DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical and Pharmacological Research on the Plants from Genus Ajuga

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical and Pharmacological Research on the Plants from Genus Ajuga Heterocycl. Commun. 2017; 23(4): 245–268 Review Xia Qing, Hui-Min Yan, Zhi-Yu Ni, Christopher J. Vavrickaa, Man-Li Zhang, Qing-Wen Shi*, Yu-Cheng Gu and Hiromasa Kiyota* Chemical and pharmacological research on the plants from genus Ajuga DOI 10.1515/hc-2017-0064 Received March 24, 2017; accepted June 15, 2017; previously perennial herbaceous flowering plants mainly distrib- published online July 22, 2017 uted throughout the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, Australia, North America and Africa. These species have Abstract: The genus Ajuga, a member of the Lamiaceae been used as common house plants and are called bugle family, is comprised of more than 300 species of annual or bugleweed. They are mainly characterized by the color and perennial herbaceous flowering plants mainly distrib- and shape of the flower. For example, the flower of Ajuga uted throughout the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, reptans is somewhat tall and blue, while that of Ajuga Australia, North America and Africa. These plants are used decumbens is short and purple. Many of these plants are as folk medicines effective for rheumatic fevers, dysen- of medicinal importance and are traditionally used as tery, malaria, hypertension, diabetes and gastrointestinal remedies for rheumatic fevers, dysentery, malaria, hyper- disorders, as well as anthelmintic, astringent, febrifuge tension, diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders, as well diuretic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents. A vari- as anthelmintic, astringent, febrifuge diuretic, antifun- ety of constituents has been isolated from these plants. gal and anti-inflammatory agents [1]. The genus Ajuga This review summarizes the phytochemical progress of the has attracted attention since the report in 1976 that Ajuga genus Ajuga and lists the compounds isolated up to 2014. remota grown in Kenya is not attacked by African army- worms and contains three moderately strong antifeedants Keywords: Ajuga; biological activity; chemical constitu- [2]. Since then, reports of the isolation of neoclerodanes ents; Lamiaceae; phytoecdysteroids; terpenoi. and phytoecdysteroids, as the insect allelochemicals responsible for antifeedant activity from this genus, have appeared [3]. Several species of this genus have been Introduction chemically studied and a series of bioactive metabolites, including phytoecdysteroids, diterpenoids and iridoids The genus Ajuga, a member of the Lamiaceae family, have been isolated and characterized. Biological inves- is comprised of more than 300 species of annual and tigations demonstrate that some of these compounds display antibacterial [4], antifungal [5], antiplasmodial a Present address: Graduate School of Science, Technology and [6], cytotoxic, antitumor promoting [7], vasoconstricting Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe 657-0013, Japan [8], insect molting inhibitory, insect antifeeding [9] and *Corresponding authors: Qing-Wen Shi, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei enzyme-inhibitory [10] activities. This review summarizes Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050017, China, phytochemical progress of the genus Ajuga covering the e-mail: [email protected]; and literature up to 2014. In addition, some biological activi- Hiromasa Kiyota, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ties of compounds obtained from this genus are also listed. Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, e-mail: [email protected] Xia Qing, Hui-Min Yan and Man-Li Zhang: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050017, China Chemical constituents Zhi-Yu Ni: School Basic Medicine, Hebei Medicinal University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, 050017, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China There have been many phytochemical investigations on Graduate School of Environmental and Christopher J. Vavricka: the isolation of constituents from the Ajuga genus. This Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan has resulted in the isolation and characterization of a Yu-Cheng Gu: Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, series of secondary metabolites, including phytoecdys- Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK teroids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, 246 X. Qing et al.: Chemical constituents of the genus Ajuga Table 1 Steroids 1: Phytoecdysteroids. No. Name Source Part Ref. 1 Cyasterone A. decumbens whole plant [11] A. turkestanica leaf [12] A. iva aerial part [13–15] A. chia leaf, stem [16] A. chamaepitys whole plant [17] A. multiflora aerial part [18] A. taiwanensis whole plant [19] A. nipponensis aerial part [20] A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] 2 Ecdysterone A. decumbens whole plant [11] A. nipponensis whole plant [11, 22] A. turkestanica leaf [12] A. iva aerial part [13–15] A. chamaepitys whole plant [17] A. multiflora aerial part [18] A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] A. reptans whole plant [23–25] A. remota leaf, root [26] 3 Ajugalactone A. reptans whole plant [25] A. turkestanica root [27] 4 22-Acetylcyasterone A. turkestanica root [28] 5 Turkesterone A. turkestanica root [29] 6 Ajugasterone A A. nipponensis whole plant [22] A. reptans whole plant [23, 25] 7 Ajugasterone B A. reptans whole plant [25] A. turkestanica root [29] A. iva whole plant [30] 8 Ajugasterone C A. nipponensis aerial part [20] A. japonica leaf [31] 9 Ajugasterone D A. nipponensis whole plant [22] 10 Stachysterone D A. nipponensis whole plant [22] 11 Makisterone A A. iva whole plant [14, 32] A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] 12 29-Norcyasterone A. reptans whole plant [23–25] 13 29-Norsengosterone A. reptans whole plant [23–25] 14 2-Acetyl-29-norcyasterone A. reptans whole plant [33] 15 3-Acetyl-29-norcyasterone A. reptans whole plant [33] 16 Sengosterone A. reptans whole plant [25] 17 22-Dehydro-12-hydroxycyasterone A. reptans var. atropurperea aerial part [34] 18 22-Dehydro-12-hydroxysengosterone A. reptans var. atropurperea aerial part [34] 19 22-Dehydro-12-hydroxy-29-nor-cyasterone A. reptans var. atropurperea aerial part [34] 20 22-Dehydro-12-hydroxy-29-nor-sengosterone A. reptans var. atropurperea aerial part [34] 21 Reptansterone A. reptans var. atropurperea root [35] 22 28-epi-Sengosterone A. reptans var. atropurperea root [35] 23 5,29-Dihydroxycapitasterone A. reptans var. atropurperea root [35] 24 2-Dehydroajugalactone A. reptans var. atropurperea root [35] 25 3-Dehydroajugalactone A. reptans var. atropurperea root [35] 26 Ponasterone A A. remota leaf, root [26] 27 24,28-Dehydromakisterone A A. iva whole plant [14] 28 22-Oxocyasterone A. iva whole plant aerial [14] 22-Dehydrocyasterone A. nipponensis part [20] 29 24,25-Dehydroprecyasterone A. iva whole plant [14] A. reptans var. reptans whole plant [36] 30 20-Hydroxyecdysone 22-acetate A. nipponensis aerial part [20] A. reptans whole plant [37] 31 20-Hydroxyecdysone 25-acetate (Viticosterone E) A. reptans whole plant [37] X. Qing et al.: Chemical constituents of the genus Ajuga 247 Table 1 (continued) No. Name Source Part Ref. 32 Ajusterone A. pseudoiva leaf [38] 33 Ajugalide-E A. taiwanensis whole plant [19] 34 Isocyasterone A. taiwanensis whole plant [19] 35 24-Hydroxycyasterone A. iva whole plant [30] 36 22-Dehydrocyasterone 2-glucopyranoside A. nipponensis aerial part [20] 37 Ajugacetalsterone A A. nipponensis aerial part [20] 38 Ajugacetalsterone B A. nipponensis aerial part [20] 39 Ajugacetalsterone C A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] 40 Ajugacetalsterone D A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] 41 Breviflorasterone