Von Lebendabgüssen, Heimatmuseen Und Cultural Villages

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Von Lebendabgüssen, Heimatmuseen Und Cultural Villages Von Lebendabgüssen, Heimatmuseen und Cultural Villages Museale Repräsentation des Selbst und des Anderen im (De-)Kolonisierungsprozess Namibias Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln Vorgelegt von Adelheid Wessler Institut für Völkerkunde Universität zu Köln Köln im April 2007 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS DANKSAGUNG 1 EINFÜHRUNG 1 1.1 MUSEEN IN NAMIBIA: DIE FRAGESTELLUNG 1 1.2 FORSCHUNGSSTAND UND REPRÄSENTATION 4 1.3 THEORETISCHER RAHMEN 10 1.3.1 Museen und Kolonisierung 10 1.3.2 Prozesse der Repräsentation 13 1.4 DIE FELDFORSCHUNG 16 1.4.1 Datengrundlage und Methode 16 1.4.2 Verschiedene Forscherrollen 17 1.4.3 Aufbau der Untersuchung 19 2 DIE MUSEEN NAMIBIAS: DER FORSCHUNGSGEGENSTAND 21 2.1 MUSEUMSENTWICKLUNG IN AFRIKA 21 2.2 MUSEUMSLANDSCHAFT IN NAMIBIA 23 2.2.1 National ausgerichtete Museen 24 2.2.2 Regional ausgerichtete Museen 27 2.2.2.1 Heimatmuseen 27 2.2.2.2 Community Museums 29 TEIL I: KOLONIAL-UND APARTHEIDZEIT 33 3 ETHNOGRAFISCHE AUSSTELLUNG: DIE (RE-) PRÄSENTATION DES ANDEREN 34 3.1 DIE AUSSTELLUNG: MAN IN HIS ENVIRONMENT 34 3.1.1 Ausstellungsrundgang 35 3.1.2 Ausstellungsnarrative 43 3.2 MUSEUM ZWISCHEN WISSENSCHAFT UND POLITIK 47 3.2.1 Die Apartheidgesellschaft 47 3.2.1.1 Anfänge der Rassentrennung 48 3.2.1.2 Der Odendaal Plan 49 3.2.1.3 Die Verwaltung der Rassentrennung 52 3.2.2 Die staatliche Museumspolitik 54 3.2.3 Die Museumsethnologen 56 3.3 DIE BEWAHRUNG DES AUTHENTISCH ANDEREN: ETHNOLOGISCHE DISKURSE 58 3.3.1 Lebendabgüsse, Rasse und Buschmannforschung 59 3.3.1.1 Physische Anthropologie und Rasse 59 3.3.1.2 Die Entstehung der Lebendabgüsse 65 3.3.2 Dioramen, Authentizität und Volkekunde 71 3.3.2.1 Wurzeln der Volkekunde 71 3.3.2.2 Das Kulturkonzept der Volkekunde 74 3.3.2.3 Volkekunde in Namibia 76 3.3.2.4 Ausstellung des Authentischen in Dioramen 78 3.4 ETHNOGRAFISCHE AUSSTELLUNG IM DISKURS DER MÄCHTIGEN 84 4 DEUTSCH-NAMIBISCHE HEIMATMUSEEN: DIE PRÄSENTATION DES SELBST 89 4.1 THEMEN DER AUSSTELLUNGEN DER HEIMATMUSEEN 90 4.1.1 Die „Schutztruppe“ 92 4.1.2 Transport: Ochsenwagen und Eisenbahn 97 4.1.3 Farmleben 102 4.1.4 Städtisches Leben 107 4.1.5 Ethnografische Ausstellungen 110 4.1.6 Ausstellungsnarrativen - zusammengefasst 115 4.2 REGIONALE KONSTITUIERUNG DEUTSCH-NAMIBISCHER IDENTITÄT 116 4.2.1 Die gesellschaftliche Situation der Namibia-Deutschen 116 4.2.2 Institutionalisierung deutsch-namibischer Kultur 120 4.2.2.1 Schule, Vereine, Medien, Kirche 120 4.2.2.2 Historische Denkmalskommission 123 4.2.2.3 Namibia Scientific Society 125 4.2.2.4 Beziehungen zu Deutschland 128 4.3 HEIMAT UND MUSEUM 130 4.3.1 Heimat: ein deutsches Konstrukt 131 4.3.2 Die Heimat der Namibia-Deutschen 134 4.3.2.1 Gründung von Heimat-Museen 135 4.3.2.2 Heimat-Narrativen 137 4.4 HEIMAT UND MACHT 143 4.4.1 Narrativen um Macht 143 4.4.2 Museale Machtdiskurse 148 TEIL II: NACH DER UNABHÄNGIGKEIT 151 5 NATIONALE VERSÖHNUNG UND KULTURPOLITIK 152 5.1 DIE NACHKOLONIALE GESELLSCHAFT 152 5.2 DIE ENTWICKLUNG DER KULTURPOLITIK NACH 1990 AM BEISPIEL DER MUSEEN 156 5.2.1 Gründung der Museums Association of Namibia (MAN) 157 5.2.2 Konsultationsprozesse zwischen MAN und der namibischenRegierung 161 5.2.3 Grundsätze der Kulturpolitik 165 6 NATIONALE GESCHICHTSKONSTRUKTIONEN 169 6.1 AUSSTELLUNGSNARRATIVEN IN NATIONALEN INSTITUTIONEN 169 