongum EN B1a 3 yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria only. Abundant at the Coniston site but not recorded recently from the other two sites (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium piligerum CR B1a 1 yes 1 One 1950s record from Northumberland only, though widespread in Scotland. LC Hieracium placerophylloides LC yes yes c. 75 Frequent in N. England. VU Hieracium pollichiae LC 100 Status uncertain but accepted as native in S. E. England. There are few recent records. See Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium portlandicum EN D 3 103 yes yes 100 Endemic: Isle of Portland only where 103 plants have been recorded in two areas (in one of which it is declining) and it has not been refound at another (Rich et al. 2007; Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium praesigne LC yes yes 90 Frequent in N. England. LC Hieracium prenanthoides EN AOO trend 27 Local in N. England. VU Hieracium prominentidens LC 91 Accepted as native in coastal grasslands and woods, status uncertain for some other locations (Rich 2013a). EN Hieracium promontoriale EN B1a 2 yes yes A good population present at Humphrey Head (Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium pulchrius CR B1a 1 yes Most of the population is in Wales. Sole English locality is at Red Darren in the Black Mountains where the population is small (Rich 2013a). EX Hieracium pycnotrichum EX 100 No longer present in either of its last two sites, where it was last seen in 1889 (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium reticulatiforme EN B1a 5 yes 5 Very scarce in N. England, more frequent in Scotland. NT Hieracium rhomboides auct. LC probably One old record from Yorkshire, one 1984 record from Northumberland. Records from Pennines Angl. in Flora of Cumbria remain to be evaluated. Probably quite widespread but poorly known (Rich 2013a). Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. LC Hieracium rigens EN AOO trend c. 50 87 Probably native in S. E. England but introduced elsewhere, and relatively few recent records. LC Hieracium rubicundiforme LC yes LC Hieracium rubiginosum LC yes probably LC Hieracium sabaudum LC Common and widespread (McCosh & Rich 2011). LC Hieracium salticola LC Possibly native in parts of S. E. England; locally frequent in some urban areas. LC Hieracium saxorum LC yes yes LC Hieracium scabrisetum RE yes 1 One 1898 record from Yorkshire, probably extinct. LC Hieracium schmidtii EN AOO trend 7 Taxonomically unclear, taxon requires a revision including continental material (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium silvaticoides LC yes yes 83 Frequent in N England. EN Hieracium sinuolatum EN B1a 3 yes yes 100 A probable English endemic, Yorkshire only and thriving at one site (McCosh & Rich 2011). LC Hieracium sparsifolium NT D 17 7 Recorded in relatively few sites recently, and quite rare in N. England compared to Scotland. EN Hieracium stenolepiforme EN D 2 57+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Cheddar Gorge only where seen in two sites in 2000 (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium stenopholidium NT D 10 possibly Usually in small quantity. The Icelandic material may be different. LC Hieracium stenstroemii LC possibly Few recent records in England. Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further study is required. LC Hieracium stewartii CR B1a 1 yes 6 One 2005 record from Yorkshire only. VU Hieracium stictum LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire limestone and Lancashire, with frequent recent records (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium strictiforme LC c. 10 Occasional in N England. LC Hieracium subamplifolium LC yes Scattered records in SW England, frequent in S Wales. VU Hieracium subbritannicum RE yes Probably gone from Symonds Yat and the Great Doward as not seen recently, though still locally frequent in Wales (Moore 2009). LC Hieracium subcrocatum LC yes possibly Widespread in N England. LC Hieracium subcyaneum LC yes yes 100 Frequent in Yorkshire and Westmorland. EN Hieracium subgracilentipes EN D 10 c. 101 yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria only with some recent records (Tennant & Rich 2008; Rich 2013a). EX Hieracium subintegrifolium EX yes yes 100 Endemic: Probably extinct. Last recorded in 1950s and searched for unsuccessfully in 2013 (Rich 2013a, 2013b).

110 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments VU Hieracium peroblongum EN B1a 3 yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria only. Abundant at the Coniston site but not recorded recently from the other two sites (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium piligerum CR B1a 1 yes 1 One 1950s record from Northumberland only, though widespread in Scotland. LC Hieracium placerophylloides LC yes yes c. 75 Frequent in N. England. VU Hieracium pollichiae LC 100 Status uncertain but accepted as native in S. E. England. There are few recent records. See Rich (2013a). EN Hieracium portlandicum EN D 3 103 yes yes 100 Endemic: Isle of Portland only where 103 plants have been recorded in two areas (in one of which it is declining) and it has not been refound at another (Rich et al. 2007; Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium praesigne LC yes yes 90 Frequent in N. England. LC Hieracium prenanthoides EN AOO trend 27 Local in N. England. VU Hieracium prominentidens LC 91 Accepted as native in coastal grasslands and woods, status uncertain for some other locations (Rich 2013a). EN Hieracium promontoriale EN B1a 2 yes yes A good population present at Humphrey Head (Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium pulchrius CR B1a 1 yes Most of the population is in Wales. Sole English locality is at Red Darren in the Black Mountains where the population is small (Rich 2013a). EX Hieracium pycnotrichum EX 100 No longer present in either of its last two sites, where it was last seen in 1889 (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium reticulatiforme EN B1a 5 yes 5 Very scarce in N. England, more frequent in Scotland. NT Hieracium rhomboides auct. LC probably One old record from Yorkshire, one 1984 record from Northumberland. Records from Pennines Angl. in Flora of Cumbria remain to be evaluated. Probably quite widespread but poorly known (Rich 2013a). Tyler (2014) regards the identification of this Scandinavian species in Britain as doubtful; it may be a new endemic. LC Hieracium rigens EN AOO trend c. 50 87 Probably native in S. E. England but introduced elsewhere, and relatively few recent records. LC Hieracium rubicundiforme LC yes LC Hieracium rubiginosum LC yes probably LC Hieracium sabaudum LC Common and widespread (McCosh & Rich 2011). LC Hieracium salticola LC Possibly native in parts of S. E. England; locally frequent in some urban areas. LC Hieracium saxorum LC yes yes LC Hieracium scabrisetum RE yes 1 One 1898 record from Yorkshire, probably extinct. LC Hieracium schmidtii EN AOO trend 7 Taxonomically unclear, taxon requires a revision including continental material (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium silvaticoides LC yes yes 83 Frequent in N England. EN Hieracium sinuolatum EN B1a 3 yes yes 100 A probable English endemic, Yorkshire only and thriving at one site (McCosh & Rich 2011). LC Hieracium sparsifolium NT D 17 7 Recorded in relatively few sites recently, and quite rare in N. England compared to Scotland. EN Hieracium stenolepiforme EN D 2 57+ yes yes 100 Endemic: Cheddar Gorge only where seen in two sites in 2000 (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium stenopholidium NT D 10 possibly Usually in small quantity. The Icelandic material may be different. LC Hieracium stenstroemii LC possibly Few recent records in England. Tyler (2014) has queried the identification of British plants as this Scandinavian species; further study is required. LC Hieracium stewartii CR B1a 1 yes 6 One 2005 record from Yorkshire only. VU Hieracium stictum LC yes yes 100 Endemic: Yorkshire limestone and Lancashire, with frequent recent records (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium strictiforme LC c. 10 Occasional in N England. LC Hieracium subamplifolium LC yes Scattered records in SW England, frequent in S Wales. VU Hieracium subbritannicum RE yes Probably gone from Symonds Yat and the Great Doward as not seen recently, though still locally frequent in Wales (Moore 2009). LC Hieracium subcrocatum LC yes possibly Widespread in N England. LC Hieracium subcyaneum LC yes yes 100 Frequent in Yorkshire and Westmorland. EN Hieracium subgracilentipes EN D 10 c. 101 yes yes 100 Endemic: Cumbria only with some recent records (Tennant & Rich 2008; Rich 2013a). EX Hieracium subintegrifolium EX yes yes 100 Endemic: Probably extinct. Last recorded in 1950s and searched for unsuccessfully in 2013 (Rich 2013a, 2013b).

111 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? NT Hieracium sublasiophyllum NT D 9 Relatively widespread with some recent records, and in Scotland (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium submutabile RE yes 8 Possibly extinct, last recorded 1953. Still frequent in S. Wales. DD Hieracium subplanifolium DD 8 yes Gone from several sites in Wye Valley though still present in one, also known in four locations in Scotland and one in Wales (Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium subprasinifolium EN B1a 5 yes? yes 100 Probably endemic as unknown outside Britain. EN? Hieracium surrejanum NT D 9 yes yes 100 Endemic: Surrey and Sussex, with unconfirmed record from Kent ; there are few recent data but one recent Sussex site has over 200 plants (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium trichocaulon LC 95 Frequent in S. E. England, scattered elsewhere. LC Hieracium tricolorans LC yes yes 100 Frequent on limestone in N. England. LC Hieracium triviale auct. RE 9 One 1884 record from Shropshire. Tyler (2014) has pointed out that the name H. Angl. neopinnatifidum should be used for this taxon. LC Hieracium uiginskyense EN B1a 5 yes 6 Usually in very small quantity. LC Hieracium umbellatum LC Widespread in S.W. England. subsp. bichlorophyllum LC Hieracium umbellatum LC c. 75 Common and widespread. subsp. umbellatum LC Hieracium vagense EN B1a 4 yes yes Four small populations in England. EN Hieracium vagicola EN D 1 126 yes yes 100 Endemic: Wye Valley (lower Wye gorge); see Sawtschuk & Rich (2008) and Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium vagum LC Common and widespread in N. England, scattered elsewhere. LC Hieracium vennicontium NT D 6 yes 7 Only two recent records in England. LC Hieracium virgultorum LC A rare native in S. E. England where it is declining, introduced elsewhere. LC Hieracium vulgatum auct. LC Common in N. England, rarer elsewhere. Tyler (2014) has pointed out that the name H. triviale Angl. (Norrl.) Norrl. should be used for this taxon. LC Hierochloe odorata VU D2 1 7 The population is probably derived from one or two clones (M. Braithwaite pers. comm.). NT Himantoglossum hircinum LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 72% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hippocrepis comosa LC N2 98 LC Hippophae rhamnoides LC 100 Found as an alien on Welsh and Scottish coasts, and occasionally inland areas. LC Hippuris vulgaris LC LC Holcus lanatus LC LC Holcus mollis LC LC Honckenya peploides LC LC Hordelymus europaeus LC 96 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Hordeum marinum VU A2c AOO trend 40 94 LC Hordeum murinum LC 92 Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum. LC Hordeum secalinum LC 95 LC Hornungia petraea LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hottonia palustris VU A2c AOO and 33 37 98 EOO trend LC Humulus lupulus LC 88 LC Huperzia selago LC The sole native subspecies in England is Huperzia selago subsp. selago. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 52% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hyacinthoides non-scripta LC VU Hydrilla verticillata RE VU Hydrocharis morsus-ranae VU A2c AOO trend 46 94

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments NT Hieracium sublasiophyllum NT D 9 Relatively widespread with some recent records, and in Scotland (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium submutabile RE yes 8 Possibly extinct, last recorded 1953. Still frequent in S. Wales. DD Hieracium subplanifolium DD 8 yes Gone from several sites in Wye Valley though still present in one, also known in four locations in Scotland and one in Wales (Rich 2013a). VU Hieracium subprasinifolium EN B1a 5 yes? yes 100 Probably endemic as unknown outside Britain. EN? Hieracium surrejanum NT D 9 yes yes 100 Endemic: Surrey and Sussex, with unconfirmed record from Kent ; there are few recent data but one recent Sussex site has over 200 plants (Rich 2013a). LC Hieracium trichocaulon LC 95 Frequent in S. E. England, scattered elsewhere. LC Hieracium tricolorans LC yes yes 100 Frequent on limestone in N. England. LC Hieracium triviale auct. RE 9 One 1884 record from Shropshire. Tyler (2014) has pointed out that the name H. Angl. neopinnatifidum should be used for this taxon. LC Hieracium uiginskyense EN B1a 5 yes 6 Usually in very small quantity. LC Hieracium umbellatum LC Widespread in S.W. England. subsp. bichlorophyllum LC Hieracium umbellatum LC c. 75 Common and widespread. subsp. umbellatum LC Hieracium vagense EN B1a 4 yes yes Four small populations in England. EN Hieracium vagicola EN D 1 126 yes yes 100 Endemic: Wye Valley (lower Wye gorge); see Sawtschuk & Rich (2008) and Rich (2013a). LC Hieracium vagum LC Common and widespread in N. England, scattered elsewhere. LC Hieracium vennicontium NT D 6 yes 7 Only two recent records in England. LC Hieracium virgultorum LC A rare native in S. E. England where it is declining, introduced elsewhere. LC Hieracium vulgatum auct. LC Common in N. England, rarer elsewhere. Tyler (2014) has pointed out that the name H. triviale Angl. (Norrl.) Norrl. should be used for this taxon. LC Hierochloe odorata VU D2 1 7 The population is probably derived from one or two clones (M. Braithwaite pers. comm.). NT Himantoglossum hircinum LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 72% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hippocrepis comosa LC N2 98 LC Hippophae rhamnoides LC 100 Found as an alien on Welsh and Scottish coasts, and occasionally inland areas. LC Hippuris vulgaris LC LC Holcus lanatus LC LC Holcus mollis LC LC Honckenya peploides LC LC Hordelymus europaeus LC 96 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Hordeum marinum VU A2c AOO trend 40 94 LC Hordeum murinum LC 92 Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum. LC Hordeum secalinum LC 95 LC Hornungia petraea LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hottonia palustris VU A2c AOO and 33 37 98 EOO trend LC Humulus lupulus LC 88 LC Huperzia selago LC The sole native subspecies in England is Huperzia selago subsp. selago. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 52% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hyacinthoides non-scripta LC VU Hydrilla verticillata RE VU Hydrocharis morsus-ranae VU A2c AOO trend 46 94

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Hydrocotyle vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 27 LC Hymenophyllum tunbrigense LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Hymenophyllum wilsonii LC 10 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Hyoscyamus niger VU A2c AOO and 39 46 87 Arch EOO trend LC Hypericum androsaemum LC LC Hypericum elodes NT A2c AOO trend 24 possibly LC Hypericum hirsutum LC 83 LC Hypericum humifusum LC NT Hypericum linariifolium LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hypericum maculatum LC DD Hypericum maculatum DD subsp. maculatum LC Hypericum maculatum LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. obtusiusculum NT Hypericum montanum LC 80 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 46% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hypericum perforatum LC LC Hypericum pulchrum LC LC Hypericum tetrapterum LC LC Hypericum undulatum LC 78 VU Hypochaeris glabra VU A2c AOO trend 31 88 NT Hypochaeris maculata VU B2ab(iv) 6 c.300 90 Lost from two locations post-2000, and is close to EN status based on the number of mature individuals (Criterion D). LC Hypochaeris radicata LC WL Hypochaeris radicata subsp. WL Further work on taxonomy and distribution limits required. ericetorum LC Hypochaeris radicata subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. radicata EN Hypopitys monotropa EN A2c EOO trend 52 86 (Monotropa hypopitys) LC Hypopitys monotropa subsp. EN Assumed EN as species. hypophegea (Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypophegea) LC Hypopitys monotropa subsp. EN Assumed EN as species. monotropa (Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypopitys) VU Iberis amara VU A2c EOO trend 44 N2 100 LC Ilex aquifolium LC EN Illecebrum verticillatum EN A2ac AOO trend 48 N2 100 The indisputably native populations in Cornwall have shown a prolonged and continuing decline. In the New Forest, where first recorded in 1925, it is still increasing. In N. Hants, where first found in 2005, it has rapidly increased on sandy tracks used by the military training vehicles which are believed to have been its means of introduction and subsequent dispersal. LC Impatiens noli-tangere LC 75 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 56% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Hydrocotyle vulgaris NT A2c AOO trend 27 LC Hymenophyllum tunbrigense LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Hymenophyllum wilsonii LC 10 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Hyoscyamus niger VU A2c AOO and 39 46 87 Arch EOO trend LC Hypericum androsaemum LC LC Hypericum elodes NT A2c AOO trend 24 possibly LC Hypericum hirsutum LC 83 LC Hypericum humifusum LC NT Hypericum linariifolium LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hypericum maculatum LC DD Hypericum maculatum DD subsp. maculatum LC Hypericum maculatum LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. obtusiusculum NT Hypericum montanum LC 80 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 46% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Hypericum perforatum LC LC Hypericum pulchrum LC LC Hypericum tetrapterum LC LC Hypericum undulatum LC 78 VU Hypochaeris glabra VU A2c AOO trend 31 88 NT Hypochaeris maculata VU B2ab(iv) 6 c.300 90 Lost from two locations post-2000, and is close to EN status based on the number of mature individuals (Criterion D). LC Hypochaeris radicata LC WL Hypochaeris radicata subsp. WL Further work on taxonomy and distribution limits required. ericetorum LC Hypochaeris radicata subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. radicata EN Hypopitys monotropa EN A2c EOO trend 52 86 (Monotropa hypopitys) LC Hypopitys monotropa subsp. EN Assumed EN as species. hypophegea (Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypophegea) LC Hypopitys monotropa subsp. EN Assumed EN as species. monotropa (Monotropa hypopitys subsp. hypopitys) VU Iberis amara VU A2c EOO trend 44 N2 100 LC Ilex aquifolium LC EN Illecebrum verticillatum EN A2ac AOO trend 48 N2 100 The indisputably native populations in Cornwall have shown a prolonged and continuing decline. In the New Forest, where first recorded in 1925, it is still increasing. In N. Hants, where first found in 2005, it has rapidly increased on sandy tracks used by the military training vehicles which are believed to have been its means of introduction and subsequent dispersal. LC Impatiens noli-tangere LC 75 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 56% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? NT Imperatoria ostruthium LC Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 60% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Peucedanum ostruthium) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Inula conyzae LC 90 LC Inula crithmoides LC LC Inula helenium NT A2c EOO trend 26 Arch LC Iris foetidissima LC N2 91 LC Iris pseudacorus LC LC Isatis tinctoria LC 94 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 57% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Isoetes echinospora LC 10 VU Isoetes histrix VU B1ac + 2ac <10 N2 100 See Section 7 for an explanation of the threat status. LC Isoetes lacustris LC 5 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Isolepis cernua LC LC Isolepis setacea LC LC Jasione montana VU A2c AOO trend 39 LC Juncus acutiflorus LC LC Juncus acutus LC LC Juncus alpinoarticulatus LC The sole native subspecies in England is Juncus alpinoarticulatus subsp. alpinoarticulatus. LC Juncus articulatus LC LC Juncus balticus VU D1; D2 3 86 2 'patches' LC Juncus bufonius s.l. LC LC Juncus bulbosus LC LC Juncus bulbosus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. bulbosus LC Juncus bulbosus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. kochii VU Juncus capitatus EN A2c AOO trend; >50 17 228 An annual plant with fluctuating numbers from year to year. The most recent count in 2012 B1bc(iv) +2 suggests the species may also qualify for EN based on criterion D if short-term trends continue. bc(iv); C2a(i) NT Juncus compressus VU A2c AOO and 34 37 96 EOO trend LC Juncus conglomeratus LC LC Juncus effusus LC LC Juncus filiformis LC LC Juncus foliosus LC LC Juncus gerardii LC LC Juncus inflexus LC 82 LC Juncus maritimus LC EN Juncus pygmaeus EN A2ac AOO trend >50 12 1000- 100 Approximately 50% of locations have been lost due to scrub encroachment or track surfacing. 1500 The count of mature individuals is based on data collected between 1980 and 2013. LC Juncus ranarius (Juncus LC ambiguus) LC Juncus squarrosus LC LC Juncus subnodulosus LC 86 LC Juncus triglumis LC 7 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments NT Imperatoria ostruthium LC Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 60% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Peucedanum ostruthium) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Inula conyzae LC 90 LC Inula crithmoides LC LC Inula helenium NT A2c EOO trend 26 Arch LC Iris foetidissima LC N2 91 LC Iris pseudacorus LC LC Isatis tinctoria LC 94 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 57% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Isoetes echinospora LC 10 VU Isoetes histrix VU B1ac + 2ac <10 N2 100 See Section 7 for an explanation of the threat status. LC Isoetes lacustris LC 5 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Isolepis cernua LC LC Isolepis setacea LC LC Jasione montana VU A2c AOO trend 39 LC Juncus acutiflorus LC LC Juncus acutus LC LC Juncus alpinoarticulatus LC The sole native subspecies in England is Juncus alpinoarticulatus subsp. alpinoarticulatus. LC Juncus articulatus LC LC Juncus balticus VU D1; D2 3 86 2 'patches' LC Juncus bufonius s.l. LC LC Juncus bulbosus LC LC Juncus bulbosus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. bulbosus LC Juncus bulbosus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. kochii VU Juncus capitatus EN A2c AOO trend; >50 17 228 An annual plant with fluctuating numbers from year to year. The most recent count in 2012 B1bc(iv) +2 suggests the species may also qualify for EN based on criterion D if short-term trends continue. bc(iv); C2a(i) NT Juncus compressus VU A2c AOO and 34 37 96 EOO trend LC Juncus conglomeratus LC LC Juncus effusus LC LC Juncus filiformis LC LC Juncus foliosus LC LC Juncus gerardii LC LC Juncus inflexus LC 82 LC Juncus maritimus LC EN Juncus pygmaeus EN A2ac AOO trend >50 12 1000- 100 Approximately 50% of locations have been lost due to scrub encroachment or track surfacing. 1500 The count of mature individuals is based on data collected between 1980 and 2013. LC Juncus ranarius (Juncus LC ambiguus) LC Juncus squarrosus LC LC Juncus subnodulosus LC 86 LC Juncus triglumis LC 7 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