A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] A. reptans var. reptans whole plant [36] 42 20-Hydroxyecdysone 2-acetate A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] 43 20-Hydroxyecdysone 3-acetate A. macrosperma var. breviflora root [21] 44 Reptanslactone A A. reptans var. reptans whole plant [36] 45 Reptanslactone B A. reptans var. reptans whole plant [36] 46 Sendreisterone A. reptans var. reptans whole plant [36] R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 1 α-Me H α-Me OH H H β-OH OH R1 O 4 α-Me H α-Me OAc H H β-OH OH 12 α-Me H H OH H H β-OH OH O 13 α-Me H H OH H OH β-OH OH 14 α-Me H H H H -OAc OH R2 OH β HO R3 15 α-Me H H OH H H β-OH OAc R5 R4 H 16 α-Me H α-Me OH H OH β-OH OH 17 α-Me H α-Me =O OH H β-OH OH 18 α-Me H α-Me =O OH OH β-OH OH R7 19 α-Me H H =O OH H β-OH OH H OH 20 α-Me H H =O OH OH β-OH OH R8 22 α-Me H β-Me OH H OH β-OH OH R6 O 28 α-Me H α-Me =O H H β-OH OH 33 α-Me H α-Me OAc H H α-OH OH 34 β-Me H α-Me OH H H β-OH OH 35 α-Me OH α-Me OH H H β-OH OH 36 α-Me H α-Me =O H H β-O-Glc OH R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 3 2 R R 2 OH H OH H H OH OH 1 HO R 5 OH H OH OH H OH OH 6 OH H OH H OH OH OH 4 H R 8 H H OH OH H OH OH 11 OH Me OH H H OH OH R6 26 H H OH H H OH OH H OH 27 OH =CH2 OH H H OH OH R7 30 OH H OAc H H OH OH R5 O 31 OAc H OH H H OH OH 32 OH H OH H H OH OH 42 OH H OH H H OAc OH 43 OH H OH H H OH OAc O OH O HO HO OH R2 H 1 2 3 4 H R1 R R R R 3 H =O OH OH HO R3 24 H =O =O OH H OH H OH 25 H =O OH =O HO R4 H 7 H 29 OH H OH OH O O Figure 1 Steroids 1: Phytoecdysteroids.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Native Or Suitable Plants City of Mccall
    Native or Suitable Plants City of McCall The following list of plants is presented to assist the developer, business owner, or homeowner in selecting plants for landscaping. The list is by no means complete, but is a recommended selection of plants which are either native or have been successfully introduced to our area. Successful landscaping, however, requires much more than just the selection of plants. Unless you have some experience, it is suggested than you employ the services of a trained or otherwise experienced landscaper, arborist, or forester. For best results it is recommended that careful consideration be made in purchasing the plants from the local nurseries (i.e. Cascade, McCall, and New Meadows). Plants brought in from the Treasure Valley may not survive our local weather conditions, microsites, and higher elevations. Timing can also be a serious consideration as the plants may have already broken dormancy and can be damaged by our late frosts. Appendix B SELECTED IDAHO NATIVE PLANTS SUITABLE FOR VALLEY COUNTY GROWING CONDITIONS Trees & Shrubs Acer circinatum (Vine Maple). Shrub or small tree 15-20' tall, Pacific Northwest native. Bright scarlet-orange fall foliage. Excellent ornamental. Alnus incana (Mountain Alder). A large shrub, useful for mid to high elevation riparian plantings. Good plant for stream bank shelter and stabilization. Nitrogen fixing root system. Alnus sinuata (Sitka Alder). A shrub, 6-1 5' tall. Grows well on moist slopes or stream banks. Excellent shrub for erosion control and riparian restoration. Nitrogen fixing root system. Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry). One of the earlier shrubs to blossom out in the spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Native Plants
    - AA GUIDEGUIDE TOTO THETHE NATIVENATIVE PLANTS,PLANTS, NATURALNATURAL PLANTPLANT COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES ANDAND THETHE EXOTICEXOTIC ANDAND INVASIVEINVASIVE SPECIESSPECIES OFOF EASTEAST HAMPTONHAMPTON TOWNTOWN EAST HAMPTON TOWN Natural Resources Department TableTable ofof Contents:Contents: Spotted Beebalm (Monarda punctata) Narrative: Pages 1-17 Quick Reference Max Clearing Table: Page 18 Map: East Hampton Native Plant Habitats Map TABS: East Hampton Plant Habitats (1-12); Wetlands flora (13-15): 1. Outer Dunes Plant Spacing 2. Bay Bluffs 3. Amagansett Inner