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DOCTORAL (Phd) THESIS Ibolya Ember Gödöllő 2016

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DOCTORAL (Phd) THESIS Ibolya Ember Gödöllő 2016 10.14751/SZIE.2016.070 DOCTORAL (PhD) THESIS Ibolya Ember Gödöllő 2016 10.14751/SZIE.2016.070 SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, BUDAPEST Szent István University Faculty of Horticultural Science Epidemiology of Bois noir disease and effect of disease on grapevine performance and wine quality in Hungary Ibolya Ember Gödöllő 2016 10.14751/SZIE.2016.070 PhD School/Program Name: PhD School of Horticultural Science Field: Crop Science and Horticulture Science Head: Prof. Dr. Éva Németh Zámboriné Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Science Head of Department of Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY, Faculty of Horticultural Science Supervisors: Prof. Dr. György Dénes Bisztray Professor, PhD Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, Department of Viticulture SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY, Faculty of Horticultural Science Prof. Dr. László Palkovics Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Science Head of Department of Plant Pathology SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY, Faculty of Horticultural Science External supervisors: Dr. Xavier Foissac INRA senior scientist, PhD, Habilitation to supervise research (HDR) INRA ET UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d’Ornon, France Prof. Dr. Jacobus J. Hunter Research Specialist Scientist, Professor, PhD AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA, ARC Infruitec- Nietvoorbij, Viticulture Department, Stellenbosch, South Africa STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch, South Africa The applicant: Ibolya Ember met the requirements of the PhD regulations of the Szent István University and the thesis is accepted for the defence process. ........................................ ....................................... ………………….……. Head of PhD School Supervisors 10.14751/SZIE.2016.070 CONTENT CONTENT ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... 7 2. LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ........................................................................................ 8 3. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 11 4. OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................... 13 5. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 15 5.1. Phytoplasmoses .................................................................................................................. 15 5.2. Genetic background and taxonomy .................................................................................... 16 5.3. Reductive evolution of plant-pathogenic phytoplasma ...................................................... 17 5.4. Structural membrane proteins ............................................................................................ 19 5.5. Phytoplasma interaction with plant and insect hosts .......................................................... 22 5.6. Epidemiology of Grapevine Yellow diseases .................................................................... 25 5.7. Bois noir disease in Hungary ............................................................................................. 29 5.8. Diversity of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ strains ....................................................... 30 5.9. Phytoplasma-caused changes in the plant/grapevine ......................................................... 35 5.10. Plant defence mechanism: recovery and remission phenomenon .................................... 36 5.11. Symptoms of Grapevine Yellows and disease susceptibility of V. vinifera cultivars ...... 37 6. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 39 6.1. Epidemiology of Bois noir disease in Hungary ................................................................. 39 6.1.1. Genetic diversity of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains in Hungarian wine regions ...................... 39 6.1.2. Insect transmission of Hungarian ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains ............................................ 43 6.1.3. New generation sequencing of Hungarian ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains ............................... 44 6.1.4. Insect-pathogen protein interaction ............................................................................. 45 6.2. Effects of Bois noir disease on performance of V. vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay in Eger wine region ......................................................................................................................................... 51 6.2.1. Experimental site and plant material ........................................................................... 51 6.2.2. Vegetative performance measurements ...................................................................... 52 6.2.3. Reproductive performance measurements .................................................................. 53 6.2.4. Small-scale wine production ....................................................................................... 54 6.2.5. Wine analyses .............................................................................................................. 55 6.2.6. Sensory analyses ......................................................................................................... 55 6.2.7. Statistical analyses ....................................................................................................... 55 6.3. Curative field treatments of BN-affected grapevines applying resistance inducers .......... 56 6.3.1. Experimental site ......................................................................................................... 56 6.3.2. Resistance inducer treatments ..................................................................................... 57 7. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................. 59 7.1. Epidemiology of Bois noir disease in Hungary ................................................................. 59 5 10.14751/SZIE.2016.070 7.1.1. Genetic diversity of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains in Hungarian wine regions ...................... 59 7.1.2. Insect transmission of Hungarian ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains ............................................ 70 7.1.3. New generation sequencing of Hungarian ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains .............................. 71 7.1.4. Insect-pathogen protein interaction ............................................................................. 73 7.2. Effects of Bois noir disease on performance of V. vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay in Eger wine region ........................................................................................................................................ 76 7.2.1. Meteorology and vintage ............................................................................................ 76 7.2.2. Vegetative performance measurements ...................................................................... 77 7.2.3. Reproductive performance measurements .................................................................. 82 7.2.4. Neural network model and discriminant analysis of vegetative and reproductive parameters ............................................................................................................................. 82 7.2.5. Small-scale wine production ....................................................................................... 83 7.2.6. Wine analyses ............................................................................................................. 83 7.2.7. Sensory analyses ......................................................................................................... 84 7.3. Curative field treatments of BN-affected grapevines applying resistance inducers .......... 88 8. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 91 8.1. Epidemiology of Bois noir disease in Hungary ................................................................. 91 8.1.1. Genetic diversity of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains in Hungarian wine regions ...................... 91 8.1.2. Insect transmission of Hungarian ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains ............................................ 94 8.1.3. Insect-pathogen protein interaction ............................................................................. 94 8.2. Effects of Bois noir disease on performance of V. vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay in Eger wine region ........................................................................................................................................ 95 8.3. Curative field treatments of BN infected grapevines applying resistance inducers .......... 98 9. NEW SCIENTIFIC RESULTS/ ÚJ TUDOMÁNYOS EREDMÉNYEK .......................... 99 10. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ...................................................................... 101 11. SUMMARY/ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS ................................................................................... 103 ANNEX 1. REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................................
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