117 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Juniperus communis NT A2c AOO and 20 24 EOO trend LC Juniperus communis subsp. NT Assumed NT as species. communis CR Juniperus communis subsp. CR D 1 13 hemisphaerica LC Juniperus communis subsp. DD nana LC Kickxia elatine LC 90 Arch LC Kickxia spuria LC 98 Arch LC Knautia arvensis NT A2c AOO trend 23 82 LC Kobresia simpliciuscula LC LC Koeleria macrantha LC VU Koeleria vallesiana NT D 10 <10000 N2 100 EN Lactuca saligna EN B1ac(iv) + 3 N2 100 B2ac(iv) LC Lactuca serriola LC 92 Arch LC Lactuca virosa LC 96 LC Lamiastrum galeobdolon LC 86 VU Lamiastrum galeobdolon VU D2 3 100 May be overlooked due to similarity to the widespread subsp. montanum. subsp. galeobdolon LC Lamiastrum galeobdolon LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. montanum LC Lamium album LC 79 Arch LC Lamium amplexicaule LC 79 Arch LC Lamium confertum EN A2c EOO trend 61 4 Arch LC Lamium hybridum LC 80 Arch LC Lamium purpureum LC Arch LC Lapsana communis LC Native or alien. LC Lathraea squamaria LC 79 VU Lathyrus aphaca VU A2c AOO trend 31 N2 100 Native or alien. WL Lathyrus hirsutus WL A casual species in most of the UK, it may have some claim to native status near to the Thames estuary. It is rare and declining in northern France. LC Lathyrus japonicus LC 88 The sole native subspecies in England is Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lathyrus linifolius NT A2c AOO trend 29 LC Lathyrus nissolia LC N2 95 NT Lathyrus palustris NT B <30 77 LC Lathyrus pratensis LC LC Lathyrus sylvestris LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Leersia oryzoides EN A2c AOO trend 53 100 LC Legousia hybrida LC 99 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lemna gibba LC 94 LC Lemna minor LC LC Lemna trisulca LC 88

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Juniperus communis NT A2c AOO and 20 24 EOO trend LC Juniperus communis subsp. NT Assumed NT as species. communis CR Juniperus communis subsp. CR D 1 13 hemisphaerica LC Juniperus communis subsp. DD nana LC Kickxia elatine LC 90 Arch LC Kickxia spuria LC 98 Arch LC Knautia arvensis NT A2c AOO trend 23 82 LC Kobresia simpliciuscula LC LC Koeleria macrantha LC VU Koeleria vallesiana NT D 10 <10000 N2 100 EN Lactuca saligna EN B1ac(iv) + 3 N2 100 B2ac(iv) LC Lactuca serriola LC 92 Arch LC Lactuca virosa LC 96 LC Lamiastrum galeobdolon LC 86 VU Lamiastrum galeobdolon VU D2 3 100 May be overlooked due to similarity to the widespread subsp. montanum. subsp. galeobdolon LC Lamiastrum galeobdolon LC Assumed LC as species. subsp. montanum LC Lamium album LC 79 Arch LC Lamium amplexicaule LC 79 Arch LC Lamium confertum EN A2c EOO trend 61 4 Arch LC Lamium hybridum LC 80 Arch LC Lamium purpureum LC Arch LC Lapsana communis LC Native or alien. LC Lathraea squamaria LC 79 VU Lathyrus aphaca VU A2c AOO trend 31 N2 100 Native or alien. WL Lathyrus hirsutus WL A casual species in most of the UK, it may have some claim to native status near to the Thames estuary. It is rare and declining in northern France. LC Lathyrus japonicus LC 88 The sole native subspecies in England is Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lathyrus linifolius NT A2c AOO trend 29 LC Lathyrus nissolia LC N2 95 NT Lathyrus palustris NT B <30 77 LC Lathyrus pratensis LC LC Lathyrus sylvestris LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Leersia oryzoides EN A2c AOO trend 53 100 LC Legousia hybrida LC 99 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lemna gibba LC 94 LC Lemna minor LC LC Lemna trisulca LC 88

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Lemna turionifera LC Native or alien. LC Leontodon hispidus LC 80 LC Leontodon saxatilis LC 80 LC Lepidium campestre NT A2c AOO trend 21 91 Arch LC Lepidium heterophyllum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lepidium latifolium LC 98 LC Lepidium ruderale LC 97 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lepidium squamatum LC Arch (Coronopus squamatus) LC Leucanthemum vulgare LC The sole native subspecies in England is Leucanthemum vulgare subsp. vulgare. LC Leucojum aestivum LC 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Leucojum aestivum subsp. aestivum. LC Leymus arenarius LC LC Ligusticum scoticum EN B1ab(iv) + 3 S2 1 2ab(iv) LC Ligustrum vulgare LC 88 LC Limonium bellidifolium LC N2 100 WL Limonium binervosum WL yes Taxonomic work awaited. LC Limonium binervosum agg. LC yes WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. anglicum WL Limonium binervosum WL Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. binervosum WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. cantianum WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. mutatum WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. saxonicum WL Limonium britannicum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium britannicum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. britannicum WL Limonium britannicum WL Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. celticum WL Limonium britannicum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. coombense WL Limonium britannicum WL Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. transcanalis WL Limonium dodartiforme WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. LC Limonium humile LC possibly WL Limonium loganicum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium paradoxum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium parvum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium procerum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium procerum subsp. WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. devoniense

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Lemna turionifera LC Native or alien. LC Leontodon hispidus LC 80 LC Leontodon saxatilis LC 80 LC Lepidium campestre NT A2c AOO trend 21 91 Arch LC Lepidium heterophyllum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lepidium latifolium LC 98 LC Lepidium ruderale LC 97 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lepidium squamatum LC Arch (Coronopus squamatus) LC Leucanthemum vulgare LC The sole native subspecies in England is Leucanthemum vulgare subsp. vulgare. LC Leucojum aestivum LC 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Leucojum aestivum subsp. aestivum. LC Leymus arenarius LC LC Ligusticum scoticum EN B1ab(iv) + 3 S2 1 2ab(iv) LC Ligustrum vulgare LC 88 LC Limonium bellidifolium LC N2 100 WL Limonium binervosum WL yes Taxonomic work awaited. LC Limonium binervosum agg. LC yes WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. anglicum WL Limonium binervosum WL Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. binervosum WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. cantianum WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. mutatum WL Limonium binervosum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. saxonicum WL Limonium britannicum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium britannicum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. britannicum WL Limonium britannicum WL Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. celticum WL Limonium britannicum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. coombense WL Limonium britannicum WL Taxonomic work awaited. subsp. transcanalis WL Limonium dodartiforme WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. LC Limonium humile LC possibly WL Limonium loganicum WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium paradoxum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium parvum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium procerum WL Taxonomic work awaited. WL Limonium procerum subsp. WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. devoniense

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? WL Limonium procerum subsp. WL Taxonomic work awaited. procerum VU Limonium recurvum VU D2 5 yes 75 WL Limonium recurvum subsp. WL Taxonomic work awaited. humile WL Limonium recurvum subsp. WL yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. portlandicum WL Limonium recurvum subsp. WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. recurvum LC Limonium vulgare NT A2c AOO trend 24 80 LC Limosella aquatica LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 62% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Linaria repens LC Arch LC Linaria vulgaris LC 75 LC Linum bienne LC 81 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Linum catharticum LC LC Linum perenne LC yes yes 96 The sole native subspecies in England is Linum perenne subsp. anglicum. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Liparis loeselii EN A2c AOO trend 79 5 >10000 The threat status reflects historical losses since 1930. In the past five years, focused conservation effort has led to an increase in numbers as well as the discovery of new sub-populations, and if these positive trends continue then the status should be downgraded to VU at the next assessment. EN Lithospermum arvense EN A2c AOO trend 54 98 Arch LC Lithospermum officinale LC 92 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lithospermum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a purpureocaeruleum proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Littorella uniflora LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lobelia dortmanna LC 4 VU Lobelia urens VU A2c AOO trend 49 N2 100 LC Lolium perenne LC CR Lolium temulentum CR A2c AOO trend 88 1? 83 Arch The AOO figure does not include post-1999 records and is probably an underestimate of decline, with potentially just one extant archaeophyte location remaining (Walker & Pearman 2012). LC Lonicera periclymenum LC NT Lotus angustissimus NT B <30 100 A repeat survey of locations is desirable to assess post-2000 trends. LC Lotus corniculatus LC LC Lotus pedunculatus LC LC Lotus subbiflorus LC 96 LC Lotus tenuis (Lotus glaber) LC 98 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ludwigia palustris LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Luronium natans NT A2c EOO trend 33 possibly The EOO decline meets VU status, but the submerged form is easily overlooked. As EOO is not corrected for recorder effort the status has been downgraded to NT. LC Luzula campestris LC LC Luzula forsteri LC 97

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments WL Limonium procerum subsp. WL Taxonomic work awaited. procerum VU Limonium recurvum VU D2 5 yes 75 WL Limonium recurvum subsp. WL Taxonomic work awaited. humile WL Limonium recurvum subsp. WL yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. portlandicum WL Limonium recurvum subsp. WL yes yes 100 Taxonomic work awaited. recurvum LC Limonium vulgare NT A2c AOO trend 24 80 LC Limosella aquatica LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 62% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Linaria repens LC Arch LC Linaria vulgaris LC 75 LC Linum bienne LC 81 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Linum catharticum LC LC Linum perenne LC yes yes 96 The sole native subspecies in England is Linum perenne subsp. anglicum. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Liparis loeselii EN A2c AOO trend 79 5 >10000 The threat status reflects historical losses since 1930. In the past five years, focused conservation effort has led to an increase in numbers as well as the discovery of new sub-populations, and if these positive trends continue then the status should be downgraded to VU at the next assessment. EN Lithospermum arvense EN A2c AOO trend 54 98 Arch LC Lithospermum officinale LC 92 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lithospermum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a purpureocaeruleum proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Littorella uniflora LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Lobelia dortmanna LC 4 VU Lobelia urens VU A2c AOO trend 49 N2 100 LC Lolium perenne LC CR Lolium temulentum CR A2c AOO trend 88 1? 83 Arch The AOO figure does not include post-1999 records and is probably an underestimate of decline, with potentially just one extant archaeophyte location remaining (Walker & Pearman 2012). LC Lonicera periclymenum LC NT Lotus angustissimus NT B <30 100 A repeat survey of locations is desirable to assess post-2000 trends. LC Lotus corniculatus LC LC Lotus pedunculatus LC LC Lotus subbiflorus LC 96 LC Lotus tenuis (Lotus glaber) LC 98 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ludwigia palustris LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Luronium natans NT A2c EOO trend 33 possibly The EOO decline meets VU status, but the submerged form is easily overlooked. As EOO is not corrected for recorder effort the status has been downgraded to NT. LC Luzula campestris LC LC Luzula forsteri LC 97

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Luzula multiflora LC LC Luzula multiflora subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. congesta LC Luzula multiflora subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. multiflora CR Luzula pallescens (Luzula CR D 2 <50 100 Sub-populations fluctuate between years, but the most recent counts from the past 10 years total pallidula) only eight plants. LC Luzula pilosa LC LC Luzula sylvatica LC EN Lycopodiella inundata EN A2c EOO trend 65 LC Lycopodium annotinum VU D2 3 1 LC Lycopodium clavatum VU A2c AOO trend 31 LC Lycopus europaeus LC LC Lysimachia nemorum LC LC Lysimachia nummularia LC 87 LC Lysimachia thyrsiflora CR B1ab(i-v) 1 6 Lost from one of the two native England locations. Plants at the sole extant location are +2ab(i-v) vulnerable to visitor pressure. LC Lysimachia vulgaris LC 80 EN Lythrum hyssopifolia EN A2c AOO trend 62 86 Arch The threat status is based on historical decline since 1930. Seeds of L. hyssopifolia are long- lived and may germinate from the seed bank after many years of absence in the above-ground vegetation. LC Lythrum portula LC LC Lythrum salicaria LC VU Maianthemum bifolium VU D2 3 100 LC Malus sylvestris s.s. LC LC Malva arborea (Lavatera LC arborea) LC Malva moschata LC 85 LC Malva neglecta LC 91 Arch LC Malva sylvestris LC 80 Arch LC Marrubium vulgare LC 76 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 77% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Matricaria chamomilla LC 83 Arch (Matricaria recutita) VU Matthiola sinuata VU D2 3 c.3500 Native or alien. LC Meconopsis cambrica LC LC Medicago arabica LC N2 95 LC Medicago lupulina LC 75 VU Medicago minima VU A2c AOO trend 44 100 LC Medicago polymorpha LC N2 99 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Medicago sativa LC 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Medicago sativa subsp. falcata. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 63% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Melampyrum arvense EN D 4 <250 Arch VU Melampyrum cristatum EN A2c AOO and 60 69 100 EOO trend LC Melampyrum pratense NT A2c AOO trend 28

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Luzula multiflora LC LC Luzula multiflora subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. congesta LC Luzula multiflora subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. multiflora CR Luzula pallescens (Luzula CR D 2 <50 100 Sub-populations fluctuate between years, but the most recent counts from the past 10 years total pallidula) only eight plants. LC Luzula pilosa LC LC Luzula sylvatica LC EN Lycopodiella inundata EN A2c EOO trend 65 LC Lycopodium annotinum VU D2 3 1 LC Lycopodium clavatum VU A2c AOO trend 31 LC Lycopus europaeus LC LC Lysimachia nemorum LC LC Lysimachia nummularia LC 87 LC Lysimachia thyrsiflora CR B1ab(i-v) 1 6 Lost from one of the two native England locations. Plants at the sole extant location are +2ab(i-v) vulnerable to visitor pressure. LC Lysimachia vulgaris LC 80 EN Lythrum hyssopifolia EN A2c AOO trend 62 86 Arch The threat status is based on historical decline since 1930. Seeds of L. hyssopifolia are long- lived and may germinate from the seed bank after many years of absence in the above-ground vegetation. LC Lythrum portula LC LC Lythrum salicaria LC VU Maianthemum bifolium VU D2 3 100 LC Malus sylvestris s.s. LC LC Malva arborea (Lavatera LC arborea) LC Malva moschata LC 85 LC Malva neglecta LC 91 Arch LC Malva sylvestris LC 80 Arch LC Marrubium vulgare LC 76 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 77% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Matricaria chamomilla LC 83 Arch (Matricaria recutita) VU Matthiola sinuata VU D2 3 c.3500 Native or alien. LC Meconopsis cambrica LC LC Medicago arabica LC N2 95 LC Medicago lupulina LC 75 VU Medicago minima VU A2c AOO trend 44 100 LC Medicago polymorpha LC N2 99 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Medicago sativa LC 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Medicago sativa subsp. falcata. LC for the period 1930-1999, but a 63% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Melampyrum arvense EN D 4 <250 Arch VU Melampyrum cristatum EN A2c AOO and 60 69 100 EOO trend LC Melampyrum pratense NT A2c AOO trend 28

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? WL Melampyrum pratense WL Insufficient mapping data. subsp. commutatum WL Melampyrum pratense WL Insufficient mapping data. subsp. pratense EN Melampyrum sylvaticum RE Extinct in England. See Section 6.4. LC Melica nutans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Melica uniflora LC 75 LC Melilotus altissimus LC 91 Arch VU Melittis melissophyllum VU A2c AOO trend 35 92 LC Mentha aquatica LC LC Mentha arvensis NT A2c AOO trend 25 EN Mentha pulegium CR A2c AOO trend 84 97 Every effort has been made to exclude alien records of this taxon. LC Mentha spicata LC Arch DD Mentha suaveolens NT A2c AOO and 32 32 The true status of the species is obscured by garden escapes and over-recording between 1930 EOO trend and 1969. Consequently the status has been downgraded from VU to NT. LC Menyanthes trifoliata LC LC Mercurialis annua LC 95 Arch LC Mercurialis perennis LC NT Mertensia maritima RE Not recorded in England since 1995, but present in the south west of Scotland and the Isle of Man, so re-colonisation of the English (and Welsh) coastline is possible. LC Mespilus germanica LC 96 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Meum athamanticum LC 9 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 62% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Mibora minima NT D 1 <10000 N2 The Dorset locality for this species is not considered to be native, and so only assumed native Lancashire population is included in the threat assessment. VU Microthlaspi perfoliatum VU C2a(i) 16? 100 (Thlaspi perfoliatum) LC Milium effusum LC 79 EN Minuartia hybrida EN A2c EOO trend 65 N2 99 The sole native subspecies in England is Minuartia hybrida subsp. tenuifolia. The AOO analysis measured a decline of 48%, very close to the EN threshold of 50% decline exceeded by the EOO trend. VU Minuartia stricta EN A2a AOO trend >50 133 (317) 100 Survey results suggest a c.50% decline in the population since the late 1990s. The population estimate is from 2013, and the 30 year mean is in brackets. NT Minuartia verna LC 75 VU Misopates orontium VU A2c AOO trend 35 84 Arch LC Moehringia trinervia LC LC Moenchia erecta VU A2c EOO trend 47 83 LC Molinia caerulea LC WL Molinia caerulea subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. arundinacea LC Molinia caerulea subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. caerulea LC Montia fontana LC WL Montia fontana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. amporitana LC Montia fontana subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. chondrosperma