Dunes (AID) 4. Tidal Marsh (TM) Table: A 5. Montauk Mesic Forest (MMF) 6. Montauk Moorland (MM) guideline for the 7. North of Moraine Coastal Deciduous (NMCD) 8. Morainal Deciduous (MD) 9. Pine Barrens or Pitch Pine Oak Forest (PB) (PPO) number of 10. Montauk Grasslands (MG) 11. Northwest Woods (NWW) plants needed 12. Old Fields 13. Freshwater Wetlands 14. Brackish Wetlands and Buffer for an area: 15. East Hampton Wetland Flora by Type Page 19 Native Plants-Resistance to Deer Damage: Pages 20-21 Local Native Plant Landscapers, Arborists, Native Plant Growers and Suppliers: Pages 22-23 Exotic and Invasive Species: Pages 24-33 Native Wildflower Pictures: Pages 34-45 Samdplain Gerardia (Agalinas acuta) Introduction to our native landscape What is a native plant? Native plants are plants that are indigenous to a particular area or region. In North America we are referring to the flora that existed in an area or region before European settlement. Native plants occur within specific plant communities that vary in species composition depending on the habitat in which they are found. A few examples of habitats are tidal wetlands, woodlands, meadows and dunelands.
    [Show full text]
  • Illinois Exotic Species List
    Exotic Species in Illinois Descriptions for these exotic species in Illinois will be added to the Web page as time allows for their development. A name followed by an asterisk (*) indicates that a description for that species can currently be found on the Web site. This list does not currently name all of the exotic species in the state, but it does show many of them. It will be updated regularly with additional information. Microbes viral hemorrhagic septicemia Novirhabdovirus sp. West Nile virus Flavivirus sp. Zika virus Flavivirus sp. Fungi oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma ulmi late blight Phytophthora infestans white-nose syndrome Pseudogymnoascus destructans butternut canker Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Plants okra Abelmoschus esculentus velvet-leaf Abutilon theophrastii Amur maple* Acer ginnala Norway maple Acer platanoides sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus common yarrow* Achillea millefolium Japanese chaff flower Achyranthes japonica Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens climbing fumitory Adlumia fungosa jointed goat grass Aegilops cylindrica goutweed Aegopodium podagraria horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium crested wheat grass Agropyron cristatum wheat grass Agropyron desertorum corn cockle Agrostemma githago Rhode Island bent grass Agrostis capillaris tree-of-heaven* Ailanthus altissima slender hairgrass Aira caryophyllaea Geneva bugleweed Ajuga genevensis carpet bugleweed* Ajuga reptans mimosa
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 1 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log ........................................................................................ 3 Introduction to Reference ................................................................................................ 5 Introduction to Stone Fruit ............................................................................................. 10 Arthropods ................................................................................................................... 16 Primary Pests of Stone Fruit (Full Pest Datasheet) ....................................................... 16 Adoxophyes orana ................................................................................................. 16 Bactrocera zonata .................................................................................................. 27 Enarmonia formosana ............................................................................................ 39 Epiphyas postvittana .............................................................................................. 47 Grapholita funebrana ............................................................................................. 62 Leucoptera malifoliella ........................................................................................... 72 Lobesia botrana ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE IRISH RED DATA BOOK 1 Vascular Plants