6.1.1 Linearität des Widerstandes, 1904-1990 169 6.1.2 Militärischer Widerstand 173 6.1.3 Heldenverehrung 177 6.1.4 Das Erreichen des Ziels: Die Unabhängigkeit 182 6.2 AKTEURE DER IMMEDIATE MEMORY 188 6.3 DIE NAMIBISCHE NATION ALS ERINNERUNGSGEMEINSCHAFT 194 6.3.1 Nation und Erinnerung 194 6.3.2 Machtvolle Konstruktion der Nation Namibia 198 7 KOLONIALE GESCHICHTSKONSTRUKTIONEN 203 7.1 NARRATIVEN DER HEIMATMUSEEN NACH 1990 204 7.1.1 Transport: das Trans Namib Museum 205 7.1.2 Städtisches Leben 209 7.1.3 Ethnografische Ausstellungen 211 7.2 MUSEALISIERUNG ALS GEGEN-NARRATIVE 218 8 KULTUR ALS NATIONALES ERBE 225 8.1 KULTURPRÄSENTATIONEN IN AUSSTELLUNG UND PERFORMANCE 226 8.1.1 Namibias Vielfalt authentischer Kulturen 226 8.1.2 Die Begegnung zwischen Afrika und Europa 231 8.2 KULTUR UND TOURISMUS 238 8.2.1 Community-Based Tourism – das Konzept 239 8.2.2 Community-Based Tourism – die Akteure 241 8.2.2.1 Non-Governmental Organisations 241 8.2.2.2 Lokale Bevölkerung und Eliten 242 8.2.2.3 Regionale und nationale Verwaltungen 244 8.2.2.4 Private Tourismuswirtschaft 245 8.3 DIE KONSTRUKTION DES KULTURELLEN ERBES 246 8.3.1 Kulturelles Erbe und Glocalisierung 246 8.3.2 Kulturelles Erbe und Macht 250 9 KONTINUITÄTEN UND BRÜCHE – EIN FAZIT 254 9.1 KONTINUITÄTEN DER NARRATIVEN 254 9.1.1 Heimat und Nation 255 9.1.2 Ethnografie und Kulturerbe 258 9.2 BRÜCHE: NEUE AKTEURE – NEUE KONZEPTE 260 9.3 POSTKOLONIALE MUSEEN – EIN AUSBLICK 261 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS Abbildung 1: Karte nach: Förster, L. Henrichsen, D. , Bollig, M. 2004. Namibia-Deutschland. Eine geteilte Geschichte. Köln/Wolfrathshausen: Edition Minerva: 23 (Schematisch). 32 Abbildung 2: Grundriss der Ausstellung Man in his Environment Quelle: Redaktionell, in: Staatsmuseum April 1977: 7. 35 Abbildung 3: Blick in das San Rope Making Diorama, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 38 Abbildung 4: Die Fotos zeigen den Prozess der Herstellung eines Lebendabgusses, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 38 Abbildung 5: Kleidung und Schmuck der Herero und Himba präsentiert auf lebend abgegossenen Figuren, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 40 Abbildung 6: Blick in den Schaukasten zum Thema Töpferei, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 41 Abbildung 7: Blick in das Omahango Cultivation Diorama mit zwei lebend abgegossenen Frauenfiguren, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 42 Abbildung 8: Blick in das Diorama mit dem Titel Fish Culture, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 43 Abbildung 9: Prof. Felix von Luschan (1854-1924), Quelle: Zeller 2002c: 91. 62 Abbildung 10: Der Rassenbiologe Eugen Fischer (1874-1967), Quelle: Roller 2002: 133. 62 Abbildung 11: Einige Beispiele von Gesichtsmasken, die Hans Lichtenecker auf seiner Reise 1931 angefertigt hat. Die Abbildung bildet das Titelblatt des Bildberichts zur Konferenz der SWA Scientific Society 1965 unter dem Titel Die ethnischen Gruppen Südwestafrikas. 64 Abbildung 12: Ein Lebendabguss, den James Drury ca. 1910 für das SAM angefertigt hat. Quelle: Skotnes 1996: 270. 67 Abbildung 13: Die Frauenfiguren im Diorama tragen den Owambolappi genannten Rock und eine (links) die Frisur mit dem Namen Omathila, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 79 Abbildung 14: Buschmänner auf dem Van Riebeeck Festival in Kaostadt 1952, Quelle: Gordon/Rassool/Witz 1996: 261 81 Abbildung 15: Kunsthandwerker auf der Ausstellung Die ethnischen Gruppen Südwestafrikas 1965 in Windhoek, Quelle: Bildbericht 1965. 