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments WL Melampyrum pratense WL Insufficient mapping data. subsp. commutatum WL Melampyrum pratense WL Insufficient mapping data. subsp. pratense EN Melampyrum sylvaticum RE Extinct in England. See Section 6.4. LC Melica nutans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Melica uniflora LC 75 LC Melilotus altissimus LC 91 Arch VU Melittis melissophyllum VU A2c AOO trend 35 92 LC Mentha aquatica LC LC Mentha arvensis NT A2c AOO trend 25 EN Mentha pulegium CR A2c AOO trend 84 97 Every effort has been made to exclude alien records of this taxon. LC Mentha spicata LC Arch DD Mentha suaveolens NT A2c AOO and 32 32 The true status of the species is obscured by garden escapes and over-recording between 1930 EOO trend and 1969. Consequently the status has been downgraded from VU to NT. LC Menyanthes trifoliata LC LC Mercurialis annua LC 95 Arch LC Mercurialis perennis LC NT Mertensia maritima RE Not recorded in England since 1995, but present in the south west of Scotland and the Isle of Man, so re-colonisation of the English (and Welsh) coastline is possible. LC Mespilus germanica LC 96 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Meum athamanticum LC 9 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 62% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Mibora minima NT D 1 <10000 N2 The Dorset locality for this species is not considered to be native, and so only assumed native Lancashire population is included in the threat assessment. VU Microthlaspi perfoliatum VU C2a(i) 16? 100 (Thlaspi perfoliatum) LC Milium effusum LC 79 EN Minuartia hybrida EN A2c EOO trend 65 N2 99 The sole native subspecies in England is Minuartia hybrida subsp. tenuifolia. The AOO analysis measured a decline of 48%, very close to the EN threshold of 50% decline exceeded by the EOO trend. VU Minuartia stricta EN A2a AOO trend >50 133 (317) 100 Survey results suggest a c.50% decline in the population since the late 1990s. The population estimate is from 2013, and the 30 year mean is in brackets. NT Minuartia verna LC 75 VU Misopates orontium VU A2c AOO trend 35 84 Arch LC Moehringia trinervia LC LC Moenchia erecta VU A2c EOO trend 47 83 LC Molinia caerulea LC WL Molinia caerulea subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. arundinacea LC Molinia caerulea subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. caerulea LC Montia fontana LC WL Montia fontana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. amporitana LC Montia fontana subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. chondrosperma

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Montia fontana subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. fontana WL Montia fontana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. variabilis VU Muscari neglectum WL N2 100 Placed on the WL following conclusions regarding its native/alien status in Pearman (2013). LC Mycelis muralis LC 78 NT Myosotis alpestris VU D2 3 >10000 Extant sub-populations are vulnerable to changes in grazing regimes and may also be adversely affected by prolonged changes in climate that result in warmer average winter temperatures. LC Myosotis arvensis LC Arch LC Myosotis discolor LC LC Myosotis laxa LC The sole native subspecies in England is Myosotis laxa subsp. caespitosa. LC Myosotis ramosissima LC 82 LC Myosotis scorpioides LC LC Myosotis secunda LC LC Myosotis stolonifera LC possibly 87 LC Myosotis sylvatica LC 76 LC Myosoton aquaticum LC 96 VU Myosurus minimus VU A2c EOO trend 33 98 LC Myrica gale NT A2c AOO trend 23 LC Myriophyllum alterniflorum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Myriophyllum spicatum LC 78 VU Myriophyllum verticillatum NT A2c AOO trend 29 99 LC Najas flexilis RE Gone from its sole England location at Esthwaite Water. See Section 6.4. VU Najas marina VU D2 5 100 LC Narcissus pseudonarcissus LC 93 The sole native subspecies in England is Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus. LC Nardus stricta NT A2c AOO trend 23 LC Narthecium ossifragum LC LC Nasturtium microphyllum LC (Rorippa microphylla) LC Nasturtium officinale LC (Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum) LC Nasturtium officinale agg. LC (Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum agg.) EN Neotinea ustulata (Orchis EN A2c AOO trend >50 98 GB threat status (>50% decline in AOO) retained for this England-only taxon, but examination ustulata) of trends post-1999 are urgently required and may reveal greater losses. LC Neottia cordata (Listera LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 53% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a cordata) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Neottia nidus-avis VU A2c AOO trend 32 76 LC Neottia ovata (Listera ovata) LC VU Nepeta cataria VU A2c AOO trend 34 96 Arch LC Noccaea caerulescens LC 78 (Thlaspi caerulescens) LC Nuphar lutea LC 79 LC Nuphar pumila CR D 1 <50 2 Two ‘patches’ present in 2011 (A. Lockton pers. comm.). LC Nymphaea alba LC The sole native subspecies in England is Nymphaea alba subsp. alba.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Montia fontana subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. fontana WL Montia fontana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. variabilis VU Muscari neglectum WL N2 100 Placed on the WL following conclusions regarding its native/alien status in Pearman (2013). LC Mycelis muralis LC 78 NT Myosotis alpestris VU D2 3 >10000 Extant sub-populations are vulnerable to changes in grazing regimes and may also be adversely affected by prolonged changes in climate that result in warmer average winter temperatures. LC Myosotis arvensis LC Arch LC Myosotis discolor LC LC Myosotis laxa LC The sole native subspecies in England is Myosotis laxa subsp. caespitosa. LC Myosotis ramosissima LC 82 LC Myosotis scorpioides LC LC Myosotis secunda LC LC Myosotis stolonifera LC possibly 87 LC Myosotis sylvatica LC 76 LC Myosoton aquaticum LC 96 VU Myosurus minimus VU A2c EOO trend 33 98 LC Myrica gale NT A2c AOO trend 23 LC Myriophyllum alterniflorum LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Myriophyllum spicatum LC 78 VU Myriophyllum verticillatum NT A2c AOO trend 29 99 LC Najas flexilis RE Gone from its sole England location at Esthwaite Water. See Section 6.4. VU Najas marina VU D2 5 100 LC Narcissus pseudonarcissus LC 93 The sole native subspecies in England is Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus. LC Nardus stricta NT A2c AOO trend 23 LC Narthecium ossifragum LC LC Nasturtium microphyllum LC (Rorippa microphylla) LC Nasturtium officinale LC (Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum) LC Nasturtium officinale agg. LC (Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum agg.) EN Neotinea ustulata (Orchis EN A2c AOO trend >50 98 GB threat status (>50% decline in AOO) retained for this England-only taxon, but examination ustulata) of trends post-1999 are urgently required and may reveal greater losses. LC Neottia cordata (Listera LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 53% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a cordata) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Neottia nidus-avis VU A2c AOO trend 32 76 LC Neottia ovata (Listera ovata) LC VU Nepeta cataria VU A2c AOO trend 34 96 Arch LC Noccaea caerulescens LC 78 (Thlaspi caerulescens) LC Nuphar lutea LC 79 LC Nuphar pumila CR D 1 <50 2 Two ‘patches’ present in 2011 (A. Lockton pers. comm.). LC Nymphaea alba LC The sole native subspecies in England is Nymphaea alba subsp. alba.

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Nymphoides peltata LC 100 LC Odontites vernus LC LC Odontites vernus subsp. DD Population data required for threat assessment. litoralis LC Odontites vernus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. serotinus LC Odontites vernus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vernus LC Oenanthe aquatica LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Oenanthe crocata LC LC Oenanthe fistulosa VU A2c AOO trend 35 91 LC Oenanthe fluviatilis LC possibly 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Oenanthe lachenalii NT A2c AOO trend 24 The main losses have been of inland subpopulations. LC Oenanthe pimpinelloides LC N2 99 NT Oenanthe silaifolia LC N2 100 No significant and substantial (greater than 20%) decline detected. The New Atlas account states that new locations have been discovered since the first Atlas, and it is possible that this species is a beneficiary of agri-environment schemes, but more information is required to substantiate this assertion. NT Onobrychis viciifolia VU A2c AOO and 35 31 100 EOO trend WL Onobrychis viciifolia subsp. WL Taxonomic and distributional limits unclear. collina LC Ononis reclinata VU D1; D2 4 c.350 The population estimate is derived from recent (post-1999) records. LC Ononis repens LC 77 LC Ononis spinosa NT A2c AOO trend 25 96 LC Onopordum acanthium LC 92 Arch LC Ophioglossum azoricum LC VU Ophioglossum lusitanicum VU D1 1 <1000 N1 100 LC Ophioglossum vulgatum LC LC Ophrys apifera LC 94 VU Ophrys fuciflora VU D1 c.360 100 The population estimate is derived from recent (post-1999) records. VU Ophrys insectifera VU A2c AOO trend 37 97 LC Ophrys sphegodes LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 70% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Orchis anthropophora EN A2a AOO and >50 N2 100 (Aceras anthropophorum) EOO trend LC Orchis mascula LC VU Orchis militaris VU D1 3 c.1000 100 Population estimate for 2013 was 1018 flowering spikes. A precautionary approach based on the small number of locations and past (recent) counts of considerably fewer than 1000 spikes resulted in a VU assessment. EN Orchis purpurea VU A2c AOO and 44 34 100 A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. EOO trend VU Orchis simia VU D1 2 372 N2 100 The count of spikes from the location which holds c.93% of the England population was calculated by taking the 10 year mean (2003-2013). A third location where O. simia was successfully introduced is excluded from the analysis for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Oreopteris limbosperma LC LC Origanum vulgare LC 80

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Nymphoides peltata LC 100 LC Odontites vernus LC LC Odontites vernus subsp. DD Population data required for threat assessment. litoralis LC Odontites vernus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. serotinus LC Odontites vernus subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vernus LC Oenanthe aquatica LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Oenanthe crocata LC LC Oenanthe fistulosa VU A2c AOO trend 35 91 LC Oenanthe fluviatilis LC possibly 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Oenanthe lachenalii NT A2c AOO trend 24 The main losses have been of inland subpopulations. LC Oenanthe pimpinelloides LC N2 99 NT Oenanthe silaifolia LC N2 100 No significant and substantial (greater than 20%) decline detected. The New Atlas account states that new locations have been discovered since the first Atlas, and it is possible that this species is a beneficiary of agri-environment schemes, but more information is required to substantiate this assertion. NT Onobrychis viciifolia VU A2c AOO and 35 31 100 EOO trend WL Onobrychis viciifolia subsp. WL Taxonomic and distributional limits unclear. collina LC Ononis reclinata VU D1; D2 4 c.350 The population estimate is derived from recent (post-1999) records. LC Ononis repens LC 77 LC Ononis spinosa NT A2c AOO trend 25 96 LC Onopordum acanthium LC 92 Arch LC Ophioglossum azoricum LC VU Ophioglossum lusitanicum VU D1 1 <1000 N1 100 LC Ophioglossum vulgatum LC LC Ophrys apifera LC 94 VU Ophrys fuciflora VU D1 c.360 100 The population estimate is derived from recent (post-1999) records. VU Ophrys insectifera VU A2c AOO trend 37 97 LC Ophrys sphegodes LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 70% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Orchis anthropophora EN A2a AOO and >50 N2 100 (Aceras anthropophorum) EOO trend LC Orchis mascula LC VU Orchis militaris VU D1 3 c.1000 100 Population estimate for 2013 was 1018 flowering spikes. A precautionary approach based on the small number of locations and past (recent) counts of considerably fewer than 1000 spikes resulted in a VU assessment. EN Orchis purpurea VU A2c AOO and 44 34 100 A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. EOO trend VU Orchis simia VU D1 2 372 N2 100 The count of spikes from the location which holds c.93% of the England population was calculated by taking the 10 year mean (2003-2013). A third location where O. simia was successfully introduced is excluded from the analysis for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Oreopteris limbosperma LC LC Origanum vulgare LC 80

131 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Ornithogalum pyrenaicum LC N2 100 LC Ornithogalum umbellatum LC LC Ornithopus perpusillus LC LC Ornithopus pinnatus LC N1 100 LC Orobanche alba LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 59% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Orobanche caryophyllacea NT D <10000 100 The GB status is retained for this England-only taxon. An intensive survey of this taxon started in 2013 and is ongoing. LC Orobanche elatior LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Orobanche hederae LC LC Orobanche minor LC 94 LC Orobanche minor subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. maritima LC Orobanche minor subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. minor EN Orobanche picridis VU D1; D2 5 c.500 100 Population estimate is based on count data collated from 2000-2012. (Orobanche artemisiae- campestris) VU Orobanche purpurea VU D1 <1000 94 A repeat survey is desirable to ascertain a contemporary population estimate and may lead to an upgrading of threat status to EN based on Criterion D. NT Orobanche rapum-genistae VU A2c AOO trend 41 NT Orobanche reticulata NT D <10000 100 LC Orthilia secunda NT D c.15 c.2500 6 LC Osmunda regalis LC LC Oxalis acetosella NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Oxyria digyna LC 4 WL Pancratium maritimum WL 100 It is not yet clear if this species is a natural colonist or introduction. VU Papaver argemone EN A2c AOO trend 51 93 Arch Marginal EN based on AOO. EOO trend showed a decline of 39% (VU). EX Papaver bivalve (Roemeria EX Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England was Papaver bivalve subsp. hybridum. hybrida) LC Papaver dubium (Papaver LC dubium subsp. dubium) LC Papaver hybridum LC 98 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Papaver lecoqii (Papaver LC dubium subsp. lecoqii) LC Papaver rhoeas LC 81 Arch LC Papaver somniferum LC 78 Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum. LC Parapholis incurva LC 96 LC Parapholis strigosa LC 79 LC Parentucellia viscosa LC 85 LC Parietaria judaica LC 85 LC Paris quadrifolia LC 85 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Parnassia palustris VU A2c AOO and 39 39 EOO trend LC Pastinaca sativa LC 95

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Ornithogalum pyrenaicum LC N2 100 LC Ornithogalum umbellatum LC LC Ornithopus perpusillus LC LC Ornithopus pinnatus LC N1 100 LC Orobanche alba LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 59% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Orobanche caryophyllacea NT D <10000 100 The GB status is retained for this England-only taxon. An intensive survey of this taxon started in 2013 and is ongoing. LC Orobanche elatior LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Orobanche hederae LC LC Orobanche minor LC 94 LC Orobanche minor subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. maritima LC Orobanche minor subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. minor EN Orobanche picridis VU D1; D2 5 c.500 100 Population estimate is based on count data collated from 2000-2012. (Orobanche artemisiae- campestris) VU Orobanche purpurea VU D1 <1000 94 A repeat survey is desirable to ascertain a contemporary population estimate and may lead to an upgrading of threat status to EN based on Criterion D. NT Orobanche rapum-genistae VU A2c AOO trend 41 NT Orobanche reticulata NT D <10000 100 LC Orthilia secunda NT D c.15 c.2500 6 LC Osmunda regalis LC LC Oxalis acetosella NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Oxyria digyna LC 4 WL Pancratium maritimum WL 100 It is not yet clear if this species is a natural colonist or introduction. VU Papaver argemone EN A2c AOO trend 51 93 Arch Marginal EN based on AOO. EOO trend showed a decline of 39% (VU). EX Papaver bivalve (Roemeria EX Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England was Papaver bivalve subsp. hybridum. hybrida) LC Papaver dubium (Papaver LC dubium subsp. dubium) LC Papaver hybridum LC 98 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Papaver lecoqii (Papaver LC dubium subsp. lecoqii) LC Papaver rhoeas LC 81 Arch LC Papaver somniferum LC 78 Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum. LC Parapholis incurva LC 96 LC Parapholis strigosa LC 79 LC Parentucellia viscosa LC 85 LC Parietaria judaica LC 85 LC Paris quadrifolia LC 85 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Parnassia palustris VU A2c AOO and 39 39 EOO trend LC Pastinaca sativa LC 95

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Pastinaca sativa subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. sylvestris WL Pastinaca sativa subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. Possibly native and overlooked (Stace 2010). urens LC Pedicularis palustris VU A2c AOO and 41 37 EOO trend LC Pedicularis sylvatica VU A2c AOO and 39 30 EOO trend LC Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. DD hibernica LC Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. VU A2c AOO and 39 30 Assumed VU as species. sylvatica EOO trend LC Persicaria amphibia LC LC Persicaria bistorta LC LC Persicaria hydropiper LC LC Persicaria lapathifolia LC 78 LC Persicaria maculosa LC VU Persicaria minor LC VU Persicaria mitis VU A2c AOO trend 35 94 LC Persicaria vivipara LC 9 LC Petasites hybridus LC VU Petrorhagia nanteuilii VU D2 2 100s - N2 100 The population in 2013 numbered many thousands, but numbers fluctuate between years and 1000s have been in the low hundreds in recent years. EN Petrorhagia prolifera EN D 1 c.250 100 Native or alien. Numbers fluctuate between recording periods and in the past 10 years have been as high as 'hundreds' and as low as 40 (+ seedlings). A precautionary estimate of <250 individuals has been used for the assessment. LC Petroselinum crispum LC 85 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 53% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Petroselinum segetum LC N2 possibly 97 LC Peucedanum officinale LC 100 LC Phalaris arundinacea LC LC Phegopteris connectilis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Phleum alpinum CR D 1 <50 6 Vegetative plants are easily overlooked, but survey results from the past 30 years suggest a population of <50 plants. LC Phleum arenarium NT A2c AOO trend 27 LC Phleum bertolonii LC 76 LC Phleum phleoides LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 58% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Phleum pratense LC LC Phleum pratense s.l. LC LC Phragmites australis LC LC Physospermum cornubiense LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Phyteuma orbiculare LC 100 EN Phyteuma spicatum EN A2ac AOO trend; 8 c.200 100 Population and location data is from Rumsey et al. 2011. C2a(i) LC Pilosella officinarum LC

134 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Pastinaca sativa subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. sylvestris WL Pastinaca sativa subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. Possibly native and overlooked (Stace 2010). urens LC Pedicularis palustris VU A2c AOO and 41 37 EOO trend LC Pedicularis sylvatica VU A2c AOO and 39 30 EOO trend LC Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. DD hibernica LC Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. VU A2c AOO and 39 30 Assumed VU as species. sylvatica EOO trend LC Persicaria amphibia LC LC Persicaria bistorta LC LC Persicaria hydropiper LC LC Persicaria lapathifolia LC 78 LC Persicaria maculosa LC VU Persicaria minor LC VU Persicaria mitis VU A2c AOO trend 35 94 LC Persicaria vivipara LC 9 LC Petasites hybridus LC VU Petrorhagia nanteuilii VU D2 2 100s - N2 100 The population in 2013 numbered many thousands, but numbers fluctuate between years and 1000s have been in the low hundreds in recent years. EN Petrorhagia prolifera EN D 1 c.250 100 Native or alien. Numbers fluctuate between recording periods and in the past 10 years have been as high as 'hundreds' and as low as 40 (+ seedlings). A precautionary estimate of <250 individuals has been used for the assessment. LC Petroselinum crispum LC 85 Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 53% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Petroselinum segetum LC N2 possibly 97 LC Peucedanum officinale LC 100 LC Phalaris arundinacea LC LC Phegopteris connectilis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Phleum alpinum CR D 1 <50 6 Vegetative plants are easily overlooked, but survey results from the past 30 years suggest a population of <50 plants. LC Phleum arenarium NT A2c AOO trend 27 LC Phleum bertolonii LC 76 LC Phleum phleoides LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 58% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Phleum pratense LC LC Phleum pratense s.l. LC LC Phragmites australis LC LC Physospermum cornubiense LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Phyteuma orbiculare LC 100 EN Phyteuma spicatum EN A2ac AOO trend; 8 c.200 100 Population and location data is from Rumsey et al. 2011. C2a(i) LC Pilosella officinarum LC