    THE IRISH RED DATA BOOK 1 Vascular Plants T.G.F.Curtis & H.N. McGough Wildlife Service Ireland DUBLIN PUBLISHED BY THE STATIONERY OFFICE 1988 ISBN 0 7076 0032 4 This version of the Red Data Book was scanned from the original book. The original book is A5-format, with 168 pages. Some changes have been made as follows: NOMENCLATURE has been updated, with the name used in the 1988 edition in brackets. Irish Names and family names have also been added. STATUS: There have been three Flora Protection Orders (1980, 1987, 1999) to date. If a species is currently protected (i.e. 1999) this is stated as PROTECTED, if it was previously protected, the year(s) of the relevant orders are given. IUCN categories have been updated as follows: EN to CR, V to EN, R to V. The original (1988) rating is given in brackets thus: “CR (EN)”. This takes account of the fact that a rare plant is not necessarily threatened. The European IUCN rating was given in the original book, here it is changed to the UK IUCN category as given in the 2005 Red Data Book listing. MAPS and APPENDIX have not been reproduced here. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are most grateful to the following for their help in the preparation of the Irish Red Data Book:- Christine Leon, CMC, Kew for writing the Preface to this Red Data Book and for helpful discussions on the European aspects of rare plant conservation; Edwin Wymer, who designed the cover and who, as part of his contract duties in the Wildlife Service, organised the computer applications to the data in an efficient and thorough manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
    T.C. BATMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ENDEMİK Ajuga vestita BOISS. BİTKİSİNİN FARKLI EKSPLANTLARINDAN İTİBAREN KALLUS OLUŞTURMA POTANSİYELİ VE OLUŞAN KALLUSUN BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTESİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI Şerife (AYDINARIĞ) BULUŞ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Biyoloji Anabilim Dalını Nisan-2019 BATMAN Her Hakkı Saklıdır ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ENDEMİK Ajuga vestita BOISS. BİTKİSİNİN FARKLI EKSPLANTLARINDAN İTİBAREN KALLUS OLUŞTURMA POTANSİYELİ VE OLUŞAN KALLUSUN BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTESİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI Şerife (AYDINARIĞ) BULUŞ Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Filiz AKBAŞ 2019, 63 Sayfa Jüri Doç. Dr. Çiğdem IŞIKALAN Doç. Dr. Filiz AKBAŞ Doç. Dr. Nesrin HAŞİMİ Ajuga vestita BOISS. bitkisi, tıbbi öneme sahip, endemik ve “EN-Tehlikede”kategorisinde olan Ajuga cinsine ait bir türdür. Bu çalışmada Ajuga vestita BOISS.’in in vitro sürgünlerinden elde edilen fidelerin farklı kısımlarından, literatür taramalarında daha önce hiç çalışılmamış olan kallus kültürlerinin başlatılması ve optimizasyonu ile kallustan sürgün elde etme potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla öncelikle yüzey sterilizasyonu tamamlanan Ajuga vestita BOISS.’in olgun tohumları hormonsuz 1/4 MS besi ortamında çimlendirildi. Aksenik sürgün uçları, 0.125 mg/L-1 Kin içeren 1/1 MS besi yerinde çoğaltılarak kallus oluşturma çalışmalarında başlangıç materyali olarak kullanılacak in vitro sürgünler elde edildi. İn vitro ortamda yetiştirilen sürgünlerin yaprak, gövde, kök kısımları ve testası çatlatılmış olgun tohumlar, sitokinin (Kin, BAP) ve oksinin (2,4-D) farklı konsantrasyonlarının bulunduğu 1/1 MS besi ortamında ayrı ayrı kültüre alındı. Çalışma sonucunda, kültüre alınan tüm eksplant çeşitlerinde kallus oluşumu gözlendi. Ancak, tüm eksplant tiplerinde en iyi kallus oluşumunun 0.5 mg/L-1 Kin+2.0 mg/L-1 2,4-D içeren besi ortamında olduğu belirlendi.