82 Abbildung 16: Einige der in der Begleitausstellung zur Konferenz Die ethnischen Gruppen Südwestafrikas 1965 präsentierten Gesichtsmasken von Hans Lichtenecker, Quelle: Bildbericht 1965. 83 Abbildung 17: Blick auf das Alte Fort Museum Grootfontein, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 92 Abbildung 18: Das Modell des Alten Forts wurde zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum 1996 angefertigt, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 93 Abbildung 19: Blick in den so genannten Khorab Raum im Museum Tsumeb, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003 95 Abbildung 20: Ein Teil der Ausstellung zur so genannten Schutztruppe im Museum Lüderitzbucht, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 97 Abbildung 21: Der im Museum Swakopmund ausgestellte Ochsenwagen, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 98 Abbildung 22: Blick in das Ochsenwagen-Diorama im Museum Swakopmund, Quelle: Republikein, 15.12.2005. 99 Abbildung 23: Der Ochsenwagen im Museum in Tsumeb, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 100 Abbildung 24: Die Becherpumpe in Museum Gobabis kann von den Besuchern bedient werden, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 103 Abbildung 25: Der Wasserwagen ist im Museum in Grootfontein und das Wasserfass im Museum Gobabis zu sehen, Fotos: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 104 Abbildung 26: Benzinpumpen, wie in hier in Grootfontein sind in vielen namibischen Heimatmuseen ausgestellt, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 105 Abbildung 27: Verschiedene Geräte zur Verarbeitung von Milch, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 105 Abbildung 28: Das Mehrzweckgerät dient zum Waschen von Wäsche und zur Zubereitung von Essen, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 106 Abbildung 29: Eine mit einer Vielzahl von Gegenständen des alltäglichen Gebrauchs gefüllte Vitrine im Museum Grootfontein, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 107 Abbildung 30: Küchengeräte, präsentiert im Museum Gobabis, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 108 Abbildung 31: Die ehemalige Einrichtung der Adler Apotheke, wie sie im Museum Swakopmund gezeigt wird, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 109 Abbildung 32: Die Einrichtung der Zahnarztpraxis des Museumsgründers in Swakopmund Alfons Weber, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 109 Abbildung 33: Vitrinen mit Objekten, die den Nama und Damara zugeordnet wurden in Lüderitzbucht, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 110 Abbildung 34: Ein Beispiel aus dem Museum in Lüderitzbucht für die Erklärung der Verwendung von Objekten mit Hilfe von Fotografien, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 111 Abbildung 35: Naturkundliche Objekte werden in ähnlicher Weise präsentiert wie ethnografische Objekte. Hier das Beispiel Lüderitzbucht, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 111 Abbildung 36: Typische Präsentationsform ethnografischer Objekte in den Heimatmuseen Namibias, hier das Beispiel Tsumeb, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 112 Abbildung 37: Ein vorgeschichtlicher Tränkplatz in der Namib. Präsentation im Museum in Lüderitzbucht, Foto: Adelheid Wessler, 2003. 112 Abbildung 38: Grab einer Buschmannfrau
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