135 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? NT Pilosella peleteriana LC 88 WL Pilosella peleteriana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. peleteriana WL Pilosella peleteriana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. subpeleteriana WL Pilosella peleteriana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. tenuiscapa NT Pilularia globulifera VU A2c EOO trend 42 LC Pimpinella major LC 100 LC Pimpinella saxifraga LC LC Pinguicula lusitanica LC LC Pinguicula vulgaris VU A2c AOO trend 39 LC Pinus sylvestris WL A widely planted neophyte across England, but may be an archaeophyte or part of a remnant native population at two Northumberland locations (Swan 1993; Manning et al. 2010). LC Plantago coronopus LC LC Plantago lanceolata LC LC Plantago major LC LC Plantago major subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. intermedia LC Plantago major subsp. major LC Assumed LC as species. LC Plantago maritima LC LC Plantago media NT A2c AOO trend 22 95 VU Platanthera bifolia EN A2c AOO and 54 52 EOO trend NT Platanthera chlorantha LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Poa alpina VU D2 5 100s? 6 It is difficult to estimate numbers but they are likely to number in the low hundreds. Locations are within gullies or on ledges and so are susceptible to land slip. LC Poa angustifolia LC 91 LC Poa annua LC LC Poa bulbosa LC 97 LC Poa compressa LC 87 VU Poa glauca VU D2 5 100s? 5 Like Poa alpina, it is difficult to estimate numbers but they are likely to number in the low hundreds. Locations are within gullies or on ledges and so are susceptible to land slip. LC Poa humilis LC LC Poa infirma LC N2 100 LC Poa nemoralis LC LC Poa pratensis s.l. LC LC Poa pratensis s.s.. LC LC Poa trivialis LC LC Polemonium caeruleum LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Polycarpon tetraphyllum LC N2 100 EN Polygala amarella EN A2c AOO trend >50 15 c.950 100 P. amarella subsp. amarella and P. amarella subsp. austriaca are not included as separate taxa in this List, but a separate threat assessment of VU and CR respectively has been calculated, pending a decision on whether to include them as separate taxa on the Main List. LC Polygala calcarea LC N2 100 LC Polygala serpyllifolia NT A2c AOO trend 22

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments NT Pilosella peleteriana LC 88 WL Pilosella peleteriana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. peleteriana WL Pilosella peleteriana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. subpeleteriana WL Pilosella peleteriana subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. tenuiscapa NT Pilularia globulifera VU A2c EOO trend 42 LC Pimpinella major LC 100 LC Pimpinella saxifraga LC LC Pinguicula lusitanica LC LC Pinguicula vulgaris VU A2c AOO trend 39 LC Pinus sylvestris WL A widely planted neophyte across England, but may be an archaeophyte or part of a remnant native population at two Northumberland locations (Swan 1993; Manning et al. 2010). LC Plantago coronopus LC LC Plantago lanceolata LC LC Plantago major LC LC Plantago major subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. intermedia LC Plantago major subsp. major LC Assumed LC as species. LC Plantago maritima LC LC Plantago media NT A2c AOO trend 22 95 VU Platanthera bifolia EN A2c AOO and 54 52 EOO trend NT Platanthera chlorantha LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Poa alpina VU D2 5 100s? 6 It is difficult to estimate numbers but they are likely to number in the low hundreds. Locations are within gullies or on ledges and so are susceptible to land slip. LC Poa angustifolia LC 91 LC Poa annua LC LC Poa bulbosa LC 97 LC Poa compressa LC 87 VU Poa glauca VU D2 5 100s? 5 Like Poa alpina, it is difficult to estimate numbers but they are likely to number in the low hundreds. Locations are within gullies or on ledges and so are susceptible to land slip. LC Poa humilis LC LC Poa infirma LC N2 100 LC Poa nemoralis LC LC Poa pratensis s.l. LC LC Poa pratensis s.s.. LC LC Poa trivialis LC LC Polemonium caeruleum LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Polycarpon tetraphyllum LC N2 100 EN Polygala amarella EN A2c AOO trend >50 15 c.950 100 P. amarella subsp. amarella and P. amarella subsp. austriaca are not included as separate taxa in this List, but a separate threat assessment of VU and CR respectively has been calculated, pending a decision on whether to include them as separate taxa on the Main List. LC Polygala calcarea LC N2 100 LC Polygala serpyllifolia NT A2c AOO trend 22

137 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Polygala vulgaris LC DD Polygala vulgaris subsp. DD collina LC Polygala vulgaris subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgaris LC Polygonatum multiflorum LC 95 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Polygonatum odoratum LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Polygonatum verticillatum RE LC Polygonum arenastrum LC LC Polygonum aviculare LC LC Polygonum aviculare agg. LC VU Polygonum maritimum VU D1 <1000 100 LC Polygonum oxyspermum LC LC Polygonum rurivagum LC LC Polypodium cambricum LC LC Polypodium interjectum LC LC Polypodium vulgare LC LC Polypodium vulgare s.l. LC LC Polypogon monspeliensis LC N2 100 LC Polystichum aculeatum LC VU Polystichum lonchitis EN D 14? c.250 7 Recent population data from the DDb and RPRs suggest a population not in excess of 250 mature individuals. However, a repeat survey of all locations is desirable so that an accurate count can be determined. LC Polystichum setiferum LC LC Populus nigra LC 90 The sole native subspecies in England is Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia. LC Populus tremula LC CR Potamogeton acutifolius EN C2a(i) <2500 100 LC Potamogeton alpinus VU A2c AOO and 47 42 EOO trend LC Potamogeton berchtoldii LC LC Potamogeton coloratus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Potamogeton compressus EN A2c AOO trend 57 87 LC Potamogeton crispus LC 76 LC Potamogeton filiformis RE Not seen since 1992 at its sole England locality. See Section 6.4. NT Potamogeton friesii VU A2c AOO trend 48 LC Potamogeton gramineus NT A2c AOO trend 27 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Potamogeton lucens LC 92 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton natans LC VU Potamogeton nodosus VU D2 5 100 LC Potamogeton obtusifolius LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 48% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton pectinatus LC 81

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Polygala vulgaris LC DD Polygala vulgaris subsp. DD collina LC Polygala vulgaris subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgaris LC Polygonatum multiflorum LC 95 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Polygonatum odoratum LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Polygonatum verticillatum RE LC Polygonum arenastrum LC LC Polygonum aviculare LC LC Polygonum aviculare agg. LC VU Polygonum maritimum VU D1 <1000 100 LC Polygonum oxyspermum LC LC Polygonum rurivagum LC LC Polypodium cambricum LC LC Polypodium interjectum LC LC Polypodium vulgare LC LC Polypodium vulgare s.l. LC LC Polypogon monspeliensis LC N2 100 LC Polystichum aculeatum LC VU Polystichum lonchitis EN D 14? c.250 7 Recent population data from the DDb and RPRs suggest a population not in excess of 250 mature individuals. However, a repeat survey of all locations is desirable so that an accurate count can be determined. LC Polystichum setiferum LC LC Populus nigra LC 90 The sole native subspecies in England is Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia. LC Populus tremula LC CR Potamogeton acutifolius EN C2a(i) <2500 100 LC Potamogeton alpinus VU A2c AOO and 47 42 EOO trend LC Potamogeton berchtoldii LC LC Potamogeton coloratus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Potamogeton compressus EN A2c AOO trend 57 87 LC Potamogeton crispus LC 76 LC Potamogeton filiformis RE Not seen since 1992 at its sole England locality. See Section 6.4. NT Potamogeton friesii VU A2c AOO trend 48 LC Potamogeton gramineus NT A2c AOO trend 27 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Potamogeton lucens LC 92 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton natans LC VU Potamogeton nodosus VU D2 5 100 LC Potamogeton obtusifolius LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 48% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton pectinatus LC 81

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Potamogeton perfoliatus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton polygonifolius LC NT Potamogeton praelongus EN A2c AOO trend 69 LC Potamogeton pusillus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton trichoides LC 90 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potentilla anglica LC LC Potentilla anserina LC NT Potentilla argentea NT A2C AOO trend 26 94 LC Potentilla crantzii LC LC Potentilla erecta NT A2C AOO trend 26 LC Potentilla erecta subsp. NT A2C AOO trend Assume NT as species. erecta LC Potentilla erecta subsp. DD strictissima NT Potentilla fruticosa NT B; D <25 <10000 100 A decline in population has been recorded in recent years in the River Tees subpopulations (S. Hedley pers. comm.), and repeat surveys at native locations are required to assess the current status of this species in England. LC Potentilla reptans LC LC Potentilla sterilis LC LC Potentilla tabernaemontani LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Potentilla neumanniana) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Poterium sanguisorba LC 90 The sole native subspecies in England is Poterium sanguisorba subsp. sanguisorba. (Sanguisorba minor) NT Primula elatior LC 100 VU Primula farinosa NT A2c AOO trend 23 100 Formerly present in Scotland (VC78), but now only extant in England. LC Primula veris LC 81 LC Primula vulgaris LC LC Prunella vulgaris LC LC Prunus avium LC LC Prunus cerasus NT A2c AOO trend 29 76 Arch LC Prunus domestica LC 79 Arch LC Prunus domestica subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. domestica LC Prunus domestica subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. insititia LC Prunus domestica subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. italica LC Prunus padus LC LC Prunus spinosa LC VU Pseudorchis albida VU C2a(i); D1 <1000 10 LC Pteridium aquilinum LC LC Puccinellia distans LC The sole native subspecies in England is Puccinellia distans subsp. distans. VU Puccinellia fasciculata NT A2c AOO trend 23 100 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Puccinellia maritima LC 94

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Potamogeton perfoliatus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton polygonifolius LC NT Potamogeton praelongus EN A2c AOO trend 69 LC Potamogeton pusillus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potamogeton trichoides LC 90 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Potentilla anglica LC LC Potentilla anserina LC NT Potentilla argentea NT A2C AOO trend 26 94 LC Potentilla crantzii LC LC Potentilla erecta NT A2C AOO trend 26 LC Potentilla erecta subsp. NT A2C AOO trend Assume NT as species. erecta LC Potentilla erecta subsp. DD strictissima NT Potentilla fruticosa NT B; D <25 <10000 100 A decline in population has been recorded in recent years in the River Tees subpopulations (S. Hedley pers. comm.), and repeat surveys at native locations are required to assess the current status of this species in England. LC Potentilla reptans LC LC Potentilla sterilis LC LC Potentilla tabernaemontani LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a (Potentilla neumanniana) proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Poterium sanguisorba LC 90 The sole native subspecies in England is Poterium sanguisorba subsp. sanguisorba. (Sanguisorba minor) NT Primula elatior LC 100 VU Primula farinosa NT A2c AOO trend 23 100 Formerly present in Scotland (VC78), but now only extant in England. LC Primula veris LC 81 LC Primula vulgaris LC LC Prunella vulgaris LC LC Prunus avium LC LC Prunus cerasus NT A2c AOO trend 29 76 Arch LC Prunus domestica LC 79 Arch LC Prunus domestica subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. domestica LC Prunus domestica subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. insititia LC Prunus domestica subsp. LC Arch Assumed LC as species. italica LC Prunus padus LC LC Prunus spinosa LC VU Pseudorchis albida VU C2a(i); D1 <1000 10 LC Pteridium aquilinum LC LC Puccinellia distans LC The sole native subspecies in England is Puccinellia distans subsp. distans. VU Puccinellia fasciculata NT A2c AOO trend 23 100 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. LC Puccinellia maritima LC 94

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Puccinellia rupestris LC possibly LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Pulicaria dysenterica LC 87 CR Pulicaria vulgaris EN A2ac AOO and 51 53 >50000 100 The threat status is based on AOO and EOO trends and also Steven & Thomas (2013). EOO trend LC Pulmonaria longifolia LC N2 possibly 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Pulmonaria obscura VU D1; D2 3 c.600 100 VU Pulsatilla vulgaris VU A2c AOO trend 34 100 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. VU Pyrola media EN D 11? <250 7 Threat is based on the most recent estimate of mature individuals for all locations using information from the DDb and relevant RPRs. LC Pyrola minor NT A2c AOO trend 25 LC Pyrola rotundifolia LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. LC Assume LC as species. maritima NT Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. VU A2c AOO trend >30 rotundifolia LC Pyrus communis s.l. LC 90 Arch VU Pyrus cordata EN D 40-60 N2 100 The threat status (and population estimate) is based on the number of mature individuals, with groups of suckers counted as one individual. This deviates from the GB method for estimating population size which attempted to include each suckering stem as an individual. LC Quercus petraea LC LC Quercus robur LC NT Radiola linoides VU A2c AOO trend 41 LC Ranunculus acris LC LC Ranunculus aquatilis LC 78 CR Ranunculus arvensis EN A2c AOO and 77 69 94 Arch EOO trend LC Ranunculus auricomus LC 83 LC Ranunculus baudotii LC LC Ranunculus bulbosus LC LC Ranunculus circinatus LC 92 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus flammula VU A2c AOO trend 32 The sole native subspecies in England is Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula. LC Ranunculus fluitans LC 84 LC Ranunculus hederaceus LC LC Ranunculus lingua LC 77 LC Ranunculus omiophyllus LC VU Ranunculus ophioglossifolius CR D 2 <50 100 Very low numbers in 2013, seed bank longevity believed to be transient, and suitable habitat becoming dominated by Phalaris arundinacea (R. Lansdown pers. comm.). Urgent action is required for this England-only species. LC Ranunculus parviflorus LC N2 90 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus peltatus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus penicillatus LC 81 LC Ranunculus penicillatus LC subsp. penicillatus

142 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Puccinellia rupestris LC possibly LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Pulicaria dysenterica LC 87 CR Pulicaria vulgaris EN A2ac AOO and 51 53 >50000 100 The threat status is based on AOO and EOO trends and also Steven & Thomas (2013). EOO trend LC Pulmonaria longifolia LC N2 possibly 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 38% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Pulmonaria obscura VU D1; D2 3 c.600 100 VU Pulsatilla vulgaris VU A2c AOO trend 34 100 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. VU Pyrola media EN D 11? <250 7 Threat is based on the most recent estimate of mature individuals for all locations using information from the DDb and relevant RPRs. LC Pyrola minor NT A2c AOO trend 25 LC Pyrola rotundifolia LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. LC Assume LC as species. maritima NT Pyrola rotundifolia subsp. VU A2c AOO trend >30 rotundifolia LC Pyrus communis s.l. LC 90 Arch VU Pyrus cordata EN D 40-60 N2 100 The threat status (and population estimate) is based on the number of mature individuals, with groups of suckers counted as one individual. This deviates from the GB method for estimating population size which attempted to include each suckering stem as an individual. LC Quercus petraea LC LC Quercus robur LC NT Radiola linoides VU A2c AOO trend 41 LC Ranunculus acris LC LC Ranunculus aquatilis LC 78 CR Ranunculus arvensis EN A2c AOO and 77 69 94 Arch EOO trend LC Ranunculus auricomus LC 83 LC Ranunculus baudotii LC LC Ranunculus bulbosus LC LC Ranunculus circinatus LC 92 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus flammula VU A2c AOO trend 32 The sole native subspecies in England is Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula. LC Ranunculus fluitans LC 84 LC Ranunculus hederaceus LC LC Ranunculus lingua LC 77 LC Ranunculus omiophyllus LC VU Ranunculus ophioglossifolius CR D 2 <50 100 Very low numbers in 2013, seed bank longevity believed to be transient, and suitable habitat becoming dominated by Phalaris arundinacea (R. Lansdown pers. comm.). Urgent action is required for this England-only species. LC Ranunculus parviflorus LC N2 90 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus peltatus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus penicillatus LC 81 LC Ranunculus penicillatus LC subsp. penicillatus

143 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Ranunculus penicillatus LC subsp. pseudofluitans LC Ranunculus repens LC VU Ranunculus reptans CR D 1 <50 Tourist pressures and very small extent of population make this sole location distinctly vulnerable with a plausible threat. LC Ranunculus sardous LC 92 Native or alien. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus sceleratus LC 81 LC Ranunculus trichophyllus LC 77 EN Ranunculus tripartitus EN A2c AOO and 57 79 EOO trend LC Raphanus raphanistrum LC LC Raphanus raphanistrum LC subsp. maritimus LC Raphanus raphanistrum LC Arch subsp. raphanistrum LC Reseda lutea LC 89 Native or alien. LC Reseda luteola LC 81 Arch LC Rhamnus cathartica LC 96 LC Rhinanthus angustifolius LC 82 Arch LC Rhinanthus minor LC DD Rhinanthus minor subsp. DD yes 100 Insufficient mapping data. The taxon may be endemic to GB, but equally it may have been calcareus overlooked in northern Europe. WL Rhinanthus minor subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. minor DD Rhinanthus minor subsp. DD Insufficient mapping data. monticola WL Rhinanthus minor subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. stenophyllus LC Rhynchospora alba NT A2c AOO and 29 27 EOO trend LC Rhynchospora fusca LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ribes alpinum LC 100 LC Ribes rubrum LC Native or alien. LC Ribes spicatum LC VU Romulea columnae VU D2 2 >3000 N2 100 The population estimate is from 2011. LC Rorippa amphibia LC 99 LC Rorippa palustris LC 77 LC Rorippa sylvestris LC 79 NT Rosa agrestis NT D <10000 89 LC Rosa arvensis LC 85 LC Rosa caesia LC LC Rosa caesia subsp. caesia LC LC Rosa caesia subsp. vosagiaca LC LC Rosa canina s.s. LC LC Rosa micrantha LC 85 LC Rosa mollis LC

144 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Ranunculus penicillatus LC subsp. pseudofluitans LC Ranunculus repens LC VU Ranunculus reptans CR D 1 <50 Tourist pressures and very small extent of population make this sole location distinctly vulnerable with a plausible threat. LC Ranunculus sardous LC 92 Native or alien. LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ranunculus sceleratus LC 81 LC Ranunculus trichophyllus LC 77 EN Ranunculus tripartitus EN A2c AOO and 57 79 EOO trend LC Raphanus raphanistrum LC LC Raphanus raphanistrum LC subsp. maritimus LC Raphanus raphanistrum LC Arch subsp. raphanistrum LC Reseda lutea LC 89 Native or alien. LC Reseda luteola LC 81 Arch LC Rhamnus cathartica LC 96 LC Rhinanthus angustifolius LC 82 Arch LC Rhinanthus minor LC DD Rhinanthus minor subsp. DD yes 100 Insufficient mapping data. The taxon may be endemic to GB, but equally it may have been calcareus overlooked in northern Europe. WL Rhinanthus minor subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. minor DD Rhinanthus minor subsp. DD Insufficient mapping data. monticola WL Rhinanthus minor subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. stenophyllus LC Rhynchospora alba NT A2c AOO and 29 27 EOO trend LC Rhynchospora fusca LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ribes alpinum LC 100 LC Ribes rubrum LC Native or alien. LC Ribes spicatum LC VU Romulea columnae VU D2 2 >3000 N2 100 The population estimate is from 2011. LC Rorippa amphibia LC 99 LC Rorippa palustris LC 77 LC Rorippa sylvestris LC 79 NT Rosa agrestis NT D <10000 89 LC Rosa arvensis LC 85 LC Rosa caesia LC LC Rosa caesia subsp. caesia LC LC Rosa caesia subsp. vosagiaca LC LC Rosa canina s.s. LC LC Rosa micrantha LC 85 LC Rosa mollis LC