    [Show full text]
  • Threats to Australia's Grazing Industries by Garden
    final report Project Code: NBP.357 Prepared by: Jenny Barker, Rod Randall,Tony Grice Co-operative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management Date published: May 2006 ISBN: 1 74036 781 2 PUBLISHED BY Meat and Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 991 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059 Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian Government to support the research and development detailed in this publication. This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent of MLA. Weeds of the future? Threats to Australia’s grazing industries by garden plants Abstract This report identifies 281 introduced garden plants and 800 lower priority species that present a significant risk to Australia’s grazing industries should they naturalise. Of the 281 species: • Nearly all have been recorded overseas as agricultural or environmental weeds (or both); • More than one tenth (11%) have been recorded as noxious weeds overseas; • At least one third (33%) are toxic and may harm or even kill livestock; • Almost all have been commercially available in Australia in the last 20 years; • Over two thirds (70%) were still available from Australian nurseries in 2004; • Over two thirds (72%) are not currently recognised as weeds under either State or Commonwealth legislation.
    [Show full text]
  • An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This Page Intentionally Left Blank an Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials
    An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials This page intentionally left blank An Encyclopedia of Shade Perennials W. George Schmid Timber Press Portland • Cambridge All photographs are by the author unless otherwise noted. Copyright © 2002 by W. George Schmid. All rights reserved. Published in 2002 by Timber Press, Inc. Timber Press The Haseltine Building 2 Station Road 133 S.W. Second Avenue, Suite 450 Swavesey Portland, Oregon 97204, U.S.A. Cambridge CB4 5QJ, U.K. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 Printed in Hong Kong Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmid, Wolfram George. An encyclopedia of shade perennials / W. George Schmid. p. cm. ISBN 0-88192-549-7 1. Perennials—Encyclopedias. 2. Shade-tolerant plants—Encyclopedias. I. Title. SB434 .S297 2002 635.9′32′03—dc21 2002020456 I dedicate this book to the greatest treasure in my life, my family: Hildegarde, my wife, friend, and supporter for over half a century, and my children, Michael, Henry, Hildegarde, Wilhelmina, and Siegfried, who with their mates have given us ten grandchildren whose eyes not only see but also appreciate nature’s riches. Their combined love and encouragement made this book possible. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Allan M. Armitage 9 Acknowledgments 10 Part 1. The Shady Garden 11 1. A Personal Outlook 13 2. Fated Shade 17 3. Practical Thoughts 27 4. Plants Assigned 45 Part 2. Perennials for the Shady Garden A–Z 55 Plant Sources 339 U.S. Department of Agriculture Hardiness Zone Map 342 Index of Plant Names 343 Color photographs follow page 176 7 This page intentionally left blank Foreword As I read George Schmid’s book, I am reminded that all gardeners are kindred in spirit and that— regardless of their roots or knowledge—the gardening they do and the gardens they create are always personal.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopharmacology of the Plants of Genus Ajuga
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OF THE PLANTS OF GENUS AJUGA ZAFAR H. ISRAILI AND BADIÂA LYOUSSI* Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA *UFR Physiology – Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology-Pharmacology – Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences, Dhar El Mehraz, Fez, Morocco ABSTRACT The plants of genus Ajuga are evergreen, clump-forming rhizomatous perennial or annual herbaceous flowering species, with Ajuga being one of the 266 genera of the family Lamiaceae. There are at least 301 species of the genus Ajuga with many variations. These plants, growing in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America, are used in gardens as ground cover or border for their foliage and beautiful flowers. Many of these plants have been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for fever, toothache, dysentery, malaria, high blood pressure, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, as anthelmintic, diuretic and antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimycobacterial agents. They are also used as insect growth inhibitor s. A large number of compounds have been isolated from the Ajuga plants, including phytoecdysteroids, neo-clerodane-diterpenes and diterpenoids, triterpenes, sterols, anthocyanidin-glucosides and iridoid glycosides, withanolides, flavonoids, triglycerides and essential oils. These compounds possess a broad spectrum of biological, pharmacological and medicinal properties, such as anabolic, analgesic, antibacterial, antiestrogenic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antileukemic, antimalarial, antimycobacterial,
    [Show full text]
  • 6.Aptosimum Literature Chapter 2
    Chapter 2 Phytochemistry of Aptosimum procumbens 2.1 Introduction Aptosimum procumbens Burch (= A. depressum) of the tribe Aptosimae belongs to the Scropulariaceae sensu stricto family of the order Lamiales.1 Scrophulariaceae is one of the largest plant families and is comprised of about 190 genera and 4000 species. Plants from this family are mostly woody herbaceous shrubs and are found predominantly in the temperate regions of the world.2 They are distinguished from related families with relative ease, but many plants are assigned to this family because they lack distinguishing characteristics that would place them in the other specific families. Therefore, Scrophs share some of the characteristics of plants of related families and this may negate the possibility that Scrophulariaceae is a distinct clade. As a result of this, there are doubts as to whether the family is monophyletic or should rather be classified as polyphyletic or paraphyletic.1 Phytochemical investigations can provide a valuable input with regards to the chemotaxanomical studies of this family. A. procumbens (Fig. 1) is mainly referred to as “carpet flower” but shares a variety of vernacular names such as “brandbossie/blare”, “Karoo violet/flower” and “kankerbos” with other related species of Aptosimum. A common name is given to a plant based on certain characteristics of the plant. A. procumbens is a prostrate mat-forming species hence the name “carpet flower”. The plant has strong woody procumbent stems with short lateral, dense leafy and floriferous branches. Another characteristic feature is the violet trumpet-like flowers that bloom in the summer or after rainfall (hence the name “Karoo violet”).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenie Der Verbenaceae : Kladistische Untersuchungen Mit Morphologischen Und Chemischen Merkmalen
    Phylogenie der Verbenaceae : Kladistische Untersuchungen mit morphologischen und chemischen Merkmalen Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Ursula von Mulert aus Bad Cannstatt 2001 a Dekan : Prof. Dr. H. Vahrenkamp Leiter der Arbeit : Prof. Dr. H. Rimpler Referent : Prof. Dr. H. Rimpler Korreferent : Prof. Dr. D. Vogellehner Bekanntgabe des Prüfungsergebnisses : 20.12.2001 Diese Arbeit wurde am Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. H. Rimpler durchgeführt. b dem besten Vadd’r von Welt „Wenn nichts mehr hilft, dann nur noch der Gaschromatograph !!!“ (Dr. Quincy) c INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. EINLEITUNG UND PROBLEMSTELLUNG ............................................................... 1 2. LITERATURTEIL ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Kladistische Analyse ................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1. Einführung und Begriffe....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Polarisierung der Merkmale durch die Außengruppe.................................................................. 7 2.1.3. Methoden.................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species and Communities in Poyang Lake, the Largest Freshwater Lake in China
    Collectanea Botanica 34: e004 enero-diciembre 2015 ISSN-L: 0010-0730 http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2015.v34.004 Plant species and communities in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China H.-F. WANG (王华锋)1, M.-X. REN (任明迅)2, J. LÓPEZ-PUJOL3, C. ROSS FRIEDMAN4, L. H. FRASER4 & G.-X. HUANG (黄国鲜)1 1 Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, CN-570228 Haikou, China 2 College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, CN-570228 Haikou, China 3 Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), pg. del Migdia s/n, ES-08038 Barcelona, Spain 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, CA-V2C 0C8 Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada Author for correspondence: H.-F. Wang ([email protected]) Editor: J. J. Aldasoro Received 13 July 2012; accepted 29 December 2014 Abstract PLANT SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES IN POYANG LAKE, THE LARGEST FRESHWATER LAKE IN CHINA.— Studying plant species richness and composition of a wetland is essential when estimating its ecological importance and ecosystem services, especially if a particular wetland is subjected to human disturbances. Poyang Lake, located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River (central China), constitutes the largest freshwater lake of the country. It harbours high biodiversity and provides important habitat for local wildlife. A dam that will maintain the water capacity in Poyang Lake is currently being planned. However, the local biodiversity and the likely effects of this dam on the biodiversity (especially on the endemic and rare plants) have not been thoroughly examined.
    [Show full text]