145 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Rosa obtusifolia LC 94 LC Rosa rubiginosa LC LC Rosa sherardii LC LC Rosa spinosissima (Rosa LC pimpinellifolia) LC Rosa stylosa LC 94 LC Rosa tomentosa LC 89 LC Rubia peregrina LC 76 LC Rubus caesius LC 88 LC Rubus chamaemorus LC LC Rubus fruticosus agg. LC LC Rubus idaeus LC LC Rubus saxatilis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Rumex acetosa LC LC Rumex acetosa subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. acetosa WL Rumex acetosa subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. biformis LC Rumex acetosa subsp. DD Insufficient mapping data. hibernicus LC Rumex acetosella LC LC Rumex acetosella subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. acetosella LC Rumex acetosella subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. pyrenaicus LC Rumex conglomeratus LC 82 LC Rumex crispus LC LC Rumex crispus subsp. crispus LC Assumed LC as species. LC Rumex crispus subsp. LC littoreus LC Rumex crispus subsp. LC uliginosus LC Rumex hydrolapathum LC 89 LC Rumex longifolius LC LC Rumex maritimus LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Rumex obtusifolius LC LC Rumex palustris LC 98 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Rumex pulcher LC N2 99 The sole native subspecies in England is Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher. EN Rumex rupestris VU D1 c.700 yes 87 LC Rumex sanguineus LC NT Ruppia cirrhosa LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 48% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ruppia maritima NT A2c AOO trend 25 LC Ruscus aculeatus LC N2 99

146 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Rosa obtusifolia LC 94 LC Rosa rubiginosa LC LC Rosa sherardii LC LC Rosa spinosissima (Rosa LC pimpinellifolia) LC Rosa stylosa LC 94 LC Rosa tomentosa LC 89 LC Rubia peregrina LC 76 LC Rubus caesius LC 88 LC Rubus chamaemorus LC LC Rubus fruticosus agg. LC LC Rubus idaeus LC LC Rubus saxatilis LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Rumex acetosa LC LC Rumex acetosa subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. acetosa WL Rumex acetosa subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data. biformis LC Rumex acetosa subsp. DD Insufficient mapping data. hibernicus LC Rumex acetosella LC LC Rumex acetosella subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. acetosella LC Rumex acetosella subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. pyrenaicus LC Rumex conglomeratus LC 82 LC Rumex crispus LC LC Rumex crispus subsp. crispus LC Assumed LC as species. LC Rumex crispus subsp. LC littoreus LC Rumex crispus subsp. LC uliginosus LC Rumex hydrolapathum LC 89 LC Rumex longifolius LC LC Rumex maritimus LC 97 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Rumex obtusifolius LC LC Rumex palustris LC 98 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Rumex pulcher LC N2 99 The sole native subspecies in England is Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher. EN Rumex rupestris VU D1 c.700 yes 87 LC Rumex sanguineus LC NT Ruppia cirrhosa LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 48% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Ruppia maritima NT A2c AOO trend 25 LC Ruscus aculeatus LC N2 99

147 A Vascular Plant Red List for England

GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Sagina apetala (Sagina LC apetala subsp. apetala) LC Sagina apetala s.l. LC LC Sagina filicaulis (Sagina LC apetala subsp. erecta) LC Sagina maritima LC LC Sagina nodosa VU A2c AOO and 36 39 EOO trend LC Sagina procumbens LC LC Sagina subulata NT A2c AOO trend 21 LC Sagittaria sagittifolia LC 99 LC Salicornia dolichostachya LC DD Salicornia emerici DD 88 (Salicornia nitens) LC Salicornia europaea LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salicornia fragilis LC 80 DD Salicornia obscura DD 100 LC Salicornia pusilla LC yes 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salicornia ramosissima LC LC Salix alba LC 78 Arch LC Salix aurita LC LC Salix caprea LC LC Salix caprea subsp. caprea LC Assumed LC as species. LC Salix caprea subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. sphacelata LC Salix cinerea LC LC Salix cinerea subsp. cinerea LC Assumed LC as species. LC Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia LC Assumed LC as species. LC Salix fragilis LC Arch LC Salix herbacea LC 4 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Salix lapponum CR D 2 <50 1 One of the two native locations has been augmented with plantings. There is also a third location supporting an introduction of 25 plantings, but this is not included in the threat assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Salix myrsinifolia LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 54% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salix pentandra LC LC Salix phylicifolia LC S2 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salix purpurea LC LC Salix repens NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Salix triandra LC 89 Arch LC Salix viminalis LC Arch VU Salsola kali LC The sole native subspecies in England is Salsola kali subsp. kali. It is LC for the period 1930- 1999, but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Sagina apetala (Sagina LC apetala subsp. apetala) LC Sagina apetala s.l. LC LC Sagina filicaulis (Sagina LC apetala subsp. erecta) LC Sagina maritima LC LC Sagina nodosa VU A2c AOO and 36 39 EOO trend LC Sagina procumbens LC LC Sagina subulata NT A2c AOO trend 21 LC Sagittaria sagittifolia LC 99 LC Salicornia dolichostachya LC DD Salicornia emerici DD 88 (Salicornia nitens) LC Salicornia europaea LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salicornia fragilis LC 80 DD Salicornia obscura DD 100 LC Salicornia pusilla LC yes 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 37% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salicornia ramosissima LC LC Salix alba LC 78 Arch LC Salix aurita LC LC Salix caprea LC LC Salix caprea subsp. caprea LC Assumed LC as species. LC Salix caprea subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. sphacelata LC Salix cinerea LC LC Salix cinerea subsp. cinerea LC Assumed LC as species. LC Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia LC Assumed LC as species. LC Salix fragilis LC Arch LC Salix herbacea LC 4 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 34% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Salix lapponum CR D 2 <50 1 One of the two native locations has been augmented with plantings. There is also a third location supporting an introduction of 25 plantings, but this is not included in the threat assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Salix myrsinifolia LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 54% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salix pentandra LC LC Salix phylicifolia LC S2 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 35% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Salix purpurea LC LC Salix repens NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Salix triandra LC 89 Arch LC Salix viminalis LC Arch VU Salsola kali LC The sole native subspecies in England is Salsola kali subsp. kali. It is LC for the period 1930- 1999, but a 39% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records, including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7.

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? NT Salvia pratensis NT A2c AOO and 21 21 95 Native or alien. EOO trend LC Salvia verbenaca NT A2c AOO trend 21 95 LC Sambucus ebulus LC Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Sambucus nigra LC LC Samolus valerandi LC LC Sanguisorba officinalis LC 85 LC Sanicula europaea NT A2c AOO trend 27 LC Saponaria officinalis LC 79 Arch LC Sarcocornia perennis LC 97 LC Saussurea alpina VU D1 9? <1000 2 There is evidence of decline (c.20% of locations?) in the Central Lakes, but the assessment is based on the population estimate as this gives the greater threat status. LC Saxifraga aizoides LC 8 LC Saxifraga granulata LC VU Saxifraga hirculus LC 13 450000 See Section 7. VU Saxifraga hypnoides LC S2 LC Saxifraga nivalis CR D 3 <50 4 In England, this species is only present in Cumbria. All locations are small and vulnerable to disturbance (Porter & Halliday in press). LC Saxifraga oppositifolia LC 2 LC Saxifraga stellaris LC LC Saxifraga tridactylites LC 82 LC Scabiosa columbaria LC 93 CR Scandix pecten-veneris EN A2c AOO and 78 76 97 Arch EOO trend LC Schedonorus arundinaceus LC (Festuca arundinacea) LC Schedonorus giganteus LC (Festuca gigantea) LC Schedonorus pratensis LC (Festuca pratensis) LC Scheuchzeria palustris RE All English locations were lost before 1900 due to drainage and eutrophication (Rumsey 2002b). LC Schoenoplectus lacustris LC LC Schoenoplectus LC tabernaemontani CR Schoenoplectus triqueter CR C2a(i); D 1 6 100 On the brink of extinction, with all native plants lost and only introduced plants surviving. Introductions are included in the threat assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. An estimate of population size is problematic, and so for the purposes of this Red List one subpopulation equates to one 'mature individual'. The genome of this species survives in hybrids with S. tabernaemontani and possibly S. lacustris at a number of locations in S. E. England. LC Schoenus nigricans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Scilla autumnalis LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Scilla verna LC possibly EN Scirpoides holoschoenus VU D2 2 100 LC Scirpus sylvaticus LC 75 EN Scleranthus annuus EN A2c AOO and 67 64 EOO trend

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments NT Salvia pratensis NT A2c AOO and 21 21 95 Native or alien. EOO trend LC Salvia verbenaca NT A2c AOO trend 21 95 LC Sambucus ebulus LC Arch LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Sambucus nigra LC LC Samolus valerandi LC LC Sanguisorba officinalis LC 85 LC Sanicula europaea NT A2c AOO trend 27 LC Saponaria officinalis LC 79 Arch LC Sarcocornia perennis LC 97 LC Saussurea alpina VU D1 9? <1000 2 There is evidence of decline (c.20% of locations?) in the Central Lakes, but the assessment is based on the population estimate as this gives the greater threat status. LC Saxifraga aizoides LC 8 LC Saxifraga granulata LC VU Saxifraga hirculus LC 13 450000 See Section 7. VU Saxifraga hypnoides LC S2 LC Saxifraga nivalis CR D 3 <50 4 In England, this species is only present in Cumbria. All locations are small and vulnerable to disturbance (Porter & Halliday in press). LC Saxifraga oppositifolia LC 2 LC Saxifraga stellaris LC LC Saxifraga tridactylites LC 82 LC Scabiosa columbaria LC 93 CR Scandix pecten-veneris EN A2c AOO and 78 76 97 Arch EOO trend LC Schedonorus arundinaceus LC (Festuca arundinacea) LC Schedonorus giganteus LC (Festuca gigantea) LC Schedonorus pratensis LC (Festuca pratensis) LC Scheuchzeria palustris RE All English locations were lost before 1900 due to drainage and eutrophication (Rumsey 2002b). LC Schoenoplectus lacustris LC LC Schoenoplectus LC tabernaemontani CR Schoenoplectus triqueter CR C2a(i); D 1 6 100 On the brink of extinction, with all native plants lost and only introduced plants surviving. Introductions are included in the threat assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. An estimate of population size is problematic, and so for the purposes of this Red List one subpopulation equates to one 'mature individual'. The genome of this species survives in hybrids with S. tabernaemontani and possibly S. lacustris at a number of locations in S. E. England. LC Schoenus nigricans LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 44% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Scilla autumnalis LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Scilla verna LC possibly EN Scirpoides holoschoenus VU D2 2 100 LC Scirpus sylvaticus LC 75 EN Scleranthus annuus EN A2c AOO and 67 64 EOO trend

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? EN Scleranthus annuus subsp. EN Assume EN as species. annuus DD Scleranthus annuus subsp. DD polycarpos EN Scleranthus perennis subsp. EN A2ac AOO trend yes yes 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Scleranthus perennis subsp. prostratus. Lost from prostratus two sites in the past 10 years. Only one extant location (Lakenheath) has not been bolstered by seeding (Y. Leonard pers. comm.). VU Scorzonera humilis VU D2 1 >60000 LC Scorzoneroides autumnalis LC (Leontodon autumnalis) LC Scrophularia auriculata LC 89 LC Scrophularia nodosa LC LC Scrophularia umbrosa LC LC Scutellaria galericulata LC LC Scutellaria minor LC LC Sedum acre LC LC Sedum album LC 78 Arch LC Sedum anglicum LC LC Sedum forsterianum LC LC Sedum rosea LC 4 LC Sedum telephium LC NT Sedum villosum VU A2c EOO trend 50 The EOO decline of 50% just meets the EN threat category. However, it is likely to still be present in many upland areas with no post-1987 record (Croft 2002) and so the threat status has been downgraded to VU. LC Selaginella selaginoides LC VU Selinum carvifolia EN B1ab(i-v) 2? 10500 100 S. carvifolia has been reported as lost from one of the three known locations in the Fens of +2ab(i-v) Cambridgeshire (J. Cadbury pers. comm.). c.99% of the GB population is now located at one location. A recent experimental introduction on restored farmland in 2009 is not included in the assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Senecio aquaticus NT A2c AOO trend 24 EW Senecio eboracensis EW yes yes Introductions of this EW taxon have taken place in York in 2014. LC Senecio erucifolius LC 92 LC Senecio jacobaea LC CR Senecio paludosus CR D 2 27 100 The long established (>20 years) introduction at Woodwalton Fen NNR was included in the assessment. This introduction holds c.95% of the GB population. LC Senecio sylvaticus LC LC Senecio vulgaris LC LC Senecio vulgaris subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgaris WL Senecio vulgaris subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. denticulatus WL Serapias parviflora WL 1 0 N2 100 Possible natural colonist first recorded in 1994. Recent accounts from N. W. France suggest that the putative native range may be expanding, and long-distance seed dispersal is plausible. The location was augmented in 1998, and no plants have been recorded since 2008. LC Serratula tinctoria LC 76 NT Seseli libanotis NT B; D <30 <10000 100 LC Sesleria caerulea LC 95 LC Sherardia arvensis LC 82

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments EN Scleranthus annuus subsp. EN Assume EN as species. annuus DD Scleranthus annuus subsp. DD polycarpos EN Scleranthus perennis subsp. EN A2ac AOO trend yes yes 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Scleranthus perennis subsp. prostratus. Lost from prostratus two sites in the past 10 years. Only one extant location (Lakenheath) has not been bolstered by seeding (Y. Leonard pers. comm.). VU Scorzonera humilis VU D2 1 >60000 LC Scorzoneroides autumnalis LC (Leontodon autumnalis) LC Scrophularia auriculata LC 89 LC Scrophularia nodosa LC LC Scrophularia umbrosa LC LC Scutellaria galericulata LC LC Scutellaria minor LC LC Sedum acre LC LC Sedum album LC 78 Arch LC Sedum anglicum LC LC Sedum forsterianum LC LC Sedum rosea LC 4 LC Sedum telephium LC NT Sedum villosum VU A2c EOO trend 50 The EOO decline of 50% just meets the EN threat category. However, it is likely to still be present in many upland areas with no post-1987 record (Croft 2002) and so the threat status has been downgraded to VU. LC Selaginella selaginoides LC VU Selinum carvifolia EN B1ab(i-v) 2? 10500 100 S. carvifolia has been reported as lost from one of the three known locations in the Fens of +2ab(i-v) Cambridgeshire (J. Cadbury pers. comm.). c.99% of the GB population is now located at one location. A recent experimental introduction on restored farmland in 2009 is not included in the assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Senecio aquaticus NT A2c AOO trend 24 EW Senecio eboracensis EW yes yes Introductions of this EW taxon have taken place in York in 2014. LC Senecio erucifolius LC 92 LC Senecio jacobaea LC CR Senecio paludosus CR D 2 27 100 The long established (>20 years) introduction at Woodwalton Fen NNR was included in the assessment. This introduction holds c.95% of the GB population. LC Senecio sylvaticus LC LC Senecio vulgaris LC LC Senecio vulgaris subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. vulgaris WL Senecio vulgaris subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. denticulatus WL Serapias parviflora WL 1 0 N2 100 Possible natural colonist first recorded in 1994. Recent accounts from N. W. France suggest that the putative native range may be expanding, and long-distance seed dispersal is plausible. The location was augmented in 1998, and no plants have been recorded since 2008. LC Serratula tinctoria LC 76 NT Seseli libanotis NT B; D <30 <10000 100 LC Sesleria caerulea LC 95 LC Sherardia arvensis LC 82

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Sibthorpia europaea LC possibly 84 LC Silaum silaus LC 95 LC Silene acaulis VU D1 9 250 1 VU Silene conica EN A2c AOO trend 51 91 LC Silene dioica LC LC Silene flos-cuculi (Lychnis NT A2c AOO trend 25 flos-cuculi) EN Silene gallica EN A2c AOO trend 79 75 Arch The historical decline of S. gallica is very close to the CR threshold for AOO. However, many of the extant subpopulations are now considered to be stable and a few hold many hundreds of individuals, into the low thousands. LC Silene latifolia LC VU Silene noctiflora VU A2c AOO and 57 52 97 Arch AOO and EOO trends would indicate EN, but since 1999 the taxon has shown signs of recovery EOO trend due to agri-environment schemes and so is cautiously assessed as VU for this Red List. NT Silene nutans NT A2c EOO trend 26 EN Silene otites EN A2c AOO trend 58 100 VU Silene suecica (Lychnis CR D 1 50 alpina) LC Silene uniflora LC LC Silene vulgaris LC 81 LC Silybum marianum LC 89 Arch LC Sinapis alba LC Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Sinapis alba subsp. alba. LC Sinapis arvensis LC Arch LC Sison amomum LC N2 96 LC Sisymbrium officinale LC Arch EN Sium latifolium EN A2c AOO and 60 77 100 EOO trend LC Smyrnium olusatrum LC 81 Arch LC Solanum dulcamara LC 75 LC Solanum nigrum LC 90 Native or alien. LC Solidago virgaurea NT A2c AOO trend 24 LC Sonchus arvensis LC LC Sonchus asper LC LC Sonchus oleraceus LC LC Sonchus palustris LC 100 EN Sorbus admonitor EN D 110 yes yes 100 A long-known but only recently described species (Rich & Proctor 2009), restricted to the East Lyn Valley in Devon. NT Sorbus anglica VU D1 <1000 The total GB population is estimated at >1000 trees, but <40% of locations are within England, and it is probable that the population in England is closer to 500 individuals. LC Sorbus aria LC N2 98 LC Sorbus aucuparia LC VU Sorbus bristoliensis VU D1; D2 1 291 yes yes 100 The population estimate is based on field data collected in 2013 (L. Houston pers.comm.). CR Sorbus cheddarensis CR D 48 yes yes 100 Endemic to Cheddar Gorge, Somerset. The estimate includes seven currently unconfirmed mature individuals (L. Houston pers.comm.). LC Sorbus devoniensis LC 100 CR Sorbus domestica CR D 3 <30 N2 80 VU Sorbus eminens VU D1 ?400 yes yes 88 The GB population is estimated at 400-500 individuals (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus eminentiformis EN D <100 yes yes

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Sibthorpia europaea LC possibly 84 LC Silaum silaus LC 95 LC Silene acaulis VU D1 9 250 1 VU Silene conica EN A2c AOO trend 51 91 LC Silene dioica LC LC Silene flos-cuculi (Lychnis NT A2c AOO trend 25 flos-cuculi) EN Silene gallica EN A2c AOO trend 79 75 Arch The historical decline of S. gallica is very close to the CR threshold for AOO. However, many of the extant subpopulations are now considered to be stable and a few hold many hundreds of individuals, into the low thousands. LC Silene latifolia LC VU Silene noctiflora VU A2c AOO and 57 52 97 Arch AOO and EOO trends would indicate EN, but since 1999 the taxon has shown signs of recovery EOO trend due to agri-environment schemes and so is cautiously assessed as VU for this Red List. NT Silene nutans NT A2c EOO trend 26 EN Silene otites EN A2c AOO trend 58 100 VU Silene suecica (Lychnis CR D 1 50 alpina) LC Silene uniflora LC LC Silene vulgaris LC 81 LC Silybum marianum LC 89 Arch LC Sinapis alba LC Arch The sole archaeophyte subspecies in England is Sinapis alba subsp. alba. LC Sinapis arvensis LC Arch LC Sison amomum LC N2 96 LC Sisymbrium officinale LC Arch EN Sium latifolium EN A2c AOO and 60 77 100 EOO trend LC Smyrnium olusatrum LC 81 Arch LC Solanum dulcamara LC 75 LC Solanum nigrum LC 90 Native or alien. LC Solidago virgaurea NT A2c AOO trend 24 LC Sonchus arvensis LC LC Sonchus asper LC LC Sonchus oleraceus LC LC Sonchus palustris LC 100 EN Sorbus admonitor EN D 110 yes yes 100 A long-known but only recently described species (Rich & Proctor 2009), restricted to the East Lyn Valley in Devon. NT Sorbus anglica VU D1 <1000 The total GB population is estimated at >1000 trees, but <40% of locations are within England, and it is probable that the population in England is closer to 500 individuals. LC Sorbus aria LC N2 98 LC Sorbus aucuparia LC VU Sorbus bristoliensis VU D1; D2 1 291 yes yes 100 The population estimate is based on field data collected in 2013 (L. Houston pers.comm.). CR Sorbus cheddarensis CR D 48 yes yes 100 Endemic to Cheddar Gorge, Somerset. The estimate includes seven currently unconfirmed mature individuals (L. Houston pers.comm.). LC Sorbus devoniensis LC 100 CR Sorbus domestica CR D 3 <30 N2 80 VU Sorbus eminens VU D1 ?400 yes yes 88 The GB population is estimated at 400-500 individuals (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus eminentiformis EN D <100 yes yes

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? CR Sorbus eminentoides CR D 28 yes yes 100 Endemic to Cheddar Gorge. The estimate in 2014 includes nine currently unconfirmed mature individuals (L. Houston pers.comm.). Sorbus evansii EN D 70 yes yes 100 Endemic: Recorded from Herefordshire, Gloucestershire. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). Sorbus greenii EN D >59 yes yes 100 Endemic to the Great Doward, Herefordshire. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). Sorbus herefordensis EN D 118 yes yes 100 Endemic to the Great Doward, where it is mainly found within tall, closed limestone woodland. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). NT Sorbus lancastriensis NT D 2000 yes yes 100 Endemic to the Morecombe Bay area (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus leighensis EN D 105 yes yes 100 A recently described species, endemic to limestone rocks and screes in Avon Gorge. Latest population count is from Houston pers. comm. (2013), and excludes 24 queries. EN Sorbus margaretae EN D c.120 yes yes 100 Endemic to coastal cliffs between Combe Martin (Devon) and Culbone (Somerset) (Rich et al. 2010b). CR Sorbus parviloba CR D 8 yes yes 100 Endemic to Coldwell Rocks in the Wye Valley (Rich et al. 2010b). LC Sorbus porrigentiformis LC yes yes Sorbus richii EN D >41 yes yes 100 Endemic: Recorded from five localities along the shores of the Severn Estuary from Portishead to Clevedon. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). LC Sorbus rupicola LC S2 CR Sorbus rupicoloides CR D 16 yes yes 100 Endemic to Cheddar Gorge. CR Sorbus saxicola CR D 17 yes yes Sorbus spectans EN D >60 yes yes 100 Endemic to the cliffs, slopes and rocks of St Vincent's Rocks in the Avon Gorge near Brunel's suspension bridge. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). VU Sorbus subcuneata VU D1 c.9 300 yes yes 100 Endemic to the south coast of the Bristol Channel in North Devon and South Somerset (Rich et al. 2010b). LC Sorbus torminalis LC 89 EN Sorbus vexans EN D >70 yes yes 100 Endemic to S. W. England (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus whiteana EN D c.76 yes yes Endemic to the Avon Gorge and Wye Valley (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus wilmottiana EN D 1 97 yes yes 100 L. Houston pers.comm. (2013). LC Sparganium angustifolium LC 3 LC Sparganium emersum LC LC Sparganium erectum LC LC Sparganium natans VU A2c AOO and 38 35 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. EOO trend LC Spartina anglica LC EN Spartina maritima EN A2c EOO trend 57 N2 100 VU Spergula arvensis VU A2c AOO trend 46 LC Spergularia marina LC LC Spergularia media LC LC Spergularia rubra LC LC Spergularia rupicola LC EX Spiranthes aestivalis EX The last record in England (and therefore GB) was in 1959 from the New Forest. See Foley (2004) for detail on the demise of this species in England and across N. W. Europe. LC Spiranthes romanzoffiana RE Last seen in 1994, and searched for on numerous occasions over the past 20 years. See Section 6.4. NT Spiranthes spiralis NT A2c AOO trend 27 86 LC Spirodela polyrhiza LC 95 LC Stachys alpina WL Cultivated in GB by 1597 and first ‘wild’ record 1897. Probably a neophyte, but the European range reaches Belgium and northern France and so a UK distribution is not implausible. NT Stachys arvensis NT A2c AOO trend 30 75 Arch

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments CR Sorbus eminentoides CR D 28 yes yes 100 Endemic to Cheddar Gorge. The estimate in 2014 includes nine currently unconfirmed mature individuals (L. Houston pers.comm.). Sorbus evansii EN D 70 yes yes 100 Endemic: Recorded from Herefordshire, Gloucestershire. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). Sorbus greenii EN D >59 yes yes 100 Endemic to the Great Doward, Herefordshire. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). Sorbus herefordensis EN D 118 yes yes 100 Endemic to the Great Doward, where it is mainly found within tall, closed limestone woodland. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). NT Sorbus lancastriensis NT D 2000 yes yes 100 Endemic to the Morecombe Bay area (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus leighensis EN D 105 yes yes 100 A recently described species, endemic to limestone rocks and screes in Avon Gorge. Latest population count is from Houston pers. comm. (2013), and excludes 24 queries. EN Sorbus margaretae EN D c.120 yes yes 100 Endemic to coastal cliffs between Combe Martin (Devon) and Culbone (Somerset) (Rich et al. 2010b). CR Sorbus parviloba CR D 8 yes yes 100 Endemic to Coldwell Rocks in the Wye Valley (Rich et al. 2010b). LC Sorbus porrigentiformis LC yes yes Sorbus richii EN D >41 yes yes 100 Endemic: Recorded from five localities along the shores of the Severn Estuary from Portishead to Clevedon. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). LC Sorbus rupicola LC S2 CR Sorbus rupicoloides CR D 16 yes yes 100 Endemic to Cheddar Gorge. CR Sorbus saxicola CR D 17 yes yes Sorbus spectans EN D >60 yes yes 100 Endemic to the cliffs, slopes and rocks of St Vincent's Rocks in the Avon Gorge near Brunel's suspension bridge. A new species described in Rich et al. (2014). VU Sorbus subcuneata VU D1 c.9 300 yes yes 100 Endemic to the south coast of the Bristol Channel in North Devon and South Somerset (Rich et al. 2010b). LC Sorbus torminalis LC 89 EN Sorbus vexans EN D >70 yes yes 100 Endemic to S. W. England (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus whiteana EN D c.76 yes yes Endemic to the Avon Gorge and Wye Valley (Rich et al. 2010b). EN Sorbus wilmottiana EN D 1 97 yes yes 100 L. Houston pers.comm. (2013). LC Sparganium angustifolium LC 3 LC Sparganium emersum LC LC Sparganium erectum LC LC Sparganium natans VU A2c AOO and 38 35 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. EOO trend LC Spartina anglica LC EN Spartina maritima EN A2c EOO trend 57 N2 100 VU Spergula arvensis VU A2c AOO trend 46 LC Spergularia marina LC LC Spergularia media LC LC Spergularia rubra LC LC Spergularia rupicola LC EX Spiranthes aestivalis EX The last record in England (and therefore GB) was in 1959 from the New Forest. See Foley (2004) for detail on the demise of this species in England and across N. W. Europe. LC Spiranthes romanzoffiana RE Last seen in 1994, and searched for on numerous occasions over the past 20 years. See Section 6.4. NT Spiranthes spiralis NT A2c AOO trend 27 86 LC Spirodela polyrhiza LC 95 LC Stachys alpina WL Cultivated in GB by 1597 and first ‘wild’ record 1897. Probably a neophyte, but the European range reaches Belgium and northern France and so a UK distribution is not implausible. NT Stachys arvensis NT A2c AOO trend 30 75 Arch

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? VU Stachys germanica EN C2a(i) 5 14 - 470 N2 100 There are five extant locations, two of which urgently require disturbance management. The population range estimate is based on counts from 2000-2013 (B. Betteridge pers. comm.). LC Stachys palustris LC LC Stachys sylvatica LC LC Stellaria alsine (Stellaria LC uliginosa) LC Stellaria graminea LC LC Stellaria holostea LC LC Stellaria media LC LC Stellaria neglecta LC 83 LC Stellaria nemorum LC LC Stellaria pallida LC 81 VU Stellaria palustris VU A2c AOO trend >30 87 The threat status is based on a rough analysis of Threatened Plant Project (TPP) data collected from 2008-2010. A more sophisticated analysis is planned for 2014/15 using data collected by BSBI recorders. NT Stratiotes aloides LC 100 LC Suaeda maritima LC LC Suaeda vera LC N2 100 LC Subularia aquatica VU D2 4? 2 All England locations are in the Lake District. There are recent (post-1999) records from four out of a possible 11 locations. The most recent records from the remaining seven locations date from the mid-late 1970s (Porter & Halliday in press). LC Succisa pratensis NT A2a AOO trend 20 LC Symphytum officinale LC 85 WL Symphytum officinale subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. bohemicum WL Symphytum officinale subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. officinale LC Tamus communis LC N2 87 LC Tanacetum parthenium LC Arch LC Tanacetum vulgare LC LC Taraxacum acutum LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England: chalk grassland, scattered distribution in S. England (nine vice-counties). LC Taraxacum agg. LC VU Taraxacum akteum DD Currently known from only a single location in North Hampshire, but native status is uncertain (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum alatum LC LC Taraxacum ancistrolobum LC LC Taraxacum anglicum VU AOO trend >30 Very locally frequent in hay-meadows liable to seasonal flooding (Dudman & Richards 1997). The AOO trend is based on perceived decline in England throughout the 20th Century (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum arenastrum LC LC Taraxacum argutum LC Taraxacum atactum LC DD Taraxacum beeftinkii DD Only found in Essex, within saltmarsh grassland and on road verges subject to maritime flooding (Dudman & Richards 1997). This rarity is very little known and needs to be revisited and surveyed (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum berthae LC Taraxacum boekmanii LC LC Taraxacum brachyglossum LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments VU Stachys germanica EN C2a(i) 5 14 - 470 N2 100 There are five extant locations, two of which urgently require disturbance management. The population range estimate is based on counts from 2000-2013 (B. Betteridge pers. comm.). LC Stachys palustris LC LC Stachys sylvatica LC LC Stellaria alsine (Stellaria LC uliginosa) LC Stellaria graminea LC LC Stellaria holostea LC LC Stellaria media LC LC Stellaria neglecta LC 83 LC Stellaria nemorum LC LC Stellaria pallida LC 81 VU Stellaria palustris VU A2c AOO trend >30 87 The threat status is based on a rough analysis of Threatened Plant Project (TPP) data collected from 2008-2010. A more sophisticated analysis is planned for 2014/15 using data collected by BSBI recorders. NT Stratiotes aloides LC 100 LC Suaeda maritima LC LC Suaeda vera LC N2 100 LC Subularia aquatica VU D2 4? 2 All England locations are in the Lake District. There are recent (post-1999) records from four out of a possible 11 locations. The most recent records from the remaining seven locations date from the mid-late 1970s (Porter & Halliday in press). LC Succisa pratensis NT A2a AOO trend 20 LC Symphytum officinale LC 85 WL Symphytum officinale subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. bohemicum WL Symphytum officinale subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. officinale LC Tamus communis LC N2 87 LC Tanacetum parthenium LC Arch LC Tanacetum vulgare LC LC Taraxacum acutum LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England: chalk grassland, scattered distribution in S. England (nine vice-counties). LC Taraxacum agg. LC VU Taraxacum akteum DD Currently known from only a single location in North Hampshire, but native status is uncertain (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum alatum LC LC Taraxacum ancistrolobum LC LC Taraxacum anglicum VU AOO trend >30 Very locally frequent in hay-meadows liable to seasonal flooding (Dudman & Richards 1997). The AOO trend is based on perceived decline in England throughout the 20th Century (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum arenastrum LC LC Taraxacum argutum LC Taraxacum atactum LC DD Taraxacum beeftinkii DD Only found in Essex, within saltmarsh grassland and on road verges subject to maritime flooding (Dudman & Richards 1997). This rarity is very little known and needs to be revisited and surveyed (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum berthae LC Taraxacum boekmanii LC LC Taraxacum brachyglossum LC

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Taraxacum bracteatum LC LC Taraxacum britannicum LC LC Taraxacum cambricum LC LC Taraxacum celticum LC LC Taraxacum cenabense LC Only known from West Sussex (Dudman & Richards 1997). The native status of this taxon is uncertain and requires further investigation (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum cherwellense LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England: recorded from five vice-counties in S. England (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum commixtum LC LC Taraxacum cophocentrum LC LC Taraxacum cordatum LC LC Taraxacum cornubiense LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England, where, as the name implies, it is only found in Cornwall. Present on old railway lines and in gardens (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum degelii LC LC Taraxacum dilatatum LC LC Taraxacum drucei LC LC Taraxacum dunense LC LC Taraxacum duplidentifrons LC LC Taraxacum LC edmondsonianum LC Taraxacum euryphyllum LC LC Taraxacum excellens LC LC Taraxacum faeroense LC LC Taraxacum fulgidum LC LC Taraxacum fulvicarpum LC LC Taraxacum fulviforme LC LC Taraxacum fulvum LC LC Taraxacum gelertii LC LC Taraxacum glauciniforme LC LC Taraxacum haematicum LC LC Taraxacum hamatiforme LC LC Taraxacum hamatulum LC LC Taraxacum hamatum LC LC Taraxacum haworthianum LC LC Taraxacum hesperium LC yes LC Taraxacum hexhamense LC yes VU Taraxacum hygrophilum VU D2 1 100 Only found in water-meadows in Kent (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum inane LC LC Taraxacum inopinatum LC yes LC Taraxacum lacistophyllum LC LC Taraxacum lancastriense LC yes LC Taraxacum landmarkii LC LC Taraxacum laticordatum LC LC Taraxacum luteum LC LC Taraxacum maculosum LC DD Taraxacum margettsii LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England, occurring in Devon and Cornwall and plentiful on the Lizard (Dudman & Richards 1997)

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Taraxacum bracteatum LC LC Taraxacum britannicum LC LC Taraxacum cambricum LC LC Taraxacum celticum LC LC Taraxacum cenabense LC Only known from West Sussex (Dudman & Richards 1997). The native status of this taxon is uncertain and requires further investigation (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum cherwellense LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England: recorded from five vice-counties in S. England (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum commixtum LC LC Taraxacum cophocentrum LC LC Taraxacum cordatum LC LC Taraxacum cornubiense LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England, where, as the name implies, it is only found in Cornwall. Present on old railway lines and in gardens (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum degelii LC LC Taraxacum dilatatum LC LC Taraxacum drucei LC LC Taraxacum dunense LC LC Taraxacum duplidentifrons LC LC Taraxacum LC edmondsonianum LC Taraxacum euryphyllum LC LC Taraxacum excellens LC LC Taraxacum faeroense LC LC Taraxacum fulgidum LC LC Taraxacum fulvicarpum LC LC Taraxacum fulviforme LC LC Taraxacum fulvum LC LC Taraxacum gelertii LC LC Taraxacum glauciniforme LC LC Taraxacum haematicum LC LC Taraxacum hamatiforme LC LC Taraxacum hamatulum LC LC Taraxacum hamatum LC LC Taraxacum haworthianum LC LC Taraxacum hesperium LC yes LC Taraxacum hexhamense LC yes VU Taraxacum hygrophilum VU D2 1 100 Only found in water-meadows in Kent (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum inane LC LC Taraxacum inopinatum LC yes LC Taraxacum lacistophyllum LC LC Taraxacum lancastriense LC yes LC Taraxacum landmarkii LC LC Taraxacum laticordatum LC LC Taraxacum luteum LC LC Taraxacum maculosum LC DD Taraxacum margettsii LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England, occurring in Devon and Cornwall and plentiful on the Lizard (Dudman & Richards 1997)

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Taraxacum marklundii LC LC Taraxacum melanthoides LC Taraxacum naevosiforme LC LC Taraxacum naevosum LC LC Taraxacum nigridentatum LC LC Taraxacum nordstedtii LC LC Taraxacum obliquum VU D2 <5 A plant of dune-slacks and grey-dunes. In England, this species is only known from Cheshire and Westmorland. LC Taraxacum oblongatum LC LC Taraxacum oellgaardii LC yes yes LC Taraxacum olgae LC yes Taraxacum ostenfeldii LC LC Taraxacum oxoniense LC LC Taraxacum palustre VU AOO trend; ?D >30 The threat status is based on decline, notably in Cambridgeshire and Oxfordshire, throughout the 20th Century (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). The exact number of individuals is not known, but in England the population may not exceed 1000 individuals. LC Taraxacum LC yes yes >75 palustrisquameum LC Taraxacum parnassicum LC LC Taraxacum platyglossum DD Possibly now Extinct in England. Taraxacum polyodon LC LC Taraxacum porteri LC yes LC Taraxacum proximiforme LC LC Taraxacum proximum LC LC Taraxacum pseudohamatum LC LC Taraxacum pseudolarssonii LC DD Taraxacum LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England, occurring in calcareous flushes in Upper Teesdale, West Cumberland, and pseudonordstedtii Lancashire (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum retzii LC LC Taraxacum richardsianum LC yes LC Taraxacum ronae LC yes First described by Margetts (2007), occurring in S.W. England and Ireland. LC Taraxacum rubicundum LC Taraxacum sagittipotens LC LC Taraxacum sahlinianum LC LC Taraxacum scanicum LC LC Taraxacum scoticum LC yes LC Taraxacum sellandii LC LC Taraxacum sinuatum LC LC Taraxacum stenacrum LC Taraxacum stenoglossum LC LC Taraxacum stictophyllum LC LC Taraxacum subbracteatum LC LC Taraxacum subhamatum LC LC Taraxacum sublaeticolor LC LC Taraxacum subnaevosum LC yes LC Taraxacum subundulatum LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Taraxacum marklundii LC LC Taraxacum melanthoides LC Taraxacum naevosiforme LC LC Taraxacum naevosum LC LC Taraxacum nigridentatum LC LC Taraxacum nordstedtii LC LC Taraxacum obliquum VU D2 <5 A plant of dune-slacks and grey-dunes. In England, this species is only known from Cheshire and Westmorland. LC Taraxacum oblongatum LC LC Taraxacum oellgaardii LC yes yes LC Taraxacum olgae LC yes Taraxacum ostenfeldii LC LC Taraxacum oxoniense LC LC Taraxacum palustre VU AOO trend; ?D >30 The threat status is based on decline, notably in Cambridgeshire and Oxfordshire, throughout the 20th Century (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). The exact number of individuals is not known, but in England the population may not exceed 1000 individuals. LC Taraxacum LC yes yes >75 palustrisquameum LC Taraxacum parnassicum LC LC Taraxacum platyglossum DD Possibly now Extinct in England. Taraxacum polyodon LC LC Taraxacum porteri LC yes LC Taraxacum proximiforme LC LC Taraxacum proximum LC LC Taraxacum pseudohamatum LC LC Taraxacum pseudolarssonii LC DD Taraxacum LC yes yes 100 Endemic to England, occurring in calcareous flushes in Upper Teesdale, West Cumberland, and pseudonordstedtii Lancashire (Dudman & Richards 1997). LC Taraxacum retzii LC LC Taraxacum richardsianum LC yes LC Taraxacum ronae LC yes First described by Margetts (2007), occurring in S.W. England and Ireland. LC Taraxacum rubicundum LC Taraxacum sagittipotens LC LC Taraxacum sahlinianum LC LC Taraxacum scanicum LC LC Taraxacum scoticum LC yes LC Taraxacum sellandii LC LC Taraxacum sinuatum LC LC Taraxacum stenacrum LC Taraxacum stenoglossum LC LC Taraxacum stictophyllum LC LC Taraxacum subbracteatum LC LC Taraxacum subhamatum LC LC Taraxacum sublaeticolor LC LC Taraxacum subnaevosum LC yes LC Taraxacum subundulatum LC

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Taraxacum tamesense LC Taraxacum texelense DD Present in one estuarine saltmarsh in Lancashire (Dudman & Richards 1997). This rarity is very little known and needs to be revisited and surveyed (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum tortilobum LC Taraxacum undulatum LC LC Taraxacum unguilobum LC LC Taxus baccata LC NT Teesdalia nudicaulis NT A2a AOO trend 24 EN Tephroseris integrifolia VU A2a AOO trend 38 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. Decline is based on data collected for the BSBI Threatened Plant Project (TPP) and historical information supplied by D. A. Pearman. EX Tephroseris palustris EX WL Teucrium chamaedrys WL More work required. If accepted as native then it would be a threatened England-only taxon currently known from only one location. EN Teucrium scordium EN A2a AOO trend 74 100 LC Teucrium scorodonia LC LC Thalictrum alpinum LC 3 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thalictrum flavum LC 97 LC Thalictrum minus LC LC Thelypteris palustris LC 87 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thesium humifusum LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thlaspi arvense LC 80 Arch LC Thymus polytrichus (Thymus LC praecox) LC Thymus pulegioides LC 98 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thymus serpyllum LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Thyselium palustre VU A2c EOO trend 47 100 (Peucedanum palustre) LC Tilia cordata LC 85 LC Tilia platyphyllos LC 98 LC Tofieldia pusilla LC 2 EN Torilis arvensis EN A2c AOO and 68 74 98 Arch EOO trend LC Torilis japonica LC LC Torilis nodosa LC 89 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Tragopogon pratensis LC 83 LC Trichomanes speciosum LC DD Trichophorum cespitosum DD (Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. cespitosum) LC Trichophorum germanicum LC Assumed LC as species. (Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum)

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Taraxacum tamesense LC Taraxacum texelense DD Present in one estuarine saltmarsh in Lancashire (Dudman & Richards 1997). This rarity is very little known and needs to be revisited and surveyed (A.J. Richards pers. comm.). LC Taraxacum tortilobum LC Taraxacum undulatum LC LC Taraxacum unguilobum LC LC Taxus baccata LC NT Teesdalia nudicaulis NT A2a AOO trend 24 EN Tephroseris integrifolia VU A2a AOO trend 38 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. integrifolia. Decline is based on data collected for the BSBI Threatened Plant Project (TPP) and historical information supplied by D. A. Pearman. EX Tephroseris palustris EX WL Teucrium chamaedrys WL More work required. If accepted as native then it would be a threatened England-only taxon currently known from only one location. EN Teucrium scordium EN A2a AOO trend 74 100 LC Teucrium scorodonia LC LC Thalictrum alpinum LC 3 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 50% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thalictrum flavum LC 97 LC Thalictrum minus LC LC Thelypteris palustris LC 87 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 45% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thesium humifusum LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 32% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thlaspi arvense LC 80 Arch LC Thymus polytrichus (Thymus LC praecox) LC Thymus pulegioides LC 98 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Thymus serpyllum LC 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 47% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. VU Thyselium palustre VU A2c EOO trend 47 100 (Peucedanum palustre) LC Tilia cordata LC 85 LC Tilia platyphyllos LC 98 LC Tofieldia pusilla LC 2 EN Torilis arvensis EN A2c AOO and 68 74 98 Arch EOO trend LC Torilis japonica LC LC Torilis nodosa LC 89 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Tragopogon pratensis LC 83 LC Trichomanes speciosum LC DD Trichophorum cespitosum DD (Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. cespitosum) LC Trichophorum germanicum LC Assumed LC as species. (Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum)

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Trientalis europaea LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium arvense LC 77 VU Trifolium bocconei EN A2ac AOO trend; 48 170 N2 100 Surveys of all sites in 2012 suggest a c.55% decline in the past 10 years. D LC Trifolium campestre LC LC Trifolium dubium LC LC Trifolium fragiferum VU A2c AOO trend 33 92 LC Trifolium glomeratum LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium incarnatum LC N2 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Trifolium incarnatum subsp. molinerii. LC Trifolium medium LC LC Trifolium micranthum LC 85 LC Trifolium occidentale LC yes 90 NT Trifolium ochroleucon VU A2c AOO trend 37 N2 100 AOO trend makes this species VU, and EOO trend is on margins of NT/VU. LC Trifolium ornithopodioides LC 86 LC Trifolium pratense LC LC Trifolium repens LC LC Trifolium scabrum LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium squamosum LC N2 90 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium striatum LC 78 VU Trifolium strictum VU D2 5 Absent from 50% of locations in 2012 and c.80% of locations in 2013, but this trend is likely to reflect short-term suboptimal conditions for establishment. If this trend is not short-term, then the threat status will need to be re-assessed. LC Trifolium subterraneum LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium suffocatum LC 100 Formerly in Wales, now RE (Dines 2008). LC Triglochin maritima LC (Triglochin maritimum) LC Triglochin palustris NT A2c AOO trend 27 (Triglochin palustre) LC Trinia glauca LC N2 100 LC Tripleurospermum LC Arch inodorum LC Tripleurospermum LC maritimum LC Tripleurospermum LC Assumed LC as species. maritimum subsp. maritimum LC Tripleurospermum LC Assumed LC as species. maritimum subsp. vinicaule LC Trisetum flavescens LC 82 LC Trollius europaeus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Turritis glabra (Arabis EN A2c AOO and 54 70 100 glabra) EOO trend LC Tussilago farfara LC

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Trientalis europaea LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium arvense LC 77 VU Trifolium bocconei EN A2ac AOO trend; 48 170 N2 100 Surveys of all sites in 2012 suggest a c.55% decline in the past 10 years. D LC Trifolium campestre LC LC Trifolium dubium LC LC Trifolium fragiferum VU A2c AOO trend 33 92 LC Trifolium glomeratum LC N2 100 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium incarnatum LC N2 100 The sole native subspecies in England is Trifolium incarnatum subsp. molinerii. LC Trifolium medium LC LC Trifolium micranthum LC 85 LC Trifolium occidentale LC yes 90 NT Trifolium ochroleucon VU A2c AOO trend 37 N2 100 AOO trend makes this species VU, and EOO trend is on margins of NT/VU. LC Trifolium ornithopodioides LC 86 LC Trifolium pratense LC LC Trifolium repens LC LC Trifolium scabrum LC 78 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 33% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium squamosum LC N2 90 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 49% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium striatum LC 78 VU Trifolium strictum VU D2 5 Absent from 50% of locations in 2012 and c.80% of locations in 2013, but this trend is likely to reflect short-term suboptimal conditions for establishment. If this trend is not short-term, then the threat status will need to be re-assessed. LC Trifolium subterraneum LC 94 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 31% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Trifolium suffocatum LC 100 Formerly in Wales, now RE (Dines 2008). LC Triglochin maritima LC (Triglochin maritimum) LC Triglochin palustris NT A2c AOO trend 27 (Triglochin palustre) LC Trinia glauca LC N2 100 LC Tripleurospermum LC Arch inodorum LC Tripleurospermum LC maritimum LC Tripleurospermum LC Assumed LC as species. maritimum subsp. maritimum LC Tripleurospermum LC Assumed LC as species. maritimum subsp. vinicaule LC Trisetum flavescens LC 82 LC Trollius europaeus LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Turritis glabra (Arabis EN A2c AOO and 54 70 100 glabra) EOO trend LC Tussilago farfara LC

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Typha angustifolia LC 94 LC Typha latifolia LC LC Ulex europaeus LC LC Ulex gallii LC LC Ulex minor LC N2 100 LC Ulmus glabra LC LC Ulmus minor sensu Stace LC LC Ulmus procera LC N2 88 LC Umbilicus rupestris LC LC Urtica dioica LC LC Urtica dioica subsp. dioica LC WL Urtica dioica subsp. WL Taxonomic work ongoing. galeopsifolia LC Urtica urens LC 75 Arch LC Utricularia australis LC WL Utricularia bremii WL 1? Putative U. bremii plants are restricted to a single New Forest site, but there is some doubt over the identification of the species. DD Utricularia intermedia s.l. DD DD Utricularia intermedia s.s. DD LC Utricularia minor VU A2c AOO and 40 42 EOO trend DD Utricularia ochroleuca DD DD Utricularia stygia DD LC Utricularia vulgaris s.l. LC LC Utricularia vulgaris s.s. LC LC Vaccinium microcarpum WL Issues with taxonomy (Richards 1994; Stace 2010); possibly a subspecies or variety of V. oxycoccos. More work is required to determine status. LC Vaccinium myrtillus LC LC Vaccinium oxycoccos LC LC Vaccinium uliginosum LC 5 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Vaccinium vitis-idaea LC LC Valeriana dioica NT A2c AOO trend 25 83 LC Valeriana officinalis NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Valeriana officinalis subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. collina WL Valeriana officinalis subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. sambucifolia WL Valerianella carinata LC 85 Arch EN Valerianella dentata EN A2c AOO trend 52 95 Arch LC Valerianella eriocarpa LC N2 100 Previously regarded as a neophyte, but now considered to be native in Dorset and possibly also the Isle of Wight (Pearman & Edwards 2002). Its distribution appears to be stable in coastal areas where it is thought to be native, hence an assessment of LC. However, it has long since gone from a wide scatter of mainly inland sites where it occurred, almost invariably as a ‘casual’, of ruderal habitats, which occasionally included arable sites (Pearman & Edwards 2002). LC Valerianella locusta LC EN Valerianella rimosa EN A2c AOO trend 74 96 Arch

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Typha angustifolia LC 94 LC Typha latifolia LC LC Ulex europaeus LC LC Ulex gallii LC LC Ulex minor LC N2 100 LC Ulmus glabra LC LC Ulmus minor sensu Stace LC LC Ulmus procera LC N2 88 LC Umbilicus rupestris LC LC Urtica dioica LC LC Urtica dioica subsp. dioica LC WL Urtica dioica subsp. WL Taxonomic work ongoing. galeopsifolia LC Urtica urens LC 75 Arch LC Utricularia australis LC WL Utricularia bremii WL 1? Putative U. bremii plants are restricted to a single New Forest site, but there is some doubt over the identification of the species. DD Utricularia intermedia s.l. DD DD Utricularia intermedia s.s. DD LC Utricularia minor VU A2c AOO and 40 42 EOO trend DD Utricularia ochroleuca DD DD Utricularia stygia DD LC Utricularia vulgaris s.l. LC LC Utricularia vulgaris s.s. LC LC Vaccinium microcarpum WL Issues with taxonomy (Richards 1994; Stace 2010); possibly a subspecies or variety of V. oxycoccos. More work is required to determine status. LC Vaccinium myrtillus LC LC Vaccinium oxycoccos LC LC Vaccinium uliginosum LC 5 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 40% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Vaccinium vitis-idaea LC LC Valeriana dioica NT A2c AOO trend 25 83 LC Valeriana officinalis NT A2c AOO trend 20 LC Valeriana officinalis subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. collina WL Valeriana officinalis subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. sambucifolia WL Valerianella carinata LC 85 Arch EN Valerianella dentata EN A2c AOO trend 52 95 Arch LC Valerianella eriocarpa LC N2 100 Previously regarded as a neophyte, but now considered to be native in Dorset and possibly also the Isle of Wight (Pearman & Edwards 2002). Its distribution appears to be stable in coastal areas where it is thought to be native, hence an assessment of LC. However, it has long since gone from a wide scatter of mainly inland sites where it occurred, almost invariably as a ‘casual’, of ruderal habitats, which occasionally included arable sites (Pearman & Edwards 2002). LC Valerianella locusta LC EN Valerianella rimosa EN A2c AOO trend 74 96 Arch

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Verbascum lychnitis LC 100 LC Verbascum nigrum LC 99 LC Verbascum pulverulentum LC N2 100 LC Verbascum thapsus LC LC Verbena officinalis LC 85 Arch LC Veronica agrestis LC Arch LC Veronica anagallis-aquatica LC 77 LC Veronica arvensis LC LC Veronica beccabunga LC LC Veronica catenata LC 91 LC Veronica chamaedrys LC LC Veronica hederifolia LC Arch LC Veronica hederifolia subsp. LC Arch hederifolia LC Veronica hederifolia subsp. LC Arch lucorum LC Veronica montana LC LC Veronica officinalis NT A2c AOO trend 22 LC Veronica scutellata NT A2c EOO trend 23 LC Veronica serpyllifolia LC NT Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. NT D <1000 Threat assessment is based on all available information, but it is possible that the taxon is under- humifusa recorded and may in future be downgraded to LC. LC Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. serpyllifolia LC Veronica spicata LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Veronica triphyllos CR A2c AOO trend; 1 c.25 100 Arch The threat status is based on historical decline since 1930 and includes only native locations. C2a(i); D There is now only one, extremely vulnerable extant native site. All four introduction sites hold good numbers and are managed sympathetically, but are not included for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. EN Veronica verna EN A2a AOO trend >50% 10 >2500 100 Three further locations have been lost since 1997, leaving only 10 extant locations within just two hectads. LC Viburnum lantana LC N2 96 LC Viburnum opulus LC 76 VU Vicia bithynica LC 95 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 58% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Vicia cracca LC LC Vicia hirsuta LC LC Vicia lathyroides LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Vicia lutea VU A2c AOO trend 42 81 A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. NT Vicia orobus VU D1 <800 VU Vicia parviflora VU A2c AOO trend 31 N2 100 LC Vicia sativa LC WL Vicia sativa subsp. nigra WL Insufficient mapping data as a subspecies. WL Vicia sativa subsp. sativa WL Arch? Probably an archaeophyte but insufficient mapping data as a subspecies. WL Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis WL Arch? Stace (2010) claims this subsp. as an archaeophyte (Stace 2010) but it is considered to be native in Sell & Murrell (2009). Insufficient mapping data and more work required.

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Verbascum lychnitis LC 100 LC Verbascum nigrum LC 99 LC Verbascum pulverulentum LC N2 100 LC Verbascum thapsus LC LC Verbena officinalis LC 85 Arch LC Veronica agrestis LC Arch LC Veronica anagallis-aquatica LC 77 LC Veronica arvensis LC LC Veronica beccabunga LC LC Veronica catenata LC 91 LC Veronica chamaedrys LC LC Veronica hederifolia LC Arch LC Veronica hederifolia subsp. LC Arch hederifolia LC Veronica hederifolia subsp. LC Arch lucorum LC Veronica montana LC LC Veronica officinalis NT A2c AOO trend 22 LC Veronica scutellata NT A2c EOO trend 23 LC Veronica serpyllifolia LC NT Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. NT D <1000 Threat assessment is based on all available information, but it is possible that the taxon is under- humifusa recorded and may in future be downgraded to LC. LC Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. LC Assumed LC as species. serpyllifolia LC Veronica spicata LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 43% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Veronica triphyllos CR A2c AOO trend; 1 c.25 100 Arch The threat status is based on historical decline since 1930 and includes only native locations. C2a(i); D There is now only one, extremely vulnerable extant native site. All four introduction sites hold good numbers and are managed sympathetically, but are not included for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. EN Veronica verna EN A2a AOO trend >50% 10 >2500 100 Three further locations have been lost since 1997, leaving only 10 extant locations within just two hectads. LC Viburnum lantana LC N2 96 LC Viburnum opulus LC 76 VU Vicia bithynica LC 95 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 58% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Vicia cracca LC LC Vicia hirsuta LC LC Vicia lathyroides LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 36% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. NT Vicia lutea VU A2c AOO trend 42 81 A confidence level of 90% was accepted for the AOO trend. NT Vicia orobus VU D1 <800 VU Vicia parviflora VU A2c AOO trend 31 N2 100 LC Vicia sativa LC WL Vicia sativa subsp. nigra WL Insufficient mapping data as a subspecies. WL Vicia sativa subsp. sativa WL Arch? Probably an archaeophyte but insufficient mapping data as a subspecies. WL Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis WL Arch? Stace (2010) claims this subsp. as an archaeophyte (Stace 2010) but it is considered to be native in Sell & Murrell (2009). Insufficient mapping data and more work required.

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? LC Vicia sepium LC LC Vicia sylvatica LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Vicia tetrasperma LC 92 LC Vinca minor LC 75 Arch LC Viola arvensis LC Arch NT Viola canina VU A2c AOO and 41 42 EOO trend NT Viola canina subsp. canina VU A2c AOO and Assumed VU as species. EOO trend EN Viola canina subsp. montana EN D 2 c.200 100 LC Viola hirta LC 91 NT Viola kitaibeliana NT D c.1500 100 VU Viola lactea EN A2c AOO and 58 60 possibly EOO trend LC Viola lutea NT A2c AOO trend 26 LC Viola odorata LC LC Viola palustris LC LC Viola palustris subsp. juressi LC LC Viola palustris subsp. LC palustris EN Viola persicifolia CR A2c AOO trend; 3 <100 100 Plants have not been recorded at Woodwalton Fen NNR since 2007, although seeds are thought C2aii to be long-lived in the soil. The species was recorded at Wicken Fen for the first time in 16 years in 2014. LC Viola reichenbachiana LC 91 LC Viola riviniana LC LC Viola rupestris LC 100 NT Viola tricolor NT A2c AOO trend 28 LC Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii NT NT Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor NT LC Viscum album LC 94 LC Vulpia bromoides LC LC Vulpia ciliata LC N2 96 The sole native subspecies in England is Vulpia ciliata subsp. ambigua. LC Vulpia fasciculata LC N3 LC Vulpia myuros LC 83 Arch LC Vulpia unilateralis LC 100 Native or alien. NT Wahlenbergia hederacea NT A2c AOO trend 21 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. VU Wolffia arrhiza LC 96 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Woodsia ilvensis CR C2a(ii) 1 68 Population estimate from 2012. Two introductions have not been included in the assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Zannichellia palustris LC 82 WL Zannichellia palustris subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. palustris WL Zannichellia palustris subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. pedicellata NT Zostera marina VU A2c AOO and 51 57 EOO trend

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments LC Vicia sepium LC LC Vicia sylvatica LC LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 42% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. LC Vicia tetrasperma LC 92 LC Vinca minor LC 75 Arch LC Viola arvensis LC Arch NT Viola canina VU A2c AOO and 41 42 EOO trend NT Viola canina subsp. canina VU A2c AOO and Assumed VU as species. EOO trend EN Viola canina subsp. montana EN D 2 c.200 100 LC Viola hirta LC 91 NT Viola kitaibeliana NT D c.1500 100 VU Viola lactea EN A2c AOO and 58 60 possibly EOO trend LC Viola lutea NT A2c AOO trend 26 LC Viola odorata LC LC Viola palustris LC LC Viola palustris subsp. juressi LC LC Viola palustris subsp. LC palustris EN Viola persicifolia CR A2c AOO trend; 3 <100 100 Plants have not been recorded at Woodwalton Fen NNR since 2007, although seeds are thought C2aii to be long-lived in the soil. The species was recorded at Wicken Fen for the first time in 16 years in 2014. LC Viola reichenbachiana LC 91 LC Viola riviniana LC LC Viola rupestris LC 100 NT Viola tricolor NT A2c AOO trend 28 LC Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii NT NT Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor NT LC Viscum album LC 94 LC Vulpia bromoides LC LC Vulpia ciliata LC N2 96 The sole native subspecies in England is Vulpia ciliata subsp. ambigua. LC Vulpia fasciculata LC N3 LC Vulpia myuros LC 83 Arch LC Vulpia unilateralis LC 100 Native or alien. NT Wahlenbergia hederacea NT A2c AOO trend 21 A confidence level of 85% was accepted for the AOO trend. VU Wolffia arrhiza LC 96 LC for the period 1930-1999 but a 41% decline detected when assessing 1987+ data as a proportion of all records including pre-1930 data. See Section 6.7. EN Woodsia ilvensis CR C2a(ii) 1 68 Population estimate from 2012. Two introductions have not been included in the assessment for the reasons outlined in Section 4.5. LC Zannichellia palustris LC 82 WL Zannichellia palustris subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. palustris WL Zannichellia palustris subsp. WL Insufficient mapping data and more taxonomic work required. pedicellata NT Zostera marina VU A2c AOO and 51 57 EOO trend

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GB Red List status Taxon England Red List statusThreat criteria % AOO decline% EOO declineNumber of locationsPopulation estimateEuropean Englandedge of range? endemic?England near endemic? VU Zostera noltei VU A2c AOO trend 44

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England near endemic? International responsibility?ProportionNative_archaeophyte (%) of GB hectads in England Comments VU Zostera noltei VU A2c AOO trend 44

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9 Excluded taxa

Details of taxonomic coverage were given neophyte or casual only. These taxa are given in Section 3.1 above. In addition, the the IUCN category of ‘Not Applicable’ (NA) following taxa that are regarded as native or in this Red List. We acknowledge that this list archaeophyte in GB are also excluded because is probably incomplete, and would welcome their English occurrences are considered to be correspondence regarding further candidates.

Table 12. Taxa that are neophyte or casual in England but are considered native to other parts of Great Britain.

Taxon England Comment status Arabis alpina NA Neophyte in England, naturalised in N. Somerset and Mid-West Yorkshire Cicerbita alpina NA Neophyte in England, naturalised Crassula aquatica NA Neophyte in England, assumed native in Scotland Draba aizoides NA Neophyte in England, naturalised Gnaphalium supinum NA Neophyte in England, intentionally introduced (Park et al. 1962) Juncus trifidus NA Neophyte in England, intentionally introduced (Park et al. 1962) Linnaea borealis NA Thought to be a neophyte in England, but see Swan (1993) Minuartia sedoides NA Neophyte in England, intentionally introduced (Park et al. 1962) Polygonum boreale NA Neophyte in England, grass seed contaminant Potamogeton NA Neophyte in England, introduced to canals in S.W. Yorkshire and epihydrus S. Lancashire Potentilla rupestris NA Neophyte in England, S. Lancashire, casual Salix arbuscula NA Neophyte in England, intentionally introduced (Park et al. 1962) Salix reticulata NA Neophyte in England, intentionally introduced (Park et al. 1962) Saxifraga rosacea NA Neophyte in England Sibbaldia procumbens NA Neophyte in England, intentionally introduced (Park et al. 1962) Silene viscaria NA Neophyte in England, casual (Lychnis viscaria)

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10 Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the many botanists, members of the GB Species Status Assessment both professional and amateur, who have Group for their help and support, to Tom recorded and submitted plant records over Humphrey for the enormous amount of data the years and thank especially England management required for such a project, to Vice-County Recorders past and present Alex Dittrich for designing figures in ‘R’, to the who undertake such a monumental amount many photographers who have so generously of voluntary work. Particular thanks to Dr donated photos, to Gwynn Ellis for proof Tim Rich and Professor John Richards for reading, to Jonathan Graham for his beautiful their work and advice on Hieracium and illustration of Drosera anglica, and to Laurie Taraxacum respectively, to Libby Houston Campbell for his striking cover photo of the for her encyclopaedic knowledge of Sorbus, to same species.

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Metherell, C. 2011. North Northumberland VC68 and magnitude of decline, using EDAM. PLoS Scarce, Rare and Extinct Vascular Plant One. Register. Published online http://bsbi.org.uk/ Perring, F.H. & Walters, S.M. 1962. Atlas of the VC68RPR2011.pdf. British Flora. Thomas Nelson & Sons, London. Moore, N.W. 1962. The heaths of Dorset and their Philp, E.G. 2010. A New Atlas of the Kent Flora. conservation. Journal of Ecology 50: 369-391. Kent Field Club. Moore, N.W. 1987. The bird of time: The Science Pocock, M.J.O., Hartley, S., Telfer, M.G., Preston, and politics of nature conservation – a C.D. & Kunin, W.E. 2006. Ecological correlates personal account. Cambridge University Press, of range structure in rare and scarce British Cambridge. plants. Journal of Ecology 94: 581–596. Moore, S.J. 2009. Distribution and current status Porley, R.D. 2002. Centaurium tenuiflorum of three Welsh endemic hawkweeds: Hieracium (Hoffsgg. & Link) Fritsch.in C.D. Preston, D.A. breconicola, Hieracium britannicoides and Pearman, & T.D. Dines (eds). New Atlas of the Hieracium subbritannicum. Unpublished MSc British & Irish flora. Oxford University Press, thesis, University of Glamorgan. Oxford, p.480. Ohlson, M. 1986. Reproductive differentiation Porter, M. & Halliday, G. (in prep.). Cumbria Rare in a Saxifraga hirculus population along an Plant Register. environmental gradient on a central Swedish Prendergast, J.R., Wood, S.N., Lawton, J.H. & mire. Ecography 9: 205-213. Eversham, B.C. 1993. Correcting for variation Palmer, M.A. 2006. Fen Violet Viola persicifolia in recording effort in analyses of diversity Schreber: a review of conservation work hotspots. Biodiversity Letters 1: 39-53. carried out under English Nature’s Species Preston, C.D. 1994: Potamogeton filiformis L. in Recovery Programme 1993 to 2005. English A. Stewart, D.A. Pearman, D.A. & C.D. Preston. Nature Research Report 676, Peterborough. Scarce Plants in Britain. JNCC, Peterborough, Park, K.J.F., Rawes, M. & Allen, S.E. 1962. p.328. Grassland Studies on the Moor House National Preston, C.D. 2000. Engulfed by suburbia Nature Reserve. Journal of Ecology 50: 53-62. or destroyed by the plough: the ecology of Pacha, M.J. & Petit, S. 2008. The effect of extinction in Middlesex and Cambridgeshire. landscape structure and habitat quality on Watsonia 23: 59-81. the occurrence of Geranium sylvaticum Preston, C.D. 2007. Which vascular plants are in fragmented hay meadows. Agriculture, found at the northern or southern edges of their Ecosystems and Environment 123: 81-87. European range in the British Isles? Watsonia Pearman, D.A. 1999. Centaurium tenuiflorum 26: 253-269. (Hoffsgg. & Link) Fritsch.in M.T. Wiggington Preston, C.D. & Croft, J.M. 1997. Aquatic Plants in British Red Data Books Volume 1 Vascular Britain and Ireland. Harley Books, Essex. plants, 3rd edition. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, p.88. Preston, C.D. & Hill, M.O. 1997. The geographical relationships of British and Irish vascular Pearman, D.A. 2007. ‘Far from any house’ – plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean assessing the status of doubtfully native species Society 12: 1-120. in the flora of the British Isles. Watsonia 26: 271-290. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. 2002. New Atlas of the British & Irish flora. Oxford Pearman, D.A. 2013. Late-discovered petaloid University Press, Oxford. monocotyledons: separating the native and alien flora.New Journal of Botany 3: 24-32. Preston, C.D., Telfer, M.G., Roy, D.B., Carey, P.D., Hill, M.O., Meek, W.R., Rothery, P., Smart, Pearse, W.D., Chase, M.W., Crawley, M.J., S.M., Smith, G.M., Walker, K.J. & Pearman, Dolphin, K., Fay, M.F., Joseph, J.A., Powney, D.A. 2003. The changing distribution of the G., Preston, C.D., Rapacciuolo, G., Roy, D.B. flora of the United Kingdom: Technical report. & Purvis, A. (in review). Beyond the EDGE: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Huntingdon. prioritising British plant species according to evolutionary distinctiveness, inferred accuracy Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Hall, A.R. 2004.

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Archaeophytes in Britain. Botanical Journal of Rumsey, A., Price, D. & Lucas, K. 2011. Phyteuma the Linnaean Society 145: 257-294. spicatum L. Back from the brink unpublished Rackham, O. 2008. Tansley Review: Ancient report to Natural England. Plantlife, Wiltshire. woodlands, modern threats. New Phytologist Rumsey, F.J. 2002a. Drosera anglica Huds. in 180: 571-586. C.D. Preston, D.A. Pearman & T.D. Dines (eds). Rich, T.C.G. 2013a. Review of data for 52 priority New Atlas of the British & Irish flora. Oxford English Hieracium species. Unpublished report University Press, Oxford, p.222. to Natural England. Rumsey, F.J. 2002b. Scheuchzeria palustris L. in Rich, T.C.G. 2013b. Surveys of three endemic Lake C.D. Preston, D.A. Pearman & T.D. Dines (eds). District Hawkweeds: Hieracium filisquamum, New Atlas of the British & Irish flora. Oxford H. fissuricola and H. subintegrifolium. University Press, Oxford, p.671. Unpublished report to Natural England. Sanford, M.N. 2010. Name changes in Stace’s New Rich, T.C.G. & Proctor, M.C.F. 2009. Some new Flora of the British Isles. Transactions of the British and Iris Sorbus L. taxa (Rosaceae). Suffolk Naturalists Society 46: 63-67. Watsonia 27: 207-216. Sawtschuk, J. & Rich, T.C.G. (2008). Conservation Rich, T.C.G., Cordrey, L., Jones, A. & Leach, S. of Britain’s biodiversity: status of the two Wye 2010a. Wild about asparagus. British Wildlife Valley endemics Hieracium pachyphylloides, 21: 305-311. Carboniferous Hawkweed and H. vagicola, Tutshill Hawkweed (Asteraceae). Watsonia 27: Rich, T.C.G., Houston, L., Robertson, A. & Proctor, 109-118. M.C.F. 2010b. Whitebeams, Rowans and Service Trees of Britain and Ireland. Botanical Sell, P.D. & Murrell G. 2009. Flora of Great Society of the British Isles Handbook No. 14. Britain and Ireland Volume 3. Mimosaceae – BSBI, London. Lentibulariaceae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rich, T.C.G., Green, D., Houston, L., Lepsi, M., Ludwig, S. & Pellicer, J. 2014. British Sorbus Smart, S.M., Bunce, R.G.H., Marrs, R., Le Duc, (Rosaceae): six new species, two hybrids and a M., Firbank, L.G., Maskell, L.C., Scott, W.A., new subgenus. New Journal of Botany 4: 2-12. Thompson, K. & Walker, K.J. 2005. Large-scale changes in the abundance of common higher Richards, A.J. 1994. Vaccinium microcarpum plant species across Britain between 1978, 1990 (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh.in A. Stewart, D.A. and 1998 as a consequence of human activity: Pearman, D.A. & C.D. Preston. Scarce Plants in tests of hypothesised trait representation. Britain. JNCC, Peterborough, p.421. Biological Conservation 124: 355-371. Riley, M. 2005. Silent meadows: the uncertain Stace, C.A. 1997. New Flora of the British Isles. decline and conservation of hay meadows in Second edition. Cambridge University Press, the British landscape. Landscape Research 30: Cambridge. 437-458. Stace, C.A. 2010. New Flora of the British Isles. Roberts, F.J. 2009. Crepis praemorsa (L.) F. Third edition. Cambridge University Press, Walther at Orton in 2009. Unpublished Report Cambridge. to Natural England. Stace, C.A., Ellis, R.G., Kent, D.H. & McCosh, D.J. Roberts, F.J. 2010. Marsh Saxifrage Saxifraga (eds) 2003. Vice-county census catalogue of hirculus: Status of English sites in 2009. the vascular plants of Great Britain, the Isle of Unpublished Report for Natural England. Man and the Channel Islands. Botanical Society Robinson, L. 2014. Two new sites for Saxifraga of the British Isles, London. hirculus (Marsh Saxifrage) in the Swale Steven, G. & Thomas, J. 2013. A survey of Small Catchment, North-West Yorkshire (v.c. 65). Fleabane Pulicaria vulgaris populations in the BSBI News 126: 7-8. northern New Forest. Unpublished Report for Robinson, R.A. & Sutherland, W.J. 2002. Post-war Natural England. changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Stevens, C., Duprè, C., Gaudnik, C., Dorland, E., Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology. 39: Dise, N., Gowing, D., Bleeker, A., Alard, D., 157-176. Bobbink, R., Fowler, D., Vandvik, V., Corcket,

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E., Mountford, J.O., Aarrestad, P.A., Muller, R.F. 2004. The restoration and re-creation of S. & Diekmann, M. 2011. Changes in species species-rich lowland grassland on land formerly composition of European acid grasslands managed for intensive agriculture in the UK. observed along a gradient of nitrogen Biological Conservation 119: 1-18. deposition. Journal of Vegetation Science 22: Walker, K.J. & Preston, C.D. 2006. Ecological 207–215. predictors of extinction risk in the flora of Stroh, P.A. 2014. England Rare and Scarce Taxa. lowland England, UK. Biodiversity and Unpublished Report for Natural England by the Conservation 15: 1913-1942. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Walker, K.J., Critchley, C.N.R., Sherwood, A.J., Swan, G.A. 1993. Flora of Northumberland. Large, R., Nuttall, P., Hulmes, S., Rose, R., Natural History Society of Northumberland, Moy, I., Towers, J., Hadden. R., Larbalestier, Newcastle upon Tyne. J., Smith, A., Mountford, J.O. & Fowbert, J.A. Tennant, D.J. 2008. Small Cow-wheat 2006. Effectiveness of new agri-environment Melampyrum sylvaticum L.; Scrophulariaceae schemes in conserving arable plants in in England. Watsonia 27: 23–36. intensively farmed landscapes. Defra Cereal Field Margin Evaluation. Phase 3. Evaluation Tennant, D.J. & Rich, T.C.G. 2008. British alpine of Agri-environment Cultivated Options hawkweeds. Botanical Society of Britain and in England. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Ireland, London. Hydrology, Huntingdon. Thompson K. 1994. Predicting the fate of Walker, K.J. & Robinson, L. 2011. Yorkshire’s temperate species in response to human threatened plants: Northern Hawk’s-beard disturbance and global change, in: T.J.B. Boyle Crepis mollis. The Naturalist 136: 90-99. & C.E.B. Boyle (eds), Biodiversity, Temperate Ecosystems, and Global Change. Springer- Walker, K.J. & Pearman, D.A. 2012. The Verlag, Berlin, pp.61–76. distribution and status of Critically Endangered archaeophytes in England. Tyler, T. 2014. Critical notes on species of Unpublished Report for Natural England by the Hieracium (Asteraceae) reported as common to Botanical Society of the British Isles. Sweden and Britain. New Journal of Botany 4: 25-32. Wells, T.C.E., Rothery, P., Cox, R. & Bamford, S. 1998. Flowering dynamics of Orchis morio L. Walker, K.J. 2003. One species lost every year? and Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. at two An evaluation of plant extinctions in selected sites in eastern England. Botanical Journal of British vice-counties since 1900. Watsonia 24: the Linnaean Society 126: 39-48. 359-374. Williams, P., Biggs, J., Corfield, A., Fox, G., Walker, K.J. 2014. Sarracenia purpurea subsp. Walker, D. & Whitfield, M. 1997. Designing new purpurea (Sarraceniaceae) naturalised in ponds for wildlife. British Wildlife 8: 137-150. Britain and Ireland: distribution, ecology, impacts and control. New Journal of Botany 4: Wood, P.J., Greenwood, M.T. & Agnew, M.D. 33-41. 2003. Pond biodiversity and habitat loss in the UK. Area 35: 206-216. Walker, K.J., Stevens, P.A., Stevens, D.P., Mountford, J.O., Manchester, S.J. & Pywell,

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Appendix A: Assessment of conservation status of English native Hawkweeds (Hieracium species)

T.C.G. Rich May 2014

The large number of relatively similar statuses based on the best information Hawkweed (Hieracium) species which are available using the IUCN (2001) definitions notoriously difficult to identify has resulted and criteria, taking into account the quality of in comparatively little reliable information the data. In effect, the following three criteria available on which to assess their conservation have been used in sequence: population sizes, priorities. Following the taxonomic revision the total number of localities recorded and an of the 412 species of Hieracium in Britain estimate of decline (50% or more pre/post- and Ireland by Sell & Murrell (1996), McCosh 1960). & Rich (2011) published distribution maps for the taxa based on David McCosh’s 1. IUCN definition (1): Population size Hieracium database. The database took about 30 years and a huge amount of work These data, where available, are usually to compile, and serves its primary objective the most reliable for Hieracium as they are eminently well of enabling distributions to specific and recent. However, there are very be mapped. However, as it is based primarily few recent full population censuses for purely on verified herbarium specimens in relatively English species e.g. Hieracium vagicola few herbaria, is not comprehensive either (Sawtschuk & Rich 2008). The population geographically or temporarily, and only data do not allow the more specific number of includes data from relatively limited recent mature individuals criterion to be utilised. 12 field work. As such there are limitations in taxa were assessed using this criterion. its application to conservation assessments compared to other plant distribution data, Criterion D1: Population very small or especially in being able to detect declines. restricted None-the less, using a broad approach, Population size estimated to number fewer McCosh & Rich (2011) provide assessments than 50 mature individuals = CR for all the taxa in Britain and Ireland. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals = EN As part of development of a specific Red List for England, the status of Hieracium Population size estimated to number fewer in England has been reviewed to refine the than 1000 mature individuals = VU conservation statuses to England only. Rich (2013a) reviewed and assessed the status of 2. IUCN definition (11): Location 52 priority Hieracium species which were endemic or near-endemic to England, coupled Of the three IUCN definitions based on with field work on three of the rarest species geography/locations – Extent of occurrence in the Lake District (Rich 2013b). Here, the (EOO), Area of occupancy (AOO) and status of all 145 native or probably native Location – the total number of localities is Hieracium species has been revised. the simplest and most appropriate use of the McCosh database. The total number The approach taken has been to assess the of localities recorded (irrespective of date)

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is estimated from the database from the In practice, given the low resolution of the different locality names (which may not data, only a reduction of <50% (EN) is always represent different locations, or accepted as the analysis is very crude. For hectads). The EOO or AOO could be estimated some areas, such as Derbyshire where there crudely from the number of hectads occupied, has been very little recent field work, declines but most hawkweed populations occupy have been reviewed and rejected if they are limited areas in severely fragmented habitat thought to be artefacts of the data. Ten taxa with significant discontinuities between them. were assessed using this criterion. 23 taxa were assessed using this Criterion. Criterion A2: Reduction in population size Criterion B1a: Geographic range without causes being understood or ceased Severely fragmented or known to exist at only Reduction in population of >80% = CR a single location = CR Reduction in population of >50% = EN Severely fragmented or known to exist at five Reduction in population of >30% = VU of fewer locations = EN This approach leaves a number of taxa with 3. IUCN definition (6): Continuing very limited distributions in England regarded decline as IUCN VU by McCosh & Rich (2011) such as H. lakelandicum as NT or LC. Further work Of the two definitions relating to decline on these species should be prioritised based (Reduction and Continuing decline on number of locations in the first instance. respectively), the continuing decline definition is preferred as it can be inferred from the ratio of pre/post 1960 records, rather than ratio of extant/all localities which is limited by lack of recent field work for many species.

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